Agriculture-Computing Ontology (AgriComO)
type: Ontology
creator: Quoc Hung Ngo, Tahar Kechadi, Nhien-An Le-Khac
creator: UCD CONSUS Research Group
description: Agriculture-Computing Ontology (AgriComO) - A ontology developed for knowledge representation systems and handling mined knowledge in digital agriculture. Keywords: Agriculture, Computing, Knowledge Map, Data Mining, Cropping, Disease, Transsformation.

Abstract
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A brief summary of the resource.

Contributor
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The guidelines for using names of persons or organizations as creators also apply to contributors. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.

Created
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "created" is the annotation to be used to define the date that the creator added the RD to their work space (e.g. YYYY-MM-DD).

Creator
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "creator" is the annotation to be used to define the person and organization who added the class to the RD Library. The form of the dc:creator value should be first name, last name, comma, and then organization name (e.g Rob Bodington, Eurostep).

Date
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended practice is to express the date, date/time, or period of time according to ISO 8601-1 [ISO 8601-1] or a published profile of the ISO standard, such as the W3C Note on Date and Time Formats [W3CDTF] or the Extended Date/Time Format Specification [EDTF]. If the full date is unknown, month and year (YYYY-MM) or just year (YYYY) may be used. Date ranges may be specified using ISO 8601 period of time specification in which start and end dates are separated by a '/' (slash) character. Either the start or end date may be missing.

Description
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.

Identifier
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Recommended practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to an identification system. Examples include International Standard Book Number (ISBN), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and Uniform Resource Name (URN). Persistent identifiers should be provided as HTTP URIs.
range: anyURI

Language
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "language" is the annotation to be used to define the natural language in which a label, definition or comment is made (e.g. "en" for English).

Licence
type: AnnotationProperty

Modified
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "modified" is the annotation to be used to define the date of the most recent change to the Reference Data item (e.g. YYYY-MM-DD).

Publisher
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "publisher" is the annotation to be used to define the entity, which makes resource be available.

References
type: AnnotationProperty
title: is Defined By
comment: The Dublin Core term "references" is the annotation to be used to define any reference to another standard or document that appears as part of the definition of the RD item. (e.g. "ISO 10303-41").

Rights
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "rights" is the annotation to be used to define the Intellectual Property Rights, etc. related to the RD. It is used in conjunction with "rightsHolder".

Source
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The Dublin Core term "source" is the annotation to be used to define any standard or organization that originally created the class and is responsible for publishing it and controlling its development. A unique name for any dc:source must be agreed by the RD developers.

Subject
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: dc:subject is the annotation to be used to define the keywords or classifications codes (e.g. class of class) related to an RD item. Each keyword or classification code should be created in separate instances of "subject". (e.g. "Aircraft maintenance")

Title
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.

Acronym
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: This property is intended to be used with non-literal values. This property is an inverse property of Is Referenced By.

Comment
type: AnnotationProperty
description: An rdfs:comment is a human readable text definition for an RD item where more than one are allowed to support definitions in different natural languages.

Label
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: An rdfs:label is a human readable name for an RD item where more than one are allowed to support labels in different natural languages (e.g. 'Trigo' in Spanish and 'Wheat' in English)

See Also

affected by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCrop
inverse of: affects
domain: Crop
domain: Person
domain: Product
range: Crop Problem

affects
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: influences
sub property of: opCropDisease
domain: Crop Problem
range: Crop
range: Person
range: Product

affects on stage
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCropDisease

applied to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Adjuvants
domain: Biopesticides
domain: Crop Protection
domain: Fungicides
domain: Growth Regulator
domain: Herbicides
domain: Insecticide
domain: Molluscicides
domain: Pesticides
range: Cereal
range: Crop
range: Farm
range: Field
range: Fruit Tree
range: Vegetable

belongs to
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has country
domain: Country
range: Sub-Country

biological control
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: controls
type: DatatypeProperty

caused by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCropDisease
domain: Crop Problem
range: Microoganism

causes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
sub property of: opCropDisease
domain: Bacterial
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Fungus
domain: Microoganism
domain: Pathogen
domain: Protozoa
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Virus
domain: Weeds
range: Bacterial Disease
range: Crop Disease
range: Crop Injure
range: Crop Pest
range: Crop Problem
range: Crop Stress
range: FungalDisease
range: Protozoal Disease
range: Viral Disease
range: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

chemical control
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: controls
type: DatatypeProperty

controls
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
sub property of: opCropDisease
inverse of: isControlledBy
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Treatment
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
range: Bacterial Disease
range: Crop Disease
range: Crop Injure
range: Crop Pest
range: Crop Problem
range: Crop Stress
range: FungalDisease
range: Protozoal Disease
range: Viral Disease
range: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

Conventional Management
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: management
type: DatatypeProperty

defined in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agriculture Transformation
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Data Selection
domain: Evaluation Metric
domain: Mining Algorithm
domain: Regression
domain: Transformation
range: Article
range: Document
range: Policy
range: Report
range: Toolkit

defines
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Article
domain: Document
domain: Policy
domain: Report
range: Association Rule
range: Classification
range: Clustering
range: Data Selection
range: Regression

definition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Physical Entity
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

development
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

diagnosis
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

disease property
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

distribution
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

evaluated by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: is evaluation of
domain: Association
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Classifier
domain: Cluster
domain: Clustering
domain: Regression
domain: Regressor
range: Evaluation

grows in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Crop
range: Country
range: Sub-Country
range: Location

has algorithm
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: is algorithm of
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Data Mining
domain: Data Selection
domain: Evaluation
domain: Regression
domain: Toolkit
range: Computer System
range: Computing Algorithm
range: Evaluation Metric
range: Mining Algorithm
range: Spectral Vegetation Indices

has boundary
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is boundary of
domain: Farm
domain: Field
range: Boundary

has cause
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Person
domain: Product
range: Crop Problem

has classifier
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Classification
range: Classifier

has climate
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opLocation
domain: Area
domain: Continent
domain: Country
domain: Location
domain: Sub-Country
range: Climate Type

has cluster
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Clustering
range: Cluster

has component
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is component of
domain: Weather
range: Air Pollution
range: Atmospheric Pressure
range: Climate Type
range: Cloud Cover
range: Humidity
range: Precipitation
range: Solar Radiation
range: Temperature
range: Wind Type

has condition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: is condition of
inverse of: used by
domain: Association
domain: Classifier
domain: Cluster
domain: Crop
domain: Field
range: Fertilizer

has corner point
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opLocation
domain: Boundary
range: Point
range: Location

has country
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Farm
domain: Sub-Country
range: Country

has dataset
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: is dataset of
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Regression
range: Dataset

has disease
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCrop
sub property of: opCropDisease
inverse of: is disease of
domain: Almond
domain: Aloe vera
domain: Apple
domain: Apricot
domain: Artichoke
domain: Avocado
domain: Banana
domain: Barley
domain: Basil
domain: Bean
domain: Beet
domain: Bergamot
domain: Blackberry
domain: Cabbage
domain: Canola
domain: Cantaloupe
domain: Cashew
domain: Cassava
domain: Cauliflower
domain: Celery
domain: Cereal
domain: Cherry
domain: Chestnut
domain: Chickpea
domain: Citrus
domain: Cocoa
domain: Coconut
domain: Coffee
domain: Corn
domain: Cotton
domain: Crabapple
domain: Cranberry
domain: Crop
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Cucumber
domain: Eggplant
domain: Flower
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Garlic
domain: Gourd
domain: Grape
domain: Grapevines
domain: Grass
domain: Guava
domain: Hazelnut
domain: Kiwi
domain: Lemon
domain: Lettuce
domain: Limes
domain: Maize
domain: Mint
domain: Mushrooms
domain: Mustard
domain: Oak
domain: Oats
domain: Oil palm
domain: Okra
domain: Onion
domain: Orange
domain: Papaya
domain: Peach
domain: Peanut
domain: Pear
domain: Pepper
domain: Pomegranate
domain: Pumpkin
domain: Quince
domain: Rapeseed
domain: Raspberry
domain: Rice
domain: Rye
domain: Soybean
domain: Spinach
domain: Squash
domain: Sugar beet
domain: Sugarcane

has evaluation metric
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: is evaluation metric of
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Data Selection
domain: Regression
range: Evaluation Metric

has fertiliser
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is fertiliser of
domain: Field
range: Fertilizer

has field
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is field of
domain: Farm
range: Field

has center
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Farm
domain: Field
range: Location

has growth stage
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Crop
range: Growth Stage

has knowledge model
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Document
range: Association Rule
range: Classification
range: Classifier
range: Cluster
range: Clustering
range: Data Mining
range: Data Selection
range: Regression
range: Regressor

has link
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is link of
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Data Mining
domain: Information Object
domain: Physical Entity
domain: Transformation
range: Link

has location
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is location of
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Farm
domain: Organization
domain: Regression
range: Location

has observation value
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is observation of
domain: Observe System
domain: Sensor
domain: Sensor Station
domain: SubSystem
range: Observation Value
range: Sensor Output

has organizer
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Event
range: Organization
range: Person

has owner
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: owns
domain: Farm
range: Land Owner

has part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Physical Entity
range: Physical Entity
References: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#hasPart
comment: A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the human body has a brain as part'. Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize hasPart for objects, events, etc.

has phenomenon
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Crop
domain: Farm
domain: Field
domain: Location
range: Phenomenon

has plan
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is plan of
domain: Field
range: Plan

has product
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is product of
domain: Country
domain: Organization
domain: Person
domain: Location
range: Product

has regressor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Regression
range: Regressor

has association rule
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Association Rule
range: Regressor

has setting
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observe System
domain: Sensor
domain: Sensor Station
domain: SubSystem

has soil condition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has condition
inverse of: is soil condition of
domain: Field
range: Soil

has spray
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: sprays on
domain: Field
range: Spraying

has state
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is state of
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Data Mining
domain: Physical Entity
range: State

has sub country
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is sub-country of
domain: Country
range: Sub-Country

has sub-system
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observe System
range: Sensor
range: Sensor Station
range: SubSystem
References: http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn#hasSubSystem

has supplier
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is supplier of
domain: Product
range: Supplier

has symptom
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCropDisease
domain: Crop Problem
range: Symptom

has transformation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: is transformation of
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Physical Entity
range: Agriculture Transformation
range: Agroclimatic Indices
range: Agronomic Indices
range: Data Transformation
range: Spectral Vegetation Indices

has value
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Observe System
domain: Sensor
domain: Sensor Station
domain: SubSystem
range: Observation Value

has variety
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is variety of
domain: Crop
range: Crop

has water condition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has condition
inverse of: is water condition of
domain: Field
range: Water

has weather condition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has condition
inverse of: is weather condition of
domain: Field
range: Weather

image
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Almond
domain: Aloe vera
domain: Apple
domain: Apricot
domain: Artichoke
domain: Avocado
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Banana
domain: Barley
domain: Basil
domain: Bean
domain: Beet
domain: Bergamot
domain: Blackberry
domain: Cabbage
domain: Canola
domain: Cantaloupe
domain: Cashew
domain: Cassava
domain: Cauliflower
domain: Celery
domain: Cereal
domain: Cherry
domain: Chestnut
domain: Chickpea
domain: Citrus
domain: Cocoa
domain: Coconut
domain: Coffee
domain: Corn
domain: Cotton
domain: Cranberry
domain: Crop
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Injure
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: Cucumber
domain: Eggplant
domain: Flower
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Garlic
domain: Gourd
domain: Grape
domain: Grapevines
domain: Grass
domain: Guava
domain: Hazelnut
domain: Kiwi
domain: Lemon
domain: Limes
domain: Maize
domain: Mint
domain: Mushrooms
domain: Mustard
domain: Oats
domain: Oil palm
domain: Okra
domain: Onion
domain: Orange
domain: Papaya
domain: Peach
domain: Peanut
domain: Pear
domain: Pepper
domain: Physical Entity
domain: Pomegranate
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Pumpkin
domain: Quince
domain: Rapeseed
domain: Raspberry
domain: Rice
domain: Rye
domain: Soybean
domain: Spinach

important
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

includes event
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Physical Entity
range: Event
References: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#includesEvent
comment: A relation between situations and events, e.g. This month, our farm organize a workshop.

inherits
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agriculture Transformation
domain: Agroclimatic Indices
domain: Computer System
domain: Evaluation Metric
domain: Mining Algorithm
domain: Spectral Vegetation Indices
domain: Transformation
range: Agriculture Transformation
range: Agroclimatic Indices
range: Computer System
range: Evaluation Metric
range: Mining Algorithm
range: Spectral Vegetation Indices

is algorithm of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Computer System
domain: Computing Algorithm
domain: Evaluation Metric
domain: Mining Algorithm
domain: Spectral Vegetation Indices
range: Association Rule
range: Classification
range: Clustering
range: Data Mining
range: Data Selection
range: Evaluation
range: Regression

is boundary of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Boundary
range: Farm
range: Field

is component of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Air Pollution
domain: Atmospheric Pressure
domain: Climate Type
domain: Cloud Cover
domain: Humidity
domain: Precipitation
domain: Solar Radiation
domain: Temperature
domain: Wind Type
range: Weather

is condition of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Air
domain: Climate Type
domain: Imagery
domain: Soil
domain: Topography
domain: Water
domain: Weather
range: Field

is dataset of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Dataset
range: Association
range: Association Rule
range: Classification
range: Classifier
range: Cluster
range: Clustering
range: Data Mining
range: Data Selection
range: Knowledge Model
range: Regression
range: Regressor

is disease of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCropDisease
domain: Crop Problem
range: Crop

is evaluation metric of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Evaluation Metric
range: Association Rule
range: Classification
range: Clustering
range: Data Mining
range: Data Selection
range: Regression

is evaluation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Evaluation
range: Association
range: Association Rule
range: Classification
range: Classifier
range: Cluster
range: Clustering
range: Regression
range: Regressor

is fertiliser of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Fertilizer
range: Field

is field of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Field
range: Farm

is link of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Link
range: Abstract Entity
range: Physical Entity

is location of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opLocation
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: Country
range: Sub-Country

is observation of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sensor Output
range: Observe System
range: Sensor
range: Sensor Station
range: SubSystem

is plan of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Plan
range: Field

is product of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Product
range: Country
range: Organization
range: Person
range: Sub-Country
range: Location

is soil condition of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is condition of
range: Field

is state of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: State
range: Abstract Entity
range: Data Mining
range: Physical Entity

is sub-country of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sub-Country
range: Country

is supplier of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Supplier
range: Product

is target of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
inverse of: predicts

is transformation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Agriculture Transformation
domain: Agroclimatic Indices
domain: Agronomic Indices
domain: Data Transformation
domain: Spectral Vegetation Indices
range: Abstract Entity
range: Physical Entity

is variety of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Crop
range: Crop

is water condition of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is condition of
range: Field

is weather condition of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is condition of
range: Field

life cycle
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

made from
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opLocation
domain: Product
range: Farm
range: Field
range: Location

management
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

mentioned in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agriculture Transformation
domain: Computer System
domain: Evaluation Metric
domain: Mining Algorithm
domain: Spectral Vegetation Indices
range: Article
range: Document
range: Policy
range: Report

observed by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: observes
domain: Observation
range: Observe System

observes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observe System
domain: Sensor
domain: Sensor Station
domain: SubSystem
range: Observation

opCrop
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Object properties of crops

opCropDisease
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Object properties of diseases

opDataMining
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Object properties of data mining

opLocation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Object properties of locations

orders
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Supplier
range: Order

Organic Management
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: management
type: DatatypeProperty

owned by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: owns
domain: Farm
domain: Field
range: Farmer
range: Land Owner

owns
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Farmer
domain: Land Owner
range: Farm
range: Field

plants
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Field
range: Crop

plants on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Crop
range: Farm
range: Field

predicts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Classification
domain: Classifier
domain: Data Mining
domain: Regression
domain: Regressor
range: Abstract Entity
range: Physical Entity

produced by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: produces
domain: Product
range: Organization
range: Supplier

produces
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opCropDisease
domain: Company
domain: Customer
domain: Person
range: Product

related to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Association
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Classifier
domain: Cluster
domain: Clustering
domain: Regression
domain: Regressor
range: Abstract Entity
range: Data Mining
range: Physical Entity

sale by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sale
range: Organization
range: Person

sales
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Sale
range: Crop
range: Product

sprays on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Spraying
range: Field

symptoms
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

trained on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: opDataMining
domain: Association Rule
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Data Selection
domain: Regression
range: Dataset

transmission
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: disease property
domain: Bacterial Disease
domain: Crop Disease
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Stress
domain: FungalDisease
domain: Microoganism
domain: Protozoal Disease
domain: Viral Disease
domain: Weeds
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal

used by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Fertilizer
range: Crop
range: Field

used by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transformation
range: Document

uses
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Crop
domain: Farm
domain: Field
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Fertilizer
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
range: Literal

topObjectProperty
domain: Field
domain: Thing
range: Thing

ISO code
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
range: string

abstract
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: article property
domain: Article
domain: Dataset
domain: Document
domain: Policy
domain: Report
range: Literal
comment: An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a report or research paper). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research so that readers know exactly what the paper is about.

address
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contact
domain: Farmer
domain: Supplier
range: Literal
comment: The particulars of the place where someone lives or an organization is situated.

agricultural land
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country

application area
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
domain: Fertilizer
range: float

application code
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Treatment
range: Literal

application description
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Treatment
range: Literal

applied area
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: spray property
domain: Spraying
range: float

applied area unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: spray property
domain: Spraying
range: string

applied date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: spray property
domain: Spraying
range: dateTime

area
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
sub property of: inspection property
sub property of: location property
domain: Field
domain: Inspection
range: double

area unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
sub property of: inspection property
domain: Field
domain: Inspection
range: Literal

article property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Article
domain: Document
domain: Policy
domain: Report
range: Literal

atmospheric pressure
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: float

authors
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: article property
domain: Article
domain: Dataset
domain: Document
domain: Policy
domain: Report
range: string
comment: An author is the creator or originator of any written work such as a report, a document, or a scientific article.

block
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
domain: Field
range: Literal

business id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: business property
domain: Company
domain: Customer
domain: Organization
domain: Supplier
range: Literal
comment: Business identification number is a proposed identification number to replace eighteen different registration numbers required to be obtained by a company to operate.

business name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: business property
domain: Company
domain: Customer
domain: Organization
domain: Supplier
range: string
comment: A business name is the name your business is known by. It might be your own personal name, or it might be something entirely different and unique to your business.

business property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Company
domain: Customer
domain: Organization
domain: Supplier
range: string

clay
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil property
domain: Soil
domain: Soil Clay
domain: Soil Texture

clay range
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil range property

climate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
range: Literal

comments
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Physical Entity
domain: Treatment
range: Literal
comment: A comment is something that you say which gives an explanation of concept.

common name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

contact
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Organization
domain: Person

contact person
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contact
domain: Supplier
range: string
comment: A person who provides a link for information or representation between two parties.

coordinate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property

coverage
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

coverage unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

crop property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Cereal
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal

cropping year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
sub property of: yield property
domain: Fertilizer
range: int

density
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
sub property of: pest property
domain: Country
domain: Crop Pest
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: float

density unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
range: string

description
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
sub property of: inspection property
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal
comment: Description is an act of describing; specifically : discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced.

direction
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: int

do date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
domain: Order
domain: Plan
domain: Sale
range: dateTime

drilling date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
sub property of: yield property
domain: Farm
domain: Field
range: dateTime

elevation
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
range: decimal

email
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contact
domain: Farmer
domain: Supplier
range: string
comment: An email address is a unique identifier for an email account. It is used to both send and receive email messages over the Internet.

estimate yield
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal

example
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Data Mining
domain: Information Object
domain: Physical Entity
domain: Transformation
range: Literal

farm name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: farm property
domain: Farm
range: Literal

farm property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Farm

fertiliser name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
domain: Fertilizer
range: string

fertiliser property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Fertilizer
range: Literal

fertiliser unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
domain: Fertilizer
range: string

fertiliser year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
domain: Fertilizer
range: integer

field name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
domain: Field
range: string

field property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Field
range: Literal

form type
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Treatment
range: Literal

grade
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Article
domain: Association
domain: Classification
domain: Clustering
domain: Data Selection
domain: Dataset
domain: Document
domain: Knowledge Model
domain: Policy
domain: Regression
domain: Report
range: float

harvest date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
sub property of: yield property
domain: Farm
domain: Field
range: dateTime

harvesting
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal
comment: Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper.

head category name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: product property
domain: Product
range: string

head group name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: product property
domain: Product
range: string

head type name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: product property
domain: Product
range: string

heading name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: product property
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Product
range: string

humidity
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: float

inspection id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: inspection property
domain: Inspection
range: Literal

inspection property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Inspection
range: Literal

latitude
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: latitude
sub property of: farm property
sub property of: field property
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Farm
domain: Field
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: decimal

level no
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Treatment
range: int

location property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country

longitude
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: longitude
sub property of: farm property
sub property of: field property
sub property of: inspection property
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Farm
domain: Field
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: decimal

lot code
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Treatment
range: Literal

maintenance
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal
comment: General care and maintenance

map image
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Continent
domain: Country
domain: Location
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Point

mean yield
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: yield property
range: float

measurement unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
sub property of: product property
sub property of: spray property
domain: Order
domain: Plan
domain: Sale
domain: Spraying
range: string

mobile phone
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contact
domain: Farmer
domain: Supplier
range: string
comment: String of specific numbers that a cell phone user can dial to reach another telephone or mobile phone

notes
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: inspection property
sub property of: order property
sub property of: plan property
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Farm
domain: Field
domain: Inspection
domain: Order
domain: Plan
domain: Sale
range: Literal

nutrient group
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
sub property of: nutrient property
domain: Essential Nutrient
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Macronutrient
domain: Micronutrient
domain: Mineral
domain: Nutrient
range: string

nutrient id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: nutrient property
domain: Essential Nutrient
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Macronutrient
domain: Micronutrient
domain: Mineral
domain: Nutrient
range: Literal

nutrient name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
sub property of: nutrient property
domain: Essential Nutrient
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Macronutrient
domain: Micronutrient
domain: Mineral
domain: Nutrient
range: string

nutrient property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Essential Nutrient
domain: Macronutrient
domain: Micronutrient
domain: Mineral
domain: Nutrient
range: Literal

order property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Order
range: Literal

original name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: business property
domain: Company
domain: Customer
domain: Organization
domain: Supplier
range: string
comment: A originam name is the name your business is known at starting time. It might be your own personal name, or it might be something entirely different and unique to your business.

pest id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: Literal

pest number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

pest property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Crop Pest
range: Literal

pest type
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

phone
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contact
domain: Farmer
domain: Supplier
range: string
comment: String of specific numbers that a telephone user can dial to reach another telephone or mobile phone

plan name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
domain: Plan
range: string

plan number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
domain: Plan
range: string

plan property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Plan
range: Literal

population
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: long

population notes
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
range: Literal

postcode
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contact
domain: Farm
domain: Field
range: string
comment: A group of numbers or letters and numbers which are added to a postal address to assist the sorting of mail.

precipitation
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: float

problem notes
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: inspection property
domain: Inspection
range: Literal

problem type
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: inspection property
domain: Inspection
range: Literal

product name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
sub property of: product property
sub property of: spray property
domain: Order
domain: Plan
domain: Product
domain: Sale
domain: Spraying
range: string

product property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Product
range: Literal

product rate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
sub property of: product property
sub property of: spray property
domain: Order
domain: Plan
domain: Sale
domain: Spraying
range: float

propagation
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal
comment: The breeding of specimens of a plant by natural processes from the parent stock.

publish year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: article property
domain: Article
domain: Dataset
domain: Document
domain: Policy
domain: Report
range: int
comment: The year on which a document, article or paper is or is published.

publisher
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: article property
domain: Article
domain: Dataset
domain: Document
domain: Policy
domain: Report
comment: Individual or corporation responsible for the printing and distribution of digital or printed publications. Publishers also handle the marketing efforts for the publications and usually are not the creator of the material. Publishers simply serve as the intermediary between the author of the publication and the consumer market.

quantity
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
sub property of: nutrient property
sub property of: order property
sub property of: sale property
sub property of: spray property
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Nutrient
domain: Order
domain: Sale
domain: Spraying
range: float
range: int

rainfall
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: int

reading time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil property
sub property of: weather property
domain: Air
domain: Imagery
domain: Soil
domain: Water
domain: Weather
range: dateTime

reference
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: farm property
sub property of: field property
sub property of: order property
domain: Field
domain: Order
range: Literal

registration no
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
domain: Plan
range: string

requirements
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: Literal
comment: Basic requirements

sale property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Sale
range: Literal

sand
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil property
domain: Soil
domain: Soil Sand
domain: Soil Texture

sand range
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil range property

scientific name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

season end
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: string

season start
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: string

seed rate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: yield property
range: float

sensor property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Sensor
domain: Sensor Station
domain: SubSystem
range: Literal

sensor station id
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: sensor property
domain: Sensor Station
range: Literal

severity
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: inspection property
domain: Inspection
range: Literal

silt
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil property
domain: Soil
domain: Soil Silt
domain: Soil Texture

silt range
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil range property
domain: Soil Texture
range: range

soil property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Soil
domain: Soil Chemical
domain: Soil Composition
domain: Soil Conductivity
domain: Soil pH
domain: Soil Physical
domain: Soil Spatial
domain: Soil Temperature
domain: Soil Type

soil range property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Soil
domain: Soil Structure
domain: Soil Texture

sowing rate
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
comment: Sowing Rate Advice

spray property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Spraying
range: Literal

stage maximum
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

stage minimum
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: pest property
domain: Crop Pest
range: string

state
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Association
domain: Association Rule
domain: Biological
domain: Classification
domain: Classifier
domain: Cluster
domain: Clustering
domain: Crop
domain: Crop Part
domain: Crop Problem
domain: Crop Protection
domain: Cropping
domain: Data Mining
domain: Data Selection
domain: Environment
domain: Evaluation
domain: Farm
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Location
domain: Machine
domain: Market
domain: Microoganism
domain: Nutrient
domain: Observe System
domain: Organization
domain: Person
domain: Phenomenon
domain: Physical Entity
domain: Process
domain: Product
domain: Regression
domain: Regressor
domain: Sensor Output
domain: Time
range: Literal

station name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil property
sub property of: weather property
domain: Sensor Station
range: string

stock date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: fertiliser property
domain: Fertilizer
range: dateTime

supplier name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: supplier property
domain: Company
domain: Organization
domain: Supplier
range: string

supplier property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Company
domain: Organization
domain: Supplier

temperature
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: int

texture label
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: soil property
domain: Soil Texture
range: Datatype
  one of: Clay
  one of: Clay loam
  one of: Loam
  one of: Loamy sand
  one of: Sand
  one of: Sandy clay
  one of: Sandy clay loam
  one of: Sandy loam
  one of: Silt
  one of: Silty clay
  one of: Silty clay loam
  one of: Silty loam

time
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: order property
sub property of: sale property
domain: Observation Value
domain: Order
domain: Sale
range: dateTime

treatment name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: treatment property
domain: Treatment
range: string

treatment property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Treatment
range: Literal

unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
sub property of: nutrient property
sub property of: order property
sub property of: sale property
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Abstract Entity
domain: Crop
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Nutrient
domain: Observation Value
domain: Order
domain: Physical Entity
domain: Sale
domain: Vegetable
range: string

value
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: order property
sub property of: sale property
domain: Observation Value
domain: Order
domain: Sale
range: double

variety
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: crop property
domain: Crop
domain: Fruit Tree
domain: Vegetable
range: string

volume unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
sub property of: spray property
domain: Order
domain: Plan
domain: Sale
domain: Spraying
range: string

water volume
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: plan property
sub property of: spray property
domain: Plan
domain: Spraying
range: float

weather property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Weather
range: Literal

wind
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: weather property
domain: Weather
range: float

working area
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
sub property of: yield property
domain: Field
range: double

working area unit
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: field property
domain: Field
range: Literal

year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: nutrient property
domain: Fertilizer
domain: Nutrient
range: int

yield property
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Cropping

topDataProperty
domain: Thing
range: Literal

latitude
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: decimal

longitude
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: location property
domain: Country
domain: Sub-Country
domain: Location
range: decimal

AGROVOC
type: Class
subclass of: Link
comment: AGROVOC is a controlled vocabulary covering all areas of interest of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, including food, nutrition, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, environment etc. It is published by FAO and edited by a community of experts. It is widely used in specialized libraries as well as digital libraries and repositories to index content and for the purpose of text mining. It is also used as a specialized tagging resource for content organization by FAO and third-party stakeholders. AGROVOC consists of +37,000 concepts and +750,000 terms in up to 37 languages. Currently, AGROVOC is an SKOS-XL concept scheme, and a Linked Open Data (LOD) set edited by VocBench. AGROVOC is aligned with 18 other multilingual knowledge organization systems.

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor Station
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor Station
Acronym: ALS

Abiotic Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress
comment: Abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way.

Abstract Entity
type: Class
comment: Abstract entity is a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples.

Acquisition
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
comment: Acquire within the project the data (or access to the data) listed in the project resources. This initial collection includes data loading if necessary for data understanding. For example, if you apply a specific tool for data understanding, it makes perfect sense to load your data into this tool. This effort possibly leads to initial data preparation steps. Note: if you acquire multiple data sources, integration is an additional issue, either here or in the later data preparation phase. Output List the dataset (or datasets) acquired, together with their locations within the project, the methods used to acquire them and any problems encountered. Record problems encountered and any solutions achieved to aid with future replication of this project or with the execution of similar future projects."

Adjuvants
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. Adjuvants may also be used to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine by helping to modify the immune response to particular types of immune system cells: for example, by activating T cells instead of antibody-secreting B cells depending on the purpose of the vaccine. Adjuvants are also used in the production of antibodies from immunized animals.

Agriculture Transformation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Transformation
comment: Agriculture Transformations are transformations, which include a set of functions used to transform agricuture attributes in pre-processing step in data mining.

Agricultural Machinery
type: Class
subclass of: Machine
comment: Agricultural machinery is machinery used in farming or other agriculture.

Agroclimatic Indices
type: Class
subclass of: Data Transformation
comment: Agroclimatic Indices are transformations, which include a set of functions used to transform agroclimatic attributes in the pre-processing step in data mining.

Agronomic Indices
type: Class
subclass of: Data Transformation
comment: Agronomic Indices are pre-defined transformations, include a set of functions used to transform agricuture attributes in pre-processing step in data mining.

Air
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Air (also the atmosphere of Earth) is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention, and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.

Air Density
type: Class
subclass of: Air
comment: The density of air or atmospheric density, denoted ρ (Greek: rho), is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere. Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude. It also changes with variation in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity.

Air Humidity
type: Class
equivalent class: Humidity
subclass of: Air
type: NamedIndividual
type: Air
unit: %
comment: Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[1] Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. Humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of water vapor results in higher humidity in cool air than warm air. A related parameter is the dew point. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly.

Air Pollution
type: Class
subclass of: Air
comment: The current air pollution represented as European Air Quality Index value. The index value is based on 3 pollutants of major concern in Europe: PM10, NO2, O3 and will be able to take into account to 3 additional pollutants (CO, PM2.5 and SO2) where data are also available.

Air Pressure
type: Class
equivalent class: Pressure
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Air Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere.

Air Temperature
type: Class
equivalent class: Temperature
subclass of: Air
type: NamedIndividual
type: Air
unit: oC
comment: Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have used various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade, denoted °C), the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K)

Air Viscosity
type: Class
subclass of: Air

Aircraft
type: Class
subclass of: Vehicle
comment: An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors and hot air balloons.

Alfalfa
type: Class
subclass of: OtherCrops
type: NamedIndividual
type: OtherCrops
comment: Alfalfa, also called lucerne, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop.

Almond
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: The almond tree, Prunus dulcis, is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its edible seeds (nuts). The tree has brown or gray bark and either an erect or weeping growth habit depending on the variety. The trunk can reach 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Almond leaves are 7.5-13 cm (3-5 in) long with a serrated edge and grow alternately on the branches. The tree produces white to pale pink flowers and hairy green fruits which are oblong in shape. The fruit is a drupe, containing a single seed. The seed is protected by a hard brown shell. At maturity, the flesh of the fruit becomes leathery and splits to reveal the nut inside. Nuts generally measure 3.5 to 6 cm (1.4-2.4 in) in length. Almond trees can reach heights between 4 and 10 m (13-33 ft) and have a commercial lifespan of between 30 and 40 years. Almond may be referred to by variety and this includes bitter almond almond nuts are generally about long and may also be referred to as sweet or bitter almond depending on variety and originates from wild species found in Central and Southwest Asia.
maintenance: Almond trees will benefit from a layer of mulch around the base to prevent the growth of weeds and conserve soil moisture. Mulch should be spread around the tree in a 1 m (3 ft) radius. Leave a gap between the mulch and the trunk to prevent rotting the trunk. In addition, an application of fertilizer should be made once in Spring before any new growth and again in the Fall.
propagation: Almond trees are most commonly propagated by budding. Dormant wood is collected in winter when the trees are dormant and stored until Spring. T-budding is usually carried out in Spring and involves joining a bud from one variety to the rootstock of another. The bud is taken from a parent with desirable characteristics and grows to produce a new tree. Trees may also be propagated by grafting. Cuttings are taken from trees during dormancy and grafted to a suitable rootstock in the Spring. Planting Once trees have been acquired from a nursery, it is important to plant as soon as possible and keep the roots moist in the meantime. Almond trees should be planted by digging a hole just deep enough to accommodate the root ball. The tree should be planted by carefully backfilling the soil into the hole around the tree after it has been properly positioned. Planting depth should not exceed the height of the graft union. The soil around the newly planted tree should then be tamped and watered deeply but not excessively. If planting multiple trees then they should be spaced in rows 6-7 m (20-23 ft) apart with 5-6 m (16-23 ft) between each tree. Pruning Almond trees should be pruned in the first year and every subsequent year to help thin the canopy and prevent disease. The first pruning is critical in establishing the canopy shape. Three limbs should be selected to form the basis of the trees canopy and all others removed, including any growth below the lowest limb. In the second year, two scaffolds (lateral branches which grow to form a Y with the primary limbs) should be selected and the rest removed. Aim for the remaining scaffolds to be evenly spaced around the canopy.
requirements: Almond grows best in Mediterranean climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The optimal temperature for their growth is between 15 and 30oC (60-85oF) and the tree buds have a chilling requirement of between 300 and 600 hours below 7.2oC (45oF) to break dormancy. Almond trees will grow best when planted in deep, well-draining loam although they can withstand drought and grow in poor soils. The trees benefit from being planted in areas sheltered from frost and wind as trees bloom early and can therefore be susceptible to damage from late frosts. Trees will generally bear nuts after 3 to 4 years with the nut crop developing after blossom, in the fall.
uses: The almond nut is eaten raw or processed into butter, flour, extract, oil, paste, syrup, and milk. Almond oil is used as a flavoring agent in baked goods, perfumery and medicines. Sweet almond oil is used for cosmetic creams and lotions.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/almond/infos
comment: The almond tree, Prunus dulcis, is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its edible seeds (nuts). The tree has brown or gray bark and either an erect or weeping growth habit depending on the variety. The trunk can reach 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Almond leaves are 7.5-13 cm (3-5 in) long with a serrated edge and grow alternately on the branches. The tree produces white to pale pink flowers and hairy green fruits which are oblong in shape. The fruit is a drupe, containing a single seed. The seed is protected by a hard brown shell. At maturity, the flesh of the fruit becomes leathery and splits to reveal the nut inside. Nuts generally measure 3.5 to 6 cm (1.4-2.4 in) in length. Almond trees can reach heights between 4 and 10 m (13-33 ft) and have a commercial lifespan of between 30 and 40 years. Almond may be referred to by variety and this includes bitter almond almond nuts are generally about long and may also be referred to as sweet or bitter almond depending on variety and originates from wild species found in Central and Southwest Asia.

Aloe vera
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
maintenance: Aloe plant are generally very easy to care for but care should be taken to avoid overwatering. The plants should be watered deeply but allowed to dry out before the next watering. Check the soil prior to watering. Allow the soil to dry down to a depth of 7.5 to 10 cm (3-4 in) for older, well-established plants or 3.5-5 cm (1-2 in) for younger plants. In addition, although Aloe plants require lots of lights, sitting them in full sun can be harmful and it is best to position potted Aloes in a bright window. If the plant is receiving too much sun, the leaves will begin to turn brown.
propagation: Aloe vera can be grown from seed, but is most easily propagated from suckers which are readily produced by the mother plant. The suckers are commonly referred to as "pups". The pups should be cut from the main root by gently uprooting the mother plant and finding the point of attachment. The young plant should be cut from the parent using a sharp knife. Pups can be safely removed when they have several sets of leaves. The young plants should be planted in their own pot and watered deeply. Refrain from overwatering to force the growth of new roots. If multiple plants are being planted, provide them with individual pots or plant at least 60 cm (24 in) apart outdoors.
requirements: Aloe vera can be grown in a wide range of soils providing that they are well-draining. Aloe is commonly found growing in very nutrient poor soil in their natural range. Aloes are very drought tolerant but they will not tolerate frosts due to their succulent leaves. Aloe vera plants do well in pots and can be kept indoors if positioned in a bright, sunny spot. Plants grown in pots should be planted in a well-draining potting medium such as those used for cacti.
uses: Aloe vera plants are grown for the extraction of the gel inside the leaves. The gel is used in desserts, yogurts and beverages. The gel is also commonly used as a home remedy for treatment of burns.
comment: Aloe vera is an herbaceous perennial in the family Liliaceae grown for its succulent leaves which have a variety of culinary and medicinal uses. The Aloe vera plant has a short, stout stem and a rosette of fleshy, lanceolate leaves which have a serrated margin of small white teeth. The leaves may be flecked with white and are pale green or gray-green in color. Aloe vera plants produce a conspicuous inflorescence composed of densely packed pendulous yellow flowers on a spike which can be up to 90 cm (35 in) in height. The plant itself can grow to be 1 m (3 ft) in height and can live for up to 100 years if well cared for. Aloe vera may also be called Aloe barbadensis or Aloe perfoliata and is indigenous to eastern and southern Africa.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/aloe-vera/infos

Altitude
type: Class
subclass of: Terrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Terrain
comment: Altitude, like elevation, is the distance above sea level, used for object in the air.

Aluminum (Al)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Al
comment: Aluminum is one of the few elements capable of making soil more acidic. This is achieved by aluminum taking hydroxide ions out of water, leaving hydrogen ions behind. As a result, the soil is more acidic, which makes it unlivable for many plants. Another consequence of aluminum in soils is aluminum toxicity, which inhibits root growth.

Amino Acid
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Biomolecule
comment: Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amine (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids.

Stamen
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: An androecium is the third whorl of most flowers. It is made up of male reproductive units called stamens. A stamen has a long stalk called a filament. At the top of the filament is a cluster of microsporangia called the anther. Androecium is polyandrous, sometimes coherent in bundles while Gynoecium is light green, has capitate stigma and a terminal style.
label: Androecium

Animal Manure
type: Class
subclass of: Organic Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organic Mature

Anthocyanin
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue or black.

Apple
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Apple, Malus domestica, is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its fruits, known as apples. Apple fruits are one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the world, are round (pome) in shape and range in color from green to red. When planted from a seed, an apple tree can take six to ten years to mature and produce fruit of its own. Apple trees are small to medium sized trees reaching heights of 5-10 m (16.4-32.8 ft), with a central trunk which divides into several branches. The leaves of the tree are oval in shape and can reach up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and 7 cm (2.8 in) in width. Apple may also be referred to as mela or appel and the domestic tree is believed to have originated from Western Asia and the Mediterranean from several wild ancestors.
propagation: Apple trees grow best in the tropics and at higher latitudes they require a mild growing season and a cold winter to break their dormancy. At these latitudes, the tree will flower in spring and fruit will ripen in the fall. In the tropics, the leaves will remain on the tree longer so that it is essentially evergreen and flowering and fruiting will happen sporadically throughout the year unless the tree is managed to enforce a uniform cycle across the entire tree by bending shoots to create a wide tree. The standard method of propagating apple is by budding. When planting an apple nursery or orchard it is highly advisable to plant seedlings budded from root stock to prevent an increase in dormancy of the buds. Budded trees should be pruned in the first year to encourage new shoot growth. In the tropics, apple trees require careful management in order to make the heavy crop loads sustainable. This includes bending shoots, pruning the tips and also defoliating the trees. Flowers are also removed to promote growth until the first fruit production, generally after 2 years. Apple trees can also be propagated by grafting and mound layering. Grafting involves joining the lower part of one plant (root stock) with the upper part (scion) of another. Grafting is usually done during the dormant season and must be done on dormant scion and stock wood. Mound layering is used to propagate apple clonal root stocks. Soil is mounded around shoots that have been cut back, thereby stimulating roots to grow at the base of the shoots. A year before propagation begins, 8-10 mm (0.3-0.4 in) diameter stock plants are planted in rows and then cut back to 45-60 cm (17.7-23.6 in). They are then grown for one year. In the spring, the plants are again cut back, this time to 2.5 cm (1 in) above the ground. New shoots gradually form and more soil and bark are added in mounds around the plants. This cycle can continue on through the growing season. Then the shoots are harvested by cutting close to t…
uses: Apples are most commonly eaten fresh but can also be used for baking and cooking. Apples can also be processed into apple sauce, cider, vinegar, juice or butter while slices can be dried for later consumption. Apples can also be used for the extraction of useful compounds such as fructose and pectin
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/apple/infos
comment: Apple, Malus domestica, is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its fruits, known as apples. Apple fruits are one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the world, are round (pome) in shape and range in color from green to red. When planted from a seed, an apple tree can take six to ten years to mature and produce fruit of its own. Apple trees are small to medium sized trees reaching heights of 5-10 m (16.4-32.8 ft), with a central trunk which divides into several branches. The leaves of the tree are oval in shape and can reach up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and 7 cm (2.8 in) in width. Apple may also be referred to as mela or appel and the domestic tree is believed to have originated from Western Asia and the Mediterranean from several wild ancestors.

Apricot
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
maintenance: Apricots should be pruned annually and are generally trained to an open center. Annual pruning encourages new fruit spurs. When the tree is bearing fruit, it is important to thin the fruits to leave 3 or 4 per cluster. This allows fruits to become larger and prevents the tree from reducing production the following year. Trees should be watered regularly during the growing season to aid with fruit development. During dry periods, water trees every 10 to 14 days. Apply water deeply and widely, to at least the width of the canopy. Trees will also benefit from the application of a nitrogen fertilizer in Spring.
propagation: Apricot trees are usually propagated vegetatively to maintain the desirable genetic characteristic of the parent. Trees can be propagated from cuttings or by budding and grafting. Cuttings are lengths of stem usually taken from the previous years growth of an established tree. Cuttings are taken in late winter or early spring and rooted so that they produce a whole new tree. Budding and grafting involves joining two genetically distinct plants one is used for the lower part called the rootstock and another is used for the upper part, known as the scion. The scion is attached by inserting a bud from the desired variety under the bark of the rootstock so that it produces a new tree.
requirements: Apricots have a high genetic variability and as a result, they also have a wide range of growing conditions. The trees tend to bloom early compared with other stone fruits and are therefore susceptible to damage from late frosts. Apricots will grow best in deep, well-draining soils and will not tolerate water saturating. Apricots have a chilling requirement (period of cold required to break dormancy) of between 250 and 1200 hours below 7°C (45°F) depending on the variety. In addition, most apricot trees do not require a second variety for cross-pollination.
uses: Apricots can be consumed fresh or dried. They may also be processed into jams and jellies, syrup or juice.
comment: Apricot, Prunus armeniaca is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its edible fruit. The apricot tree is has an erect growth habit and a spreading canopy. The leaves of the tree are ovate with a rounded base, pointed tip and serrated margin. The tree produces white to pink flowers, singly or in pairs, and a fleshy yellow to orange fruit. The apricot fruit is a drupe with skin that can be smooth or covered in tiny hairs depending on the variety and a single seed enclosed within a protective outer shell (stone). Apricot trees can reach 8–12 m (26–39 ft) and can live anywhere between 20 and 40 years depending on variety and growth conditions. Apricots may have as many as three centers of origin in China, Central Asia and the Near East.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/apricot/infos

Area
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
subclass of: Field
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
type: Field
unit: Ha
comment: Area is the size of arable field, usually measured in hectares
label: Working Area
comment: Working Area is the size of planting field, usually measured in hectares

Artichoke
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Globe artichoke flower buds should be harvested before they begin to open. Small, immature heads are more tender than older heads close to opening. Use a sharp knife to cut the buds from the plant leaving a 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1-3 in) section of stem with each bud. Once all buds have been harvested from the plant, the plant should be cut down to the ground.
maintenance: Globe artichokes will benefit from the application of a balanced fertilizer once every month during the growing season. Plants should not be allowed to dry out and soil should be kept moist. A covering of thick mulch will help to conserve soil moisture. Remove the mulch when the plants begin to bud and replace with a generous covering of compost. After harvest, cut the stems of the plant back to ground level or slightly below the soil line. Protect the plants over winter by mulching over the roots with plenty organic mulch (e.g. about 20cm/8 in of straw and/or leaves). this protective layer can be supplemented by further covering the plants with a cardboard or styrofoam box filled with straw and leaves.
propagation: Vegetative propagation Globe artichokes are usually vegetatively propagated from underground shoots known as 'ovoli' or from the suckers, stumps or dried shoots from the previous growing season although it can be grown as an annual plant from seed. Existing globe artichoke plants should be divided in Fall or Winter when the plant is dormant. Shoots should be selected from plants that produce well and should be removed when they are about 20 cm (8 in) in height. The shoots are removed by cutting the attachment to the mother plant at the root with a sharp knife and gently loosening it from the soil and existing root ball. The separated shoots should be planted in a freshly prepared bed. The roots should be set to a depth of 15 to 20 cm (6-8 in) and spaced 1.2 to 1.8 m (4-6 ft) apart. Do not harvest any flower heads in the first year while the new plants establish. Seeds Globe artichoke seeds should be started indoors approximately 2 month prior to the last frost date for your area. Seeds should be sown 2.5 cm (1 in) deep in seeds starting mix in small 4 in pots. Seeds should be sown generously as successful germination is approximately 70% and not all of the emerging seedling will produce high quality plants. Seedlings should be transplanted outdoors after hardening and after all danger of frost has passed. Space the plants 0.9 m (3 ft) apart in rows spaced 0.9 m (3 ft). AFter the first year, remove any plants that are not producing well to achieve a final spacing of 1.2 to 1.8 m (4-6 ft) between plants.
requirements: Globe artichokes are cool season crops and grow best in deep, fertile and well drained soils with a pH between 6.0 and 8.0. The prevailing climatic conditions are extremely important to successful growth of high quality flowerheads. The optimum daytime temperature is 20–22°C (68–71.6°F) and optimum nighttime temperature is 12–14°C (53.6–57.2°F). The plants will tolerate both cold and high temperatures but this will reduce the tenderness of the head. Frost can cause the flower heads to blister and may kill the buds. In addition, globe artichokes require frequent irrigation to ensure growth of good quality heads. However, the plants will not tolerate a waterlogged soil.
uses: Artichokes are grown primarily for consumption and can be eaten raw or cooked. Globe artichokes may also be canned or pickled or processed to make tea, liqueur or for extraction of secondary metabolties such as cynarin and chlorogenic acid which can be used in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. The globe artichoke has one of the highest antioxidant contents of any vegetable and is therefore valued as a health food with roles in lowering cholesterol and regulating blood sugar levels.
comment: Artichoke is an herbaceous perennial thistle in the family Asteraceae grown for its edible fleshy flowerhead, or heart, which is considered a delicacy. The globe artichoke has arched, irregularly lobed leaves which are silvery green in color, reaching 50–82 cm (19.7–32.3 in) in length and possessing a few spines. The flowerhead is 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter with numerous triangular scales and individual florets which are purple in color. Artichokes mature in 150 to 180 days after sowing and can reach heights of 1.4–2 m (4.6–6.6 ft). The globe artichoke may also be referred to as leaf artichoke, artichoke, artisjok, artichaut, carciofo, alcachofra, alacachofa or kharsuf and it originates from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/artichoke/infos

Article
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: A scientific article, known as paper, is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal or conference.
label: Scientific Article

Ash
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ash refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something/plant burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after complete combustion.

Aspect
type: Class
subclass of: Terrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Terrain

Association
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining
comment: Association rule is a data mining method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases. It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in databases using some measures of interestingness.

Association Rule
type: Class
subclass of: Association
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining
comment: Association rule is a data mining method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases. It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in databases using some measures of interestingness.

Atmospheric Pressure
type: Class
equivalent class: Pressure
subclass of: Weather
comment: Atmospheric Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AA)
type: Class
subclass of: Spectrophotometer

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AE)
type: Class
subclass of: Spectrophotometer

Avocado
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
maintenance: Newly planted young trees should be mulched after planting with several inches of straw or woodchips. Young trees will also benefit from staking which will help to prevent wind damage. Wood stakes should be driven into the ground outside the root ball allowing 2 stakes per tree. The tree should then be tied loosely to the stakes to provide support while it establishes. Young trees should be irrigated and the root ball should not be allowed to dry out. Trees should be watered every few days. Water trees at and around the base to ensure the root ball is wetted. Trees are usually fertilized at around 4 weeks after planting. Add half a cup of urea every 4 to 6 weeks during the growing season.
propagation: Avocados are commonly propagated from seeds but the seeds will not breed true to type and this should be taken into consideration before planting. Clonal plants are obtained from budding and grafting from a parent tree to ensure the offspring are of the same high quality of the parent. In plantations, seeds can be sown directly in the soil. 2 to 3 seeds are usually sown and thinned later to leave the strongest seedling for grafting. Seeds may also be sown in containers and grown for 2 to 3 months before planting at the final site. Planting Avocado seedling should ideally be planted in the Spring when the soil has warmed through. Choose a location that receives full sun and has protection from the wind. The trees should be planted by digging a hole a little wider than the root ball and gently easing the tree into the hole. Slow release fertilizer can be added to the hole at planting but is not necessary. Care should be taken not to disturb the roots as much as possible and the hole should be carefully backfilled and the soil and tamped to prevent dislodging. Trees should be planted 4.5 to 6 m (15-20 ft) apart in rows spaced 6 m (20 ft) apart.
requirements: Avocados thrive in subtropical or tropical climates but can also be grown successfully in cooler areas of the world. The optimum temperature for growing avocado is between 25 and 33oC (77-91.4oF) with moderate humidity levels. Once established, trees can tolerate temperatures down to around -2oC (28oF) with minimal damage but young trees will not tolerate freezing temperatures. Avocado requires a well draining, aerated soil and they produce a shallow root system which require a warm soil for efficient water and nutrient uptake. Although trees will tolerate low rainfall, irrigation, particularly during flowering and fruit set, will ensure high fruit yields.
uses: The avocado is usually consumed fresh as a fruit or as an ingredient in salads or savory dishes. It has a markedly higher fat content than other fruits and is a staple in diets that have limited access to foods with high contents of monounsaturated fats. It is the main ingredient in guacamole, a popular Mexican dip. In Asia, avocados are used in desserts and dessert drinks.
comment: Avocado, Persea americana, is an evergreen tree in the family Lauraceae which grown for its nutritious fruit, the avocado. The avocado tree is large and dome shaped with oval or elliptical leaves arranged in a spiral on the tips of branches. The leaves have a red pigmentation when they first emerge and turn green as they mature. Avocado trees produce clusters of small, green-yellow flowers at the end of twigs and a large, fleshy, pear-shaped fruit with a single large seed. The fruits can be purple to green in color with smooth or warty skin depending on variety. The flesh of the fruit is yellow-green in color and has the consistency of butter. Each fruit contains one large seed. Avocado trees grown from seed can take 4-6 years to produce fruit whereas grafted plants may produce fruit within 1-2 years. The tree can reach a height of 20 m (65.6 ft) and originated in the rainforests of Central America.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/avocado/infos

Bacterial
type: Class
subclass of: Microoganism
comment: Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that are made up of a single cell. They're very diverse and can have a large variety of shapes and structural features. Bacteria can live in almost every conceivable environment, including in or on the human body. Only a handful of bacteria cause infections in humans.

Bacterial Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Disease
comment: Infectious plant diseases are caused by bacteria and can range in severity from mild leaf or plant damage to death.

Banana
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: The fruit is the most widely used part of the plant and can be eaten fresh or cooked or processed into starch, chips, puree, beer, vinegar or dehydrated to produce dried fruit. The fruit may also be processed into flour which is used in baking, soups or beverages. The flowers of the plant may be used as a vegetable. Fresh leaves have a high protein content and can be fed to cattle. Other uses for leaves include polishing floors, lining pots or wrapping food.
propagation: Banana plants are vegetatively propagated, most often from suckers (shoots that grow from a bud at the base of the plant) or from corms (underground bulbs known as rhizomes). The use of whole corms is very laborious so it is more common to grow from small pieces of corm. There are three different types of banana suckers which are produced by the mother plant; maidenheads, sword suckers and water suckers. Maidenheads have a large pseudostem which does not produce fruit. Sword suckers have a narrow base, short pseudostem and narrow, blade-like leaves. They produce healthy, fruitful pseudostems when they mature Water suckers have short pseudostems and broad leaves. Water suckers are not strongly attached to the rhizome and generally produce weaker plants and less fruit. Maidenheads and large sword suckers are preferred over water suckers. Planting The desired pieces of the plant are usually planted 30-60 cm (11.8-23.6 in) deep in the soil and should generally be planted at the end of the dry season or the beginning of the wet season. Plant spacing is dependent on the cultivar being planted. Frequent weeding is required until plants are tall enough to shade out competing plants and should be started about 6 weeks after planting. The banana plants are fast growing and require the frequent addition of nutrients as well as additional irrigation in the dry season. Banana is often grown alongside other crop plants with similar requirements, indeed, the young banana plants make excellent 'nurses' for other crops such as papaya or cocoa which can be grown very close to the young banana.
requirements: Bananas grow best in hot and humid climates, require a rainfall of at least 1000 mm (39.4 in) per year to survive and have a high light requirement. Banana plants grow optimally at 27oC (98.6oF) and require a deep soil, rich in organic matter which is well draining and well aerated. The plants will grow optimally in soil with a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. Young banana plants are very susceptible to wind damage and it is recommended that they are planted in sufficient shelter or in a block so that the plants will protect one another.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/banana/infos
comment: The banana plant, Musa paradisiaca, is the world's largest herbaceous perennial plant and belongs to the family Musaceae. It is grown for it's fleshy, curved banana fruit. The plant is tall, tropical and tree-like with a sturdy main pseudostem (not a true stem as it is made of rolled leaf bases) with the leaves arranged spirally at the top. The leaves are large blades with a pronounced central midrib and obvious veins. They can reach up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) in length and up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in width. Each pseudostem produces a group of flowers which may also be called the 'banana heart' from which the fruits develop in an hanging cluster. The banana fruits are comprised of a protective outer layer, or skin, with numerous long, thin strings that run between the skin and the edible inner portion. The seeds are tiny black specks running through the center of the fruit. In commercial plantations, the parent banana plant dies after harvest and is replaced with a daughter plant. However, a plantation can grow for 25 years or more if managed properly. The trees can reach heights between 2 and 9 m (6.6-29.5 ft). Bananas may also be referred to as plantains and the cultivated varieties are derived from ancestors which originated from the Malaysian peninsula, New Guinea and South-East Asia.

Barley
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
description: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, is an edible annual grass in the family Poaceae grown as a cereal grain crop. It is a tall grass with a hairy stem which stands erect and produces spikelets at the head. The stem is made up of nodes and internodes. The internodes are solid, whereas the internodes are hollow. The stem supports the inflorescence, or spike, where the grain is produced. Barley seeds heads are cylindrical spikes composed of rachis each with 3 spikelets. Each spike produces 20-60 grains. Barley plants are freely tillering and typically possesses 1-6 stems. The tillers do not produce seed heads. Barley is an annual plant which is harvested each year and it can range in height from 80 to 100 cm (31.5-39.4 in). Barley may be referred to as spring barley or winter barley and it was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East.
harvesting: Barley is ready to harvest when the stalks and heads have turned from green to yellow and the seed heads are drooping towards the ground. Check the seeds for ripeness before harvest. The should be firm and crunchy and not doughy in texture. Commercially produced wheat is usually harvested using a combine. Smaller plots can be harvested by hand using a scythe or sickle. Small plots can be harvested by snipping off the heads with a pair of scissors.
sowing rate: 75.0kg/acre (187.5kg/ha) (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
uses: Barley is cultivated as a food cereal in the tropics and subtropics in India, Nepal, Tibet, Afghanistan, Russia, Ethiopia, North Africa and the Andean region of South America. The straw produced is used as an animal feed, bedding and to cover roofs of houses. In temperate regions, barley is used in malt production to brew beer and make other distilled alcoholic beverages, particularly whisky.
uses: Barley varieties Like wheat, barley can be grown in Spring or Fall. Barley can be classed as either six-rox or two-row. Two-row barley has two rows of seeds on each spike whereas six-row barley has six rows of seeds on each spike. Two-row barley varieties tend to be spring grown whereas six-row barley varieties include both spring and winter grown types. Planting Winter barley varieties should be planted in the Fall approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the first frost date. Spring varieties should be planted as soon as the soil can be worked in the Spring. Barley requires temperatures to have reached a minimum of 1-2oC (34-36oF) for successful germination. Seeds should be sown in prepared seed bed in rows or by broadcasting. Commercially grown barley is usually mechanically drilled using a machine that creates a furrow and drops the seed in before covering it back up. Seeds are usually sown to depths ranging from 2 to 12 cm (0.8-4.7 in) depending on soil conditions (seed must be sown deeper in drier soil) and the soil should be raked lightly after planting. Spring barley varieties usually reach maturity in 60 to 80 days and winter barley in 60 days.
comment: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, is an edible annual grass in the family Poaceae grown as a cereal grain crop. It is a tall grass with a hairy stem which stands erect and produces spikelets at the head. The stem is made up of nodes and internodes. The internodes are solid, whereas the internodes are hollow. The stem supports the inflorescence, or spike, where the grain is produced. Barley seeds heads are cylindrical spikes composed of rachis each with 3 spikelets. Each spike produces 20-60 grains. Barley plants are freely tillering and typically possesses 1-6 stems. The tillers do not produce seed heads. Barley is an annual plant which is harvested each year and it can range in height from 80 to 100 cm (31.5-39.4 in). Barley may be referred to as spring barley or winter barley and it was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Barley varieties Like wheat, barley can be grown in Spring or Fall. Barley can be classed as either six-rox or two-row. Two-row barley has two rows of seeds on each spike whereas six-row barley has six rows of seeds on each spike. Two-row barley varieties tend to be spring grown whereas six-row barley varieties include both spring and winter grown types.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/barley/infos

Basil
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Basil leaves can begin to be harvested any time after the plants have reached a height of 15–20 cm (6–8 in). Harvest leaves by pinching the leaves from the tips of the stems to encourage the more branching. Leaves should be pinched regularly to keep the plants productive and prevent them from going to seed.
propagation: Basil seeds should be sown indoors 6–8 weeks before planting outside. Sow seeds in a sterile seed starting mix in seed trays or pots 0.2–1.0 cm (0.08–0.4 in) deep and water gently. Ensure the temperature remains between 15.5 and 27°C (60–80°F). Seeds should germinate in about 5 days at 21°C (70°F). Basil seedlings can be transplanted to the garden when they are between 6 and 8 weeks old, about 2 weeks after the last frost date. Plants should be spaced approximately 30 cm (12 in) apart, allowing 45 cm (18 in) between rows. Pinching back the growing tip of the plants after transplanting will encourage the growth of new shoots.
requirements: Basil is a warm season crop which will grow optimally in areas where daytime temperatures are consistently above 21°C (70°F) and nighttime temperatures stay above 10°C (50°F). Basil is very sensitive to frost and will need protected if a late cold snap is forecast. The plant will grow best in a fertile, moist soil with a pH between 6 and 7. Basil requires around 6–8 hours of sun every day and benefits from some shade in the afternoon.
uses: Basil is commonly used as a fresh or dried herb in cooking and is popularly used in beverages in Southeast Asia. Essential oil can be extracted from the leaves and used in cosmetics, dental products and perfume.
comment: Basil, Ocimum basilicum, is a short lived annual or perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a herb. The basil plant grows from a thick taproot and has silky green opposite (paired) oval leaves which grow to be 3–11 cm (1.2–4.3 in) long and 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in), branching out from the central stem. The plant produces small white flowers which are clustered on a single spike at the top of the plant. Basil plants are often grown as annuals but may survive for several seasons with some care and can reach heights between 30 and 130 cm (11.8 and 51.2 in) depending on the variety. Basil may also be referred to as sweet basil, St. Joseph's wort, thai basil, lemon basil or holy basil depending on the variety and is native to India and other tropical regions of Asia.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/basil/infos

Bean
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
description: The common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae which is grown as a pulse and green vegetable. The common bean can be bushy, vine-like or climbing depending on the variety being grown. The leaves grow alternately on the stems, are green or purple in color and are divided into 3 oval leaflets with smooth edges. The leaves can grow 6-15 cm (2.4-5.9 in) long and 3-11 cm (1.2-4.3 in) wide. The common bean produces white, pink, lilac or purple flowers which are approximately 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, and bean pods 8-20 cm (3.1-7.9 in) long and 1-1.5 cm (0.4-0.6 in) wide which can range in color from green to yellow or black to purple. Each pod contains 4-6 smooth, kidney-shaped beans. Common bean plants are annual plants and last only one growing season and range greatly in size from the bushy varieties 20-60 cm (7.9-24 in) in height; to vines or runner beans which can reach 2-3 m (6 ft 7 in-9 ft 10 in) in length. The common bean includes many varieties and may be referred to as bush bean, dry bean, dwarf bean, field bean, French bean, snap bean, garden bean, haricot bean, kidney bean, pole bean or string bean. The plant originates from the Americas.
harvesting: Beans are generally ready for harvest approximately two weeks after bloom. The beans should be harvested just before the seeds are mature and before they form bumps on the pod. The pods should be firm and snap when they are bent. Pick beans every 2-3 days to ensure the plants remain productive. Pinch beans rather than pulling to avoid damaging the plant. Cut pole beans from the plant using scissors.
propagation: Beans should be direct seeded in the garden in when the soil has reached a temperature of at least 15.5oC (60oF), with the optimum temperature for germination being between 15.5 and 29oC (60-85oF). Planting at cooler temperatures leads to slow germination and promotes seed rotting. Seeds should be planted 2.5-3.5 cm (1-1.5 in) deep. Bush beans should be planted 5-10 cm (2-4 in) apart allowing 0.6-0.9 m ( 2-3 ft) between rows. Pole beans can be planted in both row and hills. In rows, seeds should be spaced 15-25 cm (6-10 in) apart allowing 0.9-1.2 m (3-4 ft) between rows. For a continuous harvest of beans over the summer months, make new plantings every 2-3 weeks. Pole beans should be provided with a pole or trellis to climb on to support the weight of the pods and allow light to penetrate to all parts of the plant, helping to prevent disease. Bean poles should have a rough surface to help the plant to grip and should be 1.8-2.1 m (6-7 ft) long. Three or four poles can be used to form a tripod onto which the plants can be trained. Bean trellises can be constructed easily using posts (or a tripod arrangement of poles), wire and twine. Position a post at either end of the area in which you wish to plant a row of beans and connect with two lengths of wire. The first wire should be approximately 13 cm (5 in) from the ground, and the second 1.5-1.8 m (5-6 ft) from the ground. Finally, use the twine to create a V-shaped trellis by tying the twine to the bottom wire, bringing it up to the top wire and looping it back down around the bottom wire. Continue to zigzag the string all the way along the wires to the second support before tying the twine off. A rough textured twine is best as it will encourage the plant to climb and twine around it. Pinch back the growing tips of the plants once they reach the top support to encourage the plant to branch.
requirements: Common beans are warm-season crops and should be planted after all danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed. Beans will grow best at soil temperatures between 15.5 and 29oC (60-85oF) and are sensitive to cold temperatures and frosts. Beans will grow best in a fertile, well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.75 Beans will perform best in full sunlight.
uses: The common bean is used as a pulse and green vegetable eaten fresh or cooked. The beans can be dried, cooked in sauce and canned.
variety: Common beans can either be bush or pole varieties. Bush beans will grow erect without any support and require less care than pole varieties. Pole beans grow vertically on a support and are generally easier to harvest. Most type of bean are now available as both bush and pole varieties. Some green bean varieties may be referred to as “stringâ€ beans. This name is a reference to older varieties which produced a stringy fibre along the seam of the pod. Modern cultivars were bred which did not produce this substance and which are commonly referred to as “snapâ€ beans due to the ease with which the green pods can be snapped in two.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bean/infos
comment: The common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae which is grown as a pulse and green vegetable. The common bean can be bushy, vine-like or climbing depending on the variety being grown. The leaves grow alternately on the stems, are green or purple in color and are divided into 3 oval leaflets with smooth edges. The leaves can grow 6-15 cm (2.4-5.9 in) long and 3-11 cm (1.2-4.3 in) wide. The common bean produces white, pink, lilac or purple flowers which are approximately 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, and bean pods 8-20 cm (3.1-7.9 in) long and 1-1.5 cm (0.4-0.6 in) wide which can range in color from green to yellow or black to purple. Each pod contains 4-6 smooth, kidney-shaped beans. Common bean plants are annual plants and last only one growing season and range greatly in size from the bushy varieties 20-60 cm (7.9-24 in) in height; to vines or runner beans which can reach 2-3 m (6 ft 7 in-9 ft 10 in) in length. The common bean includes many varieties and may be referred to as bush bean, dry bean, dwarf bean, field bean, French bean, snap bean, garden bean, haricot bean, kidney bean, pole bean or string bean. The plant originates from the Americas.

Beet
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Young beet greens can be harvested for salads when they are 2.5–5.0 cm (1–2 in) high and older greens before they reach 15 cm (6 in) in length. The roots are ready for harvest when they have reached 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and are most tender before the exceed 7.5–10 cm (3–4 in). Watering the soil the day before harvest or the day after rainfall makes pulling the beets easier. Pull beets out of the soil by firmly grasping the top and pulling the root out of the soil vertically. Alternatively, use a garden fork to dig the beets out of the soil. Cut the tops of the beets to 1.25–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) above the root before storing the root. This helps keep the beets fresh.
maintenance: eets require plenty of moisture to develop optimally. Even watering will promote the development of good quality roots and prevent the formation of rings in the root. Soil moisture can be conserved by applying a layer of mulch around the plants. In addition to moisture, beets also require an adequate supply of nutrients, particularly phosphorus. Apply a complete fertilizer at planting to ensure optimum development. Remove any weeds around plants by cultivating shallowly to avoid damaging the developing roots.
propagation: Beets are direct seeded and can be planted as soon as the soil is workable in Spring. The soil should be prepared for planting by first removing any large rocks and stones and then working in 2–3 inches of compost or well-rotted manure. Plant one seed every 2.5 cm (1 in) at a depth of 13 mm (0.5 in) in rows spaced 30–40 cm (12–16 in) apart. Keep the seedbed well watered. Seedlings should emerge in 5 to 17 days at temperatures between 10 and 24°C (50–75°F). When seedlings have reached between 7 and 10 cm (3–4 in) in height, thin to a final spacing of 7–10 cm (3–4 in) between plants. For a continuous harvest, plant seeds every 2–3 weeks as long as the daytime temperature stays below 26.6°C (80°F). Most beet varieties mature in 55 to 70 days.
requirements: Beets are cool season vegetables with a long growing season. They grow best in cool climates but can tolerate some heat as well as some freezing. The optimum temperature for their growth is between 15.5 and 18.3°C (60–65°F). Beets grow best in a loose, well draining soil with a pH between 6.2 and 6.8 and should be planted in full sun for optimum development.
uses: The roots are consumed after boiling and may be pickled in vinegar. The leaves of the spinach beet plant are consumed as a herb in Indonesia and Japan. Chemicals in the roots can be extracted and used as food coloring.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/beet/infos
comment: Beets, Beta vulgaris, are herbacious biennial root vegetables in the family Chenopodiaceae grown for their edible root. The plant is usually erect with a long main root and a rosette of leaves growing on stems. The leaves are oval in shape, arranged alternately on the stem and grow 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) in length. The roots are usually red in color. The plant produces sessile green flowers and can reach 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in height. Beets are usually grown as annual plants, harvested after one growing season. Beets may also be referred to as beetroot, garden beet or spinach beet and originated from the Mediterranean.

Bergamot
type: Class
subclass of: Citrus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
maintenance: Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3–7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year.
propagation: Bergamot seedlings are usually produced by grafting or budding to an appropriate rootstock as seeds will not produce fruit true to type. Grafting is the process by which a scion from one plant is joined to the rootstock of another to produce a new tree. Budding is a special type of grafting where the scion that is joined to the rootstock consists of a single bud. Budding is commonly used in citrus propagation as it is the easier of the two processes and works very well. Bergamot trees can be purchased as seedlings which have already been grafted and only require planting in the garden or orchard. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Standard sized trees should be spaced 3.7–7.6 m (12–25 ft) apart in an area that receives full sunlight, but is protected from strong winds which can damage the trees. Planting against a south facing wall will help protect the tree in cooler climates.
requirements: Bergamot oranges grow best in regions with a pronounced change in season. They will grow best at temperatures between 12.8 and 37.8°C (55–100°F) during the growing season and 1.7 to 10°C (35–50°F) during dormancy. Mature trees can survive short periods of freezing, whereas young trees will be killed. Trees should be protected from frosts and freezing conditions to prevent damage. The trees will also tolerate drought conditions but perform poorly in water-logged soil. Trees will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Trees require full sun and should be protected from wind which can cause damage to the trees.
uses: The oil produced by the flowers, leaves and rind of the fruit is used in eau de toilette, cologne and soap. The bitter fruit is used to make marmalade and to flavor liqueurs.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bergamot/infos
comment: Bergamot, Citrus bergamia, is an evergreen tree grown for its fruit, flowers and leaves which are used primarily for the extraction of its lemon scented oil. Bergamot is an erect branching tree with oval leaves which are alternately arranged. The tree produced clusters of white flowers and a fruit that resembles a pear-shaped orange. The fruit is green and turns to yellow when ripe. Bergamot trees can reach up to 4 m (13.1 ft) in height and will remain productive for up to 60 years if managed well. Bergamot may also be referred to as bergamot orange or sour orange and its origin is unknown although it is almost exclusively grown in the coastal plains of Southern Italy.

BioFertilizer
type: Class
subclass of: Fertilizer
comment: Biofertilizer (also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances.

Biological
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
comment: Biological is used to describe processes and states that occur in the bodies and cells of crops or plants.

Biological Control
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment

Biological Day
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
References: Soltani, A., & Sinclair, T. R. (2012). "Modeling Physiology of Crop Development". Cambridge, MA: Growth and Yield. CAB International.

Biomass
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
unit: kg/m2
comment: Biomass is plant material used for energy production (electricity or heat), or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products.

Biomolecule
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nutrient
comment: A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development

Biopesticides
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Biopesticides, a contraction of 'biological pesticides', include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships. The term has been associated historically with biological control - and by implication - the manipulation of living organisms.

Biotic Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress
affects: Coffee
comment: Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to an organism by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants.
label: Leaf Biotic Stress

Blackberry
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Blackberry, is a perennial shrub in the family Rosaceae that is grown for its aggregate black fruit of the same name. The name blackberry is used to describe several species, including Rubus fruticosis (wild blackberry), Rubus ursinus and Rubus argutus, two species native to North America. Blackberries have three stem types: erect, arching, and trailing. They often have thorns, but some varieties are thornless. The leaves alternate along the stem with each group of leaves consisting of 3-5 leaflets. The leaves are prickly and bright green, and are toothed along the edges. The life-span of blackberry shrubs is variable, but they usually live for less than ten years reaching heights of up to 3 m (10 ft). Blackberry may also be referred to as bramble and the shrubs grow native on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.
propagation: Preparation Soil may need prepared up to two years in advance of planting if major amendments are required. Acidic soil can be amended with lime to bring the pH up to a level suitable for blackberries. Organic content can be increased by planting a cover crop or by the addition of manure or compost. Avoid planting blackberries where peppers, eggplant, tomatoes or potatoes have been grown previously as these plants are host to Verticillium fungi which can cause root rot in blackberries. Choose a variety which is suited to your region. Planting and trellising Many blackberry varieties are very vigorous and using a support system such as a trellis will help to protect the canes from wind damage while also supporting the weight of the fruit crop. The trellis should be constructed before or at planting to avoid damaging the young plants after they are in the ground. The traditional method of supporting red blackberry canes is a post and wire system. This method involves running two wires about 60 cm (2 ft) apart vertically between wooden posts staked into the ground. The lower wire should be positioned 90 cm (3 ft) from the ground and the upper 1.5 m (5 ft) from the ground. The blackberry canes can then be tied to the wires. A second option is a T-trellis which is similar to the post and wire but the vertical wooden posts each have two cross bars to attach the wire. Two sets of wires run parallel to one another, one above the other. The vertical posts should be spaced 3.6-4.6 m (12-15 ft) apart with the lower wire positioned 90 cm (3 ft) from the ground and the upper 1.5 m (5 ft) from the ground. Blackberry plants in the home garden are usually grown from bare root plants or from tissue-cultured plants and should be planted in early Spring when the danger of any severe frosts has passed. The plants are usually planted in a row and the suckers will fill in the spaces to produce a hedge. Plant approximately 70 cm (27.5 in) apart, allowing 2.4-3 m (8-10 ft) between rows. Pr…
requirements: Blackberries grow best in temperate regions with cool summers and mild winters as they are susceptible to cold weather. They grow best when daytime temperatures are around 25oC (77oF). Blackberries prefer full sun (minimum six hours of direct sunlight) and they need to be planted in soil that drains well, is high in organic matter, and has a pH range of 6-6.5. Drainage it critical in blackberry propagation as the plants are susceptible to root rot. Blackberries should not be planted in low lying areas where water may build up and they require a post support system or trellis to support the weight of the fruit on the plants. Blackberry canes are biennial and produce fruit in the second year of growth. Canes in their first year of growth are called primocanes and those in the second year of growth are called fruiting canes or floricanes. The young canes are green in color, whereas the older floricanes are tougher and have a woody covering making them easy to tell apart.
uses: Blackberries are consumed as a fresh fruit. They can also be frozen or canned for later use in ice creams, juices, pies, jellies, preserves and jams and other sweet desserts. Blackberries are high in antioxidants and vitamins and are a good sources of potassium, phosphorus, iron and calcium.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/blackberry/infos
comment: Blackberry, is a perennial shrub in the family Rosaceae that is grown for its aggregate black fruit of the same name. The name blackberry is used to describe several species, including Rubus fruticosis (wild blackberry), Rubus ursinus and Rubus argutus, two species native to North America. Blackberries have three stem types: erect, arching, and trailing. They often have thorns, but some varieties are thornless. The leaves alternate along the stem with each group of leaves consisting of 3-5 leaflets. The leaves are prickly and bright green, and are toothed along the edges. The life-span of blackberry shrubs is variable, but they usually live for less than ten years reaching heights of up to 3 m (10 ft). Blackberry may also be referred to as bramble and the shrubs grow native on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.

Blooming
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: Blooming is the act or state of producing flowers : the period during which a plant produces flowers the flowering of the iris a plant that should be pruned only when flowering ends

Boll
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Boll is a rounded seed vessel or pod of a plant, as of flax or cotton.

Borage
type: Class
subclass of: OilSeeds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: OilSeeds
comment: Borage is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, and has naturalized in many other locales. It grows satisfactorily in gardens in most of Europe, such as Denmark, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, remaining in the garden from year to year by self-seeding. The leaves are edible and the plant is grown in gardens for that purpose in some parts of Europe.The plant is also commercially cultivated for borage seed oil extracted from its seeds. The plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, some of which are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic..

Borecole
type: Class
equivalent class: Kale
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vegetable
comment: Borecole, also known as Kale, is green leafy plant, that is good alternative for cabbage varieties. It is juiced for green smoothies. It has become a very popular and versatile vegetable. It comes in a wide variety leaf shapes and colours. Although mostly grown as a late summer or Autumn/Fall crop it can be grown almost all year in some zones as it is frost hardy. It tends to run to seed in hot weather. Best grown in partial shade, out of direct hot sun during the warmer months in the hotter areas. The small, tender Kale leaves can be eaten uncooked and added to salads.

Boron (B)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Boron is absorbed by plants in the form of the anion BO3^ - 3. It is available to plants in moderately soluble mineral forms of Ca, Mg and Na borates and the highly soluble form of organic compounds. It is available to plants over a range of pH, from 5.0 to 7.5. It is mobile in the soil, hence, it is prone to leaching.
Acronym: B

Boron Deficiency
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Disorder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Boron (B)
comment: Boron deficiency is a common deficiency of the micronutrient boron in plants. It is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency around the world and causes large losses in crop production and crop quality. Boron deficiency affects vegetative and reproductive growth of plants, resulting in inhibition of cell expansion, death of meristem, and reduced fertility.

Boundary
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
subclass of: Field
type: NamedIndividual
type: Field
comment: Boundary is the line which marks the limits of a field.
comment: Object Boundary can be the boundary of leaf, fruits, or flower,...
alternative label: Object Boundary

Broadleaf
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A broad-leaved, broad-leaf, or broadleaf tree is any tree within the diverse botanical group of angiosperms that has flat leaves and produces seeds inside of fruits.

Bud
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot.

Bulk Density
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Spatial
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil

Business Event
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: A business event is a definable occurrence in a business scenario. It can be a common high-level occurrence, such as a customer placing an order.

Methane (CH4)
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
comment: Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) in terms of global warming. It is 28 times more potent to the environment than carbon dioxide (CO2). Agriculture accounts for 34% of Irish GHGs emissions, with CH4 responsible for nearly 60% of agri emissions.
Acronym: CH4

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
Acronym: CO2
comment: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO. 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.

Cabbage
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Cabbages are ready to harvest when the head is fully formed and feels firm and well-packed when squeezed. Cut the head away from the stalk with a sharp knife. Leaving the stalks in the ground will result in the formation of several smaller heads which can also be harvested and eaten.
maintenance: Cabbage should be kept evenly watered to ensure the development of tight heads. Uneven watering can cause heads to crack. Application of mulch around plants helps to conserve soil moisture. Cabbage plants have shallow roots and in order to avoid damaging them, it is preferable to hand pull any weeds growing around the plants. Cabbages are heavy feeders and require the addition of fertilizer to meet their growth requirements and develop optimally. Fertilize the plants when they are beginning to form new leaves and starting to develop heads.
propagation: Cabbage can be direct seeded or started indoors to produce transplants. The optimum soil temperature for germination is between 12 and 24°C (55–75°F). Cabbage seeds can be planted outdoors 6–8 weeks before the last spring frost date in a cold frame and transplanted to their final location approximately 4 weeks before the last frost. If planting for a fall harvest, cabbage can be direct seeded 6–8 weeks before the first frost date. Prepare the soil for planting through the addition of nitrogen in the form of bone meal or composted manure. Plant cabbage seeds 6 mm (0.25 in) deep allowing 10–15 cm (4–6 in) between plants in the row and a 0.6 to 1.2 m (2–4 ft) between rows. Thin seedlings to a final within row spacing of 45–60 cm (18–24 in). Keep soil moist during germination to prevent a crust from forming on the soil surface as this will cause uneven germination. Seedlings started indoors or in a cold frame are ready to be transplanted when they have 3–4 leaves and the daytime temperature has reached 10°C (50°F). Seedling should be planted at the final spacing for seeds (45–60 cm/18–24 in between plants and 0.6 to 1.2 m/2–4 ft between rows). Plant each seedling slightly deeper than it was previously. The plantings can be staggered in 2 week intervals to prolong the harvest.
requirements: Cabbage is cool season crop that grows best in cool, moist conditions. The plant will grow best at temperatures between 4 and 21°C (40–50°F) allowing it to be grown in both Spring and Fall. Cabbage will grow optimally in a rich, moist, well draining soil With a pH of 6.5. The plant requires at least six hours of direct sunlight every day.
uses: Cabbage is primarily grown for consumption as a vegetable, eaten after boiling or steaming. Some cultivars are grown as fodder for animals. Red cabbage is commonly pickled.
comment: Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. There are many different varieties of cabbage which include the white and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and the savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda. The head of the cabbage is round and forms on a short thick stem. The leaves are thick and alternating with wavy or lobed edges and the roots are are fibrous and shallow. The plant produces large yellow flowers. The densely leaved heads can range in size from 0.5 to 3.6 kg (1-8 lb) depending on variety. The plant is usually grown as an annual. Brassica oleracea may be referred to as cabbage, Shetland cabbage, Savoy cabbage, white cabbage or red cabbage and is believed to have originated from a wild cabbage ancestor in ancient Asia minor.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cabbage-red-white-savoy/infos

Cadmium (Cd)
type: Class
subclass of: Other Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Other Chemical
comment: Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.
Acronym: Cd

Calcium (Ca)
type: Class
subclass of: Macronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Macronutrient
comment: Calcium is essential for root health, growth of new roots and root hairs, and the development of leaves. It is generally in short supply in the North Coast's acid soils. Lime, gypsum, dolomite and superphosphate (a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate) all supply calcium. Lime is the cheapest and most suitable option for the North Coast; dolomite is useful for magnesium and calcium deficiencies, but if used over a long period will unbalance the calcium/magnesium ratio. Superphosphate is useful where calcium and phosphorus are needed. Calcium regulates transport of other nutrients into the plant and is also involved in the activation of certain plant enzymes. Calcium deficiency results in stunting. This nutrient is involved in photosynthesis and plant structure. Blossom end rot is also a result of inadequate calcium.
Acronym: Ca

Canal
type: Class
subclass of: Field Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Field Part
comment: Canal is one of canals in the irrigation systems which are used primarily to irrigate paddy fields.

Canola
type: Class
equivalent class: Rapeseed
subclass of: OilSeeds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
comment: Canola oil is a vegetable oil derived from a variety of rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from the seed of any of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae, namely cultivars of Brassica napus, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (syn. B. campestris), or Brassica juncea, which are also referred to as "canola".

Canopy
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: The canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns.

Cantaloupe
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Cantaloupes are ready to be harvested when the the surface becomes netted and the color underneath turns from green to yellow. When the melon is ready to picked the stem will come away easily from the fruit.
maintenance: Cantaloupe vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence to save space. Cantaloupe plants also require a regular supply of water while growing, blooming and setting fruit and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil.
propagation: Cantaloupe can be direct seeded in areas with a long, warm growing season but in more Northern climates it should be sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 18.4°C (65°F). Allow 90–120 cm (~3–4 ft) between seeds in a row and 150–180 cm (~5–6 ft) between rows. If transplanting, seeds should be sown approximately 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted after the plants develop their first set of true leaves. Seeds sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering as seeds are prone to rotting. Seeds should germinate in 3–10 days depending on the soil temperature. Cantaloupe seedlings should be transplanted when all danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed to at least 18.4°C (65°F). Covering soil with dark plastic or mulch a week prior to planting outdoors can help bring the soil temperature up more quickly in colder regions, allowing earlier planting. Beginning approximately 7–10 days before transplanting, plants should be set outside to harden off (see https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/264). The planting site should be prepared by incorporating plenty of organic matter to encourage vegetative growth. When transplanting seedlings, allow 90–120 cm (~3–4 ft) between plants and 150–180 cm (~5–6 ft) between rows. Drip or soaker irrigation is preferred to overhead irrigation and plants should be watered evenly to keep them moist.
requirements: Cantaloupe is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 28°C (65–82°F). Melon will yield best if grown in a light, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Cantaloupe should be planted in full sun and are heavy feeders and water users. They need to be provided with ample soil moisture and fertilized regularly. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space.
uses: Melon is primarily consumed as a fresh fruit. The pulp may be turned into a fresh beverage and the seeds can be roasted and eaten.The unripe fruit of some species are cooked as a vegetable.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cantaloupe/infos
comment: Cantaloupe, Cucumis melo, is a vining plant in the family Cucurbitaceae, grown for its large, sweet fruit of the same name. Cantaloupe vines are trailing and are slightly hairy with simple oval leaves arranged alternately on the stem. The plant produces small yellow flowers which are 1.2–3.0 cm (0.5–1.2 in) in diameter and large oval to round fruit with green to orange flesh. Melon is an annual plant and a vine can grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length. Cantaloupe may be referred to as muskmelon or melon and likely originate from East and Northeast Africa.

Carbon (C)
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
Acronym: C
comment: Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6.

Carotenoid
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, and fungi.

Carts
type: Class
subclass of: Vehicle
comment: A strong open vehicle with two or four wheels, typically used for carrying loads and pulled by a horse.

Cashew
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Young trees do not produce high yields of cashews and the yield increases as the trees mature.
maintenance: Young trees should be provided with supplemental irrigation to help them establish. Establishment of trees is slow but mature trees can survive dry periods as their extensive root systems can access moisture deep in the soil. The area around the trunk of the tree should be kept free from weeds to prevent competition for water and nutrients, particularly during establishment. Cashews require little pruning. Pruning is limited to the removal of limbs to facilitate movement of machinery in commercial plantations and is only practices on trees that are 6 years old or greater.
propagation: Trees are propagated from mature seeds which can be directly sown at the final planting site or planted in polyethylene bags to produce seedlings for transplanting. Only seeds that sink when floated in water should be selected for planting. Newly emerging seedling should be grown under approximately 45% shade in the nursery and hardened off in sunlight before final planting. As the seeds have a poor germination rate 2–3 seeds should be sown per planting hole and then thinned as necessary. Seedlings should be thinned to a final spacing of 10 m (33 ft) allowing a further 10 m (33 ft) between rows.
requirements: Cashew trees grow only in regions with consistently high temperatures, typically between 24 and 28°C (69.8–82.4°F). The trees cannot be grown in frost prone areas as they will be killed by the low temperatures. Cashew will grow optimally in deep, well draining soils with a pH between 4.2 and 8.7. The trees have the ability to grow in sandy soils where other fruit trees will not survive. In cooler areas, they can be grown in containers and moved indoors in winter to prevent damage to the plant.
uses: Cashew nuts are usually eaten after roasting either as a snack or as in ingredient in other dishes. Cashew apples are also edible and can be eaten fresh or cooked in a variety of dishes. It may also be used to flavor drinks or be fermented to produce vinegar or alcoholic beverages.
comment: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruits (nuts). The cashew tree has a branching main trunk and characteristic domed crown. The thin foliage of the tree is limited to the ends of the branches and is made up of oval-oblong leathery, shiny dark green leaves. The leaves are smooth with pronounced veins and midrib and possess petioles which are swollen at their base. The tree produces numerous pinkish-white flowers on drooping panicles and a kidney shaped true fruit (nut) which is approximately 3 cm (1.2 in) long with a gray-brown shell and develops from a fleshy accessory fruit, sometimes referred to as the 'cashew apple'. The cashew apple is pear shaped and red to yellow in color. Cashew trees can reach a height of 12 m (39.4 ft) and have an economic lifespan of 25 years after which time they are replaced in commercial plantations. Cashew originates from Brazil.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cashew-nuts/infos

Cassava
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Cassava is ready to harvest about a year after planting depending on the variety being grown. Some early maturing varieties may be ready to harvest in around nine months. In colder regions, cassava tubers can remain in the ground for up to 2 years before harvesting but can become fibrous so this is not recommended where cassava is being grown for consumption. Cassava tubers are harvested by digging. The roots should be dug up carefully to prevent damage.
propagation: Cassava is propagated from stem cuttings as the tubers do not produce buds. Stem cuttings should only be taken from plants which are free from disease, are at least 10 months old and havee borne tubers. The cuttings should be taken from hardened stems leaving at least 30 cm (11.8 in) of stem intact in the ground. The stem can be severed using a sharp knife, secateurs or saw and each cutting should have 1-2 nodes and be approximately 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Plants propagated from stem cuttings are ready to be transplanted after approximately 4-6 weeks. Prepare the field for planting by cultivating the soil and removing weeds. Space transplants 75–100 cm (2.5–3.2 ft) apart in rows spaced 1–-5 m (3.2–16.4 ft) apart. Fertilize the plants as appropriate. Manure or poultry droppings can be used. Cultivate the soil to remove weeds and break up the soil around the plants
requirements: Cassava thrives in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as it requires warm temperatures for optimal growth. The plants require at least 8 months of warm weather, thriving in regions with warm, moist climates with regular rainfall. Cassava can be grown in many types of soil, producing even in poor soil but but will be optimally productive in well-draining, sandy clay loam with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Cassava is drought resistant but will not tolerate water-logging. Root production is maximized when temperatures are between 25 and 32°C (77–90°F). Cassava should be planted in full sun and is very sensitive to shading, which leads to low yields.
uses: Cassava root is eaten as a vegetable and is considered to be toxic in raw form which is why it must be cooked before being consumed. The root has a variety of applications, some of which include the production of flour, starch, or ethanol. Cassava leaves can supply a good source of vitamins and protein which can also be consumed after cooking. Cassava hay is used as animal feed and it plays a role in the production of adhesives, textiles, and cosmetics.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cassava-manioc/infos
comment: Cassava root is eaten as a vegetable and is considered to be toxic in raw form which is why it must be cooked before being consumed. The root has a variety of applications, some of which include the production of flour, starch, or ethanol. Cassava leaves can supply a good source of vitamins and protein which can also be consumed after cooking. Cassava hay is used as animal feed and it plays a role in the production of adhesives, textiles, and cosmetics.

Cation Exchange Capacity
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation CationExchangeCapacity
Acronym: CEC
comment: Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the total capacity of a soil to hold exchangeable cations. CEC is an inherent soil characteristic and is difficult to alter significantly. It influences the soil's ability to hold onto essential nutrients and provides a buffer against soil acidification.

Cauliflower
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Cauliflower heads are ready for harvest when the head reaches 15 to 20 cm in diameter (6-8 in), usually about 7 to 12 days after blanching begins. Harvest the head by cutting the main stem with a sharp knife, including some of the central leaves which will protect the head. The heads can quickly become overmature, leading to reduced quality. Be sure to harvest the heads while they are still firm, before individual florets can be distinguished.
propagation: Cauliflower is most successfully grown from transplants started in the glasshouse or indoors. Peat pots work well for growing seedlings as damage to the roots during transplanting can be avoided. Plant seeds in a sterile seed starting mix to a depth of 0.6-1.3 cm (0.25-0.5 in) deep and keep moist. Seedlings can be transplanted when they are approximately 6 weeks old after hardening. Plant spacing will greatly affect the final size of the cauliflower head and the plants should be spaced at least 46 cm (18 in) apart leaving approximately 75 cm (30 in) between rows.
requirements: Cauliflower is a cool season crop and grows best in well draining, organic soil at a pH of 6.5 or above. A high amount of organic matter in the soil will help to hold moisture. The plant requires consistent cool temperatures to prevent ‘buttoning’ - the formation of several small heads instead of one large one. Cauliflower is less cold hardy than its relatives and it should be planted after the last frost as sub-freezing temperatures are likely to damage the plant. It is best grown as a Fall crop in cooler areas. Only mature plants will survive frost in the Fall.
uses: Cauliflower is grown for consumption as a vegetable, either fresh or cooked. May be processed for freezing or pickling.
comment: Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable plant in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. The head is actually a mass of abortive flowers (flowers which are unable to produce fruit or seed as they possess only female reproductive organs; the male organs are either underdeveloped or totally lacking). Cauliflower plants are shallow rooted with a small, thickened stem. The ribbed leaves branch off the top of the stem and are light green in color. The plant can reach a height of 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) and is most commonly grown as an annual, harvested between 60 and 100 days after planting. The origin of cauliflower has not been definitively determined but its ancestor, wild cabbage, is thought to have originated in ancient Asia Minor.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cauliflower/infos

Celery
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Celery can begin to be harvested when the stalks are about 20 cm (8 in) tall. Unblanched celery can be harvested as needed by cutting stalks from the outside in. Blanched celery can be harvested by cutting the plant just below the soil line. The plants can be kept in the garden until Fall and will tolerate a light frost but not continuous heavy frosts. If uncovered, the stalks will grow darker in color and the resultant texture will be more fibrous than the young stalks.
maintenance: Celery is a very heavy feeder and should be fed every 10–14 days with a balanced fertilizer. The plants require constant moisture and should be provided with at least 1 inch of water per week. A layer of mulch spread around the plants helps to conserve the moisture in the soil and prevents weeds. Any weeds should be gently removed from around the plants. If temperatures are forecast to drop below 12.7°C (55°F) then the plants should be protected with cloches to prevent them developing weak stalks. Prolonged exposure to temperatures below this threshold will result in bolting.
propagation: For best results celery should usually be started indoors or in a glasshouse and transplanted to the garden or field. Germination of celery seeds is slow and the seeds should be planted 10 to 12 weeks before the last Spring frost. Soaking seeds in warm water overnight prior to planting can increase germination success. Plant seeds in seedling flats containing a good quality sterile seed starting mix by lately sprinkling a pinch of seeds across the soil surface and covering with a thin layer of starting mix or vermiculite. Place trays in a warm location inside the house or in the glasshouse and keep well-watered. Do not allow the trays to dry out. It is important to keep the soil at the temperature between 12.7 and 21°C (55 and 70°F). The optimum temperature for germination is 60° to 70° (15° to 21° C) and the seedlings should emerge within 2–3 weeks. The seedlings can be potted into individual pots when the are about 5 cm (2 in) tall. Seedlings are ready to transplant when they are 15 cm (6 in) tall and have been hardened off. Prepare the transplant site in advance of planting by working fertilizer or compost into the soil and plant the seedlings when the weather has settled after the last frost. Seedling should be planted at the same depth as their previous container and should be spaced 15–20 cm (6–8 in) apart in rows spaced 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) apart.
requirements: Celery is a cool season vegetable which grows best in cool climates in well-draining, fertile soils with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8.. Celery plants grow optimally in cool, moist locations and will tolerate some shade but will not tolerate heat. The plants require constant moisture and can tolerate temperatures between 5 and 27°C (41–80.6°F) with the optimum for growth being between 15–21°C (59–69.8°F). If temperatures drop below 12.7°C (55°F) then the plants will benefit from protective coverings to prevent the plants from bolting (going to seed).
uses: Celery is eaten around the world as a vegetable. In North America the crisp petiole is used. In Europe the hypocotyl is used as a root vegetable. The leaves are strongly flavored and are used less often, either as a flavoring in soups and stews or as a dried herb. Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the "holy trinity" of Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups. Celery is a staple in many soups, such as chicken noodle soup.
comment: Celery is a marshland plant in the family Apiaceae that has been cultivated as a vegetable since antiquity. Celery has a long fibrous stalk tapering into leaves. Depending on location and cultivar, either its stalks, leaves or hypocotyl are eaten and used in cooking. Celery seed is also used as a spice and its extracts have been used in herbal medicine.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/celery/infos

Cellulose
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Cellulose is a molecule, consisting of hundreds – and sometimes even thousands – of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Cellulose is the main substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright. Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it is important in the diet as fibre.

Cereal
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
comment: A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops.

Chemical Control
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment

Chemical Fertilizer
type: Class
subclass of: Fertilizer
comment: Chemical fertilizers are generally classified according to their NPK content, representing the concentrations of the three principal plant nutrients, nitrogen (wt.%), phosphorus (wt.% P2O5 equivalent), and potassium (wt.% K2O equivalent).

Cherry
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Cherry tree, Prunus avium, is a perennial tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its fruit, the cherry. Cherry trees have alternating simple oval leaves which often have serrated margins and approximately eight pairs of veins, 5-13 cm (2-5 in) long. The flowers are white and appear in clusters of about 3-5. They appear in early spring and are about one inch long. The fruit is dark red, about half an inch to a full inch, matures in early to mid summer. The bark is gray-brown, smooth and glossy and it often peels. Cherry trees can live up to 60 years, growing to a height of over 15 m (50 ft). Cherry may also be referred to as sweet cherry, gean, mazzard or wild cherry and originates from the Caspian-Black Sea region and Asia. Sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, is closely related to Prunus avium but with fruit that is more acidic. The tree has twiggy branches with bright red to near black cherries. The tree reaches a height of 4-10 m (13.1-16.4 ft) and is believed to have originated as a natural hybrid of wild cherry (Prunus avium) and ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa) somewhere in the Caucasus Mountains, Turkey or Eastern Europe where the two species' geographic ranges overlap.
maintenance: The area around the base of the tree should be kept free from weeds either by cultivating or using a chemical weed control. In the home garden, trees are usually surrounded by turf with only a small area of soil around the trunk which is easy to keep weed free by hand. Unless grown in fertile soils, cherry trees may require the addition of some nitrogen fertilizer, the volume of which will vary with the age of the tree. The fertilizer should be applied in a band around the trunk of the tree.
propagation: Cherry nurseries are mainly propagated by budding and grafting onto 1-2 year old seedling grown from seed. In order to grow from seed, pits should be planted in the fall (after first being chilled) and seedlings will emerge in the spring. A cherry tree will take three-four years to produce its first crop of fruit and seven years to attain full maturity. Planting Cherry trees should be planted in the Spring when all danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed. If bare root plants have been purchased, be sure to keep the root ball moist prior to planting. The tree should be planted in a hole which is large enough to accommodate the root ball without bending any of the roots. Broken or damaged roots can be removed but try to avoid pruning the roots. Place the tree in the planting hole and carefully backfill with soil. The tree should be planted at the same depth as it was in the nursery. Carefully firm or tamp the soil to prevent air pockets and when the planting hole is about 2/3 filled, water the roots thoroughly before filling the remainder of the hole with top soil. The tree should be watered as needed throughout the first year of growth. Pruning Cherry trees are usually trained to a modified central leader system where the lateral limbs branch from a central trunk. Sweet cherries have a more upright growth habit than sour cherries which tend to have a more open and spreading canopy. Trees should only pruned lightly while the tree matures and reaches maximum productivity. Any dead or damaged branches should be removed.
requirements: Cherries grow optimally in mild, dry climates and also have a chilling requirement to break dormancy so require cold winters. Because of the cold weather requirement, none of the Prunus family, including cherries, can grow in tropical climates. Cherry trees will grow in a variety of soils provided that they are well-draining. Soils which remain wet for prolonged periods of time and soils that become excessively dry should be avoided. Trees will perform best if planted in sandy soil with a pH of 5.5-7.5. Planting on a gentle slope is beneficial for cherry as cold air can drain away from the trees to lower areas, helping to prevent damage. Sweet cherries bloom earlier than sour cherries and can be susceptible to damage from late frosts.
uses: Cherries are mainly consumed as a fresh fruit or processed into jellies and juices. The wood of the cherry tree is a distinctive honey color and is used in furniture making and for musical instruments. Sour cherries are used mainly for canning and processing.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cherry-including-sour/infos
comment: Cherry tree, Prunus avium, is a perennial tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its fruit, the cherry. Cherry trees have alternating simple oval leaves which often have serrated margins and approximately eight pairs of veins, 5-13 cm (2-5 in) long. The cherry flowers are white and appear in clusters of about 3-5. They appear in early spring and are about one inch long. The fruit is dark red, about half an inch to a full inch, matures in early to mid summer. The bark is gray-brown, smooth and glossy and it often peels. Cherry trees can live up to 60 years, growing to a height of over 15 m (50 ft). Cherry may also be referred to as sweet cherry, gean, mazzard or wild cherry and originates from the Caspian-Black Sea region and Asia. Sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, is closely related to Prunus avium but with fruit that is more acidic. The tree has twiggy branches with bright red to near black cherries. The tree reaches a height of 4-10 m (13.1-16.4 ft) and is believed to have originated as a natural hybrid of wild cherry (Prunus avium) and ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa) somewhere in the Caucasus Mountains, Turkey or Eastern Europe where the two species' geographic ranges overlap.

Chestnut
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Nuts
maintenance: After planting, the areas around the trees should be kept free from weeds. A layer of mulch spread around the trunks will help suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture. You may have to protect the young trees from pests such as deer which can cause severe damage to the trees. The most effective method of protecting trees is to erect an 8 ft high metal deer fence around the area where the new trees have been planted.
propagation: Chestnut trees can be grown from seeds or can be propagated by grafting onto a seedling rootstock. Seedling grown for use as a rootstock for grafting are usually ready to receive a scion when they are two years old. The seedling must have reached a suitable thickness in order to receive a graft (usually when it reaches a thickness similar to that of a pencil). Chestnut seeds germinate readily but not all will produce a seedling suitable for planting and/or grafting. Seeds can be obtained from breeders or collected from chestnut trees in the Fall. Seeds should be kept refrigerated until planting and can then be directed seeded outdoors or grown in containers inside. Seeds should be planted in early Spring as soon as the soil can be worked. The seed should be planted in a hole 7.5 to 15.0 cm (3-6 in) deep with the radicle (embryo emerging from the seed) facing downwards. If planting in a container, be sure to choose one that is at least 30 cm (12 in) deep and 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The seeds can be planted earlier if the containers are to be kept indoors. Seedlings started in containers can be transplanted after all danger of frost has passed and after hardening. The seedling should be planted in a hole that is at least 1.5 times the size of the existing root ball. Gently remove the remnants of the nut from the roots and place the seedling in the hole. Backfill the hole with soil and tamp to remove air pockets. Seedlings should be planted 10–12 m (33–39 ft) apart, allowing an additional 10–12 m (33–39 ft) between rows. After planting, the seedlings should be watered thoroughly. Continue watering the seed for the first month after planting to help the seedling establish.
requirements: Chestnuts are hardy trees which will grow in a variety of conditions. The trees grow best in well-draining, acid loam soils and require a pH between 4.5 and 6.5. The trees perform well when planted on a gentle slope which allows cold air to drain to a lower area as well as aiding in soil drainage. Chestnuts should be planted in full sunlight and open fields are preferred for maximum nut production.Chestnut has poor self compatibility and at least 2 trees are required for nut production.
uses: Chestnuts are commonly consumed after roasting or may be processed to produce chestnut creams and purees or for canning.
comment: Chestnut (Castanea spp.) is a deciduous tree in the family Fagaceae grown for its edible seeds (nuts). The chestnut tree has a thick trunk covered in gray bark. The trunk has an erect growth habit and can grow 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. When the tree stands alone, the canopy can spread 15 m (49 ft) across and is made up of glossy leaves with serrated margins and pointed tips. The leaves are hairy with visible glands on the underside. The chestnut tree produces flowers on long catkins and the seeds are produced in clusters of 1–3. The seeds are covered by a thick, spiny bur which is approximately 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The kernel within is protected by a thin, dark brown shell. Chestnut trees can reach 40–60 m (131–198 ft) in height and can live for in excess of 150 years. Chestnut may also be referred to by variety and includes European, American, Japanese and Spanish chestnut. The tree originates from Asia.

Chickpea
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Chickpeas are ready to harvest approximately 100 days after planting. in the home garden, chickpeas can be collected and eaten when green but for dried seeds, the leaves should be allowed to turn brown before collecting the pods. The pods should be allowed to dry and split open before collecting seeds. In commercial production, chickpeas can be harvested by swathing and/or combine.
maintenance: In the home garden, chickpea seedlings will benefit from the addition of a layer of mulch after they have emerged to suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture. Plants should be provided with additional irrigation during periods of dry weather but care should be taken not to overwater as this can cause the plants to drop their flowers and/or pods. Application of fertilizer is generally not necessary as chickpeas are leguminous and fix their own nitrogen with the aid of micro-organisms but requirements vary from field to field and management should be based on the results of a soil test. Like other pulses, chickpeas require phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients for growth and application should be based on the results of soil testing. Suppression of weeds in commercial fields is important as chickpeas do not compete well and weed will reduce productivity. Pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications can be helpful for managing weed. If a field has a history of weed problems then it is not suitable for chickpea production.
propagation: Chickpeas are propagated directly from seed with timing of planting depending on the variety being grown and geographic location. Spring crops should be planted when the soil has warmed to at least 5°C (41°F). Chickpeas are leguminous and when planting in a site which has not previously been used for chickpea cultivation, seed should be inoculated with an appropriate type of Rhizobacteria prior to planting. Seed is usually spread by broadcasting or by drilling in rows. Desi types require a seed rate of 30 to 40 kg per hectare whereas Kabuli types require 80 to 100 kg per hectare. The seed should be planted 2 to 12 cm (0.8–4.7 in) deep and when planting in rows, seed should be spaced 10 cm (4 in) apart allowing 25 to 60 cm (9.8 to 23.6 in) between rows. Seedlings usually emerge between 7 and 15 days after sowing depending on temperature.
requirements: Chickpeas are cool-season legumes which are best grown as a winter crop in the tropics or as a spring or summer crop in temperate regions. Chickpeas are classified into two distinct types based on seed characteristics. Desi chickpeas have a thick, colored seed coat and the surface of the seed is rough and angular whereas the Kabuli type have white or beige seeds with a smooth surface. Kabuli chickpeas are best grown in temperate areas whereas Desi chickpeas are best suited to semi-arid areas of the tropics. Chickpeas will grow optimally at temperatures between 15 and 29°C (59–84.2°F) with extremes of temperature above 35°C (95°F) and below 15°C (59°F) causing flowers to drop, reducing production. Plants will perform best when planted in well-draining sandy loam soils with a pH between 5.0 and 7.0 in areas where the annual rainfall is between 600 and 1000 mm.
uses: Chickpea is primarily consumed as a dry pulse. The shelled peas are eaten as snack or vegetable. The seed husks can be used as a feed for animals. Chickpeas are also commonly cooked and ground into a paste to produce the popular dish, hummus.
comment: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, is a leguminous annual plant in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds. The plant has a branched, straight or bending stem with small feathery leaves arranged alternately on the stem. The leaves are composed of 11–15 individual leaflets which are oval in shape. The flowers are produced singly or in pairs and can be white, pink, purple or blue in color. The seed pod is rhomboid or ellipsoid and contains 1–4 cream, brown, green or black seeds. The chickpea plant can range in height from 20 cm (7.9 in) up to 100 cm (39.4 in) and as an annual, grows over only one growing season. Chickpea may also be referred to as gram pea, garbanzo bean or ceci bean and originate from south-eastern Turkey.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/chickpea-gram-pea/infos

Chlorine (Cl)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Cl
comment: Chlorine, as compounded chloride, is necessary for osmosis and ionic balance; it also plays a role in photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria, as well as in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.

Chromium (Cr)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Cr
comment: Chromium (Cr) is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24.

Citrus
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
related to: Lemon
related to: Limes
related to: Orange
comment: Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes.

Classification
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining
comment: Classification is learning method where the output variable is a category, such as “Highâ€ or “Mediumâ€ or “Lowâ€ and “Noneâ€ based on the basis of a training set of data containing observations (or instances) whose category membership is known. Examples are assigning a given email to the "High yieldâ€ or “Medium yield" or "Low yield" class, and assigning a diagnosis to a given patient based on observed characteristics of the cropping records (crop name, seed rate, soil characteristics, etc.). Classification is an example of pattern recognition.

Classifier
type: Class
subclass of: Classification
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining

Climate
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.

Climate Type
type: Class
subclass of: Climate
comment: There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and empiric methods, which focus on the effects of climate.

Cloud
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather

Cloud Cover
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: %

Cloud Density
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather

Cluster
type: Class
subclass of: Clustering
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining

Clustering
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining
comment: Clustering is a learning method used to discover the inherent groupings in the data. For example: Grouping fields on the basis of their cropping records which are further used to segment the fields. And then the agronomists can use the appropriate tactics to generate more profits. Example of clustering algorithms: K-Means, hierarchical clustering, etc.

Cobalt (Co)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Co
comment: Cobalt has proven to be beneficial to at least some plants although it does not appear to be essential for most species.

Cocoa
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Nuts
maintenance: The cocoa nursery should be kept weed free while the seedlings established but generally do not require weeding after the trees have formed a closed canopy as the lack of light under the trees prevent any further growth. Cocoa should be supplied with additional nutrients by fertilizing, particularly when trees are grown on poor soils or without shade. Organic fertilizers are generally preferable to inorganic ones as they do not deplete the soil organic content and conserve soil structure. The amount of fertilizer required is dependent on many factors, such as the age of the tree and the amount of shading but mature cocoa generally requires at least 50–100 kg/ha of nitrogen, 25 kg/ha of phosphorus, 75 kg/ha of potassium and 15 kg/ha of magnesium each year.
propagation: Cocoa can also be vegetatively propagated via cuttings, marcotting and budding. Cuttings should have 2–5 leaves and 1 or 2 buds. Leaves should be cut in half before placing the cutting in a pot and covering with polyethylene to allow roots to develop. Marcotting, is achieved by removing a strip of bark from a tree branch and covering the area with a layer of sawdust before covering it with polyethylene. The covered area will develop roots and can then be removed and planted. The final method, called budding, can be used to rejuvenate older plantings and involves excising a bud and positioning it under a flap of bark on another tree. The join is then sealed with raffia and waxed tape. Once the bud begins to grow the tree above the new growth should be removed. Seedlings are usually planted in the ground when they are 4–6 months old. The young trees are delicate and require some protection from strong sunlight and wind damage. Protection is usually provided by planting seedlings next to mother trees. This shading also helps to prevent the trees from growing too tall, keeping them at a manageable size for maintenance and harvest. Shade trees are usually other crops such as banana, plantain coconut or rubber. Cocoa seedlings should be planted 3–4 m (10–13 ft) apart and 3–6 m (10–20 ft) from the shade trees. The shading can be reduced once the cocoa trees have formed a closed canopy but some should be retained to reduce water stress and insect damage.
requirements: Cocoa trees are tropical plants and grow best in humid conditions at temperatures between 18 and 32°C (65–90°F). It is typically grown in regions where daytime humidity reaches up to 100% and night time humidity is between 70 and 80%. The plants require a deep, fertile and well-draining soil with a pH of 5.0–7.5 for optimum development. Cocoa is usually grown in tropical lowland areas is sensitive to drought. It should typically not be grown in regions which experience less than 1 cm of rainfall for periods in excess of 3 months.
uses: Cocoa beans are primarily used in the production of chocolate, cocoa powder and cocoa butter for consumption. Cocoa butter is also used in the cosmetic industry.
comment: Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, is an evergreen tree in the family Malvaceae, grown for its seeds (beans) which are used primarily in the manufacture of chocolate. The cocoa plant is a branching tree with with simple, pointed (lanceolate) leaves which can measure up to 61 cm (24 in) long and 10 cm (4 in) wide. The tree produces clusters of pale yellow flowers each with five petals and sepals. The cocoa pods (drupes) can be green-white, yellow, purplish or red in color each of which contains 20–50 seeds, usually arranged in five distinct rows. The cocoa tree can reach 4–20 m (13-66 ft) in height and can live for up to 40 years although the commercial life of a cocoa tree is usually about 25 years. Cocoa may also be referred to as cacao, koko or Kacao and originates from upper Amazon region of South America.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cocoa-cacao/infos

Coconut
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is an erect palm in the family Arecaceae which is grown its fruits, used primarily for the extraction of coconut oil for use in cooking. The coconut palm has an erect or slightly curved stem which grows from a swollen base. The stem is smooth, light gray in color and has prominent leaf scars. The stem is topped with a crown of 60-70 spirally arranged leaves. The leaves are long (up to 7 m/23 ft), pinnately divided and composed of 200-250 tapering leaflets. The inflorescence is a spike produced at the leaf axil with 20-60 branches, each with a female flower at the base and many male flowers. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed. It is ovoid in shape with three sides divided by ridges. The exocarp and the mesocarp make up the husk of the coconut. The seed is protected by a thick, stony shell, or endocarp, and is partially filled with a liquid known as coconut water. The edible endosperm is white and meaty and can be between 1.0 and 2.5 cm (0.4-1.0 in) thick. Coconut palms can reach a height of 30 m (98 ft), produce up to 75 fruits a year, and live for up to 90 years. The origin of the coconut is unknown although the center of genetic diversity lies in Southeast Asia.
propagation: Coconut palms are propagated exclusively from seed. The seeds are ready for planting when the coconut milk can be heard sloshing around inside the seed when it is shaken. Seeds are germinated by planting in seed beds before transferring to a polythene bag or nursery beds after germination. Seeds should be planted on their sides in a shallow hole with enough soil to cover about one third of the seed. The seed should be watered regularly to prevent it drying out. Germination usually occurs after about 3 months but may take up to 6 months. Coconut seedling can be transplanted from 6 months onwards or transferred to pots and grown further in the nursery. Trees require a wide spacing and are typically planted 8-9 m (26-30 ft) apart allowing a further 8-9 m (26-30 ft) between rows. Dwarf varieties can be spaced closer together and are typically planted 7.5 m (25 ft) apart allowing another 7.5 m (25 ft) between rows
uses: Coconuts are primarily cultivated for their oil. The oil is extracted from the endosperm and is used in cooking. Low grade oils are used in the production of soaps. The endosperm can be consumed fresh or dry and is commonly grated for use in baking. Young coconuts, termed waternuts, are commonly sold in tropical resorts, where the liquid is drunk directly from the shell. Coconuts may also be used to produce coconut milk by squeezing the liquid from the grated endosperm. Coconut milk is popularly used in many dishes from Southeast Asia.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/coconut/infos
comment: Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is an erect palm in the family Arecaceae which is grown its fruits, used primarily for the extraction of coconut oil for use in cooking. The coconut palm has an erect or slightly curved stem which grows from a swollen base. The stem is smooth, light gray in color and has prominent leaf scars. The stem is topped with a crown of 60-70 spirally arranged leaves. The leaves are long (up to 7 m/23 ft), pinnately divided and composed of 200-250 tapering leaflets. The inflorescence is a spike produced at the leaf axil with 20-60 branches, each with a female flower at the base and many male flowers. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed. It is ovoid in shape with three sides divided by ridges. The exocarp and the mesocarp make up the husk of the coconut. The seed is protected by a thick, stony shell, or endocarp, and is partially filled with a liquid known as coconut water. The edible endosperm is white and meaty and can be between 1.0 and 2.5 cm (0.4-1.0 in) thick. Coconut palms can reach a height of 30 m (98 ft), produce up to 75 fruits a year, and live for up to 90 years. The origin of the coconut is unknown although the center of genetic diversity lies in Southeast Asia.

Coffee
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Coffee is the name give to several species of plant in the genus Coffea (family Rubiaceae), including C. arabica and C. canephora which are cultivated for their beans (seeds) that are used to make the stimulatory drink. Coffee plants are small evergreen trees or shrubs often with multiple stems and smooth leaves. The leaves are oval in shape and dark, glossy green. Coffee plants produce clusters of cream-white flowers and a fruit, commonly referred to as a berry, which normally possesses two seeds. The fruit is green to begin with but ripens to a crimson red and turns black when dry. C. canephora can reach a height of 15 m (49 ft), but C. arabica is smaller, reaching only 4-5 m (13-16 ft). The trees can live for 20-30 years. Coffee may also be referred to as Arabian coffee (C. arabica) or robusta coffee (C.cenephora) and originates from Africa.
propagation: Most coffee varieties are self pollinating and can be propagated from seed. Coffee seeds are usually pre-germinated in sand beds before planting in a nursery. The seeds are spread in the sand and covered to keep them moist. The seeds usually germinate within 4-5 weeks. When shoots begin to emerge, they are removed and planted in polyethylene bags or prepared nursery beds. The seedlings are grown in shade and are are ready to be transplanted when they are 6 to 12 months old. Young coffee plants are planted in the field in large, pre-dug holes. (50cm × 50cm × 50cm). Various spacings are used in different regions of the world and coffee can be grown as hedgerows or in high density squares depending on the variety. Coffee will usually grow best if planted in rows and plants should be spaced 3 m (9.8 ft) apart. Young trees are delicate and require protection by shading. Shade trees are usually planted before the coffee trees are transplanted (up to a year in advance).
requirements: Coffee plants grow best in warm, humid environments. Arabica coffee varieties grow best at temperatures between 18 and 22oC (64-72oF), while Robusta coffee grows best in slightly warmer temperatures of 22-26oC (72-79oF). The plants do not tolerate cold and freezing temperatures will kill the leaves instantly. The plants can grow in a wide range of soils but generally prefer a deep, well-draining loam with a pH between 5 and 6.
uses: Coffee beans are usually cured, roasted and ground before being brewed with hot water to produce the coffee beverage. The ground beans are often dehydrated to produce instant coffee.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/coffee/infos
comment: Coffee is the name give to several species of plant in the genus Coffea (family Rubiaceae), including C. arabica and C. canephora which are cultivated for their beans (seeds) that are used to make the stimulatory drink. Coffee plants are small evergreen trees or shrubs often with multiple stems and smooth leaves. The leaves are oval in shape and dark, glossy green. Coffee plants produce clusters of cream-white flowers and a fruit, commonly referred to as a berry, which normally possesses two seeds. The fruit is green to begin with but ripens to a crimson red and turns black when dry. C. canephora can reach a height of 15 m (49 ft), but C. arabica is smaller, reaching only 4-5 m (13-16 ft). The trees can live for 20-30 years. Coffee may also be referred to as Arabian coffee (C. arabica) or robusta coffee (C.cenephora) and originates from Africa.

Cold Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress
related to: Temperature
comment: Cold stress also severely hampers the reproductive development of plants. The major negative effect of cold stress is that it induces severe membrane damage.

Color
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
alternative label: Crop Color
comment: Color is the characteristic of visual perception described through color categories (with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple) or value.

Computer System
type: Class
subclass of: Computing Algorithm
comment: Computer System is a computing system , which is used to annalyse data and mining knowledge.

Company
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: A company is a commercial business.

Compost
type: Class
subclass of: Fertilizer
comment: Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called composting. This process recycles various organic materials otherwise regarded as waste products and produces a soil conditioner (the compost). Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used, for example, in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture and organic farming. The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. Compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover.

Computing Algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: Transformation

Conference
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: Conference is a formal meeting of people with a shared interest, typically one that takes place over several days.

Continent
type: Class
subclass of: Location
comment: A continent is one of several very large landmasses. Ordered from largest in area to smallest, these seven regions are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

Copper (Cu)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Cu
comment: Copper is important for photosynthesis. Symptoms for copper deficiency include chlorosis. It is involved in many enzyme processes; necessary for proper photosynthesis; involved in the manufacture of lignin (cell walls) and involved in grain production. It is also hard to find in some soil conditions.

Corn
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
description: Corn is an annual grass in the family Poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world. The maize plant possesses a simple stem of nodes and internodes. A pair of large leaves extend off of each internode and the leaves total 8-21 per plant. The leaves are linear or lanceolate (lance-like) with an obvious midrib (primary vein) and can grow from 30 to 100 cm (11.8-39.4 in) in length. The male and female inflorescences (flower bearing region of the plant) are positioned separately on the plant. The male inflorescence is known as the 'tassel' while the female inflorescence is the 'ear'. The ear of the maize is a modified spike and there may be 1-3 per plant. The maize grains, or 'kernels', are encased in husks and total 30-1000 per ear. The kernels can be white, yellow, red, purple or black. Maize is an annual plant, surviving for only one growing season and can reach 2-3 m (7-10 ft) in height. Maize may also be referred to as corn or Indian corn and is believed to originate from Mexico and Central America.
harvesting: Each maize stalk should produce 1 large ear of maize. Under ideal conditions, the stalk will produce a second, slightly smaller ear which reaches maturity slightly later than the first. Maize ears should be harvested at the “milk stageâ€ of development, when the kernels within the husk are well packed and produce a milky substance when the kernel is punctured. Check ears for ripeness by gently peeling back a small portion of the husk. Be sure to check the ears frequently for ripeness and harvest as required as ears can quickly become over-ripe and lose their sweetness. Remove the ears from the stalk by pulling quickly downward while twisting and then refrigerate until consumption.
maintenance: Maize plants are heavy feeders, particularly of nitrogen (N) and care should be taken to provide them with adequate nutrients by applying fertilizer. Maize undergoes a rapid growth period between 30 and 40 days after planting and should be fertilized just before this. All fertilizer applications should be made before the tasseling period to ensure the plant maximizes nitrogen use. Be aware of symptoms of nutrient deficiency, plants should be a deep green color. Purple tinged leaves indicate that the plants are suffering from a lack of phosphorous, whereas light green leaves indicate a lack of nitrogen. Apply fertilizer. Plants also require adequate soil moisture throughout the growing period in order to tassel and form silks. Soaker hoses can be used to great effect in small to mid-size plantings. Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the male tassel to the female silk by the wind. Each silk produced a single kernel of corn and partially filled ears are usually a result of poor pollination.
propagation: Planting dates for maize depend on the variety being grown. Standard varieties should be planted when the soil has warmed to at least 12.7oC (55oF) and supersweet varieties when the soil reaches 18.3oC (65oF). Soil can be brought up to temperature faster by laying black plastic mulches approximately 1 week prior to planting. Seeds should be sown about 2.5 cm (1 in) deep and 10-15 cm (~3-4 in) apart allowing 76-91 cm (~30-36 in) between rows. Maize should be planted in blocks (numerous rows) rather than in a single long row as it is wind pollinated and pollen can transfer between plants much more efficiently. Seedlings should be thinned to a final spacing 20-30 cm (8-12 in) when they are approximately 7.5-10.0 cm (3-4 in) in height. It is common to stagger maize plantings to ensure a continuous harvest over the summer months.
requirements: Maize is best grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally. One of the most important requirements for growing maize is a high quality soil which is deep, fertile and well-draining with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. Maize plants are very heavy feeders and even the most fertile of soils may need to supplemented with nutrients as the plants develop, particularly nitrogen. Maize also requires plenty of space as it grows and is pollinated by wind. It should be planted where it will receive full sunlight for most of the day and provided with ample moisture.
uses: Corn and cornmeal (dried, ground maize) are staple foods in countries all over the world. The ears can be cooked and eaten from the cob as a vegetable or the kernels can be removed and either eaten as is or used to produce a wide variety of foodstuffs including cereals and flour. Cor is also a major source of starch, which can be processed into oils and high fructose corn syrup. Maize is also commonly grown as feed for livestock.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/corn-maize/infos
comment: Corn is an annual grass in the family Poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world. The maize plant possesses a simple stem of nodes and internodes. A pair of large leaves extend off of each internode and the leaves total 8-21 per plant. The leaves are linear or lanceolate (lance-like) with an obvious midrib (primary vein) and can grow from 30 to 100 cm (11.8-39.4 in) in length. The male and female inflorescences (flower bearing region of the plant) are positioned separately on the plant. The male inflorescence is known as the 'tassel' while the female inflorescence is the 'ear'. The ear of the maize is a modified spike and there may be 1-3 per plant. The maize grains, or 'kernels', are encased in husks and total 30-1000 per ear. The kernels can be white, yellow, red, purple or black. Maize is an annual plant, surviving for only one growing season and can reach 2-3 m (7-10 ft) in height. Maize may also be referred to as corn or Indian corn and is believed to originate from Mexico and Central America.

Corpus
type: Class
subclass of: Dataset
comment: A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus).

Cotton
type: Class
subclass of: OtherCrops
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Cotton is the collective name given to four species of plants in the genus Gossypium, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium herbaceum which are perennial shrubs in the family Malvaceae grown for the fluffy fiber which protects the seeds of the plant. G. hirsutum accounts for approximately 90% of world wide cotton production today. Cotton plants possess a main stem giving rise to several branches at the top. The leaves of the plant are spirally arranged on the branches, have long petioles and have 3-5 triangular lobes. The plant produces a single flower on each axillary branch which can be red-purple, yellow or white in color and forms a leathery, oval seed capsule, or 'boll' which is 2-6 cm (0.8-2.4 in) long. Mature bolls will usually split open to reveal the characteristic white cotton fibers and the seed. The cotton plant can reach heights of 1-1.5 m (3.3-4.9 ft) and is usually cultivated as an annual, surviving only one growing season. Cotton may also be referred to as tree cotton and its center of origin is unknown although the plant has diversified from Mexico, north-east Africa and Arabia and Australia.
harvesting: Cotton is still picked by hand in many areas of the world where the crop is grown. In the US cotton is machine harvested. Cotton in ready to harvest approximately 4 months after sowing when the bolls split open to reveal the white cotton fibers. Fields are usually picked once every 3 to 4 weeks to prevent the fibers remaining in the field too long where they are susceptible to pests. The entire field is usually harvested with 2 to 3 pickings.
maintenance: The cotton field should be kept free from weeds and where the crop does not receive an adequate amount of water from rainfall, additional irrigation should be provided. Demand for nutrients is dependent on the type of soil on which the cotton is being grown. Cotton growing in acidic soils the plants will have a greater demand for nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas in sandy soil, potassium will be of greater importance. It is not recommended to grow cotton in the same field for more than three years and the crop should be rotated to prevent the build-up of diseases in the soil.
propagation: Cotton is propagated from seed by planting directly in a prepared field when growing conditions are favorable (suitable temperature, adequate rainfall etc). Cotton should only be planted when the soil has warmed to at least 18.3oC (65oF). Generally, seeds should be sown at a depth of 0.25 cm (1 in), with 3-6 seed sown in each hole. Ridging the soil is recommended as it helps to drain the plant in wet conditions and also to conserve water in dry conditions. Plant spacing depends on the variety but generally 20-100 cm (7.9-39.4 in) should be left between plants.
requirements: Cotton is best grown in desert conditions using irrigation. The seeds will germinate optimally at 34oC (93.2oF), while the seedlings requires a temperature between 24 and 29oC (75.2-84.2oF) to grow and develop properly. Cotton will grow on a variety of soils including sandy soil and heavy clay as long as it is water permeable and will grow optimally in a soil with a pH of 5.5-8.5. In addition cotton has a high tolerance for salt.
uses: The major use of cotton today is in the textile industry, the fibers or 'lints' of the cotton plant are harvested and woven into fabric for the production of clothing, towels, bed sheets and many other textiles. Cotton fiber may also be used in the production of yarn and twine. The cotton seeds can be used to extract oil for use in the production of shortening or cooking oil and the manufacture of soaps and lubricants. The seed may be used as a feed for livestock. The fuzz produced as a byproduct of the ginning process can be used in the upholstery industry.
comment: Cotton is the collective name given to four species of plants in the genus Gossypium, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium herbaceum which are perennial shrubs in the family Malvaceae grown for the fluffy fiber which protects the seeds of the plant. G. hirsutum accounts for approximately 90% of world wide cotton production today. Cotton plants possess a main stem giving rise to several branches at the top. The leaves of the plant are spirally arranged on the branches, have long petioles and have 3-5 triangular lobes. The plant produces a single flower on each axillary branch which can be red-purple, yellow or white in color and forms a leathery, oval seed capsule, or 'boll' which is 2-6 cm (0.8-2.4 in) long. Mature bolls will usually split open to reveal the characteristic white cotton fibers and the seed. The cotton plant can reach heights of 1-1.5 m (3.3-4.9 ft) and is usually cultivated as an annual, surviving only one growing season. Cotton may also be referred to as tree cotton and its center of origin is unknown although the plant has diversified from Mexico, north-east Africa and Arabia and Australia.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cotton/infos

Country
type: Class
subclass of: Location
type: NamedIndividual
type: Location
comment: A country is a political state, nation, or controlled territory. It is often referred to as the land of an individual's birth, residence, or citizenship.

Crabapple
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
inherits: Apple
comment: Crabapple (plural crabapples) Any of the wild species of apple tree, genus Malus, which generally yield small, bitter fruit (in comparison to domestic apples, Malus domestica). The fruit of this tree. An unpleasant person; a person who is crabby.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus

Cranberry
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Cranberry is the name given to a group of long-lived woody perennial shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium, including Vaccinium macrocarpon, the most popular commercial species, grown for their edible berries. The cranberry bush possesses a slender, wiry stems with small elliptical waxy evergreen leaves 7–10 mm (0.28–0.45 in) in length. The plant produces distinctive dark pink flowers with reflexed petals that leave the style and stamens exposed. The fruit is produced on the new plant growth produced that season and are initially white and ripen to dark red, waxy berries measuring 9–14 mm (0.4–0.6 in) in diameter. The cranberry plant can reach 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) in height, with the vines stretching up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long.
requirements: Cranberries are wetland plants which grow best in bogs, swamps and poorly draining soils. The plants grow best in acidic, organic or sandy soils with a pH between 4.0 and 5.5 where there is a plentiful water supply. The bed should have a base material which is impermeable to water such as clay or peat. Commercially grown cranberries are grown in large beds surrounded by dykes that hold water in the beds when flooded for harvest. Cranberry is very susceptible to frost and flooding is also used to protect the plants along with sprinkler irrigation. This means that it is the water that will freeze and the resultant heat produced by the change of liquid to solid (latent heat of fusion) protects the plants from freezing themselves. It is common for cranberry beds to be covered with up to 25 cm (9.8 in) of ice.
uses: Cranberries are usually processed into juice, sauce, jam and sweetened dried cranberries. They may also eaten raw. Cranberries have long been used as a remedy to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections, research has demonstrated the benefit to women, but the effect on other groups is less clear.
comment: Cranberry is the name given to a group of long-lived woody perennial shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium, including Vaccinium macrocarpon, the most popular commercial species, grown for their edible berries. The cranberry bush possesses a slender, wiry stems with small elliptical waxy evergreen leaves 7–10 mm (0.28–0.45 in) in length. The plant produces distinctive dark pink flowers with reflexed petals that leave the style and stamens exposed. The fruit is produced on the new plant growth produced that season and are initially white and ripen to dark red, waxy berries measuring 9–14 mm (0.4–0.6 in) in diameter. The cranberry plant can reach 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) in height, with the vines stretching up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cranberry/infos

Crop
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. Crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. A crop may include macroscopic fungus (e.g. mushrooms), or alga (algaculture). Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock.

Crop Attribute
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity

Crop Cover
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute

Crop Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Problem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: Crop disease involves any harmful deviation or alteration from the normal functioning of the physiological processes.

Crop Imagery
type: Class
subclass of: Imagery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Imagery
comment: Crop Images are images of plants or plant parts

Crop Injure
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Problem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: Crop Injure case in general.

Crop Name
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: Name of plant

Crop Part
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Crop part contains parts of plants.

Crop Pest
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Problem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: Insect pests are those insects that feed on, compete for food with, or transmit diseases to plants.
label: Insect Pest

Crop Problem
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Crop problem involves any harmful deviation or alteration from the normal functioning of the physiological processes. It includes disease, stress, pests or weeds.

Crop Protection
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Crop protection is the aspects of managing plant diseases, weeds and other pests (both vertebrate and invertebrate) that damage agricultural crops and forestry.

Crop Rotation
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.

Crop Row
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: A row crop is a crop that can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery, machinery tailored for the seasonal activities of row crops. Such crops are sown by drilling rather than broadcasting.

Crop Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Problem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: Crop stresses include abiotic viz., drought, water logging, salinity, extremes of temperature, high variability in radiation, subtle but perceptible changes in atmospheric gases and biotic viz., insects, birds, other pests, weeds, pathogens (viruses and other microbes).

Cropping
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Cropping is activities in agriculture, such as crop growing and harvesting and their related figures.

Crude Oil Content
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
label: Crude oil content in plant

Cucumber
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
description: Cucumber, Cucumis sativus, is a warm season, vining, annual plant in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for its edible cucumber fruit. The cucumber plant is a sprawling vine with large leaves and curling tendrils. The plant may have 4 or 5 main stems from which the tendrils branch. The leaves of the plant are arranged alternately on the vines, have 3-7 pointed lobes and are hairy. The cucumber plant produces yellow flowers that are 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. The cucumber fruit varies in shape but is generally a curved cylinder rounded at both ends that can reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter. Cucumber plants are annual plants, surviving only one growing season and the vines can reach up to 5 m (16.4 ft) in length. Cucumber may also be referred to as gherkin and originates from the foothills of the Himalayas, likely in India.
harvesting: Cucumbers should be harvested from the plant when they are still immature and green in color. Mature fruits are yellow and the flesh is often tough with woody seeds. The size of cucumbers at harvest depends on the variety of the cucumber being grown and what it is to be used for. Cucumbers for pickling are generally picked when they are less than 5 cm (2 in) long whereas burpless cucumbers for slicing should be allowed to reach approximately 4 cm (~1.5 in) in diameter. It is important to remove any fruits nearing maturity to ensure the plant remains productive. Their rapid growth means that cucumbers may need harvested every couple of days.
maintenance: Cucumber vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Providing burpless varieties with vertical support allows the fruits to hang loose and grow straight. Cucumbers also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently will reduce fruit yields. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black plastic mulch has the advantage of warming the soil.
propagation: Direct seeding is the preferred method for sowing cucumbers as they do not transplant well. Seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6oC (60oF). Sow seeds 1.3-2.5 cm (0.5-1.0 in) deep, thinning to a spacing of at least 30 cm (12 in) between plants after germination. Cucumbers can also be seeded on hills or mounds of soil to encourage warm soil and better drainage. In this instance, seeds should be sown on hills in groups of 4-6 seeds, allowing 1.2 m (4 ft) between each group in all directions. After emergence, thin the seedlings to 1 or 2 plants per hill. Cucumber seeds should germinate in 4-13 days depending on the soil temperature.
requirements: Cucumbers require warm, dry conditions to develop optimally, preferring both warm days and warm nights and growing best at a temperature of 30oC (86oF). Cucumbers will yield best if grown in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Cucumbers are very sensitive to cold and should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture due to their shallow root system.
uses: Although technically a fruit, cucumbers are used as a fresh vegetable, consumed fresh in salads. Some varieties are grown specifically for pickling. Yellow varieties are generally cooked before consumption.
variety: One of the biggest considerations when choosing a cucumber variety is whether or not it requires pollinating. Many newer cucumber varieties are gynoecious which means that they produce only, or mostly, female flowers. Some gynoecious varieties require pollinating with male flowers, in which case a proportion of the seeds in the packet will be pollinator plants which produce the male flowers. Some gynoecious varieties are parthenocarpic which means that they do not need the male plants to produce fruit. These types are recommended for growing in glasshouses as they do not require the presence of insect pollinators.
comment: Cucumber, Cucumis sativus, is a warm season, vining, annual plant in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for its edible cucumber fruit. The cucumber plant is a sprawling vine with large leaves and curling tendrils. The plant may have 4 or 5 main stems from which the tendrils branch. The leaves of the plant are arranged alternately on the vines, have 3-7 pointed lobes and are hairy. The cucumber plant produces yellow flowers that are 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. The cucumber fruit varies in shape but is generally a curved cylinder rounded at both ends that can reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter. Cucumber plants are annual plants, surviving only one growing season and the vines can reach up to 5 m (16.4 ft) in length. Cucumber may also be referred to as gherkin and originates from the foothills of the Himalayas, likely in India.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/cucumber/infos

Cultivated Row
type: Class
subclass of: Field
type: NamedIndividual
type: Field
is transformation of: Boundary
comment: A cultivated row is a rown on the field, in which crop can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery, machinery tailored for the seasonal activities of row crops.

Cultivator
type: Class
subclass of: Agricultural Machinery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Machine
comment: A cultivator is any of several types of farm implement used for secondary tillage.

Cultural Measures
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment

Customer
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: A customer is a company or person who buys goods or services from a shop or business.

Data Cleaning Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: Activities : - Reconsider how to deal with observed type of noise. - Correct, remove or ignore noise. - Decide how to deal with special values and their meaning. The area of special values can give rise to many strange results and should be carefully examined. Examples of special values could arise through taking results of a survey where some questions were not asked or nor answered. This might result in a value of ‘99’ for unknown data. For example, 99 for marital status or political affiliation. Special values could also arise when data is truncated – e.g. ‘00’ for 100 year old people or all cars with 100,000 km on the clock. - Reconsider Data Selection Criteria (See Task 2.1) in light of experiences of data cleaning (i.e. one may wish include/exclude other sets of data). Good idea! Remember that some fields may be irrelevant to the data mining goals and therefore noise in those fields has no significance. However, if noise is ignored for these reasons, it should be fully documented as the circumstances may change later!"
comment: Describe the decisions and actions that were taken to address the data quality problems reported during the Verify Data Quality Task. The report should also address what data quality issues are still outstanding if the data is to be used in the data mining exercise and what possible affects that could have on the results.

Data Collection Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: This report describes how the different data sources identified in the inventory were captured and extracted. Topics to be covered: - Background of data. - List of data sources with broad area of required data covered by each. - For each data source, method of acquisition or extraction. - Problems encountered in data acquisition or extraction.

Data Description Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: Each dataset acquired is described. Topics to be covered: - Each data source described in detail. - List of tables (may be only one) or other database objects. - Description of each field including units, codes used, etc.

Data Exploration Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: Describes the data exploration and its results. Topics to be covered: - Background including broad goals of data exploration. For each area of exploration undertaken: - Expected regularities or patterns. - Method of detection. - Regularities or patterns found, expected and unexpected. - Any other surprises. - Conclusions for data transformation, data cleaning and any other pre-processing. - Conclusions related to data mining goals or business objectives. - Summary of conclusions.

Data Mining
type: Class
comment: Data mining is the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations (knowledge) within large data sets to predict outcomes.

Data Quality Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: This report describes the completeness and accuracy of the data. Topics to be covered: - Background including broad expectations about data quality. For each dataset: - Approach taken to assess data quality. - Results of data quality assessment. - Summary of data quality conclusions.

Data Selection
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining

Data Transformation
type: Class
subclass of: Transformation

Dataset
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set.

Dataset Description Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: Each dataset acquired is described. Topics to be covered: - Each data source described in detail. - List of tables (may be only one) or other database objects. - Description of each field including units, codes used, etc.

Day Of Year
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: The day of the year

Daytime
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: The daytime is the part of a day between the time when it gets light and the time when it gets dark.

Deep Electrical Conductivity (ECdp)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: mS/m
Acronym: ECdp
comment: Soil conductivity measures the total conductivity in the sample at the deep layer 20‐ to 40‐cm.

Deep Soil
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation DeepSoil

Density
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: Crop density or plant density is such that competition between plants does not restrict yield and the potential plant population is available to produce the maximum yield for the conditions under which the crop is being grown.
alternative label: Crop Density

Diesel Fuel
type: Class
subclass of: Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Energy
comment: Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics.

Digital Camera
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
comment: A camera is an optical instrument used to record images.

Dimension Reduction
type: Class
subclass of: Data Selection
comment: Dimensionality reduction, or dimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the low-dimensional representation retains some meaningful properties of the original data, ideally close to its intrinsic dimension.

Disaster
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: Disaster is a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of environment or plants.

Dissolved Oxygen
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water
Acronym: DO

Document
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object
comment: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole. Document can be printed or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record.

Documenting
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Drilling
type: Class
subclass of: CultivatingProcess
comment: Drilling is the action used for the mechanized sowing of an agricultural crop.

Drilling Date
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: The time of drilling or sowing.

Drone
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor Station
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor Station
type: Vehicle
comment: A drone is a type of aircraft that does not have a pilot and is controlled by someone on the ground.

Drought
type: Class
subclass of: Planetary Phenomena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water. A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local economy. Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by hastening evaporation of water vapour. Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.

Dry Weight
type: Class
subclass of: Weight
comment: The weight of any plant (or other organism) part after all its water content has been removed by drying. The dry weight is an estimate of a body or of a body samples weight when all water has been removed, means the weight of the sample, excluding the weight of the water in the sample.

Ear
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: An ear is the grain-bearing tip part of the stem of a cereal plant, such as wheat or maize. It can also refer to "a prominent lobe in some leaves.

Earthquake
type: Class
subclass of: Planetary Phenomena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities.

Eggplant
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Watermelon
description: Eggplant, Solanum melongena, is a tropical, herbaceous, perennial plant, closely related to tomato, in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible fruit. The plants has a branching stem and simple, long, flat. coarsely lobed leaves which are green in color and are arranged alternately on the branches. The leaves can measure 10 to 20 cm (4–8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2–4 in) broad. The plant produces purple flowers which are 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in diameter. The fruit is a large, fleshy ovoid berry which can reach 40 cm (15.7 in) in length, with glossy smooth skin and numerous small seeds. The color of the fruit is variable and can be white, green, yellow, purple or black. Eggplants can reach up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in height and although they are perennial plants, they are most commonly grown as annuals. Eggplant may also be referred to as aubergine or guinea squash and originates from the Indian subcontinent.
harvesting: Eggplant fruits are ready to harvest while the flesh is still firm and seeds are small and tightly packed. The skin of the fruit should be firm, glossy and dark purple. Over ripe fruit will contain darker seeds and will taste bitter. Harvest the fruit as soon as it is ripe to ensure maximum productivity. The fruit should be removed from the plant by cutting the calyx (green stem above the fruit) with a sharp knife.
maintenance: Eggplant may benefit from the addition of mulch to conserve soil moisture and maintain a higher soil temperature. Row covers will help to increase the temperature around the plants in cooler climates and during cool spells in otherwise warm areas. The row covers should be removed to allow pollinators to access the plants during flowering. Eggplant should be provided with a steady water supply for optimum development of fruit and the soil around the plants should not be allowed to dry out but should also not be wet. Plants can be laden with numerous fruit and the use of stakes and supports can help to support the plants before harvest.
propagation: In cold areas and regions with a short growing season it is necessary to start eggplant indoors or in a glasshouse. In addition, eggplant will often perform much better in colder areas if planted in containers or grown under row covers as this helps to keep the soil warm. Seeds should be sown indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost date. Sow seeds thickly in seed trays containing good quality sterile seed starting mix to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in). Keep the trays moist and provide bottom heat by placing on a heat mat or in a warm area of the house. Seedling should be potted into larger pots when they have two sets of true leaves. Eggplant seedlings can be transplanted after hardening-off and when all danger of frost has passed in your area. Seedlings should be spaced 45–60 cm (18–24 in) apart, depending on variety, allowing a further 60–90 cm (24–36 in) between rows.
requirements: Eggplants are warm-season crops which require a long growing season.They grow best in regions where the daytime temperature is between 26 and 32°C (80–90°F) and night time temperatures around 21°C (70°F). In addition, eggplant is a sun loving plant and should be positioned in an area that receives full sunlight. Plants will perform best when planted in a fertile soil with a pH between 6.3 and 6.8.
uses: Eggplant is usually cooked before consumption and is eaten as a vegetable.
comment: Eggplant, Solanum melongena, is a tropical, herbaceous, perennial plant, closely related to tomato, in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible fruit.

Electrical Conductivity
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation ElectricalConductivity
unit: dS/m
Acronym: EC
comment: Electric Conductivity of Soil. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement that correlates with soil properties that affect crop productivity, including soil texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), drainage conditions, organic matter level, salinity, and subsoil characteristics.

Electricity
type: Class
subclass of: Energy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Energy
comment: Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.

Elevation
type: Class
subclass of: Terrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Terrain
comment: Elevation is the height above a sea level, computing by the distance above sea level.

Energy
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
comment: Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

Environment
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Environment is surroundings or conditions in which plants grow. It effects different farming practices which has on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices.

Essential Nutrient
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: A nutrient in which an organism must obtain from the environment or from a dietary source since the organism is unable to synthesize it (or can produce but inadequately)

Essential Oil
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is "essential" in the sense that it contains the "essence of" the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived.

Evaluation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining

Evaluation Metric
type: Class
subclass of: Computing Algorithm
comment: Evaluation metrics are used to measure the quality of the statistical or machine learning model.

Evaluation Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: Assessment of data mining results with respect to business success criteria. This report compares the data mining results with the business objectives and the business success criteria. Topics to be covered: - Review of Business Objectives and Business Success Criteria (which may havechanged during and/or as a result of data mining). For each Business Success Criterion: - Detailed comparison between success criterion and data mining results. - Conclusions about achievability of success criterion and suitability of data mining process. - Review of Project Success; has the project achieved the original Business Objectives? - Are there new business objectives to be addressed later in the project or in new projects? - Conclusions for future data mining projects. Review of process This section assesses the effectiveness of the project and identifies any factors that may have been overlooked that should be taken into consideration if the project is repeated. List of possible actions This section makes recommendations regarding the next steps in the project."

Evaporation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance. When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide with each other. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the vapor pressure, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas.[2] When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling.

Evapotranspiration
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
Acronym: ET
comment: Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and water bodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves in vascular plants and phyllids in non-vascular plants. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the water cycle. An element (such as a tree) that contributes to evapotranspiration can be called an evapotranspirator. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of water balance and is closely linked to ecosystem productivity.

Event
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object
References: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#Event
comment: Event is a thing that happens or takes place, especially one of importance. Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems.

Exchangeable Calcium (Caex)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: Meq/kg
unit: meq l−1
Acronym: Caex
comment: Ca_ex

Exchangeable Magnesium (Mgex)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: Meq/kg
unit: meq l−1
comment: Mg_ex
Acronym: Mgex

Exchangeable Potassium (Kex)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: Meq/kg
unit: meq l−1
Acronym: Kex

Exchangeable Sodium (Naex)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: Meq/kg
unit: meq l−1
Acronym: Naex

Exhibition Event
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: An exhibition is an organized event in which a collection of special objects can be viewed by the public.

Farm
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production. The name is used for specialised units such as arable farms, vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms, and land used for the production of natural fibres, biofuel and other commodities. It includes ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings and hobby farms, and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land

Farmer
type: Class
subclass of: Person
comment: A farrmer is a person who works on a farm.

Farmyard Manure
type: Class
subclass of: Organic Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organic Mature

Fat
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Fat means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.

Fatty Acid
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
comment: A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28.[1] Fatty acids are usually not found in organisms in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are important structural components for cells.

Feature Selection
type: Class
subclass of: Data Selection
comment: Feature selection, also known as variable selection, attribute selection or variable subset selection, is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features (variables, predictors) for use in model construction.

Fertilizer
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants

Festival
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures.

Field
type: Class
subclass of: Farm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Farm
comment: Field is an area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock.

Field Capacity (FC)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Physical
Acronym: FC

Field Imagery
type: Class
subclass of: Imagery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Imagery
comment: Images of fields, which are taken by Drones, UAV, or satelites from at least 50 m above ground level.

Field Part
type: Class
subclass of: Farm

Flower
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
has transformation: Transformation Flower Flowering
comment: A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) resulting from cross pollination or allow selfing when self-pollination occurs.

Flowering
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
type: Plant Phenomenon
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 6: Flowering, anthesis 61 Beginning of flowering: first anthers visible 65 Full flowering: 50% of anthers mature 69 End of flowering: all spikelets have completed flowering but some dehydrated anthers may remain Growth Stages of Sorghum: Seeding, Emergence, Three-leaf, Five-leaf, Growing point differentation, Flag leaf visible, Booting, Flowering, Soft Dough, Hard Dough, Physiological maturity
comment: Flowering is the act or state of producing flowers : the period during which a plant produces flowers the flowering of the iris a plant that should be pruned only when flowering ends For sorghum plants, flowering or blooming is the most critical stage in the life of the sorghum plant. A plant begins flowering from the top of the panicle and progresses downward. A field of sorghum is in the flowering stage when blooming has progressed halfway down the panicle in 50 percent of the plants. At this stage, the peduncle is still elongating, and it typically takes four to nine days for a single panicle to complete the flowering process. Hybrids are rated on their maturity largely based on the length of time the plant takes to reach the flowering stage.

Flower
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
comment: A flower is the part of a plant which is often brightly coloured, grows at the end of a stem, and only survives for a short time.

Forest Tree
type: Class
subclass of: Crop

Fresh Weight
type: Class
subclass of: Weight
comment: Fresh weight = weight recorded immediately after the plant or part of a plant is harvested. For instance, the total yield of a tomato plant would be measured in fresh weight, if you want to know how much money you can get for the crop of tomatoes.

Frost
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above-freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid) as the water vapor reaches the freezing point. Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when the temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the cells that make up the plant tissue. The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as "frost damage". Farmers in those regions where frost damage is known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage.

Fruit
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.

Fruit Tree
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. Edible fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition;

Fungicides
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores.

Fungus
type: Class
subclass of: Microoganism
comment: A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.

Garlic
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Garlic is ready to harvest when the plants begin to turn yellow or brown and begin to fall over. Dig the plants while there are still some green leaves remaining on the plant. Harvest the bulbs by digging the plant carefully and lifting the bulbs using a fork. The garlic can be used straight away or it can be cured for longer storage. Garlic can be cured by hanging the plants in bunches or by spreading them out on a rack or screen. The plants should be kept intact while they cure, do not remove the tops until the garlic is dry. Curing should be carried out in a cool, dry place with good ventilation such as a barn, attic or garage. Once dry, the bulbs will keep for up to a year.
maintenance: When the ground begins to freeze, it is good practice to cover the garlic plants with a layer of straw mulch. This helps to protect the plants over winter, prevents frost heaving and helps to suppress weeds in the Spring. Garlic requires additional irrigation during dry periods but watering should be ceased a few weeks prior to harvest to allow the papery skin around the bulb to dry and to prevent the development of disease. Garlic benefits from the addition of fertilizer during the growing season. Nitrogen should be applied in early Spring, later applications may delay bulb development. Hardneck garlic should be pruned when the flowering stalks (scapes) begin to straighten. Removal of the flower head directs the plants energy to bulb production. Softneck garlic does not require pruning.
propagation: Most garlic varieties do not produce fertile seed so the plant is propagated from the cloves. Individual cloves are obtained by breaking apart the bulb. Generally, garlic should be planted in the Fall around the same time spring bulbs such as daffodils are planted. Planting in the Spring does not allow sufficient time for the roots system to develop and the garlic may not form heads. The soil should be prepared for planting by digging with a fork to loosen it and break up any large clumps. Cloves should be planted 5–8 cm (2-3 in) deep, leaving 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) between individual plants and 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) between rows. The cloves should be planted pointed side up with the basal plate positioned downwards. The roots will grow from the basal plate. Each clove will produce a whole head of garlic which can be harvested and cured before use.
requirements: Garlic is a hardy perennial which can be grown in a variety of soil types. The plants perform best when planted in a light, well draining, organic loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The plant grows well in cool weather but will tolerate a range from 9–28°C (48.2–82.4°F). Garlic should be planted in an area that receives full sun for most of the day. Garlic requires a period of cold followed by a period of light and heat in order to develop properly. The plants will perform best when they have 6-8 weeks below 4.4ºC (40ºF). It may be beneficial to chill bulbs prior to use if planting in area that does not fulfil these temperature requirements.
comment: Garlic, Allium sativum, is a an herbaceous, annual, bulbous plant in the family Amaryllidaceae grown for its pungent, edible bulb of the same name. The garlic plant can either have a short, woody central stem (hardneck) or a softer pseudostem made up of overlapping leaf sheaths (softneck). Hardneck varieties produce a false flower stock which is termed a 'scape' and produce larger garlic cloves but in smaller numbers. Softneck garlic is the most popular variety of garlic grown in the US. The bulb can be up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and is made up of 1–15 cloves. The stem is very short and flattened and gives way to a pseudostem, The garlic plant can possess 6–12 flat, blade-like leaves which can stretch up to 50 cm (19.7 in) long. The plant can reach 60 cm (23.6 in) in height and is an annual, surviving only one growing season. Garlic is believed to originate from Asia.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/garlic/infos

Gas
type: Class
subclass of: Climate
comment: Gas
comment: Gas refer to substances in a form like air used for energy (fire air) or greenhouse gases.

Genotype
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A genotype is an individual's collection of genes. The term also can refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular gene. The genotype is expressed when the information encoded in the genes' DNA is used to make protein and RNA molecules.

Germination
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
type: Plant Phenomenon
related to: Wheat
comment: Germination refers to the process by which an organism grows from a seed or a spore. The most common forms of germination include a seed sprouting to form a seedling and the formation of a sporeling from a spore. Thus, germination occurs primarily in plant and fungal species.
comment: Germination Stage 00 Dry seed 01 Start of imbibition 03 Imbibition complete 05 Radicle emerged from seed 07 Coleoptile emerged from seed 09 Leaf just at coleoptile tip
label: Germination Stage

Ginger
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
comment: Ginger is a plant with leafy stems and yellowish green flowers. The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant.

Glume
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grasses (Poaceae) or the flowers of sedges (Cyperaceae). There are two other types of bracts in the spikelets of grasses: the lemma and palea.

Gourd
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Gourds are annual trailing or climbing vines in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for their fruit of the same name. The two most commonly grown types of gourd are Lagenaria species and Cucurbita species. Gourd plants produce long vines with long-stemmed, large, oval or triangular lobed leaves. The Cucurbita gourds produce yellow flowers and unusually shaped fruit which can be smooth or warty, plain or patterned. The Lagenaria gourds produce white flowers and smooth, knobly or ridged fruit which can range in size from 7 cm (3 in) up to 1 m (3 ft). Gourd vines are capable of climbing over 3.5 m (12 ft) and as annual plants, survive only one growing season. Gourds may also be referred to as dudi, cucuzzi, spaghetti squash or calabash and are believed to have originated in Africa.
maintenance: Gourd plants sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Plants also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently encourages a shallow root system. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil. Gourds produce both male and female flowers (monoecious) and are pollinated by insects such as bees. Poor fruit set is often caused by poor pollination.
propagation: Gourds can be direct seeded or sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6°C (60°F). Sow 1–2 seeds 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) deep, at least 90 cm (~3 ft) apart if growing bush varieties and 120–150 cm (4–5 ft) apart if growing vining varieties. Allow a further 1–3 m (6–10 ft) between rows depending on the variety. If transplanting, seeds should be sown 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted before the plants develop their second set of true leaves. Sowing seeds in 3–4 inch pots help to minimize disturbance to the roots prior to transplanting. Peat pots can be transplanted with the seedlings eliminating the need to disturb the roots entirely. Seeds in sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering. Seeds should germinate in 5–10 days depending on the soil temperature.
requirements: Gourds are warm-season crops, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally. Plants will grow best at temperatures between 18 and 25°C (65–75°F) in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Gourd plants should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space.
uses: Young gourds can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable while the mature gourds are used to make decorative items such as bottles, containers and utensils. In the US, gourds have become a very popular household decoration in the Fall.
comment: Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly Cucurbita and Lagenaria. The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without.

Grape
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a long stemmed, woody vine (liana) which produces high value berries, or grapes. The vines can reach lengths in excess of 30 m and can live for many years with proper management. The leaves of the grape vine are alternately arranged on the stem and are long and broad with 5-7 lobes, typically reaching sizes of 5-20 cm (2.0-7.9 in). Flowers are produced in clusters and fruit. The fruit is a berry known as a grape and grows in clusters from the vine. In wild species, the fruit is 6 mm (1/5 in) in diameter and ripens to dark purple to black with a pale wax bloom. In cultivated plants, the berry is usually much larger, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long and can be green, red or purple. Vitis vinifera is native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia but is cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. Most grape cultivation centers on the use of Vitis vinifera, however, in North America the related species Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and Vitis rotundifolia are also grown. Vitis amurensis is native to Asia and has been hybridized with Vitis vinifera to produce cold tolerant grapevine varieties.
propagation: Preparation Grape vines are usually planted as dormant bare root vines in Spring. Young plants can be purchased from nurseries and garden centres for planting in the home garden. Grape vines require a trellis and this should be built before the vines are planted in the ground. For information on constructing a suitable trellis see: https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/192-grape-how-to-build-a-trellis-for-grape-vines?locale=en. The trellis helps support the weight of the fruit and protects the vines from damage while aslo increasing air circulation and reducing diseases in the canopy. You may also consider a more decorative method of supporting the vines, such as an arbor. Planting New vines should be planted out in Spring after all danger of frost has passed. Dig a hole for each plant approximately 30 cm (12 in) deep and 30 cm (12 in) wide, spaced 1.8- 3.0 m (6-10 ft) apart and plant the vine at the same level as the nursery. It is important not to cover the graft union in soil. Tamp the soil around the plants and add any remaining soil. The newly planted vines should be cut back to have only 2 or 3 new buds and watered lightly. Pruning Pruning is an essential component of healthy grape production and should be carried out annually in early Spring while the vines are still dormant and before the buds begin to swell. From the third year onwards, most of the previous years growth should be removed. The more buds that are left on each shoot, the more fruit it will produce but care must be taken to ensure that too many are not left as the fruit may not ripen as a result. Fruit clusters can be removed as required throughout the growing season.
requirements: The first consideration when attempting to cultivate grape is to select a variety based on the prevailing local climate, with the best production occurring in hot, dry regions. American varieties tend to be the most cold hardy while the European hybrids perform best in hotter, drier regions. Generally, vines should be grown in full sun, in a well draining soil and in a location where there is good circulating air to reduce incidence of disease. Low lying areas should be avoided when selecting a planting site as this can lead to water accumulation during periods of wet weathe Vines prefer a soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH between 6.0 and 7.0 and require a trellis system to support the weight of the fruit on the vines.
uses: Grapes are the most widely produced commercial fruit crop in the world. They are often eaten fresh but are also commonly used to produce wine. Grapes can also be processed into jams, and preserves, juices, grape seed oil, grape seed extract, raisins and vinegar.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/grape/infos
comment: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a long stemmed, woody vine (liana) which produces high value berries, or grapes. The vines can reach lengths in excess of 30 m and can live for many years with proper management. The leaves of the grape vine are alternately arranged on the stem and are long and broad with 5-7 lobes, typically reaching sizes of 5-20 cm (2.0-7.9 in). Flowers are produced in clusters and fruit. The fruit is a berry known as a grape and grows in clusters from the vine. In wild species, the fruit is 6 mm (1/5 in) in diameter and ripens to dark purple to black with a pale wax bloom. In cultivated plants, the berry is usually much larger, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long and can be green, red or purple. Vitis vinifera is native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia but is cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. Most grape cultivation centers on the use of Vitis vinifera, however, in North America the related species Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and Vitis rotundifolia are also grown. Vitis amurensis is native to Asia and has been hybridized with Vitis vinifera to produce cold tolerant grapevine varieties.

Grapevines
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: Grapevines are actually part of the "espalier fruit" family and traditionally play a major role in the greening of facades. Due to the abundance of information, grapevines are treated separately at FassadeGrün: here you will find extensive information on grapevines-- for the house and in the garden. You can select climbing (trellis) systems, compare table grapes, learn how to prune and how to recognize diseases. FassadenGrün sells several grapevine varieties.

Grass
type: Class
subclass of: OtherCrops
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: OtherCrops

Grassland
type: Class
subclass of: Farm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Farm
type: Topography

Green Manure
type: Class
subclass of: Organic Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organic Mature

Greenhouse
type: Class
subclass of: Farm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Farm
comment: A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.

Greenhouse Effect
type: Class
subclass of: Planetary Phenomena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

Greenness
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy.

Growing Season
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: A growing season is the period of the year when crops and other plants grow successfully. The length of a growing season varies from place to place.

Growth Regulator
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Growth Regulators are defined as small, simple chemicals produced naturally by plants to regulate their growth and development. Growth Regulators can be of a diverse chemical composition such as gases (ethylene), terpenes (gibberellic acid) or carotenoid derivates (abscisic acid). They are also referred to as plant growth substances, phytohormones or plant hormones.

Growth Stage
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: In agronomy, the BBCH-scale for cereals' describes the phenological development of cereals using the BBCH-scale. Principal growth stages 0: Germination, sprouting, bud development 1: Leaf development 2: Formation of side shoots, tillering 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development 4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting 5: Inflorescene emergence, heading 6: Flowering 7: Development of fruit 8: Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed 9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

Guava
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
harvesting: Trees grown from seed may not come into production for anywhere between 3 to 8 years. Guava does not ripen off the tree and it can be difficult to distinguish when the fruits are ready for harvest. The best indication is a color change from dark to light green and the development of some yellowing on the fruits. Fruit should be harvested every 2-3 days to prevent fruit becoming overripe.
maintenance: Newly planted guava trees should be watered every two days after planting for the first week and then once a week for the following few months to allow the root system to develop and become established. A 0.6 to 1.5 m (2.0-5.0 ft) area around the trunk should be maintained to be free from grass and weeds. Guava trees benefit from the application of a layer or organic mulch such as bark or wood chips around the base. This helps to suppress weeds and conserve moisture in the soil. Do not mound the mulch around the trunk, allow a gap of 20 to 30 cm (8-10 in) between the trunk and the mulch layer. Young trees benefit from fertilizer application with the type an amount varying with area and soil type.
propagation: Guavas grown for processing can be grown from seed as approximately 70% of the seedlings will retain the genetic characteristics of the parent tree. Guavas that are grown for fresh fruit are usually vegetatively propagated by air layering or budding. Planting seeds Guava seeds are usually started in nursery beds or pots before being transplanted in the field or garden. Only seeds from healthy, vigorous trees with the desired characteristics should be planted. Seeds should be planted in flats containing sandy soil and covered to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in). Seeds usually germinate within 15 to 20 days of planting. When the seedlings reach 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in height they should be transplanted into individual pots. Seedling are ready to be moved to the field after about 6 to 7 months when they have reached approximately 30.5 cm (12 in) in height. Transplanting seedlings Guava trees should be planted in full sun and should be spaced 4.5–7.5 m (15–25 ft) away from other trees and buildings to prevent shading. A hole should be dug which is slightly larger than the existing root ball and the addition of a layer of compost or rotted manure at the bottom of the planting hole. The tree should be planted at the same depth as it was in the nursery by placing the seedling upright into the planting hole and backfilling the soil around the plant. The soil should be tamped by hand around the tree to eliminate any air pockets. Water the newly planted seedlings immediately unless the soil is already damp. Young trees should be pruned to encourage the development of laterals. This is achieved by cutting back existing laterals at 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft). During the first year of growth, 3 to 4 of the lateral branches should be allowed to grow 60 to 90 cm (24-36 in) before the tips are cut to encourage further branching. any new shoots formed by this process should also be tipped when they reach 60 to 90 cm (24-36 in). Pruning of established trees should be carried out to retain a managea…
requirements: Guava is mainly grown in the tropics and will tolerate temperatures between 15 and 45°C (59–113°F). Guava will grow optimally between 23 and 28°C (73–82°F) but established trees can tolerate short periods at -3 to -2°C (27-28°F) although temperatures below 15°C (60°F) can cause the tree to cease producing fruit. Guava is also amenable to a wide range of soils and will grow in both sandy or rocky soils in addition to loams, preferring a pH of 4.5–7 but tolerating alkaline soil to to pH 8.5. Guava is more resistant to drought than most tropical fruits and can withstand long periods of dry weather by ceasing vegetative growth until conditions improve.
uses: Guava fruits may be eaten fresh or processed to produce paste, jellies or preserves. Dehydrated fruit is used to make guava powder.
comment: Guava, Psidium guajava, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Myrtaceae grown for its edible fruits. Guava has a slender trunk with smooth green to red-brown bark. The trunk may be branched at the base and the branches droop low to the ground. The plant possesses oval or elliptical leaves which are smooth on the upper surface and hairy on the lower surface. Guava produces solitary white flowers and a berry fruit. The fruit is oval in shape and green to yellow in color. The flesh inside can be white, yellow, pink or red in color and contains numerous yellowish seeds. Guava can reach grow to 10 m (33 ft) in height and lives for approximately 40 years. Guava may also be referred to as common guava and its origin is unknown although it grows native in parts of tropical America.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/guava/infos

Gynoecium
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: GynoeciumGynoecium is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds.

Harrow
type: Class
subclass of: Agricultural Machinery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Machine
comment: In agriculture, a harrow (often called a set of harrows in a plurale tantum sense) is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil.

Harvest Date
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: The time or season of the year for the gathering of ripened crops.

Harvest Index
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: Harvest index is a measure of the efficiency of plants in producing seed. It is defined as the ratio of grain yield to total aboveground biomass. Since elevated temperature decreases grain yield while either increasing or not affecting vegetative growth, an increase in temperature will result in a lower harvest index.

Harvester
type: Class
subclass of: Agricultural Machinery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Machine
comment: Harvester, in farming, any of several machines for harvesting; the design and function of harvesters varies widely according to crop.

Harvesting
type: Class
subclass of: CultivatingProcess
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper.

Hazelnut
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Nuts
harvesting: Newly planted trees usually bear nuts within two to three years after planting although full production may not be reached until twenty five years after planting. The nuts are usually harvested two to three times over the season. The nuts can be spread out on the ground to dry or, as with commercially produced nuts, dried artificially at a temperature of 90 to 100°C (176-212°F).
propagation: While it is possible to propagate filberts from cuttings, the success rate for obtaining rooted cuttings is usually only between 20 and 50%. The most successful method of propagating filberts is by layering. The most successful and widely used method of layering for commercial filbert production is tip layering. Tip layering involves bending shoots into a V-shape and burying the lower parts in the soil to a depth of 20 to 25 cm (8-10 in) while the tips of the shoot, which will form the new tree tops, are kept upright. The soil is kept moist to promote root development above the V bend on the tip and roots should ideally be congregated in a 5 to 10 cm (2-4 in) section of the shoot. Trees should be planted in early winter while dormant. The trees should be planted at least 6 m (20 ft) apart. Before planting, remove as much as possible of the old layered shoot and prune back the ends of any broken roots. Plant the tree in a hole large enough to accommodate the roots but avoid deep planting. Fill in the hole around the roots with fine soil, pressing down with your hands to eliminate any air pockets around the roots. Add soil on top of the roots and tamp down to set the tree. Fill in the remainder of the hole with loosely packed soil. Once planted, the tree should be headed back in order to compensate for reduced water uptake. the tree should be cut back to a height of 45 to 76 cm (18-30 in). Hazelnut trees produce suckers which should be removed from the tree at, or close to, their point of origin on the trunk. This can be achieved by gently removing the soil from around the sucker. While the trunk is exposed, any other buds which are beginning to show should also be removed. Cutting the sucker at or just below the soil line will encourage more suckers so it is important to make the cut as close to the trunk as possible.
requirements: Filberts are hardy plants which can survive adverse growing conditions. They should be grown in a soil which is at least 2.4 to 3 m (8-10 ft) deep and will grow optimally in well-draining, fertile loams with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5 in full sun or partial shade. Filberts will grow well in areas where wild hazel grows large and vigorous.
uses: The kernel of the hazelnut is edible and can be eaten raw or toasted. The kernels can be processed to produce praline or as an ingredient in confectionery and baked goods.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/hazelnut-filbert/infos
comment: Hazelnut, belongs to the family Corylus, which includes C. avellana (Common or European hazelnut) and the closely related species C. maxima (filbert). Hazels are deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Betulaceae grown for their edible nuts. Hazelnuts are large multi-stemmed shrubs or small trees with rounded leaves which possess a doubly serrated margin (each tooth bears another tooth). They produces flowers very late in the winter prior to the emergence of any leaves. The female flowers are small and only the bright red stigmas are visible protruding from the bud. The male flower is a catkin which is pale yellow in color and measures 6–12 cn (2–5 in) in length. The fruit of the hazelnut is a classic nut which grows in clusters of 1–5, each protected by a leafy husk which covers most (common) or all of the nut (filbert). The nut is oval in shape and yellow to brown in colour. Each has a pale scale at its base. When ripe, the nut falls from the husk to the ground. Hazenut can reach a height of 3–8 m (10–26 ft) and can live for many years, although its commercial lifespan is usually about 40 years. Hazelnut originates from Europe and South East Asia.

Heat Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress
related to: Temperature
comment: Plant Heat Stress (PHS)

Height
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: Crop height is the shortest distance between the upper boundary of the main photosynthetic tissues (excluding inflorescences) on a plant and the ground level, expressed in metres.
alternative label: Crop Height

Helicopter
type: Class
subclass of: Vehicle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vehicle
comment: A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally-spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally.

Herbicides
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants.

Human Labor
type: Class
subclass of: Person
type: NamedIndividual
type: Person

Human Manure
type: Class
subclass of: Organic Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organic Mature

Humidity
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: %
comment: Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic metre of air at 30 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic metre of air at 8 °C.

Hydration
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: Hydration is widely used as a pre-treatment for legumes and cereals before some processing operations such as extraction, cooking, germination, tempering and wet milling. It is necessary to know water absorption behavior in legumes and cereals during hydration because it affects following processing operations and the quality of the final product (Turhan et al., 2002).

Hydraulic Conductivity (HC)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
Acronym: SHC
alternative label: Soil Hydraulic Conductivity (SHC)

Hydrogen (H)
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
comment: Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.
Acronym: H

Hypertrophy
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: It is an abnormal increase in size of one or more organs of a plant in response to the attack of a pathogen. It results in abnormal growth causing distortions, swellings, leaf curls and galls. The excessive growth may be due to two processes, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The former consists in rapid cell division and thus increase in the number of cells of which the organ is composed. Hypertrophy leads to abnormal increase in the size of cells only. The attack of Com smut stimulates abnormal and rapid cell division (hyperplasia) and enlargement of individual cells (hypertrophy) of the infected organs resulting in the formation of overgrowths called the corn galls or tumours (Fig. 22.6 E). Witches broom is another result of hypertrophy. It is a compact cluster of fine slender branches generally developing from an enlarged axis and the whole looking like a broom (Witches broom of Cherry). The hypertrophied parts become inedible.

Hypoplasia
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: It is a subnormal cell production in response to the attack of the pathogen. It results in the subnormal growth of the parts attacked resulting in stunted growth and dwarfing of the host plant.

IRRadiation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather

Identification
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Imagery
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Imagery is a part of the figurative language in a literary work, whereby the author uses vivid images to describe a phenomenon. In this context, imagery pertains to graphics, visual scenes, pictures, or the sense of sight.

Information Object
type: Class
References: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#InformationObject
comment: A piece of information, such as a musical composition, a text, a word, a picture, independently from how it is concretely realized.

Information Processing
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
type: Class
subclass of: Spectrophotometer

Input Condition
type: Class
subclass of: State
comment: State is a value or result of attributes / concepts as input of the knowledge model.

Insecticide
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers.

Inspection
type: Class
subclass of: Observation

Interpreting Data
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Investigation
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Iodine (I)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 degrees Celsius, and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees Celsius. However, it sublimes easily with gentle heat, resulting in a widespread misconception even taught in some science textbooks that it does not melt.
Acronym: I

Iron (Fe)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Fe
comment: Iron is necessary for photosynthesis and is present as an enzyme cofactor in plants. Iron deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. Iron is not a structural part of chlorophyll but very much essential for its synthesis. Copper deficiency can be responsible for promoting an iron deficiency.

Iron Deficiency
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Disorder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Iron (Fe)
comment: Iron (Fe) deficiency is a plant disorder also known as "lime-induced chlorosis". It can be confused with manganese deficiency. Soil iron concentration is high, but can become unavailable for absorption if soil pH is higher than 6.5.

Irrigation
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: Irrigation is the process of artificially applying water to soil to allow plant growth. This term is preferably used when large amounts of water is applied to dry, arid regions in order to facilitate plant growth. The process of irrigation not only increases the growth rate of the plant bust also increments the yield amount.

Potassium oxide (K2O)
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mineral
unit: Kg/Ha
comment: Potassium oxide (K2O) is an ionic compound of potassium and oxygen. This pale yellow solid, the simplest oxide of potassium, is a rarely encountered, highly reactive compound. Some materials of commerce, such as fertilizers and cements, are assayed assuming the percent composition that would be equivalent to the chemical compound mixture K2O.

Kale
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
harvesting: Kale leaves can be harvested when they are 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long. Harvest the outer leaves to avoid damaging the growing tip of the plant. Kale leaves are sweeter when they are harvested after frost.
maintenance: Kale should be kept evenly watered, application of mulch around plants helps to conserve soil moisture. The plants have shallow roots and in order to avoid damaging them, it is preferable to hand pull any weeds growing around the plants. Kale plants are heavy feeders, requiring plentiful nitrogen to meet their growth requirements and develop optimally. Apply an appropriate complete fertilizer when thinning seedlings.
propagation: Kale can be direct seeded or started indoors for transplants. The optimum soil temperature for germination is between 12 and 24°C (55–75°F). Kale seeds should be planted after any danger of hard frost or in a cold frame for transplanting to their final location. For a Fall harvest, try to time seeding so that the plants will mature in cool weather. This often means sowing in July but may be as late as October in warmer Southern regions. Prepare the soil for planting through the addition of nitrogen in the form of bone meal or composted manure. Plant seeds 12 mm (0.5 in) deep allowing 3.5 cm (1 in) between plants in the row. Thin seedlings to a final within row spacing of 45–60 cm (18–24 in). Keep soil moist during germination to prevent a crust from forming on the soil surface as this will cause uneven germination. Seedlings started indoors or in a cold frame are ready to be transplanted when they have 3–4 leaves and the daytime temperature has reached 10°C (50°F). Seedlings should be planted at the final spacing for seeds (45–60 cm/18–24 in between plants and 0.6 to 1.2 m/2–4 ft between rows). Plant each seedling slightly deeper than it was previously. The plantings can be staggered in 2 week intervals to prolong the harvest.
requirements: Kale is cool season crop that grows best in cool, moist conditions. The plant will grow best at temperatures between 4 and 21°C (40–50°F) allowing it to be grown in both Spring and Fall. Kale is a hardy plant, tolerating frost, and will grow optimally in a rich, moist, well draining soil with a pH of 6.5. Kale requires at least six hours of direct sunlight every day.
uses: Kale is used as a green vegetable and is usually cooked before consumption. Some varieties of kale are grown as decorative ornamental plants due to their attractive, brightly colored foliage.
comment: Kale, Brassica oleracea variant acephala, is a leafy herbaceous biennial or perennial plant in the family Brassicaeae grown as a leafy green vegetable. The kale plant is a non-heading, cabbage like plant with curly or straight, loose blue-green or purple leaves. Kale is usually grown as as an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of 1 m (3.3 ft). Kale may also be referred to as borecole or non-heading cabbage or broccoli and its exact origins are unknown, although it grows native in regions of the eastern Mediterranean and Asia.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/kale/infos

Kiwi
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
maintenance: Kiwis have a high nutrient demand, particularly for nitrogen and potassium. after the first year of planting, plants should be fertilized in the Spring and as required throughout the growing season with the type and amount of fertilizer depending on the particular soil type and the age of the vines.
propagation: Kiwis can be propagated by a variety of methods, including growing from seed or from hard or softwood cuttings or root cuttings. The easiest method of propagation is the use of softwood cuttings. The cuttings should be taken during the summer months when the tree is actively growing. Each cutting should be taken from the current season’s growth and should possess 2-3 nodes (leaves). The leaves must be fully expanded in order for the cutting to be successful, cuttings should not be taken from immature growth such as at the end of shoots. once the cuttings have been obtained, they should be stripped of all but the top-most leaf. Rooting hormone can be used to aid the cuttings in developing new roots. Those containing indole-3-butyric acid have been shown to be most effective in kiwi propagation. After treatment with rooting hormone, the kiwi cuttings should be planted in beds or small pots, preferably in a glasshouse, and kept moist. When the cuttings have began to develop new shoots, they should be transferred into 1 gallon pots containing a high quality potting soil and watered daily. The potted plants should be fed with a slow release fertilizer at least twice over the growing season. If the kiwi vines are to be grown on a trellis or pergola, this should be constructed prior to planting. Kiwi should be planted by digging a planting hole which is at least three times the width of the current pot that the plant is in. Individual plants should typically be spaced 5 m (16.4 ft) apart when using a T-trellis system but can be planted closer together when vines are managed by pruning. Approximately 6 m (19.6 ft) should be left between rows. This distance is again dependent on the training system being utilized. Almost all kiwi species are dioecious and require the presence of both a male and female tree in order to set fruit. The recommended planting ratio is 1 male to every 8 females but a higher density of male trees will increase productivity.
requirements: Kiwi plants are native to warm, forest regions of China and require a long growing season with 8 to 9 month with no frost. The optimal temperature during the growing season is between 14 and 24°C (57.2–75.2°F). The plant can tolerate cold but is damaged by temperatures below -8°C (17.6°F). Some varieties of A. deliciosa, such as the Hayward cultivar will tolerate temperatures down to -10°C (14°F). In general, kiwifruit vines will grow best when planted in deep, well-draining, sandy loams as they are extremely sensitive to standing water. The optimum pH for the soil is between 5.5 and 6.0. In addition, kiwifruits require a plentiful supply of water during production and the vines require the support of a trellis to support the weight of the growing fruit. Kiwi should be planted in full sunlight to ensure optimal productivity.
uses: Kiwis are primarily consumed as a fresh fruit.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/kiwi/infos
comment: Kiwi, Actinidia deliciosa, is a deciduous climbing vine or shrub in the the family Actinidiaceae grown for its edible fruits. The plant is vigorous and woody with nearly circular leaves which have long petioles and are alternately arranged on the stems. Young leaves and shoots are covered in tiny red hairs, while mature leaves are smooth and dark green on the upper surface and white and downy on lower surface. The kiwi plant produces fragrant white-yellow flowers singly or in clusters of 3 at the leaf axils (area between leaf and stem). The fruit is oval or ovoid in shape with green-brown skin covered in stiff brown hairs. The flesh of the fruit is bright green and juicy with many tiny black seeds. Kiwi plants can reach a height of 9 m (30 ft) and have an economic lifespan of 3 years, after which time fruit production begins to decline. Kiwi may also be referred to as kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry and originates from China.

Knowledge Model
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining

LWRadiation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: W/m^2

Land Owner
type: Class
subclass of: Person
comment: Land owner is a person who owns a farm.

Lead
type: Class
subclass of: Other Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Other Chemical
Acronym: Lead (Pd)
Acronym: Pd

Leaf
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A leaf (plural leaves) is the principal lateral appendage of the vascular plant stem, usually borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in "autumn foliage".

Lemon
type: Class
subclass of: Citrus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Citrus
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
maintenance: Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3–7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year. Lemon trees will need protected from cold temperatures to prevent damage. Soil can be mounded up around the trunk during the winter and removed in the Spring. Young trees can also be protected from frosts by covering them with tarps or blankets as required.
propagation: Budding should be carried out when seedling stems have reached roughly the diameter of a pencil (6–9 mm/0.25–0.36 in) and at a time when the bark of the rootstock tree is slipping (this is the term used to describe a period of active growth when the bark can be easily peeled from the plant). Twigs (budwood) should be collected from the previous growth flush or the current flush so long as the twig has begun to harden. The twigs should have well developed buds and should be as close as possible to the diameter of the rootstock onto which it will be joined. It is extremely important to only collect budwood from disease-free trees. The use of diseased budwood can cause the spread of many serious citrus diseases which can kill trees. The budwood to be used for propagation should be trimmed to create budsticks which are 20–25 cm (8–10 in) by removing any unwanted wood and leaves. These budsticks can be stored for 2–3 months under the correct conditions but it is best to use them as soon as possible after cutting. The simplest way to join the budwood the the rootstock is by T-budding. The area to be joined should be pruned to remove any thorns or twigs and the cut made approximately 15 cm (6 in) from the ground. Using a sharp knife, a 2.5–3.8 cm (1–1.5 in) vertical cut should be made in the stem of the rootstock, through the bark. A horizontal cut should be made at either the top or the bottom of the vertical cut to produce a "T-shape" The horizontal cut should be made a slightly upward-pointing angle and should reach through the bark. Remove a bud from a budstick by slicing a thin, shield-shaped piece of bark and wood from the stem, beginning about 1.25 cm (0.5 in) above the bud. This piece should measure 1.9–2.5 cm(0.75–1.0 in) in length. Immedietely insert the piece of bud into the cut on the rootstock by sliding it under the opened bark so that the cut surface lies flat against the wood of the rootstock plant. Finish the join by wrapping the bud with budding tape. Aft…
requirements: Lemon is a subtropical plant and the trees grow best in regions with a pronounced change in season. They will grow best at temperatures between 26–28°C (79–82°F) and are very sensitive to cold. Trees and fruit will be damaged or killed by freezing conditions without protection.The trees will tolerate drought conditions but perform poorly in water-logged soil. Trees will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Lemon trees will grow best when positioned in full sunlight.
uses: Due to their bitter taste, lemon fruit is not usually consumed fresh. It is used widely to make juices such as lemonade, as garnishes in cooking and as a flavoring in cooking and baking.
comment: Lemon, Citrus limon, is a small evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its edible fruit which, among other things, are used in a variety of foods and drinks. The tree has a spreading, upright growth habit, few large branches and stiff thorns. The tree possesses large, oblong or oval, light green leaves and produces purple-white flowers in clusters. The lemon fruit is an ellipsoid berry surrounded by a green rind, which ripens to yellow, protecting soft yellow segmented pulp. Lemon trees can reach 3–6 m (10–20 ft) in height and can live for many years, reaching full fruit bearing capacity in approximately 40 years. Lemon may also be referred to as bush lemon or Persian apple and likely originated from the eastern Himalaya of India.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/lemon/infos

Length
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute

Lettuce
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
comment: Lettuce is an annual plant of the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled.

Light
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Light is a key determinant of agricultural productivity. In agriculture, there are two sides to sunshine. On the positive side, it contributes to the growth of plants by allowing photosynthesis and by providing them with a healthy environment. On the negative side, excessive sunshine exposes plants to thermal and water stress that impairs their growth, can endanger their survival, and increases water consumption.

Light Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress
related to: Light

Limes
type: Class
subclass of: Citrus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Citrus
type: Crop
type: Fertilizer
type: Fruit Tree
maintenance: Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3–7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year. Lime trees will need protected from cold temperatures to prevent damage. Soil can be mounded up around the trunk during the winter and removed in the Spring. Trees can also be protected by stringing christmas lights in the branches and covering the leaves with tarps. In areas with cold winters, lime trees are best grown in containers which allows them to be moved indoors during the winter months.
propagation: Unlike many other fruit bearing trees, limes are commonly propagated from seed as the will produce offspring that is true to the parent plant. In some cases, trees are propagated by removing offshoots from the main trunk (called suckers) and replanting although, if the tree is grafted, it should be noted that the suckers will be the same variety of the rootstock. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Trees should be planted at or higher than the level of the nursery pot. Once the tree is positioned in the planting hole, backfill the soil by about half and water to allow the soil to settle around the lower roots before filling in the hole. The newly planted tree should be watered every few days.
requirements: Lime is a tropical plant and the trees grow best in regions with hot summers and warm winters where temperatures are typically between 25 and 30°C (77–86°F). Limes are more sensitive to cold than lemons and trees are killed by freezing conditions without protection. Lime trees are the most drought tolerant of all citrus trees conditions and will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Lime trees will grow best when positioned in full sunlight.
uses: Lime fruit is commonly used to make juices and cordials or for extraction of citric acid. It may be used as a flavoring in cooking. Lime oil can be extracted from the peel of the fruit.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/lime-sour/infos
comment: Lime, Citrus aurantifolia, is a small perennial evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its sour fruit. The lime tree is irregularly branched and possesses sharp spines. The leaves of the tree are elliptical with small rounded teeth around the edge. The leaves can grow 4–8 cm (1.6–3.2 in) in length. The tree produces small, cupped white flowers and yellowish-green fruit which is round or egg-like in shape. Lime trees can reach 5 m (16 ft) in height and can produce fruit for many years. Lime may also be referred to as sour lime, key lime, Mexican lime, acid lime or West Indian lime and originated in southeast Asia.
comment: Lime raises pH and is usually added as ground limestone, commonly called ‘garden lime’. Lime is usually added in winter for annual crops, such as vegetables, just prior to digging, as the lime can take effect over the winter months and will not damage young growth.

Link
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object
comment: A link is a web address which refers to the address of a document or resource on the World Wide Web.

Location
type: Class
equivalent class: Location
subclass of: Physical Entity
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A location is the place where plants grow, something happens or is situated.
References: http://purl.org/dc/terms/Location

Magnesium oxide (MgO)
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mineral
unit: Kg/Ha
comment: Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding.

MODIS
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
comment: The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a payload imaging sensor built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing that was launched into Earth orbit by NASA in 1999 on board the Terra (EOS AM) satellite, and in 2002 on board the Aqua (EOS PM) satellite. The instruments capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 μm to 14.4 μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1 km).
comment: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)

Machine
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Machine is an apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task.

Macronutrient
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: Macronutrient is a chemical element or substance (such as potassium or protein) that is essential in relatively large amounts to the growth and health. Macronutrients provide the bulk energy an organism's metabolic system needs to function while micronutrients provide the necessary cofactors for metabolism to be carried out. Both types of nutrients can be acquired from the environment.

Magnesium (Mg)
type: Class
subclass of: Macronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Macronutrient
Acronym: Mg
comment: Magnesium is a key component of chlorophyll, the green colouring material of plants, and is vital for photosynthesis (the conversion of the sun's energy to food for the plant). Deficiencies occur mainly on sandy acid soils in high rainfall areas, especially if used for intensive horticulture or dairying. Heavy applications of potassium in fertilisers can also produce magnesium deficiency, so banana growers need to watch magnesium levels because bananas are big potassium users. Magnesium deficiency can be overcome with dolomite (a mixed magnesium-calcium carbonate), magnesite (magnesium oxide) or epsom salts (magnesium sulfate).

Maize
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
has growth stage: Flowering
has growth stage: Fruit Development stage
has growth stage: Germination
has growth stage: Inflorescence Emergence stage
has growth stage: Leaf Development stage
has growth stage: Ripening stage
has growth stage: Senescence stage
has growth stage: Stem Elongation stage
comment: Maize, also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. However, little of this maize is consumed directly by humans: most is used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion tonnes.

Manganese (Mn)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Manganese is necessary for photosynthesis, including the building of chloroplasts. Manganese deficiency may result in coloration abnormalities, such as discolored spots on the foliage.
Acronym: Mn

Market
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
comment: A regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of plants, agriculture products.

Marketing
type: Class
subclass of: InUse
comment: A series of steps that allow organizations to identify customer problems, analyze market opportunities, and create marketing materials to reach the desired audience or buyers.

Maturity
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: At this stage, grain has achieved its maximum dry weight. Physiological maturity is recognized by a dark spot or black layer on the bottom of the kernel. Grain moisture content typically ranges between 25 and 35 percent. Dessicants can be safely used to aid in harvest without reducing grain yield. Total time from flowering to physiological maturity is approximately 40 to 45 days.

Meeting
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: Meeting is an assembly of people for a particular purpose, especially for formal discussion.

Micronutrient
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: Micronutrients are essential elements required by plants in varying quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions to maintain health. Micronutrients are used to build and repair tissues and to regulate body processes while macronutrients are converted to, and used for, energy.

Microoganism
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or a colony of cells.

Mildews
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: These are a group of important fungal diseases of seed plants in which the parasite is seen as a superficial growth on the host surface (leaves, green stems and fruits) in the form of patches of varying sizes and colours. The mildews are of two kinds, downy mildews and powdery mildews. The downy mildews are all internal obligate parasites. They are characterised by superficial downy growth consisting of conidiophores and conidia on the host lesions in damp and warm weather. The powdery mildews are external parasites in which the mycelium forms whitish patches on the surface of the leaves of the host plant. The patches appear dusty or powdery with the formation of numerous white conidia which form a coating on the host surface.

Millets
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
comment: Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa (especially in India, Mali, Nigeria, and Niger), with 97% of millet production in developing countries. The crop is favored due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions.

Mineral
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Nutrient
comment: A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound. Most often, they are crystalline and abiogenic in origin. A mineral is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have one specific chemical composition, as a mineral does. A mineral is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form.

Mineral Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress

Mining Algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: Computing Algorithm
comment: Algorithm includes a set of algorithms used to process data mining tasks (including data selection, clustering, claasification, regression, and association rule) on datasets.

Mining Result
type: Class
subclass of: State
comment: State is a result of attributes / concepts in knowledge model.

Mint
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Watermelon
harvesting: Mint leaves can be harvested as soon as the plants have reached 8 to 10 cm (3-4 in) in height. Cut leaves and stems with a sharp knife or scissors. If harvesting whole stems, cut the stem at about 2.5 cm (1 in) from the soil line.
maintenance: Mint is very vigorous and should be pruned regularly to keep the plants in check. Remove any unwanted runners and pinch the tips of the plants back regularly. Mint may be fertilized in the Spring with a slow release fertilizer to supply it with nutrients throughout the growing season. Pinch of any flowers that form to conserve the flavor of the leaves. Essential oil content is reduced during bloom. In areas with mild winters, mint can be moved to a sheltered area of the garden to overwinter, otherwise the plant can be cut to the ground in the Fall. Container grown mint plants can be brought indoors.
propagation: Mint is readily propagated from seeds, cuttings or by dividing an established plant. Seeds should be planted in the Spring or in the Fall in areas that are free from frost. Seeds should be sown to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in). Seedling should be thinned after emergence such that the plants are spaced 46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 in) apart. Established mint can be easily divided for transplanting by taking some branches along with a portion of root. Many people choose to keep mint in containers or sink the containers into the ground when planting to prevent mint from spreading uncontrollably.
requirements: int is a rapidly growing plant which is very easy to grow. It is best grown in partial shade to full sun and is generally very hardy, tolerating temperatures down to -29°C (-20°F). Care should be taken with variegated varieties which may scorch in full sun. Mint is very fast growing which can lead to it invading gardens quickly unless controlled. The best soils for planting mint are rich and moist with a slightly acidic pH between 6.0 and 7.0.
uses: Mint leaves are used fresh or dried to make teas, jams and desserts. Essentila oil can be extracted from the leaves and is used as a flavoring.
comment: Mints belong to the genus Mentha and comprise approximately 20 species in the plant family Lamiaceae and are growm for their leaves which are widely used as a flavoring. Mint plants are mainly aromatic perennials and they possess erect, branching stems and oblong to ovate or lanceolate leaves arranged in opposing pairs on the stems. The leaves are often covered in tiny hairs and have a serrated margin. Mint plants produce a terminal flower spike and the flowers can be white or purple in color depending on variety. Mint plants are fast growing and can become very invasive. They can reach heights of 60–90 cm and will cpntinue to grow for many years once established. Mint may also be referred to by species and these include, but are not limited to peppermint, spearmint, water mint and Japanese mint.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/mint/infos

Model State
type: Class
subclass of: State
comment: Model state is the state of knowledge model from the mining process.

Modeling Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: The outputs produced during the Modeling phase can be combined into one report. We suggest the following sections: Modeling assumption This section defines explicitly any assumptions made about the data and any assumptions that are implicit in the modeling technique to be used. Test design This section describes how the models are built, tested and evaluated. Topics to be covered: - Background – outlines the modeling undertaken and its relation to the data mining goals. For each modeling task: - Broad description of the type of model and the training data to be used. - Explanation of how the model will be tested or assessed. - Description of any data required for testing. - Plan for production of test data if any. - Description of any planned examination of models by domain or data experts. - Summary of test plan. Model description This report describes the delivered models and overviews the process by which they were produced. Topics to be covered: - Overview of models produced. For each model: - Type of model and relation to data mining goals. - Parameter settings used to produce the model. - Detailed description of the model and any special features. For example: - For rule-based models, list the rules produced plus any assessment of per-rule or overall model accuracy and coverage. - For opaque models, list any technical information about the model (such as neural network topology) and any behavioral descriptions produced by the modeling process (such as accuracy or sensitivity). - Description of Model’s behavior and interpretation. - Conclusions regarding patterns in the data (if any); sometimes the model will reveal important facts about the data without a separate assessment process (e.g. that the output or conclusion is duplicated in one of the inputs). - Summary of conclusions. Model assessment This section describes the results of testing the models according to the test design. Topics to be covered: - Overview of assessment process and results including an…

Moisture
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Moisture is the presence of a liquid, especially water, often in trace amounts. Small amounts of water may be found, for example, in the air (humidity), in foods, and in some commercial products. Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air.

Molluscicides
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Molluscicides, also known as snail baits, snail pellets or slug pellets, are pesticides against molluscs, which are usually used in agriculture or gardening, in order to control gastropod pests specifically slugs and snails which damage crops or other valued plants by feeding on them.

Molybdenum (Mo)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Molybdenum is a cofactor to enzymes important in building amino acids and is involved in nitrogen metabolism. Molybdenum is part of the nitrate reductase enzyme (needed for the reduction of nitrate) and the nitrogenase enzyme (required for biological nitrogen fixation).
Acronym: Mo

Month Of Year
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: The month of the year

Multi-sensor platform (MSP)
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor Station

Multispectral Image
type: Class
subclass of: Imagery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Imagery

Mushrooms
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Watermelon
harvesting: Harvest the mushrooms at soil level by carefully twisting them or by cutting them at soil level with sharp knife. Pulling can damage other surrounding mushrooms. Harvest flushes of mushrooms daily. The beds will continue to produce for up to 6 months.
propagation: Substrates for growing Agaricus mushrooms are either agricultural by-products such as straw bedded horse manure or synthetic composts specially formulated for mushroom growing. Horse manure substrates should have a nitrogen content of 1.5–1.7%, while synthetic composts should contain between 1.7 and 1.9%. Additional nitrogen can be added to the substrate if required using nitrogen supplements or through the addition of poultry manure. Gypsum is commonly added to the mix to buffer the pH and to give the compost the desired structure for optimum mushroom growth. The growing substrate then must be composted to make it suitable for growing mushrooms. Horse manure is composted by turning every 4–5 days and watering after each turning to keep the substrate moist. The compost is ready to use when it turns a rich brown color, usually after 4 or 5 turnings. Other compost mixes should be turned after 5–6 days and kept moist by watering. The compost should be turned a second time and should be ready for use after another week. the compost is then set out in trays for planting the spawn. In commercial mushroom production, the compost is pasteurized to remove and fungal, bacterial or insect contaminants from the medium before the spawn is planted. Spawn Mushroom spawn can be purchased from many commercial seed companies or online suppliers. Spawn should be planted when the compost reaches 24°C (75°F) and should be planted in the trays at a depth of 5 cm (2 in) allowing 20–25 cm (8–10 in) between plantings. The temperature should be kept at 21°C (70°F) for the next 21 days before lowering to 15.6°C (60°F) and covering with a 2.5 cm (1 in) layer of good quality soil. The growing mushrooms should be kept moist throughout by watering with a gentle spray of water whenever the top of the soil begins to dry. Tiny white spots should begin to appear on the soil surface after approximately 3 weeks and will begin to be ready for harvest approximately 10 days later.
requirements: Mushrooms grow from a filamentous mass (mycelia or 'spawn') that grows on dead or decaying plant material. Agaricus mushrooms can be cultivated in a dark, moist, cool space such as a basement. Agaricus mushrooms require a rich organic material in which to grow such as horse manure. Oyster mushrooms are cultivated on hardwood logs by introducing spawn into pre-drilled holes in the wood or or by sawing a section through the log and covering the exposed wood in spawn before nailing the log back together. The logs are then stored in watertight bags containing sand and soaked with water. Oyster mushrooms can also be grown in straw or sawdust by inoculating the sterile substrate with spawn and sealing in plastic bags. Straw mushrooms can be grown on wheat straw, rice straw or sawdust inoculated with spawn and stored at temperatures between 28 and 36°C and relative humidity of 75–85%.
uses: Mushrooms are widely used after cooking and are incorporated into many dishes worldwide.
comment: Mushrooms are the fleshy fruiting bodies of fungi and include edible species in the genus Agaricus (button mushrooms, portabellas and criminis), Pleurotus (oyster mushrooms), and Volvariella, (straw mushrooms). Mushrooms are highly variable in appearance depending on their stage of development and variety. Agaricus mushrooms have a cap and stem, the cap is a pale grey or brown in color and is rounder while immature, but flattens out as it reaches maturity and can reach a diameter of 5–10 cm (2–4 in). Pleurotus mushrooms may not have a stem and instead may be laterally attached to a growing substrate such as the bark of a a tree. Pleurotus mushrooms are smooth and elongated and can reach 4–15 cm (1.5–6.0 in) in diameter. Volvariella mushrooms are small, with pink gills and a characteristic sac-like covering (volva) at the base of the stem. The cap can reach 5–15 cm (2–6 in) in diameter.

Mustard
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: OilSeeds
harvesting: Mustard is generally ready to harvest 80 to 85 days after planting. The crop should be harvested promptly to reduce losses to shattering. In commercially grown fields the recommended method of harvest is swathing. The plants should be cut just below the height of the lowest seed pods. In the home garden, mustard can be harvested by hand by cutting the plants. The seeds can then be recovered from the pods and dried for storage.
maintenance: Weeds can cause huge losses in mustard cultivation as they quickly out compete seedlings and are difficult to eradicate once established. The best method of preventing weed growth in a mustard field is to plant seeds at the appropriate depth. Shallow planted seeds germinate rapidly, allowing the development of a uniform plant stand. Established plants are less susceptible to competition from weeds. soil should be tested to determine nutrient requirements prior to planting. Mustard will benefit from the addition of supplemental nitrogen and this is generally applied at a rate of 100–120 lb per acre.
propagation: Mustards is propagated from seed and due to the small size of the seeds, should be planted in a well prepared seed bed which is firm and flat. Mustard seeds should be sown in Spring once soils have warmed to 4.4–7.2°C (40–45°F) and should be planted at a depth of 1.25–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) at a density of 8–14 lbs of seeds per acre. The seed can be spread by broadcasting in the home garden or, in the case of commercial production, using a seed drill. Mustard generally matures in 80–85 days.
requirements: Mustard grows very well in cool climates with short growing seasons, at temperatures as low as 4.4°C (40°F). Seedlings can tolerate some light frost but severe frost will kill the plants. The mustard plant can be grown in sandy, loamy or clay soils with a pH between 4.9 and 8.2 and prefers moist soil. The plant will tolerate partial shade.
uses: The leaves and shoots of the mustard plant are consumed as a vegetable in some countries. Mustard seed is incorporated into seasonings and dressings. Mustard may be grown as a cover crop in rotation with other vegetables.
comment: Mustards, (Brassica spp.) are herbaceous annual plants in the family Brassicaceae grown for their seeds which are used as a spice. Mustard plants are thin herbaceous herbs with yellow flowers. The leaves of the plant are toothed, lobed, and occasionally have the larger terminal lobes. Plants can reach 16 cm (6.3 in) in length. The yellow flowers grow in spike like clusters of 2–12 flowers and individual flowers are 8 mm (0.3 in) in diameter. The seeds are red to brown in color and produced from each flower. Mustard can grow 1.2-2 m (4–6.6 ft) in height and as an annual plant, survives only one growing season. Mustard may also be referred to as mustard, brown mustard, red mustard, yellow mustard or wedlock and is believed to have originated in the temperate regions of Europe.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
comment: Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, with a slight metallic scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.
Acronym: N2O
comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide

Ammonia (NH3)
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
comment: Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.
Acronym: NH3

Natrium (Na)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient

Natural Phenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: Phenomenon
comment: Natural phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to environment, such as planet, soil, weather.

Near-infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy
type: Class
subclass of: Spectrophotometer

Necrosis
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
comment: Death or killing of the host tissues induced by the attack of a pathogen is called necrosis. It may be caused by rots, blights, wilts, die back and cankers and may be general or local, gradual or rapid. When necrosis is general it is called decay and rotting. The causal organism may be a fungus or a bacterium. Rotting is universal in plants. It takes a heavy toll of useful plants. The rots are of many kinds. The common ones are dry rots, wet rots, soft rots, hard rots, brown rots, and black rots. These rots cause general necrosis and progress slowly or rapidly.

Network
type: Class
subclass of: Observe System

Nickel (Ni)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
Acronym: Ni
comment: In higher plants, nickel is absorbed by plants in the form of Ni2+ ion. Nickel is essential for activation of urease, an enzyme involved with nitrogen metabolism that is required to process urea. Without nickel, toxic levels of urea accumulate, leading to the formation of necrotic lesions. In lower plants, nickel activates several enzymes involved in a variety of processes, and can substitute for zinc and iron as a cofactor in some enzymes.

Nighttime
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: The time between dusk and dawn; also, the time between sunset and sunrise.

Nitrogen (N)
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
unit: Kg/Ha
comment: Nitrogen is a key element in plant growth. It is found in all plant cells, in plant proteins and hormones, and in chlorophyll. Atmospheric nitrogen is a source of soil nitrogen. Some plants such as legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen in their roots; otherwise fertiliser factories use nitrogen from the air to make ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea. When applied to soil, nitrogen is converted to mineral form, nitrate, so that plants can take it up. Soils high in organic matter such as chocolate soils are generally higher in nitrogen than podzolic soils. Nitrate is easily leached out of soil by heavy rain, resulting in soil acidification. You need to apply nitrogen in small amounts often so that plants use all of it, or in organic form such as composted manure, so that leaching is reduced.
Acronym: N

Nitrogen Deficiency
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Disorder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Nitrogen (N)
comment: All plants require sufficient supplies of macronutrients for healthy growth, and nitrogen (N) is a nutrient that is commonly in limited supply. Nitrogen deficiency in plants can occur when organic matter with high carbon content, such as sawdust, is added to soil. Soil organisms use any nitrogen to break down carbon sources, making N unavailable to plants.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
type: Class
subclass of: Spectrophotometer

Nutrient
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
type: NamedIndividual
comment: A nutrient is a component in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. A nutrient is also a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. Macronutrients provide the bulk energy an organism's metabolic system needs to function while micronutrients provide the necessary cofactors for metabolism to be carried out. Both types of nutrients can be acquired from the environment. Micronutrients are used to build and repair tissues and to regulate body processes while macronutrients are converted to, and used for, energy.

Nuts
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
comment: A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, a wide variety of dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed.

Oak
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
type: Nuts
comment: Oak are one of the most popular shade trees, and provide excellent habitat for wildlife. Oak are hardwood trees, and a mature oak may grow well over 200 years. Oaks are commonly used in native forestry plantations and their wood is very popular for furniture and flooring.

Oats
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
description: Oats are annual grasses belonging to the genus Avena, in the family Poaceae and are grown primarily for use as livestock feed. Several species of oats are grown commercially in different regions of the world, including Avena sativa (common oat), Avena byzantina (Algerian or red oat), Avena nuda (naked oat) and Avena sterilis (the sterile or animated oat). Like wheat, oats generally have been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring oats are planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter oats are planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Oats generally possess an upright stem and fibrous root system. The inflorescence consists of a number of branches, or racemes, and spikelets (20-150 per plant) which usually contain three florets or flowers (naked oats produce 3-7 flowers per spikelet). Generally, two seeds (kernels) are produced per spikelet, but sometimes only one develops. Ancestors of the common oat, Avena sativa and the closely related Avena byzantina originated from the Fertile Crescent of the Near East.
estimate yield: Yields range from 60 to 80 US bushels per acre (5.2-7.0 m3/ha) on marginal land, to 100 to 150 US bushels per acre (8.7-13.1 m3/ha) on high-producing land. The average production is 100 bushels per acre, or 3.5 tonnes per hectare.
harvesting: Oats are ready to harvest when the kernels are at the “hard doughâ€ stage when the grain moisture content drops below 14%. The plants will have lost their green color and appear yellow-brown. The kernels harden and cannot be dented with a fingernail. Commercially produced oats are harvested by combine. Small-scale productions can be harvested by hand cutting. After harvest, the grain must be dried before being stored.
maintenance: Soil should be tested prior to planting oats in order to establish the rate of fertilizer and lime application required. Lime is often applied to raise the pH of the soil. if pH is too low, yields may be reduced. Nitrogen should be applied to oats after seedlings emerge at a rate of 20 lb per acre. Further applications are made throughout the growing season based on the specific soil and rotation schedule. In addition to nitrogen, oats require phosphorus and potassium for optimal growth. The rates of application of these nutrients should be based on the results of a soil test.
propagation: Oats are propagated from seed which can be sown in Spring or in Fall depending on the variety, prevailing climate and the intended use. Commercially produced oats are drilled into a prepared seedbed. Seedbeds should be firm and free of any weeds or vegetation. If oats are being grown to harvest grain then the recommended seeding rate is 60-90 lb of seed per acre. This should be increased slightly if the seeds is being sown by broadcasting as is commonly the case in small-scale production or home gardens. Seeds should be sown at depths of 3-7 cm (1.2-2.8 in) allowing 15-17 cm (5.9-6.7 in) between rows.
requirements: Oats grow best in cool, moist climates, with the optimum temperature for growth being between 20 and 21oC (68-70oF). The plants will thrive in well drained soils but are adapted to grow in many soil types, requiring a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. Oats are less tolerant of drought and heat than other cereals but, like other small grains, tolerate acidic soils well.
sowing rate: 70.0kg/acre (175.0kg/ha) (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
uses: Oats can be rolled or crushed to produce oatmeal or ground to produce oat flour. Oats may also be used in the production of several baked goods such as oat cakes or oat bread. The vast majority of commercially grown oats are used as livestock feed.
References: CABI Crop Protection Compendium. (2010). Avena sativa (oats) datasheet.
comment: Oats are annual grasses belonging to the genus Avena, in the family Poaceae and are grown primarily for use as livestock feed. Several species of oats are grown commercially in different regions of the world, including Avena sativa (common oat), Avena byzantina (Algerian or red oat), Avena nuda (naked oat) and Avena sterilis (the sterile or animated oat). Like wheat, oats generally have been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring oats are planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter oats are planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Oats generally possess an upright stem and fibrous root system. The inflorescence consists of a number of branches, or racemes, and spikelets (20–150 per plant) which usually contain three florets or flowers (naked oats produce 3–7 flowers per spikelet). Generally, two seeds (kernels) are produced per spikelet, but sometimes only one develops. Ancestors of the common oat, Avena sativa and the closely related Avena byzantina originated from the Fertile Crescent of the Near East.
References: Paid subscription required. Mask, P. L., van Reissen, H. W. & Ball, D. (1994). Production guide for oats. Alabama Cooperative Extension System.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/oats/infos

Object Image
type: Class
subclass of: Imagery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Imagery
comment: Object image can be Crop Images, which are images of plants or plant parts

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Process
References: http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/Observation
comment: Observation - Act of carrying out an (observation) procedure to estimate or calculate a value of a property.

Observation Value
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor Output
References: https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn#term-ObservationValue
Source: skos:exactMatch 'measured quantity value' [VIM 2.10] http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf skos:exactMatch 'observed value' [SensorML OGC-0700] http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sensorml skos:closeMatch 'observation result' [O&M] http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/om O&M conflates what we have as SensorOutput and ObservationValue into observation result, though the OGC standard does say "result contains a value" and "a result which has a value", which fits naturally with the model here.
comment: The observation value is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.

Observe System
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
References: http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn#System

Oil
type: Class
subclass of: Product
comment: Oil is a smooth, thick liquid made from plants and is often used for cooking.

Oil palm
type: Class
subclass of: OilSeeds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
description: Oil palm, includes the palm species native to Africa, Elaeis guineensis, and the species native to South and Central America, Elaeis oleifera. Both species are perennial tropical trees in the family Arecaceae which are grown for their oil which is used in cooking and in industry. Oil palm trees are unbranched with a long stout single stem, or trunk, terminating in a crown of 7-100 leaves. The leaves are pinnate and can reach 3-5 m (9.8-16.4 ft) in length. The tree produces large, spherical red fruits in bunches. Up to 200 fruits can be produced per bunch and and the oil is extracted from the pulp and kernel. Oil palm can reach heights of 20-30 m (65.6-98.4 ft) and has an economic lifespan of 25-30 years, at which point they become too tall to be managed efficiently and are cut down. Left alone, oil palm has been known to live for periods up to 200 years. Oil palm may also be referred to as African oil palm and originated from West Africa.
harvesting: Harvesting of oil palms generally begins 2.5 years after the trees are planted in the field. Harvesting takes place throughout the year, usually at 2-3 week intervals, as the bunches ripen. Bunches are harvested by cutting from the tree using a sharp knife or sickle.
maintenance: Oil palms are frequently planted along with a leguminous cover crop which helps provide nitrogen to the palms while also suppressing weeds. When bunches are harvested, it is usual for fronds to be pruned. The number of fronds per palm is maintained at between 35 and 40. Oil palm plantations are rarely, if ever, irrigated. Due to the moisture requirements of the palms, supplemental irrigation is recommended during dry spells.
propagation: Trees are propagated from seed and are germinated prior to planting by moistening them and and placing them in a small box within a polyethylene bag placed in a germinator. Once the seeds have germinated they are allowed to grow further in a pre-nursery (a prepared bed, tray or container with fertile soil). The seedlings are then planted on into a nursery where they will be allowed to grow for a further 6-12 months before they are planted in the field. Field seedlings are planted in the field allowing 9 m (29.5 ft) between trees and an additional 9 m (29.5 ft) between rows. Trees will begin to bear fruit after 3-4 years.
requirements: Oil palm is typically grown in tropical lowland regions over large areas. The tree requires deep soil and stable high temperatures (30-32oC/86-89.6oF for at least 80 days) for optimum productivity. Temperatures below 20oC (68oF) will severely reduce the growth of both species, while the African oil palm will also suffer a reduction in growth at temperatures above 40oC (104oF). Palms will grow in a variety of deep tropical soils and will tolerate a pH between 4.0 and 8.0. Oil palms have a requirement for continuous moisture throughout the year. The trees can tolerate 2-3 months of dry conditions but it can affect yields.
uses: Palm oil is widely used as a cooking oil, as an ingredient in many processed foods and as a substitute for butter. Palm oil can be used to produce biodiesel. Palm oil is also used as a binding agent in cosmetics.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/oil-palm/infos
comment: Oil palm, includes the palm species native to Africa, Elaeis guineensis, and the species native to South and Central America, Elaeis oleifera. Both species are perennial tropical trees in the family Arecaceae which are grown for their oil which is used in cooking and in industry. Oil palm trees are unbranched with a long stout single stem, or trunk, terminating in a crown of 7-100 leaves. The leaves are pinnate and can reach 3-5 m (9.8-16.4 ft) in length. The tree produces large, spherical red fruits in bunches. Up to 200 fruits can be produced per bunch and and the oil is extracted from the pulp and kernel. Oil palm can reach heights of 20-30 m (65.6-98.4 ft) and has an economic lifespan of 25-30 years, at which point they become too tall to be managed efficiently and are cut down. Left alone, oil palm has been known to live for periods up to 200 years. Oil palm may also be referred to as African oil palm and originated from West Africa.

OilSeeds
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
comment: Oil Seeds
comment: Seed oil is a vegetable oil that is obtained from the seed (endosperm) of some plant, rather than the fruit. Most vegetable oils are seed oils. Some common examples are sunflower oil, canola oil, and sesame oil.

Okra
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Pods are usually ready for harvesting 2 months after planting. Okra pods are generally ready to harvest 4 to 6 days after flowering and pods should be harvested every 2–3 days when they have reached 7.6–15.2 cm (3–5 in) in length. Pods can be removed from the plant by cutting with a sharp knife or by snapping from the plant.
maintenance: Okra requires a moist soil for optimum development. Water should be applied at a rate of 1.5 inches every 10 days is recommended in hotter areas. In cooler climates, plants require less water as it tends to cool the plants and restrict their growth. Okra benefits from the addition of nitrogen and phosphorous. Growers generally apply ammonium phosphate fertilizer that contain both nutrients at a rate of 100 lb per acre prior to planting seed. Chicken manure may be spread in place of chemical fertilizer 1 week prior to planting. An additional side dressing of 40–60 lb of nitrogen can be applied 6 weeks after planting. Due to the long period over which okra is harvested, weeds can become a problem and require management. in the home garden, weeds can be removed by careful cultivation of the soil around the plants. Applications of appropriate herbicides may be required in commercial production.
propagation: Okra is typically propagated from seed. Soaking seeds in water overnight prior to planting helps the plants to germinate. In the home garden, seeds should be sown at a depth of 2.5 cm (1 in) leaving 25–45 cm (10–18 in) between rows only after the soil has reached a temperature of 18°C (65°F). In commercial okra production, seeds are planted in rows spaced 0.65–1.0 m (26–40 in) apart. Okra seed is commonly planted at a rate of 10 lb per acre but this quantity is vastly reduced by the use of precision planting methods. Seedlings are thinned to a final spacing of 15.0–22.5 cm (6–9 in) when they are 4–6 weeks old to produce the final plant stand.
requirements: Okra is a heat loving plant, growing best in southern climates in a well draining, light sandy to medium loams. Soils should be high in organic matter with a pH between 5.8 to 6.8. If planting in clay soil, transplants are recommended due to the difficulty encountered in seedling emerging from the heavy soil. The plant should be grown in an area of high sunlight and grows best in hot temperatures. Soil temperatures should be at least 18.3°C (65°F) with optimal growth of the plants occurring at soil temperatures between 23.9–32.3°C (75–90°F).
uses: The young seed pods are eaten fresh or cooked as a vegetable. The seeds can be used to extract oil. Okra fiber can be used in paper production.
comment: Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Malvaceae which is grown for its edible seed pods. Okra plants have small erect stems that can be bristly or hairless with heart-shaped leaves. The leaves are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with 5–7 lobes The plant produces flowers with five white to yellow petals which are 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter. The seed pod is a capsule up to 25 cm (10 in) long, containing numerous seeds. Okra can grow 1.2–1.8 m (4–6 ft) tall and as an annual plant, survives only one growing season. Okra may also be referred to as lady's fingers and is believed to have originated in Ethiopia.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/okra/infos

Olive
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: The olive, known by the botanical name Olea europaea, meaning "European olive", is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin. The olive's fruit, also called an "olive", is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil;

On-line vis-NIR sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
References: Mouazen, A. M., Maleki, M. R., De Baerdemaeker, J., & Ramon, H. (2007). On-line measurement of some selected soil properties using a VIS-NIR sensor. Soil and Tillage Research, 93, 13e27.

Onion
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Onion, Allium cepa, is an herbaceous biennial in the family Liliaceae grown for its edible bulb. The stem of the plant is a flattened disc at the base and the tubular leaves form a pseudostem where their sheaths overlap. The leaves are either erect or oblique and there are 3–8 per plant. The onion plant produces pink or white flowers clustered on stalks. The bulbs are formed just above the flattened stem of the plant by overlapping leaves. The bulb is made up of several layers, each corresponding to a leaf. They are are generally oval but shape can be variable and occur in clusters of 3–18 to a plant. The bulb is protected by a membrane which turns to a papery coat. Onion plants can reach a height of 50 cm (20 in) and are grown as annuals, harvested after one growing season. Onion may also be referred to by cultivar and these include red or purple onion, shallots and spring onions or scallions. The origin of the onion has not been conclusively determined although it is likely to be somewhere in South East Asia where the gene pool is most diverse.
harvesting: When the soil at the base of the plants begins to crack, this indicates that the bulbing process has begun. Fertilizer applications should be stopped at this point. Avoid hilling the soil over the bulbs as onions mature best if they are on top of the soil. When the onion bulbs are mature, the leaves will begin to yellow and fall over. The tops can be bent right back to speed maturation. After a few days, the bulbs can be pulled and left on the soil surface to begin curing. Any damaged onions should be cooked and consumed right away as they will not store well. Onions should be cured for several weeks before storing. This can be done outdoors by placing them on a plastic sheet off of the ground, under cover if the weather is wet.
maintenance: Onions should be watered thoroughly after planting and once every week thereafter, applying approximately 1 inch of water each time. Be careful not to allow the soil to become dry and cracked as onions have a shallow root system and this indicates a lack of water. Water adequately but do not overwater. Remove any weeds around young plants by hoeing shallowly so as not to damage the roots of the onions. Plants should be fertilized avery few weeks with a high nitrogen fertilizer.
propagation: In milder climates, onion seeds can be direct seeded as soon as the soil is workable in the Spring, 4–6 weeks before the last frost date, or even earlier if starting seeds indoors to produce transplants. The planting site should be cultivated deeply and be free of stones. Work some compost into the soil and ensure that soil has a soft crumbly texture before planting. Seeds should be sown 2.5 cm (1 in) deep allowing 10–13 cm between plants and 30–45 cm (12–18 in) between rows. Onion transplants which have been started indoors can be transplanted to the garden at a similar time to planting seeds. Transplants are best produced in cell trays by planting 2 seeds per cell. Once the seeds have germinated, the seedlings should be thinned to one plant per cell. Transplants are ready to be planted when the root system has developed sufficiently to bind the soil in the cell together. Transplants should be spaced 10–13 cm allowing 30–45 cm (12–18 in) between rows. Onion sets are small, immature onion bulbs which can be purchased from seed companies and garden centers for planting in place of seeds. Select the smaller sets for planting as they are less prone to bolting. Sets should be planted 2 cm (0.75 in) deep allowing 5–7.5 cm between sets and 25 cm (10 in) between rows.
requirements: Onions are hardy, cool season vegetables that grow best at temperatures of 12 to 24 °C (55–75 °F), growing particularly well in areas with cool spring weather and drier, hotter summer weather. They require a fertile, well-draining soil such as clay or silt loams with a pH of 5.5–6.5. The plants do not do well in acidic soils. Onions should be set out in full sun for optimum bulb development. Onions are biennial vegetables and if they are left in the ground for a second year, they will produce flowers and set seed.
uses: The bulb is an edible vegetable and is the most commonly used part of the onion, usually consumed after cooking although it can be eaten fresh. The stems and leaves are also edible.
comment: Onion also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Its close relatives include the garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, chive,[2] and Chinese onion.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion

Online Marrket
type: Class
subclass of: Market
comment: An onlinemarket (online marketplace or online e-commerce marketplace) is a type of e-commerce site where product or service information is provided by multiple third parties. Online marketplaces are the primary type of multichannel ecommerce and can be a way to streamline the production process.

Orange
type: Class
subclass of: Citrus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Citrus
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Orange, Citrus sinensis, is an evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its edible fruit. The orange tree is branched with a rounded crown and possesses elliptical or oval leaves which are alternately arranged on the branches. The leaves have narrowly winged petioles, a feature that distinguishes it from bitter orange, which has broadly winged petioles. The tree produces white flowers singly or clustered on a raceme. The fruit is a spherical berry with a green-yellow to orange skin covered in indented glands and a segmented pulpy flesh and several seeds. Orange trees can grow to a height of 6-15 m (16-49 ft) and can live for periods in excess of 100 years. Most plantations have an economic lifespan of around 30 years. Orange may also be referred to as sweet orange or navel orange and is believed to have originated from a wild ancestor in the border between Vietnam and China.
maintenance: Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3-7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year.
propagation: Orange seedlings are usually produced by grafting or budding to an appropriate rootstock as seeds will not produce fruit true to type. Grafting is the process by which a scion from one plant is joined to the rootstock of another to produce a new tree. Budding is a special type of grafting where the scion that is joined to the rootstock consists of a single bud. Budding is commonly used in citrus propagation as it is the easier of the two processes and works very well. Planting Orange trees can be purchased as seedlings which have already been grafted and only require planting in the garden or orchard. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Standard sized trees should be spaced 3.7-7.6 m (12-25 ft) apart in an area that receives full sunlight, but is protected from strong winds which can damage the trees. Planting against a south facing wall will help protect the tree in cooler climates.
requirements: Orange is a subtropical plant and the trees grow best in regions with a pronounced change in season. They will grow best at temperatures between 12.8 and 37.8oC (55-100oF) during the growing season and 1.7 to 10oC (35-50oF) during dormancy. Mature orange trees can survive short periods of freezing, whereas young trees will be killed. Trees should be protected from frosts and freezing conditions to prevent damage. The trees will also tolerate drought conditions but perform poorly in water-logged soil. Trees will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Orange trees require full sun and should be protected from wind which can cause damage to the trees.
uses: Oranges can be consumed as a fresh fruit and are commonly pressed or squeezed to produce orange juice.
comment: Orange, Citrus sinensis, is an evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its edible fruit. The orange tree is branched with a rounded crown and possesses elliptical or oval leaves which are alternately arranged on the branches. The leaves have narrowly winged petioles, a feature that distinguishes it from bitter orange, which has broadly winged petioles. The tree produces white flowers singly or clustered on a raceme. The fruit is a spherical berry with a green-yellow to orange skin covered in indented glands and a segmented pulpy flesh and several seeds. Orange trees can grow to a height of 6-15 m (16-49 ft) and can live for periods in excess of 100 years. Most plantations have an economic lifespan of around 30 years. Orange may also be referred to as sweet orange or navel orange and is believed to have originated from a wild ancestor in the border between Vietnam and China.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/orange/infos

Order
type: Class
subclass of: InUse

Organic Carbon
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation OrganicCarbon
Acronym: OC
comment: Organic carbon (OC) or Total Organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
alternative label: Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)

Organic Fertilizer
type: Class
equivalent class: Organic Mature
subclass of: Fertilizer
comment: Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal matter, animal excreta (manure), human excreta, and vegetable matter (e.g. compost and crop residues). Naturally occurring organic fertilizers include animal wastes from meat processing, peat, manure, slurry, and guano.

Organic Mature
type: Class
subclass of: Fertilizer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fertilizer
Acronym: OM
label: Organic Manure
comment: Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web.

Organic Matter
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation OrganicMatter
unit: %
comment: Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment.
Acronym: OM

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: An organization, or organisation is an entity, such as a company, an institution, or an association, comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.

Other Chemical
type: Class
subclass of: Nutrient
comment: Other common chemicals related to agriculture.

Oxygen (O2)
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
type: Gas
Acronym: O2
comment: Oxygen is the chemical element, which is necessary for cellular respiration; plants use oxygen to store energy in the form of ATP.
comment: Oxygen is an important element for plant growth. Reducing its concentration in the soil affects plant physiological processes such as nutrient and water uptake as well as respiration, the redox potential of soil elements and the activity of microorganisms.

Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5)
type: Class
equivalent class: Phosphate (P2O5)
subclass of: Mineral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mineral
unit: Kg/Ha
comment: Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.
label: P2O5

Papaya
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Papaya, Carica papaya, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Caricaceae grown for its edible fruit. The papaya plant is tree-like,usually unbranched and has hollow stems and petioles. The leaves are palmately lobed, spirally arranged and clustered at the growing tip of the trunk. Papaya trees can be male, female or hermaphrodite and the type of inflorescence produced is reflective of this. Male trees produce many flowers on long, pendulous panicles while female trees produce either solitary flowers of clusters of a few flowers which are yellow-green in color. Hermaphrodite trees produce bisexual flowers. The papaya fruit is a large fleshy berry with smooth green skin that ripens to yellow or orange. The flesh of the fruit is thick and succulent and ranges in color from yellow to red or orange. The fruit contains many black wrinkled seeds. Papaya trees range in height from 2–10 m (6.6–33 ft) and can live for up to 25 years. Plantations are usually replaced every 3 years to ensure maximum productivity. Papaya may also be referred to as pawpaw and is believed to originate from the Caribbean region on Central America.
harvesting: Papaya fruits generally require 22–26 weeks to mature. The fruits can be picked when 1/5 of the fruit surface has turned from green to yellow but leaving them on the tree longer will increase the sugar content of the fruit. Fruit can be twisted or snapped from the tree or cut using a sharp knife.
maintenance: Papaya seedlings are very susceptible to competition from weeds and the areas around the trees should be kept weed-free. A layer of mulch around the plants can successfully suppress weeds. Papaya requires regular fertilizer applications to meet the nutrient requirements for fruit production. In commercial plantations, fertilizer is usually applied 2–4 times per year. In the home garden, the addition of 1/4 cup of a balanced fertilizer every 14 days is usually sufficient. As the trees mature, the amount of fertilizer should be increased. When trees reach 7 to 8 months, 1–2 lbs of a complete fertilizer should be provided every 2 months. Papaya trees should be watered regularly, particularly during hot, dry periods. Papaya trees do not require pruning but it is good practice to remove any dead leaves from the tree.
propagation: Papaya is propagated from seed due to the labor involved in producing cuttings. Seeds are usually sown in small containers or nursery beds in sterilized soil. It is usual to sow 3–4 seeds per container and seeds can take 3–4 weeks to germinate depending on temperature.. Seedlings are transplanted after approximately 2 months when the reach approximately 20 cm (8 in) in height and possess 3–4 leaves. Seedlings are commonly planted on hills or ridges to aid drainage and should be spaced 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) apart.
requirements: Papaya is a tropical plant and will grow optimally at temperatures between 21 and 33°C (69.8–91.4°F) in areas with no frost. Papaya can be grown in a range of soils as long as there is adequate drainage but will grow optimally in light, well-draining soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Papaya requires well distributed rainfall of about 4 inches per month. In areas with low rainfall, trees should be provided with supplemental irrigation. Trees are very sensitive to flooding and water-logged soils should be be avoided. Papaya is also sensitive to high winds and the tall trees can be easily toppled. Windy areas should be avoided for planting.
uses: Papaya fruits are commonly eaten fresh. The may also be processed into jams, jellies and juices are dried and candied. Green fruits and young leaves can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
comment: Papaya is native to Central America and exists in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. There are three different tree types, female plants, male plants and bisexual plants. The female and bisexual plants are the only ones that produce fruit. Depending on the tree type, this fruit is small to medium round or medium to large oblong shape. Fruit flesh is generally yellow, although some red and orange types exist as well.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/papaya-pawpaw/infos

Pathogen
type: Class
subclass of: Microoganism
comment: A pathogen is anything that can produce disease; Typically the term is used to describe an infectious agent such as a virus, bacterium, prion, a fungus, or even another micro-organism. There are several substrates including pathways where the pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen. Diseases caused by organisms in humans are known as pathogenic diseases.

Pea
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
comment: The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus.

Peach
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
maintenance: Peaches should be pruned annually, including the year of planting and are best trained to an open center. When the tree is bearing fruit, it is important to thin the fruits to prevent the tree from over-bearing. Aim to have 1 fruit every 8 inches. This allows fruits to become larger and prevents the tree from reducing production the following year. Trees should be watered regularly during the growing season to aid with fruit development. During dry periods, water trees every 10 to 14 days. Apply water deeply and widely, to at least the width of the canopy. Trees will also benefit from the application of a nitrogen fertilizer in Spring.
propagation: Peach trees are propagated vegetatively to maintain the desirable genetic characteristic of the parent. Commercial trees are usually propagated by T-budding in the summer. T-budding involves joining a bud from a desired variety onto an appropriate rootstock. Buds can also be collected late in the summer for budding during dormancy. The budwood should be collected from healthy shoots of current season growth, leaves removed and the budwood kept moist until the union with the rootstock is made. The budwood is joined to the rootstock by inserting the bud stick into a T-shaped cut on the bark of the rootstock and allowing it to grow. The rest of the tree is pruned to force the growth of the new bud which has the desired characteristics.
requirements: Peaches grow best in areas with warm summers and require a summer temperature between 20 and 30°C (68-86°F) for the fruit to mature. The trees also have a chilling requirement to break dormancy but fruit buds can be damaged by prolonged periods below -15°C (5°F) and as such, the majority of production takes place in countries which are relatively close to the equator. In addition, peach trees bloom early and can be damaged by late frosts. Trees grow best in well-draining sandy loams in areas that receive full sun but can will grow in a variety of soils as long as water does not sit on the surface after heavy rainfall. It can be beneficial to plant the trees on elevated land to allow cold air to drain away. Trees will grow optimally in soils with a pH of 6.5.
uses: Peach trees are primarily grown for their fruit which is consumed fresh. Peach trees are also grown as ornamental plants.
comment: Peach, Prunus persica, is a deciduous tree or shrub in the family Rosaceae grown for its edible fruit of the same name. The peach tree is relatively short with slender and and supple branches. The leaves are alternately arranged, slender and pointed. The tree produces pink flowers which have five petals and emerge in January and February. The fruit is a velvety, soft, fleshy red to yellow-orange fruit which is oval in shape and 3-8 cm in diameter. Peach trees can grow up to 8 m (19 ft) in height and produce fruit for 10 to 20 years. Peach may also be referred to as nectarine, the two fruits belonging to the same species, although nectarines have smooth skin, and are believed to have originated in China.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/peach/infos

Peanut
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Nuts
harvesting: Peanuts are ready for harvest between 85 and 130 days after sowing, depending on the variety. Pods can be harvested by hand or by mechanical means. Plants should be pulled from the ground and the pods removed. After harvest, pods are dried in the sun for 2–10 days until their moisture content is about 10%.
maintenance: To achieve maximum yields, peanut fields should be kept as free as possible from competing weeds. Plants should be supplied with additional irrigation if dry conditions coincide with flowering and pod fill. Peanuts do not generally require the addition of supplemental nitrogen as their roots form symbioses bacteria which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Peanuts require calcium in the soil for good pod fill. the calcium in the soil is absorbed directly by the pods in the pegging zone. Calcium deficient soils may result in empty or poorly filled pods.
propagation: Peanut is usually propagated from seed. Seeds should be planted in a well prepared seedbed in soil that is loose and crumbly with no large clumps. The seedbed should be free from weeds which will compete with the peanut seedlings. Weeds may be removed by hand cultivating or through the use of an appropriate herbicide. Peanut seeds should be planted by hand to a depth of 3–5 cm (1–2 in). It is best to ridge the soil or use flat beds as this will make harvesting the peanuts easier. Peanuts can be grown a sole crop or intercropped with other crops such as corn (maize), cassava or soybean.
requirements: Peanuts grow very well in tropical and subtropical climates, requiring warm temperatures and a long growing season. Plants grow optimally at a temperatures between 30 and 34°C (86–93°F) although they will tolerate a range between 15 and 45°C (59–113°F). Temperatures above 34°C may damage flowers. The peanut plant grows best in a light, well draining sandy loam, but may also grow in heavier soils. The optimal pH range for peanut growth is with a pH of 6.0-6.5. Peanuts are resistant to drought and can withstand long periods without water albeit with a reduction in yield. For optimal production, a well distributed rainfall of between 500 and 600 mm of water over the course of the growing season is ideal.
uses: Most commercially grown peanuts are used for the extraction of their oil which is used in cooking. The by product of oil extraction is a pressed cake which is used as an animal feed and also in the production of peanut flour. Raw kernels are also commonly roasted and eaten as a snack food.
comment: Peanut, also called groundnut, earthnut, or goober, legume of the pea family, grown for its edible seeds. Native to tropical South America, the peanut was at an early time introduced to the Old World tropics. The seeds are a nutritionally dense food, rich in protein and fat.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/peanut-groundnut/infos

Pear
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
harvesting: Pear fruits are usually harvested when mature, but are are ripened off of the tree. Pear allowed to ripen on the tree tend to ripen from the core outwards, resulting in fruit with mushy centers. It can be difficult to determine the correct time to harvest pears and so a variety of factors should be taken into consideration prior to picking. One of the most common indicators of maturity is the firmness of the fruit. Commercial plantations use devices called penetrometers to determine fruit firmness. Pears should be harvested when the reading is between 16 and 19 pounds.
maintenance: The amount of fertilizer that should be supplied to pear trees depends on the soil type and composition and should be checked with the aid of a soil test. Less nitrogen is supplied to pear trees than to apple as it promotes vigorous growth, increasing susceptibility to fire blight. in the first year of growth, phosphorous and potassium may be required but in subsequent years, only nitrogen is generally added to the soil. The area around the base of the pear tree should be kept free from weeds which compete for water and nutrients. In commercial plantations, appropriate herbicides may be used for weed control. In the home garden, weeds can be removed by hand. Pear trees may require fruit to be thinned to prevent over production which can lead to reduced yields in subsequent years or cause damage to the tree through excess weight. fruits should be thinned early in the season to a final density of approximately 1 fruit every 15 cm (6 in).
propagation: Pear trees are propagated by budding onto suitable rootstocks. Rootstocks are usually also pear but quince is also used in warmer growing regions. Pear trees are usually acquired from the nursery as bare-rooted seedlings. They are planted by digging a whole which is large enough to accommodate the outstretched roots of the tree without bending. The graft union should be at least 10–15 cm (4–6 in) above the soil line.Trees should be spaced 4.8 m (16 ft) apart, leaving 7.5 m (25 ft) between rows. The best time for planting is in early Spring or Fall while the trees are still dormant. Young trees are susceptible to wind damage and should be provided with a wind break.
requirements: Pears grow very well in areas that have a late frost and a cool, dry summer and will grow at temperatures between -26 and 45°C (-14.8–133°F). Pear trees have a chilling requirement of between 1000 and 1500 hours between 0 and 7°C (32–44.6°F) to break dormancy depending on the particular variety being grown. Generally, trees must cross pollinate with a different variety in order to successfully set fruit. Pear trees require a deep, well draining soil with a pH of 6–7 and will grow in sandy, medium or heavy soil. Pear trees are the most tolerant of all fruit trees of wet soils but roots should not be waterlogged for more than a few days at a time.
uses: The pear fruit is eaten fresh or can be cooked in a range of sweet dishes. The fruit may also be pressed for juice. The leaves of the tree can be used to produce dyes and the wood can be used in carpentry and is very durable.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/pear/infos
comment: Pear, Pyrus communis, is a perennial deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae, grown for its fruit. The tree is a short deciduous tree with a tall and narrow crown and alternately arranged, simple leaves. The leaves are elliptical with finely serrated margins and defined tips and can reach 2–12 cm (0.7–4.7 in) in length. The tree produces white flowers which are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and a fleshy green pyriform fruit. Pear trees can reach 9 m (30ft) and will produce fruit for about 20 years . The European pear may be referred to by name of its cultivars which include the Bartlett, d'Anjou, Kaiser Alexander and Comice pears. The European pear occurs only as cultivated trees and does not grow wild in nature. It is descendant of wild European and Asian pear trees.

Pepper
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
description: Peppers are varieties of several plant species in the genus Capsicum, including Capsicum annuum (e.g. jalapeños and cayennes), C. frutescens (e.g. tabasco and piri piri), C. chinense (e.g. habaneros and Scotch bonnet), C. pubescens (e.g. rocoto and locoto) and C. baccatum (e.g. aji peppers) and their hybrids which include some of the hottest peppers known. Unsurprisingly, the plants are most commonly grown for the harvest of their fruits, which are used as a spice. Hot peppers are perennial plants with varying structure. They can be herbaceous or shrub-like but are generally branching with green-brown stems and simple oval leaves. The plants produces flowers with five teeth (petals) which are usually white in color. Chilli pepper plants can reach heights in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 m (1.6–4.9 ft) tall and although they are perennial species, they are commonly grown as annuals, with fruit being harvested for one growing season.
maintenance: Peppers will benefit from applications of fertilizer to keep them supplied with essential nutrients. A timed release fertilizer can be applied at bloom or the plants can be fed with a liquid fertilizer at planting and every two weeks thereafter. In addition, pepper plants can produce a heavy load of fruit and it can be helpful to provide the plants with some support using stakes or cages to prevent branches from breaking under the weight. Use a soft material to tie plants to stakes or cages.
requirements: Peppers are warm-season crops and grow best at temperatures between 18 and 30°C (65–86°F). They can be grown in many soil types although sandy soils warm faster in Spring and are good for early planting. The soil should have a pH between 6 and 7. Peppers will not tolerate water saturated soil and should be planted in a well draining soil or raised bed. Peppers should be planted in an area that receives full sun for most of the day.
uses: Hot peppers can be eaten fresh or cooked as a vegetable, seasoning or garnish.
comment: Peppers are varieties of several plant species in the genus Capsicum, including Capsicum annuum (e.g. jalapeños and cayennes), C. frutescens (e.g. tabasco and piri piri), C. chinense (e.g. habaneros and Scotch bonnet), C. pubescens (e.g. rocoto and locoto) and C. baccatum (e.g. aji peppers) and their hybrids which include some of the hottest peppers known. Unsurprisingly, the plants are most commonly grown for the harvest of their fruits, which are used as a spice. Hot peppers are perennial plants with varying structure. They can be herbaceous or shrub-like but are generally branching with green-brown stems and simple oval leaves. The plants produces flowers with five teeth (petals) which are usually white in color. Chilli pepper plants can reach heights in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 m (1.6–4.9 ft) tall and although they are perennial species, they are commonly grown as annuals, with fruit being harvested for one growing season.

Perimeter
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: The perimeter is the distance all the way around the outside of a 2D shape. To work out the perimeter, add up the lengths of all the sides.

Person
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
References: foaf:Person
comment: Person is a person considered alone, rather than as belonging to a group of people while person is an individual; usually a human being.

Pesticides
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Protection
comment: Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.[1] The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticides nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide and disinfectant. The most common of these are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products, which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects.

Phenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
comment: Phenomenon is a fact, occurrence, or circumstance observed or observable.

Phosphate (P2O5)
type: Class
subclass of: Other Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
Acronym: P2O5

Phospholipid
type: Class
subclass of: Biomolecule
type: NamedIndividual
type: Biomolecule
References: Waldron, Keith W., ed. Advances in Biorefineries: Biomass and Waste Supply Chain Exploitation. Elsevier, 2014.
comment: Phospholipids are mostly made from glycerides by substituting one of the three fatty acids by a phosphate group with some other molecule attached to its end.

Phosphorus (P)
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
Acronym: P
comment: Phosphorus helps transfer energy from sunlight to plants, stimulates early root and plant growth, and hastens maturity. Very few Australian soils have enough phosphorus for sustained crop and pasture production and the North Coast is no exception. The most common phosphorus source on the North Coast is superphosphate, made from rock phosphate and sulfuric acid. All manures contain phosphorus; manure from grain-fed animals is a particularly rich source.

Phosphorus Deficiency
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Disorder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Phosphorus (P)
comment: Phosphorus Deficiency
comment: Phosphorus deficiency is a plant disorder associated with insufficient supply of phosphorus. Phosphorus refers here to salts of phosphates (PO43−), monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42−), and dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4−). These anions readily interconvert, and the predominant species is determined by the pH of the solution or soil. Phosphates are required for the biosynthesis of genetic material as well as ATP, essential for life. Phosphorus deficiency can be controlled by applying sources of phosphorus such as bone meal, rock phosphate, manure, and phosphate-fertilizers.

Photosynthetic
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.

Physical Control
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment

Physical Entity
type: Class
References: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl#PhysicalObject
comment: A physical entity is an entity that has physical existence

Pigment
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll and several colorful pigments that absorb as much light energy as possible. Pigments are also known to play a role in pollination where pigment accumulation or loss can lead to floral color change, signaling to pollinators which flowers are rewarding and contain more pollen and nectar. Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. The principal pigments responsible are: + Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; + Carotenoids are red, orange, or yellow tetraterpenoids.

Plan
type: Class
subclass of: InUse

Planetary Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon
comment: Planetary phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to soil, such as Drought, sinkhole, thundersnow.

Planned Process
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
References: CRISP-DM

Planning
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Plant Density
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: Plant density refers to the NUMBER of plants per unit area of land. Plant spacing, on the other hand, refers to the ARRANGEMENT of plants on the area planted.

Plant Disorder
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Problem
comment: Plant disorders are caused by non-pathological conditions such as poor light, adverse weather, water-logging, phytotoxic compounds or a lack of nutrients, and affect the functioning of the plant system.

Plant Phenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: Phenomenon
comment: Plant phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to plants, such as germination, pollination, blooming.

Planting
type: Class
subclass of: CultivatingProcess

Plum
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fruit Tree

Pods
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A pod is a case that holds a plant's seeds. In many plants, seeds grow in groups, nestled within a pod. Peas are one such plant, and many other legumes and flowers have seed pods as well. The expression "two peas in a pod" refers to the way seeds are clustered together within the pod, and means "very similar to each other." Pod comes from the fifteenth century term podware, "seed of legumes or grain."

Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: Policy is principle of action which is written as document and adopted or proposed by an organization or individual.

Pollination
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: The process of pollination refers to the transfer of pollen to the female organs of the plant. Optimum factor for ideal pollination are: relative humidity rate of 50-70% and temperature of 24.4 degrees Celsius. If the humidity rate is higher than 90%, the pollen would not shed. Increasing air circulation is a favourable method of keeping humidity levels under control.

Polyphenol
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
comment: Polyphenols are micronutrients that we get through certain plant-based foods. They're packed with antioxidants and potential health benefits. It's thought that polyphenols can improve or help treat digestion issues, weight management difficulties, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by multiples of phenol units. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.

Pomegranate
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Pomegranate fruits are generally ready to harvest between 6 and 7 months after flowering, fruits should be allowed to mature fully on the branch prior to harvest as they will not continue to ripen off of the tree. Fully mature fruit turn bright red in color and make a metallic sound when tapped. Fruits should be harvested by cutting from the tree.
maintenance: Pomegranates have a similar water requirement to citrus trees and should be provided with additional irrigation during dry periods. Pomegranate orchards usually utilize drip, furrow or sprinkler irrigation systems to promote optimal yields. Pomegranates can be pruned to a single stemmed tree or allowed to grow as a multi-stemmed bush. Suckers should be removed from around the central trunks as they develop. Pomegranates will benefit from the addition of nitrogen. Nitrogen should be applied at a rate of 0.2–0.5 kg per tree each year. Pomegranate fruits are usually thinned to promote the production of larger fruits
propagation: Commercial pomegranate trees are propagated from softwood and hardwood cuttings as seeds will not breed true to type. Hardwood cutting are generally preferred over softwood due to the ease with which they root. Hardwood cuttings are taken from shoots or suckers from the previous season and are rooted in nursery beds after treatment with a rooting hormone. Cuttings are grown in the nursery for one season before being planted out in the orchard. Rooted cuttings are best planted in winter or early spring and are usually spaced 3.5–5.5 m (11.5–18 ft) apart. The young trees are headed back to a height of 60–70 cm (23–28 in) after planting to promote branching.
requirements: Pomegranates grow best in temperate or semi-arid climates with a cool winter and warm summer. They are less hardy than many other deciduous fruit trees but more hardy than citrus. Pomegranates will suffer severe damage when temperatures drop below -10°C (14°F). Pomegranate can be grown successfully on a range of soil types, including calcareous soils and acidic loam but will grow optimally in deep, well-draining loam.
uses: Pomegranate is primarily eaten as a fresh fruit by splitting open the rind and consuming the seeds. The seeds may be used in salads. The fruit may also be used to produce juice, either by removing and pressing the seeds or by pressing the whole fruit.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/pomegranate/infos
comment: Pomegranate, Punica granatum, is a deciduous or evergreen tree or shrub in the family Punicaceae grown for its edible fruits. The pomegranate tree is branched and spiny with glossy, leathery, oval to oblong leaves that grow in whorls of five or more on the branches. The tree produces bright red flowers singly at the tips of the branches and a rounded hexagonal fruit with a thick pink-red skin. The fruit has a thick, leathery rind which protects the pulp[ and seeds inside. The inside of the fruit is separated into compartments by white spongy tissue. Each compartment contains seeds and pulp. Each pomegranate fruit may contain as many as 600 seeds. Pomegranate trees can reach a height of 10 m (33 ft) and can be very long lived, although their economic lifespan is usually between 12 and 15 years. Pomegranate may also be referred to as grenadine or Chinese apple and originated from Central Asia, likely in Iran.

Population
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: Plant population refers to the NUMBER of plants on the area of land. Plant spacing, on the other hand, refers to the ARRANGEMENT of plants on the area planted.

Porosity
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil

Potassium (K)
type: Class
subclass of: Essential Nutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Essential Nutrient
Acronym: K
comment: Potassium increases vigour and disease resistance of plants, helps form and move starches, sugars and oils in plants, and can improve fruit quality. Potassium is low or deficient on many of the sandier soils of the North Coast. Also, heavy potassium removal can occur on soils used for intensive grazing and intensive horticultural crops (such as bananas and custard apples). Muriate of potash and sulfate of potash are the most common sources of potassium.

Potassium Deficiency
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Disorder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Potassium (K)
comment: Potassium deficiency, also known as potash deficiency, is a plant disorder that is most common on light, sandy soils, because potassium ions (K+) are highly soluble and will easily leach from soils without colloids. Potassium deficiency is also common in chalky or peaty soils with a low clay content. It is also found on heavy clays with a poor structure.

Potato
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
description: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves consisting of leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the leaves can reach 10-30 cm (4-12 in) in length and 5-15 cm (2-6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. The potato tubers grow underground and generally located in the top 25 cm (10 in) of the soil. The tubers can range in color from yellow to red or purple depending on the variety. Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. Potato may also be referred to as, spud, Irish potato, white potato or Spanish potato and originates from South America.
harvesting: The time potato tubers take to reach maturity is variable and depends on the variety being grown, although it is usually about 2-3 weeks after the plants have bloomed. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died or before a frost which will kill the plants. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork or with your hands if the soil is loose enough. Harvesting is easier when the soil is dry. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing.
maintenance: Potatoes are sensitive to soil moisture and grow best when soil moisture is consistent. The plants generally require about 1 inch of water a week from rainfall or irrigation. Water-satureated soil should be avoided as it can poorly formed tubers and rot. In addition, potatoes are heavy feeders and the addition of a balnced fertilizer every two weeks can help increase tuber yields.
propagation: Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Small sections of a large tuber known as “seed piecesâ€ or small seed potatoes can be used. Seed potatoes can be purchased from garden centers when in season and through seed companies. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. The eyes are the area from which a shoot will sprout and after cutting should be allowed to cure for a few days prior to planting in the soil. Curing helps to protect the seed pieces from rotting as well as reducing the likelihood of a pathogen invading. Curing is very simple and can be achieved by laying out the seed pieces on paper towels and allowing to dry out for 3 to 4 days. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0-2 weeks after the last frost or as soon as the soil is workable in early Spring bearing in mind that the plants will be killed by a frost. Prepare soil for planting by working in compost or well-rotted manure. Potatoes are commonly grown in hilled rows. This involves digging shallow trenches 60-90 cm (2-3 ft) apart after the addition of the compost or manure. Space the seed pieces 30 cm (12 in) apart and cover with 7.5 cm (3 in) of soil. When the plants reach approximately 25 cm (10 in) in height mound the soil up around the stems of the plants so that they are covered up to about half of their height. This protects shallow tubers from turning green from exposure to sunlight. Allow the plants to grow another 25 cm (10 in) and again mound the soil. Continue this process for the duration of the crops growth. Straw can be used around the plants instead of soil which eliminates the need to dig for the tubers but care must be taken to add fresh the straw regularly as it will break down over time. Alternatively, potatoes can be grown in containers or burlap bags.
requirements: Potatoes are cool season crops which grow best in cooler climates or as a winter crop in areas with warm summers. They are sensitive to heat but can tolerate a light frost. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27oC (65-80oF) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18oC (55-65oF). Plants can also be successfully grown outdoors in burlap bags or large containers.
uses: Potato tubers are a staple food source in temperate regions and are eaten after cooking. They may be cut or sliced and made into potato chips or fries. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/potato/infos
comment: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves consisting of leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the leaves can reach 10-30 cm (4-12 in) in length and 5-15 cm (2-6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. The potato tubers grow underground and generally located in the top 25 cm (10 in) of the soil. The tubers can range in color from yellow to red or purple depending on the variety. Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. Potato may also be referred to as, spud, Irish potato, white potato or Spanish potato and originates from South America.

Precipitation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: mm
comment: Precipitation is the quality or state of being precipitate, atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity from clouds. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail.

Presentation
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object

Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere.

Pretrained Model
type: Class
subclass of: Computing Algorithm
comment: Pre-trained models means the models which have been already trained on some sort of data with different number of classes. For Example : ImageNet which contains 1.2 million images with 1000 categories.

Prevention
type: Class
subclass of: Biological
comment: The act or method of preventing or hindering of disease infection

Process
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
comment: A process is a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result during farrming agricultural production.

Product
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Product is a substance that is manufactured or refined from agricultural things for sale.

Project Plan
type: Class
subclass of: Information Object
comment: List the stages to be executed in the project, together with duration, resources required, inputs, outputs and dependencies. Wherever possible make explicit the large-scale iterations in the data mining process, for example, repetitions of the modeling and evaluation phases. As part of the project plan, it is also important to analyze dependencies between time schedule and risks. Mark results of these analyses explicitly in the project plan, ideally with actions and recommendations for actions if the risks appear. Remember that, although this is the only task in which the Project Plan is directly named, nevertheless it should be continually consulted and reviewed throughout the project. It should at least be consulted whenever a new Task is started or a further iteration of a task or activity is begun.

Project Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report
References: CRISP-DM
comment: The final report is used to summarize the project and its results. Contents: - Summary of Business Understanding: background, objectives and success criteria. - Summary of data mining process. - Summary of data mining results. - Summary of results evaluation. - Summary of deployment and maintenance plans. - Cost/benefit analysis. - Conclusions for the business. - Conclusions for future data mining.

Protein
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Protein content

Protozoa
type: Class
subclass of: Microoganism
comment: Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae. Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to describe single-celled protists (that is, eukaryotes that aren't animals, plants, or fungi) that feed by heterotrophy.

Protozoal Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Disease
comment: Infectious plant diseases are caused by flagellate protozoa and can range in severity from mild leaf or plant damage to death. Protozoa are not animals, plants, algae, fungi or virus. They are, however, parasitic.

Pumpkin
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
harvesting: Pumpkins are harvested by hand when the fruit reaches full maturity. The fruit is ripe when the color changes uniformly and the rind becomes hard. Pumpkins should be harvested by cutting the stem of the fruit with a sharp knife. it is best to harvest the fruit with a portion of stem as the fruit will keep better.
maintenance: Pumpkin vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Pumpkin also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently encourages a shallow root system. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil. All pumpkin varieties produce both male and female flowers (monoecious) and are pollinated by insects such as bees.
propagation: Pumpkin can be direct seeded or sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6°C (60°F). Sow 1–2 seeds 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) deep, at least 90 cm (~3 ft) apart if growing bush varieties and 120–150 cm (4–5 ft) apart if growing vining varieties. Allow a further 1–3 m (6–10 ft) between rows depending on the variety. If transplanting, seeds should be sown 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted before the plants develop their second set of true leaves. Seeds in sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering. Seeds should germinate in 5–10 days depending on the soil temperature.
requirements: Pumpkin is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 25°C (65–75°F). Pumpkin will yield best if grown in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Pumpkin should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture due to their shallow root system. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space. Smaller bush varieties are available for more modest spaces.
uses: Pumpkin flesh can be cooked and eaten in a variety of dishes. The seeds are also edible and are commonly roasted and eaten as a snack.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/pumpkin/infos
comment: Pumpkin is the name given to a group of plant species in the genus Cucurbita, including Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita moschata. Pumpkin belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and is grown primarily as a vegetable or ornamental plant. Pumpkin plants are short lived annual or perennial vines with branching tendrils and broad lobed leaves. The plant produces large yellow or orange flowers and a pepo fruit (berry with a thick rind) known as a pumpkin. The fruit can range greatly in size, from miniature pumpkins weighing a few ounces to giant pumpkins which can reach over 75 lbs (34 kg). The skin of the pumpkin is usually ribbed and is usually orange on color although some varieties are green, grey, yellow or red in color. Pumpkin plants are usually grown as annuals, surviving one growing season and the vines are capable of reaching 15 m (50 ft) in length if vines are allowed to root. Pumpkin may also be referred to as squash or marrow and is believed to have originated in Mexico and South America.

Quality
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute

Quince
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Quince fruits should be harvested when they are mature but not full ripe. Fruits will continue to ripen off of the tree and by harvesting in this manner, losses from fruit dropping from the tree are reduced. Fruit should be cut from the tree using a sharp knife as pulling them can cause damage to the skin.
maintenance: Quince trees are susceptible to fire blight and should not be fertilized excessively with nitrogen as this promotes vegetative growth which makes the trees more susceptible to the bacterium. Suckers should be removed by pruning from the tree in winter or early spring. Trees should be pruned in winter to thin out fruiting wood and stimulate new growth. If fruiting wood is pruned properly then fruits should not require thinning when the trees are bearing. Quince will benefit from regular deep watering during the summer months.
propagation: Quince trees are usually propagated from hardwood cuttings or by budding onto a quince rootstock. Seeds can be grown but will not breed true to type and should not be used for commercial purposes where fruit quality is very important. Some varieties are not self compatible and require another variety for successful pollination and fruit production. Quince trees should be spaced 5–6 m apart (16–20 ft) apart, allowing 4–5 m (13–16 ft) between rows.
requirements: Quince trees grow well in a wide range of climates and soils but the plants shallow root system make it susceptible to drought or a low availability of water and additional irrigation may be required. Quince should be planted in full sun and will grow optimally at temperatures averaging 15°C (59°F). Quince trees are more tolerant of wet soils and drought than apple trees and, compared with other fruit trees, has good cold tolerance, being hardy to temperatures between -15 and -25°C (5 and -13°F respectively). Quince trees are easily damaged by strong winds and should be planted in a sheltered location which will also protect them from rapid temperature fluctuations which is also detrimental to their growth.
uses: Quince fruits are consumed fresh or may be used to make jams and jellies.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/quince/infos
comment: Quince, Cydonia oblonga, is a bush-like deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its edible fruits. The tree has crowded, gnarled branches and a crooked growth habit. The leaves have a smooth upper surface and hairy lower surface. The tree produces single white-light pink colored flowers on tiny shoots and a large, fragrant, pome fruit. The fruit is initially covered in dense gray-white hairs but these disappear as the fruit ripens. The ripe fruit is a golden yellow color and resembles a pear or apple depending on variety. It has a soft, yellow pulp with a grainy texture protected by a thin skin. Quince trees can reach heights of 5–8 m (16–26 ft) and can live for periods in excess of 50 years and have an economic lifespan of approximately 25 years. Quince originates from Asia Minor.

Radiation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. A common source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources include X-rays from medical radiography examinations and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.

Rainfall
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.

Rapeseed
type: Class
subclass of: OilSeeds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
type: OilSeeds
description: Rapeseed, Brassica napus, is an herbaceous annual or biennial member of the family Brassicaceae primarily grown for the oil which can be extracted from its seeds. The rapeseed plant has several erect, branched stems originating from a single base, the stems are purple in color towards the base. The leaves of the plant are bluish-green and mostly smooth. The basal leaves are stalked whereas the highest leaves grow straight off of the stem. The plant produces pale to bright yellow flowers which are 11-15 mm (0.4-0.6 in) in diameter, and after pollination the plant develops pods containing a single row of seeds. Each pod can contain 20-40 dark brown to black seeds. The rapeseed plant can reach 1.0-2.5 m (3.3-8.2 ft) and is grown as an annual, harvested after one growing season. Rapeseed may also be referred to as colza, oilseed rape, canola, swede rape or fodder rape and is believed to originate from the Mediterranean.
harvesting: Rapeseed is a fast-ripening plant and is ready for harvest when the seeds have turned from green to black in color. Rapeseed is mechanically harvested by combine or by swathing. in some countries, such as China, the crop is cut by hand.
maintenance: It is important to control weed growth in rapeseed fields as they can have a significant impact on the growth and productivity of the crop. Good preparation of the seedbed helps to limit weed growth. This is achieved by tilling the soil in the fall prior to planting, followed by shallow cultivation just prior to seeding. Rapeseed has a high nutrient requirement and a soil test should be carried out prior to planting in order to prevent nutrient deficiencies from occurring. fertilizers are most successfully applied to the side of the seed furrows to prevent damage to the plants. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at a basic rate of 50-60 kg per hectare for spring planted rapeseed and 70 kg per hectare for winter crops. Fertilizer is commonly applied at time of sowing. in addition to nitrogen, rapeseed may also require the addition of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and magnesium to the soil. The rate of application of these nutrients should be determined by a soil test.
propagation: Rapeseed in almost always propagated from seed which is sown in prepared fields by drilling in rows. Seeds are sown shallowly as the seeds are very small and seed should be sown at a depth of 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in). Spring crops of rapeseed should be drilled in rows 18-23 cm (7-9 in) apart, whereas winter crops require more space and should be drilled in rows approximately 40 cm (16 in) apart.
requirements: Rapeseed is adapted to grow in cool, moist climates, requiring a temperature range of 2-10oC (35.6-56oF), although temperatures closer to 10oC (56oF) promote the most rapid growth. As a result, rapeseed is grown as a cool season crop in sub-tropical regions and a winter crop in more temperate areas. Rapeseed can be grown on a variety of soil types but medium textured, well-draining soils work best. Rapeseed should be grown in soil with a pH between 5.5 and 8.3. Rapeseed should not be grown in soil in which other brassicas have been grown within the past 3-4 years.
uses: The seeds of the plant are used to extract rapeseed oil which can be used as a cooking oil or in the production of margarine. Some recently developed cultivars have a high erucic acid content which is extracted for the production of industrial oil. Rapeseed is also grown as fodder for livestock.
comment: Rapeseed, Brassica napus, is an herbaceous annual or biennial member of the family Brassicaceae primarily grown for the oil which can be extracted from its seeds. The rapeseed plant has several erect, branched stems originating from a single base, the stems are purple in color towards the base. The leaves of the plant are bluish-green and mostly smooth. The basal leaves are stalked whereas the highest leaves grow straight off of the stem. The plant produces pale to bright yellow flowers which are 11-15 mm (0.4-0.6 in) in diameter, and after pollination the plant develops pods containing a single row of seeds. Each pod can contain 20-40 dark brown to black seeds. The rapeseed plant can reach 1.0-2.5 m (3.3-8.2 ft) and is grown as an annual, harvested after one growing season. Rapeseed may also be referred to as colza, oilseed rape, canola, swede rape or fodder rape and is believed to originate from the Mediterranean.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/rapeseed-colza/infos

Raspberry
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
propagation: Soil may need prepared up to two years in advance of planting if major amendments are required. Acidic soil can be amended with lime to bring the pH up to a level suitable for raspberries. Organic content can be increased by planting a cover crop or by the addition of manure or compost. Avoid planting raspberries where peppers, eggplant, tomatoes or potatoes have been grown previously as these plants are host to Verticillium fungi which can cause root rot in raspberries. Choose a raspberry variety which is suited to your region. Red raspberries tend to be the most cold hardy, whereas black or yellow varieties are more sensitive.
requirements: Raspberry plants grow best in regions with cool summers and relatively mild winters. The plants are sensitive to high temperatures and grow best when daytime temperatures are around 25°C (77°F). Raspberries are best suited to well-draining sandy loams, rich in organic matter and have a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Drainage it critical in raspberry propagation as the plants are susceptible to root rot. Plants require full sunlight and should not be planted in low lying areas where water may build up. Raspberries also require a post support system or trellis to support the weight of the fruit on the canes. Raspberry canes are biennial and produce fruit in the second year of growth. Canes in their first year of growth are called primocanes and those in the second year of growth are called fruiting canes or floricanes. The young canes are green in color, whereas the older floricanes are tougher and have a woody covering making them easy to tell apart.
uses: Raspberries are primarily consumed as a fresh fruit or may be processed into jams, jellies, juices and pulp.
comment: Raspberry is the name given to two plant species in the genus Rubus, Rubus idaeus (red raspberry) and Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry) grown for their edible fruit. Raspberry plants have perennial root systems and biennial stems which are known as canes. The canes are woody, erect and shrub-like and generally undergo a period of growth one year and fruit production the next although primocane varieties exist that produce fruit in the first year. The canes may possess spines. Raspberry plants produce white or pink flowers with five petals which are surrounded by green sepals. After the plant has been pollinated, an aggregate berry is produced which consists of numerous druplets which are held together into the familiar raspberry fruit by tiny hairs. Raspberry canes can grow from 0.5 to in excess of 2 m (1.6–6.6 ft) in height and red raspberry will produce a commercial yield of fruit for 16–20 years, while black raspberry has a shorter lifespan and will produce for 4–8 years. Red raspberry may also be referred to as European raspberry, red garden raspberry or hindberry, while black raspberry may be referred to as blackcap raspberry and may have originated in the Ide mountains of Turkey.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/raspberry/infos

Reference
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: Reference is a type of document that outlines concepts, entities, past procedures, actions or strategies as they relate to a particular activity.

Regression
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining
comment: Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome variable') and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', or 'features'). The most common form of regression analysis is linear regression, in which a researcher finds the line (or a more complex linear combination) that most closely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion. For example, a learning method where the output variable is a real value, such as Soil pH: 4, 5 or 7.0 or 7.5

Regressor
type: Class
subclass of: Regression
type: NamedIndividual
type: Data Mining

Remote Sensing
type: Class
subclass of: Sensing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensing
comment: Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).

Report
type: Class
subclass of: Document
comment: Report is an account given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation or consideration by an appointed person or body.

Rice
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
has growth stage: Booting stage
has growth stage: Flowering
has growth stage: Fruit Development stage
has growth stage: Germination
has growth stage: Inflorescence Emergence stage
has growth stage: Leaf Development stage
has growth stage: Ripening stage
has growth stage: Senescence stage
has growth stage: Stem Elongation stage
has growth stage: Tillering
description: There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world, Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Both species are annual grasses (except in the tropics, where the plant can be perennial) belonging to the family Poaceae which are cultivated for their grain which is considered a staple food in most parts of the world. Asian and African rice plants are morphologically very similar and can be difficult to tell apart. They have rounded stems (called culms) which are divided into nodes and internodes. The plant leaves are borne on the nodes of the stem and are long and slender with a pronounced midrib. The plant produces three flowers, two of which are reduced, on a spikelet on the terminal (last) internode of the stem. The rice grain is formed by the ripened ovary of the flower and is between 5 and 12 mm in length. Rice is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of between 1 and 1.8 m (3.3-5.9 ft) depending on variety. Generally, African rice tends to form smaller, pear shaped grains with a red bran and olive to black seed coat and has several disadvantages compared with its Asian counterpart e.g. seed is easily scattered, the grain is difficult to mill and the crop gives a lower yield. The growing of Asian rice has therefore begun to supercede that of African rice in West Africa. Asian rice originates from China and African rice is believed to have been domesticated in areas around the Niger river in Africa.
harvesting: In many areas of the world rice is still harvested using the traditional method of cutting by hand. Rice should be cut when 80-85% of the panicles have turned from green to straw colored. When harvested by hand, the rice is cut using sharp knives or sickles. In some areas, rice is mechanically harvested using threshers or combines.
propagation: Propagation Rice is propagated directly from seed and sown on wet or dry seed beds or used to grow transplants in a nursery bed. Transplants produced in a nursery are always planted in dry seed beds when they are transferred to the field. Seeds may be sown in the field by broadcasting or by mechanical drilling. Three main methods are used for direct seeding rice in lowland areas: dry seedbeds, wet seedbeds and dapog. Dry seedbeds are prepared in close proximity to a water source. Each bed is generally 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in width and is seeded at a rate of 10 kg of seed for every 10 square meters. The seeds are covered with a light layer of soil and the bed is saturated with water until the seeds germinate. Wet seedbeds are raised nursery beds in which pre-germinated seeds are sown. The bed is puddled or wet with water and the germinated seeds are spread out uniformly and kept wet. When the seedling reach 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in) in height, shallow irrigation is used and the water levels in the bed are increased as the plants grow. Dapod is a method of producing transplants on a mat made of banana leaves of plastic sheeting which is used in some areas of the Philippines. Pre-germinated seeds are spread out on cement of wet soil and covered with the leaves or plastic sheeting. The cover is pushed down onto the seeds and continuously watered. After 11 days, the mat is rolled up and transferred to to the field. Cropping systems Rice can be be grown in an irrigated system, as a rainfed crop or in an upland systems in managed fields known as paddies. In irrigated systems, supplemental water is provided during the dry season alone or in both the dry and wet seasons depending on the amount of local rainfall. Irrigated systems are required in areas where rainfall is very low. Irrigated fields are bunded and the water levels are carefully managed prior to harvest. Rainfed systems are generally a poorer alternative to irrigated systems as they are unstable and prone to drought or flood…
requirements: Rice is mainly grown in warmer regions as the plants will not grow at temperatures below 10oC. Rice is considered to be a semi-aquatic annual grass and is commonly grown in paddies in wetlands or under shallow water. Several new methods of propagating rice have been developed which allow rice to be cultivated in less conventional areas e.g. drought resistant varieties are grown in upland areas.
sowing rate: 100 – 160 kg/ha
uses: After removal of the rice grain from the chaff, the rice can be used as brown rice or further processed to remove the bran to produce white rice. Brown and white rice may be consumed after cooking or may be ground into rice flour. Rice can be puffed under low pressure to produce puffed rice that is commonly used as a breakfast cereal. Rice bran oil can be produced from the inner husk and can be used as a cooking oil. Rice starch can be extracted and fermented to produce rice wine or brewed to produce sake.
comment: There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world, Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Both species are annual grasses (except in the tropics, where the plant can be perennial) belonging to the family Poaceae which are cultivated for their grain which is considered a staple food in most parts of the world. Asian and African rice plants are morphologically very similar and can be difficult to tell apart. They have rounded stems (called culms) which are divided into nodes and internodes. The plant leaves are borne on the nodes of the stem and are long and slender with a pronounced midrib. The plant produces three flowers, two of which are reduced, on a spikelet on the terminal (last) internode of the stem. The rice grain is formed by the ripened ovary of the flower and is between 5 and 12 mm in length. Rice is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of between 1 and 1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) depending on variety.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/rice/infos

Root
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Roots are the organs of a plant that typically lie below the surface of the soil. Roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water.

Rose
type: Class
subclass of: Flower
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower
comment: A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.

Rural Market
type: Class
subclass of: Market
comment: Rural markets are usually for direct sales of small quantities of produce by farmers to village traders and rural consumers. Rural primary markets often form part of a network arranged on a periodic basis, such as on a specific day of each week.

Rusts
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
comment: These are fungal diseases of grasses and other plants which appear on the host surface as small, coloured pustules-red, brown, yellow, orange, or black in colour.

Rye
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
description: Rye, Secale cereale, is an herbaceous annual or biennial in the family Poaceae that is grown primarily for its grain. Rye has an erect slender stem topped with a curved spike which is 7-15 cm (3-6 in) length. The head is made up of individual spikelets each with two florets which produce 1-2 kernels. The spikelets and arranged alternately along the length of the head.The leaves of the plant grow from nodes on the stem and are lance-like blades, blue-green in color. Rye can reach 1-3 m (3.3-10 ft) in height and is either grown as an annual (spring rye) or biennial (winter rye). Modern rye does not occur naturally but is likely derived from wild ancestors found in Afghanistan, Iran and the Middle East.
harvesting: Rye is ready to harvest when the leaves are dead and the stems have turned yellow-brown in color. Rye is commonly harvested by combine but can also be harvested by hand.
maintenance: Rye fields should be kept free from weeds through the use of herbicides or by harrowing. Herbicides may be applied while the plants are at the tillering stage of growth. Rye will benefit from the addition of nitrogen which is often the biggest yield limiting factor in rye cultivation. Fertilizer should be applied when the crop begins to grow and the application may be split over two applications.
propagation: Rye is propagated directly from seed and can be sown by broadcasting or by drilling. Seeds should be sown to a depth of 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in) allowing 15-18 cm (6-7 in) between rows where seeds are drilled. Seeding If seeds are broadcast, they must be covered to ensure adequate germination. Seeding rates are generally between 100 to 150 kg of seed per hectare for winter rye and 150 to 200 kg per hectare for spring rye to produce a plant stand of 200-300 plants per square meter.
requirements: Rye is a cool season annual grass which can be grown in a wide range of soils and climates. Rye grows best when planted in well draining sandy or light loams but can also be grown in clay soils. The optimum pH for rye growth is between 5.6 and 6.5. Rye will germinate when soil temperatures are between 4 and 5oC (39-41oF). Daily temperatures should not exceed an average of 20oC in order for the plant to grow adequately. Winter rye should be planted in fall to mid-winter depending on the variety and be overwintered for a summer harvest, while spring rye is planted in the spring for summer harvest.
uses: Rye grain can be used to make alcoholic drinks such as whiskey, gin and beer or used as a livestock feed. Rye flour can be used to make bread. Rye is extensively grown as a winter cover crop to prevent soil erosion and the mature stems are commonly used as animal bedding.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/rye/infos
comment: Rye, Secale cereale, is an herbaceous annual or biennial in the family Poaceae that is grown primarily for its grain. Rye has an erect slender stem topped with a curved spike which is 7-15 cm (3-6 in) length. The head is made up of individual spikelets each with two florets which produce 1-2 kernels. The spikelets and arranged alternately along the length of the head.The leaves of the plant grow from nodes on the stem and are lance-like blades, blue-green in color. Rye can reach 1-3 m (3.3-10 ft) in height and is either grown as an annual (spring rye) or biennial (winter rye). Modern rye does not occur naturally but is likely derived from wild ancestors found in Afghanistan, Iran and the Middle East.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
Acronym: SO2
comment: Sulfur dioxide or sulphur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SO2.

Sulfur Trioxide (SO3)
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mineral
unit: Kg/Ha
comment: Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3, with a relatively narrow liquid range. In the gaseous form, this species is a significant pollutant, being the primary agent in acid rain.

Sulphate (SO4)
type: Class
subclass of: Gas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
comment: The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO2− 4. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many are prepared from that acid.

SWRadiation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: W/m^2

Safflower
type: Class
subclass of: OilSeeds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: OilSeeds
comment: Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds and was used by the early Spanish colonies along the Rio Grande as a substitute for saffron. Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain. It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments.

Sale
type: Class
subclass of: InUse

Sales Event
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: Sales event - an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices;

Salicylic Acid
type: Class
subclass of: Biomolecule
type: NamedIndividual
type: Biomolecule

Salinity
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water

Salinity Stress
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress

Satellite
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor Station
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor Station
comment: A satellite is an object which has been sent into space in order to collect information

Satellite Imagery
type: Class
subclass of: Imagery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Imagery
comment: Satellite images are images of Earth or fields collected by imaging satellites around the world.

Sclerotia
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: The conspicuous phase of some fungal diseases such as Ergot of rye is the formation of sclerotia in the position of kernels in the spike. The sclerotium is a compact, hard mass of dormant fungal hyphae. It may be black, greyish violet, dark brown or purplish in colour.

Season
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: Season is one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice. Each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) marked by particular weather patterns and daylight hours, resulting from the earth's changing position with regard to the sun.

Seed
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.

Seed Rate
type: Class
subclass of: Cropping
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
unit: Kg/Ha
comment: Seed rate is the number of seeds planted per hectare (ha) to ensure normal density of sprouts and a maximum yield.

Seeding
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Phenomenon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: The fundamental factor in the process of seeding is dependent on the properties of both seed and the soil it is being planted in. The prior step associated with seeding is crop selection, which mainly consists of two techniques: sexual and asexual. Asexual technique include all forms of vegetative process such as budding, grafting and layering. Sexual technique involves growing of the plant from a seed.

Seeds
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
comment: A seed is the small, hard part of a plant from which a new plant grows.

Selection
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM

Selenium (Se)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Selenium is probably not essential for flowering plants, but it can be beneficial; it can stimulate plant growth, improve tolerance of oxidative stress, and increase resistance to pathogens and herbivory.
Acronym: Se

Sensing
type: Class
subclass of: Observation
References: https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn#Sensing
Source: http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/
comment: Sensing is a process that results in the estimation, or calculation, of the value of a phenomenon.

Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Observe System
References: http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/Sensor
comment: Device, agent (including humans), or software (simulation) involved in, or implementing, a Procedure.

Sensor Output
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
References: https://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ssnx/ssn#SensorOutput
Source: http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ skos:closeMatch 'observation result' [O&M] http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/om See comments at ObservationValue.
comment: The sensor output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.

Sensor Station
type: Class
subclass of: Observe System
comment: Sensor station is a group of sensors which detect or measure several physical properties and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to them.

Sesame
type: Class
subclass of: OilSeeds
comment: Sesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods.

Shallow Electrical Conductivity (ECsh)
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: mS/m
comment: Soil conductivity measures the total conductivity in the sample at the surface 0‐ to 20‐cm.
Acronym: ECsh

Shallow Soil
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil

Shape
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: Shape

Shoot
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages, leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds.

Slope
type: Class
subclass of: Terrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Terrain
comment: slope is the percent change in that elevation over a certain distance.

Smartphone
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor Station
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor Station
comment: A smartphone is a mobile device that combines cellular and mobile computing functions into one unit. A smartphone can have a number of different types of sensing devices installed on a user's phone to gather data for various user purposes, such as camera, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, GPS, proximity sensor, etc.

Smuts
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: These are the fungal diseases of cereals and other members of grass family that cause the ears (particularly the ovaries) to turn black or sooty. The smut symptoms may as well appear on other parts (leaves, stem or roots) of the host plant.

Sodium (Na)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Sodium is involved in the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in CAM and C4 plants. Sodium can potentially replace potassium's regulation of stomatal opening and closing.
Acronym: Na

Soil
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth. Soil includes soil physical properties and processes, that affect agricultural, engineering, and environmental soil functions

Soil Boron
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilB
unit: mg/L

Soil Calcium
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilCa
unit: mg/L
unit: mg/kg

Soil Chemical
type: Class
subclass of: Soil

Soil Clay
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: %
Acronym: Clay

Soil Color
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilColor

Soil Composition
type: Class
subclass of: Soil

Soil Conductivity
type: Class
subclass of: Soil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: dS/m
comment: Soil conductivity measures the total conductivity. Total conductivity includes the EC of the soil, air, and moisture in the sample.

Soil Density
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical

Soil Depth
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
subclass of: Soil Spatial
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil

Soil Potasium
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilK
unit: mg/L
unit: mg/kg

Soil MG
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: mg/L

Soil Moisture
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation MoistureContent
Acronym: SMC
comment: Moisture content is the amount of water present in a moist sample of a product like wood, soil or similar. Moisture content can be be expressed on wet or dry basis.
alternative label: Soil Water content

Soil Nitrogen
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilN
unit: mg/L

Soil Phosphorus
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Chemical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilP
unit: mg/L
unit: mg/kg

Soil pH
type: Class
subclass of: Soil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilPH
comment: Soil Reaction
comment: Soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is measured in pH units. Soil pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 with pH 7 as the neutral point, below 7 acidic and above 7 alkaline.
Acronym: pH

Soil Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon
comment: Soil phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to soil, such as salt sieving, soil cracking.

Soil Physical
type: Class
subclass of: Soil

Soil Process
type: Class
subclass of: CultivatingProcess

Soil Salinity
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Composition
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilSalinity
comment: Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water.

Soil Sand
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
has transformation: Transformation SoilSand
unit: %
Acronym: Sand

Soil Silt
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
unit: %
Acronym: Silt

Soil Spatial
type: Class
subclass of: Soil

Soil Structure
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical

Soil Surface
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Spatial
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil

Soil Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Soil
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
type: Weather
comment: Soil temperature is simply the measurement of the warmth in the soil. Ideal soil temperatures for planting most plants are 65 to 75 F. (18-24 C.). Nighttime and daytime soil temperatures are both important.

Soil Texture
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Physical
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
comment: Soil Texture indicates the relative content of particles of various sizes, such as sand, silt and clay in the soil. Texture influences the ease with which soil can be worked, the amount of water and air it holds, and the rate at which water can enter and move through soil. To find the texture of a soil sample, first separate the fine earth , all particles less than 2 mm, from larger particles such as gravel and stones. Fine earth is a mixture of sand, silt and clay.

Soil Type
type: Class
subclass of: Soil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
comment: Soil Type

Solar Radiation
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: W/m^2

Soybean
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
type: Nuts
description: Soybean, Glycine max, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds. The soybean plant is usually an erect bush with woody stems and alternately arranged leaves. The leaves possess three individual leaflets which are oval or lance-like in shape, growing to a length of 3-10 cm (1.2-4.0 in). The soybean plant produces small white or purple flowers and curved seed pods which are 3-15 cm (1.2-6 in) in length and can contain between 1 and 5 seeds. The seeds can be a variety of colors including yellow, green, brown, black or a mottled combination. Soybean is an annual plant, surviving only one growing season and can reach heights of 0.2-1.5 m (0.7-1.4 ft). Soybean may also be referred to as soyabean or soya and originates from Northeast China.
harvesting: Soybeans are ready to harvest between 70 and 160 days after planting, depending on variety. Plants are ready for harvest when the leaves and stems have turned yellow and the seed pods brown to black. Soybeans for fresh use are cut while still green. Plants may be pulled by hand or cut with the use of a combine. Once cut, the seeds are removed from the pods by threshing.
maintenance: Weeds are often a problem in soybean fields and can be reduced through good preparation of the seedbed and maintaining a weed-free seedbed for several weeks prior to planting. Weeds may be controlled with appropriate herbicides, where available, or through mechanical cultivation where necessary. Soybeans should be provided with irrigation at flowering and again at seed-set for maximum seed fill and optimal yield. Irrigation should be increased in sandy soils that do not retain as much moisture. Soybeans fix approximately half of the nitrogen they require for growth and the other half must be supplied from the soil or through fertilizer application. Soybean also requires an adequate supply of phosphorus and potassium and application rates should be based on the results of a soil test.
propagation: Soybean is propagated directly from seed. If seeds are to planted in a field where soybean has not been been grown in the 3-5 year previous, they should first be inoculated with nitrogen fixing bacteria. The seedbed should be prepared prior to planting by removing any crop residue, weeds and large stones. Tilling the soil helps to break up large clods of earth. Seeds may be sown mechanically or by hand. in tilled soils, seeds are usually planted at a depth 3.2-4.5 cm (1.25 to 1.75 in) in rows spaced 30 cm (11.8 in) apart. Alternatively, no-till planting may be used to plant seeds in the stubble of a previous crop without first cultivating the soil. With this method, seeds are drilled into the soil in rows spaced 17.8 cm (7 in) apart. No-till practices reduce soil erosion and reduces the loss of moisture in the soil.
requirements: Soybean is a short-day plant, requiring hot weather for optimum production. It can be grown year round in most parts of the tropics. Plants can be grown at ambient temperatures between 15 and 27oC (60-80oF) although temperature below 21oC (69.8oF) and above 32 (89.6oF) may reduce flowering. Temperatures exceeding 40oC (104oF) are detrimental to seed production. Soybeans are adapted to grow in a wide range of soils and climates but require adequate soil moisture for germination and seedling establishment. Plants are sensitive to waterlogging but are tolerant of drought conditions once established. Soybean grows best on a light, loose, well draining loam with a pH of 6.5.
uses: Soybean seeds can be used to make flour and dairy substitutes such as milk, margarine and yogurt and meat substitutes such as veggie burgers. Oil can be extracted from both the seeds and pods and the by product of the extraction is used as an animal feed. The oil from the plant is used in products such as paint, linoleum and soap. Soybean is also grown as a cover crop and used as animal fodder or hay.
comment: Soybean, Glycine max, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds. The soybean plant is usually an erect bush with woody stems and alternately arranged leaves. The leaves possess three individual leaflets which are oval or lance-like in shape, growing to a length of 3-10 cm (1.2-4.0 in). The soybean plant produces small white or purple flowers and curved seed pods which are 3-15 cm (1.2-6 in) in length and can contain between 1 and 5 seeds. The seeds can be a variety of colors including yellow, green, brown, black or a mottled combination. Soybean is an annual plant, surviving only one growing season and can reach heights of 0.2-1.5 m (0.7-1.4 ft). Soybean may also be referred to as soyabean or soya and originates from Northeast China.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/soybean/infos

Spectral Image
type: Class
subclass of: Imagery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Imagery
comment: Hyperspectral images are the images in which one continuous spectrum is measured for each pixel.
label: Hyperspectral Image

Spectral Vegetation Indices
type: Class
subclass of: Data Transformation
comment: Spectral vegetation indices (VIs) are spectral transformations of two or more bands designed to enhance the contribution of vegetation properties and allow reliable spatial and temporal inter-comparisons of terrestrial photosynthetic activity and canopy structural variations. They are derived using the reflectance properties of vegetation. Each of the VIs is designed to accentuate a particular vegetation property. Usually simple algebraic formulations, SVIs are designed to enhance the vegetation signal in remotely sensed data and provide an approximate measure of live, green vegetation amount.

Spectrophotometer
type: Class
subclass of: Device
type: NamedIndividual
type: Device

Spike
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: In botany, a spike refers to a type of inflorescence (flower arrangement) that bears taller-than-average flowers, most usually on an axis that is unbranched. Similar to a raceme, the spike bears flowers that are directly attached to the plant, without any stalks whatsoever.

Spinach
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
harvesting: Spinach leaves can be harvested as soon as they are large enough to use and may be harvested by hand or machine. Individual leaves may be harvested as required in the home garden or the whole plant can be cut. In commercial production, bunched fresh spinach is usually cut by hand. SPinach for processing may be cut by machine.
maintenance: Spinach requires high levels of moisture, and if rainfall is inadequate, 2.5 cm (1 in) of water should be applied every 7–10 days. Spinach also has high requirements for nitrogen and potassium which should be provided by applying fertilizer based on the results of a soil test. Potassium poses little environmental risk and may be applied based on the results of a soil test. Timing of nitrogen applications vary by location as there is a risk of leaching during heavy rainfall. In the home garden, fertilizer is often not required as long as spinach is planted in a fertile soil.
propagation: Spinach is propagated from seed with round seeded spinach usually being sown in early spring for a summer harvest and the prickly seeded type which is usually sown in fall for harvest in winter and spring. Seeds should be planted at a depth of 1–2 cm (0.5–1 in) leaving 33–38 cm (13-15 in) between rows. When seedlings reach about 5 cm (2 in) in height they should be thinned out to a spacing of 8–10 cm (3–4 in) between plants.
requirements: Spinach grows well in cool areas and can survive the first frost of temperate climates. It will germinates and grows optimally at temperatures between 4 and 16°C (40–60°F) but can withstand temperatures as low as -7C (20°F). Spinach grows best in a well draining loamy soil with a pH between 6.4 and 6.8. It is sensitive to acidic soil and if the pH is too high, adding lime is recommended. The soil temperature should not exceed 21°C (70°F).
uses: Spinach is eaten cooked as a vegetable and contains both large amounts iron, calcium, and other essential vitamins and minerals.
comment: Spinach, Spinacia oleracea, is a leafy herbaceous annual plant in the family Amaranthaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a vegetable. The spinach plant has simple leaves which stem from the center of the plant and measure about 2–30 cm (0.8–12.0 in) long and 1 to 15 cm (0.4–6.0 in) across. The leaves grow in a rosette and can appear crinkled or flat. The plant produces small yellow-green flowers which are 3–4 mm (0.1 in) in diameter. The flowers produce small fruit clusters which contain seeds. Spinach is an annual and survives only one growing season and can reach 30 cm (12 in) in height. Spinach originates from ancient Persia (now Iran).
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/spinach/infos

Spore
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoebulae into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations.

Sprayer
type: Class
subclass of: Agricultural Machinery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Machine
comment: In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on agricultural crops.

Spraying
type: Class
subclass of: CultivatingProcess
comment: Spraying and dusting, in agriculture, the standard methods of applying pest-control chemicals and other compounds.

Squash
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Squash is ready to harvest when the rind is hard and cannot be punctured with a fingernail. The skin of mature fruits is dull and dry in appearance, especially when compared with the shiny skin of an immature fruit.
maintenance: Squash vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Squash also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently encourages a shallow root system. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil. All squash varieties produce both male and female flowers (monoecious) and are pollinated by insects such as bees.
propagation: Squash is propagated from seed and can be direct seeded or sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6°C (60°F). Sow 1–2 seeds 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) deep, at least 90 cm (~3 ft) apart if growing bush varieties and 120–150 cm (4–5 ft) apart if growing vining varieties. Allow a further 1–3 m (6–10 ft) between rows depending on the variety. If transplanting, seeds should be sown 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted before the plants develop their second set of true leaves. Seeds in sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering. Seeds should germinate in 5–10 days depending on the soil temperature.
requirements: Squash is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 25°C (65–75°F). Squash will yield best if grown in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Squash should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture due to their shallow root system. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space. Smaller bush varieties are available for more modest spaces.
uses: Squash fruit can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Some varieties are grown as ornamentals.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/squash/infos
comment: Squash is the collective name given to several species of plant in the genus Cucurbita, including C. maxima, C. mixta , C. moschata and C. pepo, which are widely grown for their edible fruit. Squash plants are are herbaceous annual plants which are either trailing vines or bush-like in morphology. Vines generally have large, lobed leaves and long vines which can climb by attaching to surfaces with their tendrils. Bushes generally take up less space than the sprawling vine types and may have prickly leaves. Squash plants produce yellow or orange flowers and green, white or yellow fruit in a variety of shapes and sizes with smooth or ridged skin. Vining squash varieties can reach several meters in length and, as annuals, survive only one growing season. Squash originate from North and Central America and are referred to by their cultivar name e.g. acorn squash, butternut squash, spaghetti squash, zucchini, banana squash, hubbard squash and buttercup squash.

Starch
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, and is contained in large amounts in staple foods like potatoes, maize (corn), rice, wheat and cassava (manioc).

State
type: Class
comment: State is a value or result of attributes / concepts in a knowledge model.

Stem
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
has transformation: Transformation Stem DC
comment: A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. It supports leaves, flowers and fruits, transports fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem, stores nutrients, and produces new living tissue.

Storage
type: Class
subclass of: InUse
comment: Storage means the phase of the post-harvest system during which the products are kept in such a way as to guarantee food security other than during periods of agricultural production

Storm
type: Class
subclass of: Planetary Phenomena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather Phenomena
type: Wind Type
comment: A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or in an astronomical body's atmosphere especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather. It may be marked by significant disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind, tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning (a thunderstorm), heavy precipitation (snowstorm, rainstorm), heavy freezing rain (ice storm), strong winds (tropical cyclone, windstorm), or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust storm, blizzard, sandstorm, etc.

Straw
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw
comment: Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making.

Study Design
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM
comment: A planned process that realizes the concretization of a study design

Sub-Country
type: Class
subclass of: Location
type: NamedIndividual
type: Location
comment: A sub-country is almost always an administrative division within a country, it can be a province or state.

SubSystem
type: Class
subclass of: Observe System
References: http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn#hasSubSystem

Sugar beet
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
comment: A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production. In plant breeding it is known as the Altissima cultivar group of the common beet (Beta vulgaris).

Sugarcane
type: Class
subclass of: OtherCrops
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum, is a perennial grass in the family Poaceae grown for its stem (cane) which is primarily used to produce sucrose. Sugarcane has a thick, tillering stem which is clearly divided into nodes and internodes. The leaves of the plant grow from the nodes of the stem, arranged in two rows on either side of the stem. The leaves are tubular and blade-like, thicker in the centres than at the margins and encircle the stem. The inflorescence of sugarcane is a terminal panicle which possesses two spikelets and seeds protected by husks (glumes) covered in silky hair. Two flowers are produced on the inflorescence, one sterile and the other bisexual. Sugarcane can reach a height of up to 6 m (3.3 ft) and once harvested, the stalk will regrow allowing the plant to live for between 8 and 12 years. Sugarcane may also be referred to as nobel cane and originates from New Guinea.
maintenance: Plantations should be kept free from weeds with weeding being carried out every 3-4 weeks. Weeds can be removed by hand or through the use of machinery or appropriate chemicals. If rainfall is not sufficient to meet the growth requirements of the plants then irrigation must be supplied every 2-4 weeks through furrow or sprinkler irrigation. Soil should be mounded up around the base of the canes 1-2 times during the growing season to promote good root development, aid drainage in heavy soil or prevent lodging in light soils.
maintenance: Sugarcane is most commonly harvested by hand or cutting machine. Stalks should be cut close to the ground with a sharp knife when the canes are fully mature.
propagation: Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated by planting part of a mature cane called “settsâ€. Setts should be cut from carefully selected mature canes. A few days before the cuttings are taken, the end of the canes are removed to break the apical dominance of the cane and promote the breaking of buds. The best cuttings are taken from the upper portions of the cane and should be approximately 40 cm (16 in) in length with 2-3 buds. Sugarcane setts should be planted horizontally or at a 45o angle in furrows 15-30 cm (6-12 in) deep. Once in the ground, the setts should be covered with a thin layer of soil. Setts can be grown in a nursery bed and transplanted to the field or planted directly at the final growing site. The average planting density for sugarcane is 15,000-24,000 cuttings per hectare of land. Normally furrow method of planting is followed. A new method called pit method of planting promises two to three times more yield and more ratoon (up to 10) compared to furrow method.
requirements: Sugarcane grows best in tropical and subtropical regions as the plants require a warm, sunny and moist environment for growth. Plants will grow optimally at temperatures between 26 and 33oC (78.8-91.4oF) where there are no frosts which will damage the plants. Sugarcane can be grown successfully in a variety of soils but will perform optimally in deep, well-draining soils, rich in organic matter with a pH between 5.0 and 8.0. Sugarcane requires an average annual rainfall of between 1800 and 2500 mm per year for adequate growth. If rainfall is too low, plants should be grown with irrigation to maximize yield.
uses: Sugarcane is primarily used for the production of cane sugar (sucrose). One of the biproducts of sugarcane production is bioethanol which can be used as a fuel in place of gasoline. The dried fibre which is left over after the extraction of the sugarcane juice is called bagasse and is used in paper and textile production, as a fuel or as an organic mulch.
comment: Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum, is a perennial grass in the family Poaceae grown for its stem (cane) which is primarily used to produce sucrose. Sugarcane has a thick, tillering stem which is clearly divided into nodes and internodes. The leaves of the plant grow from the nodes of the stem, arranged in two rows on either side of the stem. The leaves are tubular and blade-like, thicker in the centres than at the margins and encircle the stem. The inflorescence of sugarcane is a terminal panicle which possesses two spikelets and seeds protected by husks (glumes) covered in silky hair. Two flowers are produced on the inflorescence, one sterile and the other bisexual. Sugarcane can reach a height of up to 6 m (3.3 ft) and once harvested, the stalk will regrow allowing the plant to live for between 8 and 12 years. Sugarcane may also be referred to as nobel cane and originates from New Guinea.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/sugarcane/infos

Sulphur (S)
type: Class
subclass of: Macronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Macronutrient
Acronym: S
comment: Sulfur is a constituent of amino acids in plant proteins and is involved in energy-producing processes in plants. It is responsible for many flavour and odour compounds in plants such as the aroma of onions and cabbage. Sulfur deficiency is not a problem in soils high in organic matter, but it leaches easily. On the North Coast seaspray is a major source of atmospheric sulfur. Superphosphate, gypsum, elemental sulfur and sulfate of ammonia are the main fertiliser sources.

Sunflower
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Nuts
type: OilSeeds
has growth stage: Flowering
has growth stage: Fruit Development stage
has growth stage: Germination
has growth stage: Inflorescence Emergence stage
has growth stage: Leaf Development stage
has growth stage: Ripening stage
has growth stage: Senescence stage
has growth stage: Stem Elongation stage
description: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Asteraceae, grown for its seeds. The plant has a thick, hairy, erect stem which gives rise to a large flower head. The plant has large, broad lower leaves which are oval and arranged alternately on the stem and smaller, narrower upper leaves which are attached individually to the stem. The flower head is a large disc reaching 10-30 cm (4-12 in) in diameter which is made up of 16-30 individual florets which are yellow-gold in color. The outer florets are sterile and produce the outer petals of the flower head, while the inner florets will mature into the seeds in the central disc. Sunflowers are annual plants, harvested after one growing season and can reach 1-3.5 m (3.3-11.5 ft) in height. Sunflower may also be referred to as girasole and originates from North America.
harvesting: Sunflowers are ready to harvest when the back of the flowers begin to turn yellow and the flower head droops. Cut the stem about 5 cm (2 in) below the head and hang up to dry in a warm, well ventilated place for several weeks. When the heads are thoroughly dried, remove the seeds with a brush or by hand. Allow the seeds to dry out for a further few days before storing.
maintenance: Although sunflowers are drought resistant, frequent, deep watering promotes the development of a strong root system. The plants do not require fertilizing, indeed, addition of nitrogen promotes vegetative growth and will delay flowering. The stems of the plants can easily reach in excess of 1.8 m (6 ft) in height and will benefit from some support. Bamboo stakes work well.
propagation: Sunflowers are most easily grown by direct seeding outdoors. In areas with a long growing season, they should be planted in late Spring after all danger of frost and when the soil has warmed through. However, in areas with short growing seasons, the seeds can be planted a week or two before the last frost date as the plants are tolerant to cold Prepare the soil for planting by digging to loosen the soil and break up any large clumps. Plant seeds 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in) deep and space them 10-15 cm (3-4 in) apart. If planting in rows, allow 0.75 m (~30 in) between each one. An application of a balanced fertilizer at planting promotes the development of a strong root system. The seeds should sprout in 7-10 days. When the seedlings are about 15 cm (6 in) tall with two pairs of true leaves, thin the plants to a final within row spacing of 60 cm (2 ft). Sow more seeds every 2-3 weeks for a continuous bloom over the summer.
requirements: Sunflowers are generally very easy to grow and thrive in areas with long hot summers which promote flowering. They grow best at temperatures between 21 and 25.5oC (70-78oF). Sunflowers can be very large and require plenty of space although there are some varieties which have been specially bred to be compact for growing in smaller spaces or for growing in containers. Sunflowers will grow in a variety of soils as long as they are not waterlogged and can be grown successfully at a pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.5. A pH above 6.0 is not recommended. They should be grown in an area that receives full sunlight and it is preferable to provide them with some shelter from wind which can damage the stems e.g. along a fence or wall. Sunflowers originate from the dry prairie regions of North America and are drought resistant once established. Their easy to grow nature makes them ideal plants for growing with children.
uses: Sunflower seeds can be eaten either fresh or cooked or used to extract oil which is widely used in cooking. The seeds are commonly harvested for bird seeds. Sunflowers are often grown as ornamental plants due to their large, attractive flower head.
comment: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Asteraceae, grown for its seeds. The plant has a thick, hairy, erect stem which gives rise to a large flower head. The plant has large, broad lower leaves which are oval and arranged alternately on the stem and smaller, narrower upper leaves which are attached individually to the stem. The flower head is a large disc reaching 10-30 cm (4-12 in) in diameter which is made up of 16-30 individual florets which are yellow-gold in color. The outer florets are sterile and produce the outer petals of the flower head, while the inner florets will mature into the seeds in the central disc. Sunflowers are annual plants, harvested after one growing season and can reach 1-3.5 m (3.3-11.5 ft) in height. Sunflower may also be referred to as girasole and originates from North America.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/sunflower/infos

Sunshine
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is scattered and filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat.
label: Sunlight

Supermarket
type: Class
subclass of: Market
comment: A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food, beverages and household products, organized into sections. It is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is smaller and more limited in the range of merchandise than a hypermarket or big-box market.

Supplier
type: Class
subclass of: Organization
comment: A supplier is a person or organization that provides something needed such as a product or service.

SwissChard
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
comment: Chard or Swiss is a green leafy vegetable. In the cultivars of the Flavescens Group, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf blade;[1] the Cicla Group is the leafy spinach beet. The leaf blade can be green or reddish in color; the leaf stalks are usually white, or a colorful yellow or red.
comment: Swiss Chard

Symptom
type: Class
subclass of: Biological
comment: A visible response of a host plant to a pathogenic organism.
comment: A visible response of a host plant to a pathogenic organism. It is the first step to identifying possible solutions to a plant health problem and understanding the problem correctly.

Syndrome
type: Class
subclass of: Biological
comment: A group of symptoms which consistently occur together, or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms.

Tank
type: Class
subclass of: Field Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Field Part
comment: Tank is one of tanks in the irrigation systems which are used primarily to irrigate paddy fields.

Tea
type: Class
subclass of: OtherCrops
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Tea, Camellia sinensis, is a tree or small shrub in the family Theaceae grown for its leaves which are used to make beverages. The tea plant is branching with alternate elliptical leaves. The leaves are leathery in texture, matte green in color and have serrated edges. The tea plant can take the form of a tree with a bowl-shaped canopy but is usually pruned under cultivation to be smaller and shrub-like. The plant produces fragrant white flower singly or in small clusters. Tea tree can reach up to 15 m (49 ft) in height and can live anywhere between 30 and 50 years. The plant originates from China.
harvesting: Tea is harvested by “pluckingâ€ which involves the removal of the youngest leaves at the shoot terminals. The terminal bud is removed along with the two leaves directly below (fine plucking) or the bud and three leaves (coarse plucking). The younger leaves have the best flavor and removing three leaves increases production but diminishes the overall quality by including an older leaf. Tea plants are plucked by hand by grasping the plant between thumb and forefinger and is usually carried out every 7-14 days depending on altitude.
maintenance: Newly planted tea plantations must be kept free from weeds while the tea plants establish. Weeding should be done by hand until the canopy closes and shades out weeds. Tea plants should be pruned to encourage the production of lateral branches. Busjes are shaped by tipping and thinning of branches to create the desired shape. Pruning should be maintained throughout the life of the plantation to keep the plants a manageable size and maintain productivity. pruning is best carried out when the plants are dormant where possible. If trees do not have a dormant period then they should be pruned in winter or after the dry period depending on geographic location. The tree clippings can be left in the centers of the rows to acts as an organic mulch. Tea plantations are usually fertilized 2-3 times per year. The amount of each nutrient added to the soil will depend on the soil’s own deficiencies and should ideally be based on the results of soil testing or by testing the leaves for nutrient deficiencies.
propagation: Tea is propagated from seed or rooted leaf cuttings. Good quality seeds are selected by immersing in water for 30 minutes and selecting the seeds which sink. Seeds are commonly germinated by placing them between wet cloths. Seeds which successfully germinate are transferred to a nursery bed to grow for 2-3 years. Before transplanting to the field, the plants are cut back to a height of 15 cm (6.0 in). Leaf cuttings are also used to establish new tea plantations. Single node cuttings are taken from the desired variety and rooted in polyethylene bags containing soil by firmly pressing the stem into the soil. The bags are then placed in a shaded area and watered regularly. New tea plants produced from rooted cuttings are usually planted out in the field after 6-9 months. Tea can be planted as single rows, double rows or as a hedge. Plantations established on slopes are planted on contour rows. Seedlings or cuttings are usually planted 60 cm (24 in) apart, allowing 1.5 m (5 ft) between rows. The tea plants are often interplanted with legumes or grasses to conserve soil moisture and prevent soil erosion. Shade trees are utilized in tea plantations grown at lower altitudes.
requirements: Tea grows best in warm and humid climates. It will tolerate temperatures between 14 and 27oC (57.2-80.6oF) with 18-20oC (64.4-68oF) being optimum. Tea plants will not tolerate frost and mean temperatures should not fall below 13oC (55.4oF) or exceed 29oC (84.2oF). Tea grows optimally in deep, well-draining, tropical red soils with an acidic pH between 4.5 and 6.0. Tea requires an average annual rainfall of 1600 mm per year distributed evenly throughout the growing season. In growing regions that experience a long dry season, tea plants require shading to increase the humidity around the plants.
uses: Tea leaves are usually infused with boiling water to produce an infused drink. In China, most tea leaves are processed for green tea (little or no fermentation of the leaves) whereas most Assam tea is processed for black tea which is manufactured by fermenting and crushing the leaves.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/tea/infos
comment: Tea, Camellia sinensis, is a tree or small shrub in the family Theaceae grown for its leaves which are used to make beverages. The tea plant is branching with alternate elliptical leaves. The leaves are leathery in texture, matte green in color and have serrated edges. The tea plant can take the form of a tree with a bowl-shaped canopy but is usually pruned under cultivation to be smaller and shrub-like. The plant produces fragrant white flower singly or in small clusters. Tea tree can reach up to 15 m (49 ft) in height and can live anywhere between 30 and 50 years. The plant originates from China.

Technological Control
type: Class
subclass of: Treatment

Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: oC
comment: Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have used various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade, denoted °C), the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K)

Temperature Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
comment: A temperature sensor is a device, typically, a thermocouple or resistance temperature detector, that provides temperature measurement in a readable form through an electrical signal.

Terrain
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) is the vertical and horizontal dimension of the land surface. Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution.

Thickness
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
alternative label: Crop Thickness
comment: Crop Thickness

Time
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract Entity
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Time is what we measure in minutes, hours, days, and years.

Time Duration
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: Duration extent; duration of a time interval separate from its particular start position

Time Position
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: A temporal position described using either a (nominal) value from an ordinal reference system, or a (numeric) value in a temporal coordinate system.

Tobacco
type: Class
subclass of: OtherCrops
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is an herbaceous annual or perennial plant in the family Solanaceae grown for its leaves. The tobacco plant has a thick, hairy stem and large, simple leaves which are oval in shape. The tobacco plant produces white, cream, pink or red flowers which grow in large clusters, are tubular in appearance and can reach 3.5-5.5 cm (1,25-2 in) in length. Tobacco may reach 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft) in height and as is usually grown as an annual, surviving only one growing season. Tobacco may also be referred to as Virginia tobacco or cultivated tobacco and originates from South America.
harvesting: Tobacco is harvested by hand in most parts of the world by picking 2-3 leaves from each plant per harvest. In the USA and Canada, tobacco plants are mechanically harvested by cutting the stalks of the plants. Only fully mature leaves should be harvested when hand picking is practices and harvests should be carried out at weekly intervals. After harvest, leaves are usually tied in pairs to cure.
maintenance: The best quality tobacco leaves are produced when the the flowerheads of the plants are removed, a process known as topping. Topping plants promotes the development of suckers which should also be removed. Suckers are removed through the use of chemicals in commercial tobacco production with some hand removal also necessary. Fertilizer and irrigation requirements of tobacco vary with the variety being grown but generally, tobacco has a requirement of 40-80 kg per hectare of nitrogen, 80-90 kg per hectare of phosphorous and 50-110 kg per hectare of potassium.
propagation: Tobacco is propagated from seed on protected (covered) seed beds or in the glasshouse and transplanted to the final growing site. Seeds grown outdoors are protected for the first few weeks to prevent weather damage to the emerging young plants. seedlings are transplanted after 30-60 days when they are approximately 15 cm (6 in) in height. The young plants should be spaced 46-61 cm (18-24 in) apart.
requirements: Tobacco grows very well in a wide range of climates and will grow optimally at temperatures between 20 and 30oC (68-86oF) in areas where there is a dry period to facilitate harvest of the leaves. The type of soil depends on the variety of tobacco being grown but the best yields are usually obtained in loam to sandy loam soils. The soil should have a pH between 5.0 and 6-6. Tobacco plants are easily damaged by waterlogged soils and quality can be affected by high salinity. Plants should therefore be grown in a well draining and well aerated soil.
uses: Tobacco is a stimulant and the dried leaves of the tobacco plant can be cured and used to produces tobacco cigarettes, cigars and snuff or for pesticide production.
comment: Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is an herbaceous annual or perennial plant in the family Solanaceae grown for its leaves. The tobacco plant has a thick, hairy stem and large, simple leaves which are oval in shape. The tobacco plant produces white, cream, pink or red flowers which grow in large clusters, are tubular in appearance and can reach 3.5-5.5 cm (1,25-2 in) in length. Tobacco may reach 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft) in height and as is usually grown as an annual, surviving only one growing season. Tobacco may also be referred to as Virginia tobacco or cultivated tobacco and originates from South America.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/tobacco/infos

Tomato
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
description: Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum (syn. Solanum lycopersicum and Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is an herbaceous annual in the family Solanaceae grown for its edible fruit. The plant can be erect with short stems or vine-like with long, spreading stems. The stems are covered in coarse hairs and the leaves are arranged spirally. The tomato plant produces yellow flowers, which can develop into a cyme of 3-12, and usually a round fruit (berry) which is fleshy, smoothed skinned and can be red, pink, purple, brown, orange or yellow in color. The tomato plant can grow 0.7-2 m (2.3-6.6 ft) in height and as an annual, is harvested after only one growing season. Tomato may also be referred to as love apple and originates from South America.
propagation: In most cases, tomato seeds should be started indoors 6-8 weeks before last Spring frost. Seeds can be direct seeded in areas with a long growing season. Seeds should be sown in flats or cell trays using a sterile seedling mix. Plant seeds to a depth of 0.6 cm (1/4 in) and water lightly. If cells are being used, plant several seeds in each cell and thin to 1 seedling after germination. Position trays in a bright South facing window or under fluorescent lighting. The optimum soil temperature for germination is 21-32oC (70-90oF). A heat mat can be used to warm the flats if required. Seedlings should emerge within 6-14 days and after the seedlings has developed the first set of true leaves then they can be moved to a larger (3-4 in) pot and moved to a cooler temperature (16-21oC/60-70oF). Tomato seedlings are ready to be transplanted once they are 15-25 cm (6-10 in) in height and have 3-5 true leaves assuming all danger of frost has passed. Beginning approximately 7-10 days before transplanting, plants should be set outside to harden off (see https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/264). The transplanting site should be prepared by working in a balanced fertilizer according to the guidelines on the product label. Transplants should be spaced 76-123 cm (30-48 in) apart with a between row spacing of 123 cm (48 in). It is common practice to plant tomatoes in trenches on their side (see https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/833-tomato) as tomato stems will sprout roots along their length when buried. Avoid over-fertilizing transplants, particularly with nitrogen, at this stage of growth as it will promote growth of foliage rather than fruits. Water plants lightly at base instead of overhead as wet foliage is more prone to diseases and the buried stem needs time to adapt and sprout roots. It is important that tomato plants receive even watering to prevent the development of blossom end rot, drip or soaker hoses work best and mulching around the plants helps to conserve soil moistur…
requirements: Tomatoes grow very well in warm areas at temperatures between 21 and 24oC (69.8-75.2oF). They require a deep, loamy, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.8. If soil drainage is a problem then tomatoes can be planted in a raised bed. Like all fruiting plants, tomatoes require full sun for most of the day.
uses: Tomato fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and is used in many dishes. The fruit may also be processed into juice, soup, ketchup, puree, paste or powder.
variety: Determinate (“bushâ€) tomatoes have been purposefully bred to grow vertically and remain relatively compact. The plant will stop growing once fruit begins developing on the terminal shoot and all the fruits ripen at around the same time. In contrast, indeterminate (“viningâ€) tomato varieties spread laterally and will continue to grow and produce fruit until frosts begin the the Fall. Indeterminate varieties can produce fruit all season and fruits will develop and ripen at different times. Heirloom tomatoes are generally open-pollinated varieties which have been conserved over many generations due to certain desirable characteristics such as flavor. Hybrid tomatoes are the product of cross-pollination between two parents with desirable characteristics such as high yield, early maturation, improved flavor or resistance to certain diseases.
comment: Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum (syn. Solanum lycopersicum and Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is an herbaceous annual in the family Solanaceae grown for its edible fruit. The plant can be erect with short stems or vine-like with long, spreading stems. The stems are covered in coarse hairs and the leaves are arranged spirally. The tomato plant produces yellow flowers, which can develop into a cyme of 3-12, and usually a round fruit (berry) which is fleshy, smoothed skinned and can be red, pink, purple, brown, orange or yellow in color. The tomato plant can grow 0.7-2 m (2.3-6.6 ft) in height and as an annual, is harvested after only one growing season. Tomato may also be referred to as love apple and originates from South America.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/tomato/infos

Toolkit
type: Class
subclass of: Data Mining

Top Soil
type: Class
subclass of: Soil Conductivity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil
comment: Topsoil is the upper, outermost layer of soil, that is rich in organic matter and microorganisms. It is usually the top 5–10 inches (13–25 cm).

Topography
type: Class
subclass of: Terrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Terrain

Trace Elements
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
comment: A trace element is a chemical element whose concentration (or other measure of amount) is very low (a "trace amount"). They are classified into two groups; essential and non-essential. Essential trace elements are needed for many physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and animals.

Tractor
type: Class
subclass of: Vehicle
comment: A powerful vehicle with large rear wheels, used chiefly on farms for hauling equipment and trailers.

Transformation
type: Class
comment: Transformation is the process or function of converting data from one range, format or structure into another range, format or structure.

Transportation
type: Class
subclass of: InUse
comment: Transport, whether traditional or mechanized, is needed to move the agricultural commodities: from the harvest fields, to the threshing or drying site

Treatment
type: Class
subclass of: Biological
comment: The medical care given to plants for a disease infection.

Tree
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height.

Triacylglycerol
type: Class
subclass of: Biomolecule
type: NamedIndividual
type: Biomolecule
comment: Triacylglycerols are important storage lipids and the main constituents (∼99%) of vegetable oils and food lipids. Natural triacylglycerols contain generally a mixture of different fatty acids and their composition reflects the relative fatty acid concentrations.

Truck
type: Class
subclass of: Vehicle
comment: A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo.

Tuber
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Tubers are parts of plants, enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients.

Tulip
type: Class
subclass of: Flower
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower
comment: Tulips (Tulipa) form a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly colored, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in warm colors).

Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
type: Class
subclass of: Spectrophotometer

Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Planned Process
References: CRISP-DM
comment: A planned process with objective to check that the accuracy or the quality of a claim or prediction satisfies some criteria and which is assessed by comparing with independent results.

Vanadium (V)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Vanadium may be required by some plants, but at very low concentrations. It may also be substituting for molybdenum.
Acronym: V

Vapor Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Air
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Air
type: Weather
comment: Vapor Pressure exerted by water vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phase (i.e) solid or liquid form at a given temperature.
alternative label: Vapour Pressure

Variety
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: Crop Variety means a plant grouping, within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, defined by the reproducible expression of its distinguishing and other genetic characteristics.
alternative label: Crop Variety

Vegetable
type: Class
subclass of: Crop
comment: Vegetable is a usually herbaceous plant (such as the cabbage, bean, or potato) grown for an edible part that is usually eaten as part of a meal;

Vegetation
type: Class
subclass of: Farm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Terrain

Vehicle
type: Class
subclass of: Machine
comment: A vehicle is a machine that transports people or cargo.

Vermi Compost
type: Class
subclass of: Organic Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Compost
type: Organic Mature

Viral Disease
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Disease
comment: Infectious plant diseases are caused by virus and can range in severity from mild leaf or plant damage to death.

Virus
type: Class
subclass of: Microoganism
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to higher plants.

Visibility
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: Km
comment: In meteorology, visibility is a measure of the distance at which an object or light can be clearly discerned. It is reported within surface weather observations and METAR code either in meters or statute miles, depending upon the country. Visibility affects all forms of traffic: roads, sailing and aviation. Meteorological visibility refers to transparency of air: in dark, meteorological visibility is still the same as in daylight for the same air.
comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visibility

Vitamin
type: Class
subclass of: Mineral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mineral
comment: A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a chemically closely related set of molecules, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
type: Class
subclass of: Network
type: NamedIndividual
type: Network
comment: A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building.
label: Wireless Local Area Network

Wireless Sensor Network
type: Class
subclass of: Network
type: NamedIndividual
type: Network
comment: Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location. WSNs measure environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.
label: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

Walnut
type: Class
subclass of: Nuts
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Nuts
type: OilSeeds
harvesting: Walnuts in the home garden can simply be collected when they drop from the tree. In commercial orchards, walnuts are commonly harvested with the used of a mechanical shaker. Once the nuts are collected, they must be immediately hulled (the process of removing the nut from the green flesh) and dried.
maintenance: Walnut trees should be trained to a central leader or modified leader system. Trees should be pruned in the Fall to prevent sap bleeding. Once the desired shape has been achieved, annual pruning should focus on thinning the tops of the trees to allow better air and light penetration to the canopy. In commercial orchards, lower limbs may be removed to facilitate the movement of machinery through the orchard. Newly planted walnut trees should be provided with supplemental irrigation for the first two years following planting. Trees should be watered deeply and the soil allowed to dry out between waterings. Irrigation is also required in the period after bloom in order to maximize nut production. In addition to an initial application of manure at planting, trees should be provided with 100–400 g of nitrogen per tree until the fifth year. In the sixth year, trees may be provided with up to 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare.
propagation: Walnut trees are usually propagated vegetatively by budding or grafting, while saplings for rootstock are grown from seed. The planting site should be prepared by levelling the ground and eliminating weeds. Trees are planted by digging a hole that is twice as wide as the existing root ball. Aged manure or compost may be added to the soil at time of planting by incorporating it into the backfill soil. Trees should be spaced 10–15 m (33–50 ft) apart. In commercial plantations, trees may be spaced closer together. Grafted trees will begin to bear fruit in 5 years, while non-grafted plants may take 7-8 years. Newly planted young trees require staking as the new wood is soft and the tree can be damaged by winds.
requirements: Walnut can be grown successfully in a wide variety of climates but blossoms can be damaged by frost or high humidity. Must walnut varieties have a winter chilling requirement of 800–1000 hours below 7°C (45°F) to break dormancy and require a growing season of at least 200 frost-free days. Walnut trees should be planted in areas where there is good air circulation and drainage and will grow optimally when planted in a deep, fertile, well-draining loam soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Walnut roots systems can be extensive and It is not unusual for walnut roots to grow to depths of 4.5 m (15 ft). Water-logged soils will limit root growth and should be avoided. Walnuts will usually begin to produce in the fourth or fifth year following planting.
uses: Walnut kernels can be eaten fresh or processed for use in baked goods and confectionery. The timber of the tree is a highly valued as a wood for furniture making in Europe. Kernels may also be used as an animal feed or used to extract oil which was once a popular thinner for oil based paints.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/walnut/infos
comment: Walnut, Juglans regia, is a deciduous tree in the Family Juglandaceae grown for its edible seeds. Walnut trees are large and vigorous with a wide-spreading canopy. The trunk of the tree can reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter and mature trees possess smooth, silver-gray bark. Walnut leaves are composed of an odd number of smaller, oval shaped leaflets which are bright green in color. The tree produces male flowers on catkins and female flowers on terminal clusters where the fruit develops. The fruit of the walnut tree is a fleshy green drupe in which the nut is encased. The kernel of the nut is protected by a corrugated woody shell. Walnut trees can reach 25–35 m (82–115 ft) in height and can live for periods in excess of 200 years. Walnut may also be referred to as Persian walnut, English walnut, common walnut or European walnut and originates from central Asia.

Waste
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part

Water
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. "Water" is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.

Water Density
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water

Water Depth
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water

Water pH
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water

Water Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
comment: A water detector is an electronic device that is designed to detect the presence of water for purposes such as to provide an alert in time to allow the prevention of water leakage.

Water Surface Tension
type: Class
subclass of: Water

Water Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water

Water Viscosity
type: Class
subclass of: Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Water

Watermelon
type: Class
subclass of: Fruit Tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Watermelons are ready to be harvested when the the tendrils closest to the fruit are beginning to dry out and turn brown. The underside of the melon should be beginning to turn yellow
maintenance: Watermelon vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence to save space. Watermelon plants Watermelons have a very deep root system which allows them to access soil moisture efficiently. However, if conditions are very dry for prolonged periods then additional water should be provided.. Plastic mulches are highly recommended in areas where conditions are not ideal for growth as they conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene has the advantage of warming the soil. Floating row covers can be beneficial while the plants establish to protect against insect pests.
requirements: Watermelon is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 28°C (65–82°F). Watermelon will yield best if grown in a light, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Watermelon should be planted in full sun and heavy feeders. They need to be provided with even soil moisture and fertilized regularly. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space.
uses: Watermelon is usually consumed as a fresh fruit. In Africa it is sometimes cooked before eating and may also be used as an animal feed.
comment: Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, is a vining annual plant in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for its fleshy fruit. Watermelon vines are thin, grooved and covered in tiny hairs. Vines are branching and possess deeply lobed pinnate leaves. The plant produces solitary yellow flowers and and a large spherical to oblong fruit. The fruit is a 'pepo' - a fleshy fruit protected by a thick leathery rind. The fruit is smooth, light to dark green in color and can be striped, marbled or solid green. The flesh of the fruit is usually red in color but some cultivars produce green, orange or white flesh and contains numerous seeds which are usually black or dark brown in color. Watermelon vines can reach a length of 3 m (10 ft) and as an annual, survives only one growing season. Watermelon originates from Africa.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/watermelon/infos

Weather
type: Class
subclass of: Environment
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.

Weather Phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: Natural Phenomenon
comment: Weather phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to weather, such as blizzard, snow, storm, tornado.

Weather Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
comment: A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather

Weeds
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Problem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: A weed is a wild plant that grows in fields of crops and prevents the plants that farmers want from growing properly.

Weight
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
comment: Crop weight is the weight of plant or any plant (or other organism) part. Crop weight has two types: fresh weight and dry weight.
alternative label: Crop Weight

Well
type: Class
subclass of: Field Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Field Part
comment: Well is one of wells in the irrigation systems which are used primarily to irrigate paddy fields.

Wheat
type: Class
subclass of: Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
has disease: Stem Elongation stage
has growth stage: Flowering
has growth stage: Fruit Development stage
has growth stage: Germination
has growth stage: Inflorescence Emergence stage
has growth stage: Leaf Development stage
has growth stage: Ripening stage
has growth stage: Senescence stage
has growth stage: Stem Elongation stage
description: Wheat, is the name given to several plants in the genus Triticum including Triticum aestivum, Triticum compactum, Triticum spelta and Triticum durum, which are annual or biennial grasses grown primarily for their grain. Wheat species possess an erect smooth stem with linear leaves that grow in two rows on either side of the stem with larger 'flag' leaves at the top of the stem. The stem terminates in a spike that is made up on individual spikelets, each possessing 3-9 florets. The wheat fruit develops within the spikelets, maturing to a seed (kernel). Wheat can reach 1.2 m (4 ft) in height and like other cereals, has been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring wheat is planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter wheat is planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Wheat may be referred to by variety and these include durum or macaroni wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East.
estimate yield: In 2018 the UK record stood at 16t/ha, and the average yield was just 8t/ha.
harvesting: Wheat is ready to harvest when the stalks and heads have turned from green to yellow and the seed heads are drooping towards the ground. Check the seeds for ripeness before harvest. The should be firm and crunchy and not doughy in texture. Commercially produced wheat is usually harvested using a combine. Smaller plots can be harvested by hand using a scythe or sickle. Small plots can be harvested by snipping off the heads with a pair of scissors.
propagation: Wheat varieties One of the first things to consider before planting is which type of wheat you want to grow. There are several different varieties to choose from depending on the time of year and how you want to utilize your harvest. Wheat is broadly categorized into Winter wheat and Spring wheat. Winter wheat is high yielding and is planted in the Fall and harvested in the Spring or Summer of the following year (depending on location). Spring wheat is not as high yielding but tolerated drier conditions. It is planted in the Spring and harvested in the Fall. Both Spring and Winter wheat is then further categorized as soft wheat, hard wheat, spelt or durum. Planting Winter wheat varieties should be planted in the Fall approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the first frost date. Spring wheat varieties should be planted as soon as the soil can be worked in the Spring. Commercially grown wheat is usually mechanically drilled using a machine that creates a furrow and drops the seed in before covering it back up. Wheat seeds can be sown by hand broadcasting in smaller areas, or using a hand-cranked seeder. Seeds are usually sown to at depths ranging from 2 to 12 cm (0.8-4.7 in) depending on soil conditions (seed must be sown deeper in drier soil). Once the seeds have been scattered, the soil should be raked lightly to set the seeds at the desired depth.
requirements: Wheat can be grown in a wide variety of climates but grows best in cool regions where the temperature is between 10 and 24oC (50-75oF). Wheat will not grow at temperatures above 35oC (95oF). Wheat will grow optimally in a deep, fertile, well draining and well aerated soil at a pH between 5.5 and 7.5.
sowing rate: 75 kg/acre (187.5 kg/ha) (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
unit: mg/L
uses: Wheat is one of the most important food plants in the world. It is used primarily to produce flour for bread. It is used widely in the production of many other baked goods. Wheat grain is also used in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and alcohol. Wheat straw is used as an animal feed and in the manufacture of carpets, baskets, packing, bedding, and paper.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/wheat/infos
comment: Wheat, is the name given to several plants in the genus Triticum including Triticum aestivum, Triticum compactum, Triticum spelta and Triticum durum, which are annual or biennial grasses grown primarily for their grain. Wheat species possess an erect smooth stem with linear leaves that grow in two rows on either side of the stem with larger 'flag' leaves at the top of the stem. The stem terminates in a spike that is made up on individual spikelets, each possessing 3-9 florets. The wheat fruit develops within the spikelets, maturing to a seed (kernel). Wheat can reach 1.2 m (4 ft) in height and like other cereals, has been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring wheat is planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter wheat is planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Wheat may be referred to by variety and these include durum or macaroni wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East.

Wheelbarrow
type: Class
subclass of: Vehicle
comment: A wheelbarrow is an essential product to help you move heavy loads whether at home or on a work site.

White blisters
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: These are white, shining, blister-like pustules found on the leaves of cruciferous plants caused by Albugo Candida, the white rust. These pustules expose the white, powdery masses of spores.

Wikipedia
type: Class
subclass of: Link
comment: Wikipedia is an online free-content encyclopedia project that aims to help create a world in which everyone can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. It is supported by the Wikimedia Foundation and based on a model of openly editable content. The name "Wikipedia" is a blending of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning "quick") and encyclopedia. Wikipedia's articles provide links designed to guide the user to related pages with additional information. Wikipedia is written collaboratively by largely anonymous volunteers who write without pay. Anyone with internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles, except in limited cases where editing is restricted to prevent disruption or vandalism. Since its creation on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia has grown into the world's largest reference website, attracting 1.5 billion unique visitors monthly as of March 2020. It currently has more than 54 million articles in more than 300 languages, including 6,144,813 articles in English with 126,740 active contributors in the past month.

Wildfire
type: Class
subclass of: Planetary Phenomena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: A wildfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire, bushfire, desert fire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire.

Wilts
type: Class
subclass of: Symptom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom
comment: The drooping of the entire plant due to loss of turgidity is a common symptom of disease. The causes may be varied. The wilting due to a disease is permanent and eventually leads to death of the plant.

Wind Direction
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates. For example, a north or northerly wind blows from the north to the south. Wind direction is usually reported in cardinal (or compass) direction, or in degrees. Consequently, a wind blowing from the north has a wind direction referred to as 0° (360°); a wind blowing from the east has a wind direction referred to as 90°, etc.

Wind Gust
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
comment: Wind gust is a brief increase in the speed of the wind, usually less than 20 seconds. It is of a more transient character than a squall, which lasts minutes, and is followed by a lull or slackening in the wind speed.[1] Generally, winds are least gusty over large water surfaces and most gusty over rough land and near high buildings.

Anemometer
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
comment: Wind Sensor is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction. It is also a common weather station instrument.
label: Wind Sensor

Wind Speed
type: Class
subclass of: Weather
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather
unit: Km/h
comment: Wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Note that wind direction is usually almost parallel to isobars (and not perpendicular, as one might expect), due to Earth's rotation.

Wind Type
type: Class
subclass of: Weather

Wine
type: Class
subclass of: Product
type: NamedIndividual
type: Product
comment: Wine is an alcoholic drink which is made from grapes.

Wireless Sensor
type: Class
subclass of: Sensor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
See Also: A wireless sensor node is equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio transceivers and power components.

Wood
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Part
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part
comment: Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.

Workshop
type: Class
subclass of: Event
comment: Workshop is a meeting at which a group of people engage in intensive discussion and activity on a particular subject or project.

Yam
type: Class
subclass of: Vegetable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vegetable
See Also: Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers. Yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania.

Yield
type: Class
subclass of: Crop Attribute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Attribute
unit: T/Ha
alternative label: Mean Yield
comment: The yield (also known as "agricultural productivity" or "agricultural output") is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown, or product such as crop yield produced, per unit area of land.
alternative label: Crop Yield

Zinc (Zn)
type: Class
subclass of: Micronutrient
type: NamedIndividual
type: Micronutrient
unit: mg/kg
comment: Zinc is required in a large number of enzymes and plays an essential role in DNA transcription. A typical symptom of zinc deficiency is the stunted growth of leaves, commonly known as "little leaf" and is caused by the oxidative degradation of the growth hormone auxin. Zinc occurs in plants as a free ion, as a complex with a variety of low molecular weight compounds, or as a component of proteins and other macromolecules.
Acronym: Zn

Zinc Deficiency
type: Class
subclass of: Plant Disorder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Zinc (Zn)
comment: Zinc deficiency occurs when plant growth is limited because the plant cannot take up sufficient quantities of this essential micronutrient from its growing medium. It is one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies in crops and pastures worldwide and causes large losses in crop production and crop quality.

Point
type: Class
subclass of: Location
References: http://purl.org/dc/terms/Point
References: http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#
comment: The relation between something and the point, or other geometrical thing in space, where it is. For example, the realtionship between a radio tower and a Point with a given lat and long. Or a relationship between a park and its outline as a closed arc of points, or a road and its location as a arc (a sequence of points). Clearly in practice there will be limit to the accuracy of any such statement, but one would expect an accuracy appropriate for the size of the object and uses such as mapping.
comment: The set of points in space defined by their geographic coordinates

Location
type: Class
subclass of: Physical Entity
comment: Spatial thing is used to describe things relating to areas or locations.
label: Spatial Thing

Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite

Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectrophotometer

Abort tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Above Room Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Above Zero Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Advanced Miner
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: The Advanced Miner is an upgraded version of the Miner. Unlike the Miner, it does not require Mining Pipe or a Mining Drill to function, relying solely on power. An additional feature of the Advanced Miner is a black/whitelist function. The mode of this can be toggled by a button in the GUI. In Blacklist Mode, any blocks placed inside the GUI will not be mined by the Advanced Miner, and will be ignored. In Whitelist Mode, any block inside the GUI will be the only blocks mined, and all other blocks will be ignored. The blocks specified are based on what they drop, but are also compatible with Silk Touched ores. For example, on Blacklist Mode, when Redstone Dust or Redstone Ore is in the GUI, no Redstone Ore will be mined. It is worth noting that the slots inside the GUI are not storage spaces, they are only used for the filters. A Chest or similar inventory placed above the Advanced Miner will automatically collect the items, not needing an Ejector Upgrade.

Afghanistan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
has climate: Continental Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AF
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF
agricultural land: 379,100 km2
agricultural land: 379,100 sq. km
area: 647,500 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AF
climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
coordinate: 33°N 66°E
density: 46/km2 (119.1/sq mi)
density: 46/km²
latitude: 66.0
latitude: 67.67894
longitude: 33.0
longitude: 33.93045
population: 32,225,560
population: 32,738,376 (2008)
comment: Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers, it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.
comment: Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a mountainous landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers, it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city, with an estimated population of 4.6 million composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.

Africa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: Algeria
has country: Angola
has country: Benin
has country: Botswana
has country: Bouvet Island
has country: Burkina Faso
has country: Burundi
has country: Cameroon
has country: Cape Verde
has country: Central African Republic
has country: Chad
has country: Comoros
has country: Congo
has country: Cote dIvoire
has country: The Democratic Republic of Congo
has country: Djibouti
has country: Equatorial Guinea
has country: Eritrea
has country: Ethiopia
has country: Gabon
has country: Gambia
has country: Ghana
has country: Guinea
has country: Guinea-Bissau
has country: Kenya
has country: Lesotho
has country: Liberia
has country: Libya
has country: Madagascar
has country: Malawi
has country: Mali
has country: Mauritania
has country: Mauritius
has country: Morocco
has country: Mozambique
has country: Namibia
has country: Niger
has country: Nigeria
has country: Reunion
has country: Rwanda
has country: Saint Helena
has country: Sao Tome and Principe
has country: Senegal
has country: Seychelles
has country: Sierra Leone
has country: Somalia
has country: South Africa
has country: Sudan
has country: Swaziland
has country: Tanzania
has country: Togo
has country: Tunisia
has country: Uganda
has country: Western Sahara
has country: Zambia
has country: Zimbabwe

Africa Eggplant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
description: African eggplant, Solanum aethiopicum, is a deciduous shrub in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible fruits which are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. African eggplant is a highly branching plant which can grow up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in height. The leaves of the plant are arranged alternately on the stems and have smooth or lobed margins. Leaf blades may reach up to 30 cm (11.8 in) in length and 21 cm (8.3 in) in width. The leaf petioles are oval or elliptical in shape, reaching up to 11 cm (4.3 in) in length. Plants produce clusters of up to 12 white flowers which develop into egg- or spindle-shaped berries which are red to orange in color with a smooth or grooved surface depending on variety. African eggplant may also be referred to as scarlet eggplant, bitter tomato, mock tomato, garden egg or Ethiopian nightshade and is native to Africa, likely resulting from the domestication of a related species, S. anguivi.
harvesting: African eggplant is typically ready for harvest 100 to 120 days after planting. The fruit should be harvested before the skin changes color from white to pale yellow when the skin becomes tough. Fruits should be harvested regularly to encourage maximum fruit production. Young leaves may be harvested from 45-60 days of growth.
maintenance: African eggplants will benefit from frequent irrigation during the dry season, particularly when fruiting, to ensure high yields. The crop should be weeded as required to prevent competition. Addition of fertilizer in the form of cattle or chicken or cattle manure or compost will improve yields.
propagation: African eggplant seeds can be collected from fully ripe fruits. Once the seeds have been extracted, they should be laid out on a piece paper to dry in a place where they are not exposed to direct sunlight. Once dry, seeds can be stored for many years and still remain viable. Seeds should be planted in a prepared nursery bed and should be sown 15 cm (6 in) apart with a further 20 cm (8 in) between rows. Seedlings are ready for transplanting when they reach 15 to 20 cm (6–8 in) in height and have 5–7 leaves. Plants should be hardened prior to transplanting by gradually reducing the amount of water they receive. Plants should be spaced 50 cm (20 in) apart allowing 75 cm (30 in) between rows.
requirements: Growth requirements for African eggplant vary with variety. All types grow best in full sun in well-draining, deep soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.8. Gilo types grow best at daytime temperatures between 25 and 35°C (77 and 95°F). Kumba types can grow in hotter temperatures of up to 45°C in low humidity, whereas Shum types require warm and humid conditions in order to thrive. No varieties of African eggplant tolerate very cold or water-logged conditions.
uses: African eggplant is grown primarily for its bitter orange-red fruit, which may be eaten boiled, steamed, pickled or in stews with meat and other vegetables. Young leaves are also often used in soups.
comment: Eggplant is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.

Agricultural land
type: NamedIndividual
type: LandUse

Average Annual Temperature (AAT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: AAT
comment: Average Annual Temperature (AAT) is the transformation for Temperature by Average Annual Temperature
definition: AAT = min{Tminj}; j = 1; ; 365

Accumulated Frost Days (AFD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Frost
unit: Days
Acronym: AFD
comment: Accumulated Frost Days (AFD) serves as a frost index that relates to both cold stress and incidence of pest and disease.
definition: Days where Tmin < 0◦C

Air Vapor Pressure Deficit (AVPD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
Acronym: AVPD

Abundant and well-distributed rainfall (AWDR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
References: N. Tremblay, Y.M. Bouroubi, C. Bélec, R.W. Mullen, N.R. Kitchen, W.E. Thomason, S. Ebelhar, D.B. Mengel, W.R. Raun, D.D. Francis, E.D. Vories, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, "Corn response to nitrogen is influenced by soil texture and weather", Agron. J., 104 (2012), pp. 1658-1671, 10.2134/agronj2012.0184
Acronym: AWDR
comment: Abundant and Well-Distributed Rainfall (AWDR) parameter was proposed in Tremblay et al. (2012) as an integrator of rainfall intensity and distribution over time around N sidedressing in corn. A time window ranging from -15 days to +30 days around N sidedressing was initially proposed for maximal impact of the AWDR on corn yield response to N rate.
definition: AWDR = SDI × PPT

Biologically Effective Degree Days (BEDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: BEDD
comment: Biologically Effective Degree Days (BEDD) index has been specifically targeted to describe grape growth (Gladstones 1992). The BEDD index is based on a growing degree days measure. Let T Xi and T Ni be the daily maximum and daily minimum temperature for day i.
definition: BEDD = min ( max ( (TXi + TNi) / 2 - b, 0), 9 ) where i = 01/04... to 30/09 and b = 10 is an appropriate value for grape growth.

Bhalme and Mooly Drought Index (BMDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Drought
References: Bhalme, H.N., and Mooley, D.A. 1980. "Large-scale drought / floods and monsoon circulation. Mon. Weather Rev. 108 (8): 1197–1211". doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1197:LSDAMC>2.0.CO;2.
Acronym: BMDI
comment: Bhalme and Mooly Drought Index (BMDI) considers the percent departure of monthly or annual precipitation from its long-term means (Byun and Wilhite 1999).

Mean of Daily Cloud Cover (CC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Cloud Cover
unit: oktas
Acronym: CC
comment: Mean of daily cloud cover (oktas)
definition: Let CCij be the daily cloud cover at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: CCj = Sum(CCij / L), where i = 1....L

Mostly Sunny Days (CC2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Cloud Cover
unit: Days
Acronym: CC2
comment: Mostly Sunny Days (cloud cover <= 2 oktas)
definition: Let CCij be the daily cloud cover at the day i of period j. Then counted is the no of days where: CCij <= 2 oktas

Mostly Cloudy Days (CC6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Cloud Cover
unit: Days
Acronym: CC6
comment: Mostly Sunny Days (cloud cover >= 6 oktas)
definition: Let CCij be the daily cloud cover at the day i of period j. Then counted is the no of days where: CCij >= 6 oktas

Cold/Dry Days (CD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Beniston, Martin. \"Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100.\" Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
Acronym: CD
definition: Counted is the number of days where: TGij < TGin25 and RRwj < RRwn25

Consecutive Dry Days (CDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: CDD
comment: Days with TG < 25th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR < 25th percentile of daily precipitation sum (cold/dry days) Let T Gij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin25 be the calendar day 25th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn25 be the 25th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period.
comment: Maximum length of dry spell: maximum number of consecutive days with RR < 1mm
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where RRij < 1mm.

Cloud Density (CD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Cloud
Acronym: CD

Maximum no of Consecutive Frost Days, TN <0oC (CFD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Frost
unit: days
Acronym: CFD
definition: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature at day i of period j. Then counted is the largest number of consecutive days where: TNij < 0◦C

Cumulated (Corn) Heat Units (CHU)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Mathieu, Jordane A., and Filipe Aires. "Assessment of the agro-climatic indices to improve crop yield forecasting." Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 253 (2018): 15-30.
Acronym: CHU
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Cumulated (Corn) Heat Units

Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: CSDI
comment: Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI) refers to annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TN < 10th percentile
definition: Let TNij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days, TNij < TNin10.

Cold/Wet Days (CW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: days
References: Beniston, Martin. "Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100." Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: CW
comment: Days with TG < 25th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR > 75th percentile of daily precipitation sum (cold/wet days) Let T Gij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin25be the calendar day 25th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn75 be the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period.
definition: Then counted is the number of days where: TGij < TGin25 and RRwj > RRwn75

Consecutive Wet Days (CWD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: CWD
comment: Maximum length of wet spell: Maximum number of consecutive days with RR ≥ 1mm
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where RRij ≥ 1mm.

Total Degree-Days (DD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: DD
comment: Total Degree Days (DD) from an appropriate starting date are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests and pest control timing.
definition: DD = Sum(DDj), in which j = {d1 ... d2}

Days with Easterly Winds (DDeast)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Direction
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: DDeast
comment: Days with easterly winds (45◦ < DD ≤ 135 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j
definition: Counted is the number of days where: 45 ◦ < DDij ≤ 135 ◦

Total Degree-Days in Growing Season (DDgs)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: DDgs
comment: Total Degree-Days in Growing Season (DDgs) from an appropriate starting date to ending date of growing season are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests and pest control timing.
definition: DDgs = Sum(DDj), in which, j = {BGS...EGS}

Degree-Days (DDj)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: DDj
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Degree-Days
definition: DDj = max{0, (Tavej−Tbase)}

Days with Northerly Winds (DDnorth)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Direction
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: DDnorth
comment: Days with northerly winds (-45 ◦ < DD ≤ 45 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j.
definition: Counted is the number of days where: −45 ◦ < DDij ≤ 45 ◦

Days with Southerly Winds (DDsouth)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Direction
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: DDsouth
comment: Days with southerly winds (135◦ < DD ≤ 225 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j.
definition: Counted is the number of days where: 225 ◦ < DDij ≤ 315 ◦

Days with Westerly Winds (DDwest)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Direction
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: DDwest
comment: Days with westerly winds (225◦ < DD ≤ 315 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j.
definition: Counted is the number of days where: 225 ◦ < DDij ≤ 315 ◦

Daily Temperature Range (DTR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: DTR
comment: Let TXij and TNij be the daily maximum and minimum temperature respectively on day i in period j.
definition: If i represents the number of days in j, then: DTRj = ∑ (TXij - TNij)/I i = 1....I

Extreme Degree Day (EDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: EDD
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Extreme Degree Day

Evapotranspiration (ET)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Evapotranspiration
Acronym: ET

Agricultural Drought Index (DTx)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Drought
related to: Drought
References: Matera, A., Fontana, G., and Marletto, V. 2007. "Use of a new agricultural drought index within a regional drought observatory." In Methods and Tools for Drought Analysis and Management.
Acronym: ETDI
comment: Agricultural Drought Index (DTx) uses a water balance model and crop transpiration to calculate an integrated transpiration deficit over a period of time.

Extreme Temperature Range (ETR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp. Download (PDF from clivar.org): Peterson et al. 2001 (PDF)
Acronym: ETR
comment: Intra-annual Extreme Temperature Range (Difference between the highest temperature observation of any given calendar year (Th) and the lowest temperature reading of the same calendar year (Tl))

Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Evapotranspiration
Acronym: ETc

Evaporation Amount (Esum)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Evaporation
References: De Bruin, H.A.R., Lablans, W.N., 1998. "Reference crop evapotranspiration determined with a modified Makkink equation." Hydrol. Process. 12, 1053-1062 10.1002/(SICI) 1099-1085 (19980615)12:7
Acronym: Esum
comment: Transformation for Evaporation by Total

First Autumnal Frost (FAF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Frost
unit: Date
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: FAF
comment: First Autumnal Frost (FAF) is a date in autumn before which the first frost of the season seldom comes, and a corresponding date in springtime after which it is unlikely to occur.

Number of Frost Days (FD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Frost
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: FD
comment: Number of Frost Days (FD) is the number of days with daily minimum temperature below 0°C

Number of Days When TN is below -2°C (FD-2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Frost
Acronym: FD-2
comment: Transformation for Frost by Number of days when TN is below - 2°C (FD-2)

Freezing Degree Days (FDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: FDD

Free Frost Period (FFP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Frost
unit: Day
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: FFP
comment: Free Frost Period (FFP) is a part of the year when the temperature stays continuously above 0° C in an average calculation over several years. This period lasts from the long-term average date of the last spring frost to the long-term average date of the first autumn frost. In the northern regions of the USSR the frost-free period is less than 150 days. (On the Iamal and Taimyr peninsulas it is about 45 days.) In the west and south of the country it is 250 days and longer. (In the region of Batumi and on the southern coast of the Crimea it lasts 300 days and longer.) In the temperate zones it corresponds approximately to the growing season, whose duration significantly determines the composition of the local wild and cultivated vegetation.

Daily Mean Wind Speed (FG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Speed
unit: m/s
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: FG
comment: Daily Mean Wind Speed (FG) refers to whenever synoptical wind speed data, which is available (in m/s) at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UT, daily mean wind speed is calculated as the mean of the available values.
definition: Let FGij be the mean wind strength at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: FGj = Sum(FGij) / I in which i=1...I

Days with Daily Averaged Wind ≥ 6 Bf (FG6Bft)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Speed
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: FG6Bft
comment: Days with daily averaged wind ≥ 6 Bft (10.8 m s−1 ) (days)
definition: Let F Gij be the daily averaged wind strength at day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: FGij ≥ 10.8 m/s

Calm Days (FGcalm)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Speed
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: FGcalm
definition: Calm days (FG ≤ 2 m/s) (days) Let F Gij be the daily averaged wind strength at day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: FGij ≤ 2 m/s

Frost Period (FP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Frost
Acronym: FP
comment: Frost Period (FP) covers from the date of the first to the last frost recorded for each time series.

Daily Maximum Wind Gust (FX)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Wind Gust
unit: m/s
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: FX
comment: Daily Maximum Wind Gust (FX) refers to whenever synoptical wind gust data, which is available (in m/s) at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UT, daily maximum wind gust is taken as the maximum of the available values.

Maximum Value of Daily Maximum Wind Gust (FXx)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Gust
unit: m/s
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: FXx
definition: Let F Xij be the daily maximum wind gust on day i of period j. Then the maximum daily maximum wind gust for period j is: FXnj = max(FXij )

Growing Degree Days (sum of TG >4oC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
Acronym: GD4
definition: Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at the day i of period j. Then the growing degree days are: GD4j = Sum(TGij - 4 / in which TGij > 4oC) in which i = 1 .. I

Growing Degree-Days (GDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: McMaster, G. S., & Wilhelm, W. W. (1997). "Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 291–300.
Acronym: GDD
comment: Growing Degree Days (GDD), or heat units, are used to estimate the growth and development of certain crops and pests during the growing season. If the mean temperature is above the base temperature, then the GDD equals the value of the mean temperature minus the base temperature.
definition: GDD = (Tmax - Tmin)/2 - Tbase

Growing Season Length (GSL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp. Download (PDF from clivar.org): Peterson et al. 2001 (PDF)
Acronym: GSL
comment: Annual* count between the first span of at least 6 days with daily mean temperature TG >5 °C and the first span after July 1st (Jan 1st in SH) of 6 days with TG <5 °C. GSL, important for agriculture, is expected to increase as a direct result of increasing temperatures and indirectly as a result of reductions in snow cover.
definition: Let TGij be daily mean temperature on day i in year j. Count the number of days between the first occurrence of at least 6 consecutive days with TGij > 5 °C and the first occurrence after 1st July (Jan 1st in SH) of at least 6 consecutive days with TGij < 5 °C. * Annual means Jan 1st to Dec 31st in the Northern Hemisphere (NH); July 1st to June 30th in the Southern Hemisphere (SH).

Daily Maximum Ground Surface Temperature (GTmax)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: GTmax

Daily Average Ground Surface Temperature (GTmean)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: GTmean

Daily Minimum Ground Surface Temperature (GTmin)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: GTmin

Heating Degree Day (HD17)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: HD17
comment: Heating degree days (sum of 17 ◦C - TG) (◦C)
definition: Let T Gij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j. Then the heating degree days are: HD17j = Sum(17 ◦C − TGij ) in which i=1....I

Huglin Index (HI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: HI
comment: The Huglin Index is an index specifically aimed at grap growth (Huglin 1978) and defined using daily averaged temperature T Gi and the daily maximum temperature T Xi for day i in the period 1 April to 30 September.
definition: HI = SUM( (TGi − 10) + (TXi − 10)) * K / 2 where, i = 01/04 .... to 30/09 and K is a daylength coefficient. The daylight coefficient is a function of the latitude of the station but a clear definition is absent. The value of K is determined using table 2. Table 2: latitude | K -----------------+---- ≤ 40◦N | 1.00 40◦N-42◦N | 1.02 42◦N-44◦N | 1.03 44◦N-46◦N | 1.04 46◦N-48◦N | 1.05 48◦N-50◦N | 1.06

Daily Mean Humidity (HU)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Humidity
unit: %
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: HU
comment: Daily Mean Humidity (HU) refers to whenever synoptical humidity data, which is available (in percents) at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UT, daily mean humidity is calculated as the mean of the available values.

Heat Wave Duration Index (HWDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: HWDI
comment: Maximum period > 5 consecutive days with Tmax > 5 °C above the 1961-90 daily Tmax normal

Daily Maximum Humidity (HXj)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
Acronym: HXj
comment: Transformation for Humidity by Max

Humidity by Mean
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
References: Herman Mollenhorsta, Michel H.A. de Haan, Jouke Oenema, Claudia Kamphuis, "Field and crop specific manure application on a dairy farm based on historical data and machine learning", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 175 (2020) 105599
Acronym: Hmean
comment: Transformation for Humidity by Mean

Daily Minimum Humidity (HNj)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
Acronym: HNj
Acronym: Transformation for Humidity by Minimal

Humidity by Tier4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
unit: %
References: Natarajan, Rajathi, Jayashree Subramanian, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Hybrid learning of fuzzy cognitive maps for sugarcane yield classification." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127 (2016): 147-157.
Acronym: Htier4
comment: Transformation for Humidity by Tier 4
definition: [<35, "Very low"], [35-44, "Low"], [45-65, "Medium"], [>65, "High"]

Number of Icing Days (ID)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
Acronym: ID
comment: Number of Icing Days (ID) refers to annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) < 0 °C. Let TXijbe daily maximum temperature on day i in year j.
definition: Count the number of days where TXij < 0 °C.

Irradiation Amount (Imonth)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: IRRadiation
References: Herman Mollenhorsta, Michel H.A. de Haan, Jouke Oenema, Claudia Kamphuis, "Field and crop specific manure application on a dairy farm based on historical data and machine learning", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 175 (2020) 105599
Acronym: Imonth
comment: Cumulated Irradiation for month (SUM)

Irrigation by Tier5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
unit: #
References: Natarajan, Rajathi, Jayashree Subramanian, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Hybrid learning of fuzzy cognitive maps for sugarcane yield classification." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127 (2016): 147-157.
Acronym: Itier5
comment: Transformation for Irrigation by Tier 5
definition: [<20, "Very low"], [20-24, "Low"], [25-35, "Medium"], [36-45, "High"], [>45, "Very high"]

Killing Degree Days (KDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: KDD

Killing Freeze Free Period (KFFP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: KFFP
comment: Killing Freeze Free Period (KFFP) is the number of consecutive days where the air temperature does not fall below 24 degrees Fahrenheit. The first frost usually occurs in the fall of the year, but it may occur during the winter months, or in some locations may not occur at all.

Last Frost Day (LFD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Frost
Acronym: LFD
comment: Last frost date (LFD) is defined as the last day in spring in which the daily minimum temperature drops below a critical temperature that can damage the flowers.

Longwave Radiation (LRAD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Radiation
Acronym: LRAD

Last Spring Frost (LSF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Frost
unit: Date
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: LSF
comment: Last Spring Frost (LSF) is a date in springtime after which the last frost of the season seldom comes, then it is unlikely to occur

Land Surface Temperature (LST)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: LST
comment: Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the radiative skin temperature of the land surface, as measured in the direction of the remote sensor. It is estimated from Top-of-Atmosphere brightness temperatures from the infrared spectral channels of a constellation of geostationary satellites (Meteosat Second Generation, GOES, MTSAT/Himawari). Its estimation further depends on the albedo, the vegetation cover and the soil moisture. LST is a mixture of vegetation and bare soil temperatures. Because both respond rapidly to changes in incoming solar radiation due to cloud cover and aerosol load modifications and diurnal variation of illumination, the LST displays quick variations too. In turn, the LST influences the partition of energy between ground and vegetation, and determines the surface air temperature.

Leaf-air Vapor Pressure Difference (LVPD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
References: A. Nereu, "Stomatal response to water vapor pressure deficit: an unsolved issue", Rev. Bras. Agrociência., 9 (2003), pp. 317-322, 10.18539/cast.v9i4.649
References: O. Jolliet, B.J. Bailey, "The effect of climate on tomato transpiration in greenhouses: measurements and models comparison", Agric. For. Meteorol., 58 (1992), pp. 43-62
Acronym: LVPD

Multivariate Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Drought
References: J. Bazrafshan, S. Hejabi, J. Rahimi, "Drought monitoring using the multivariate standardized precipitation index (MSPI)", Water Resour. Manage., 28 (4) (2014), pp. 1045-1060
Acronym: MSPI
comment: Multivariate Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI) was first introduced by Bazrafshan et al. (2014) as a combined index. Integrating this index with SPI time windows can indicate the severity and weakness of several types of drought. The basis for integrating SPI time windows into MSPI is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). So far, this index has been calculated for time windows of 3–6, 6–12, 3–12, 12–24, 24–48 months and 1–12 months and it has been evaluated favorably for Iran's climates.

Frequency of Temperatures above 30°C (OCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Day
Acronym: OCA
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Frequency of temperatures above 30°C

Pálfai Aridity Index (PAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Drought
References: Pálfai, I. 1991. "Az 1990 évi aszály Magyarországon". Vízügyi Közlemények, 2: 117–132.
Acronym: PAI
comment: Characterizes drought severity using precipitation, temperature and ground water conditions data. Designed primarily for Hungarian and the Carpathian Basin climate conditions (UNFCCC 2002)

Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Drought
References: G. Van der Schrier, P.D. Jones, K.R. Briffa, "The sensitivity of the PDSI to the Thornthwaite and Penman-Monteith parameterizations for potential evapotranspiration", J. Geophys. Res.: Atmosph., 116 (D3) (2011)
Acronym: PDSI
comment: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is based on the soil-water equilibrium equation, and the data needed to calculate it are precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture capacity. In this index, soil moisture storage is examined by dividing soil into two layers and it is assumed that 25 mm of rainfall water can be stored in the surface layer (Ss). The bottom layer of soil (Su) has the aqueous capacity that is dependent on soil properties and when the moisture of the surface layer is not removed, the moisture of bottom layer will not be removed. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in this index is calculated by the Penman and Thornthwaite methods. Despite the ET0 (difference) calculated from these two methods, the calculated PDSI values have only an insignificant difference so that this similarity has been proven for the whole planet

Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Evapotranspiration
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: PET
comment: Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is an index which gives the FAO-endorsed potential evapotranspiration as calculated by the Penman-Monteith parametrization. Here reference crop evapotranspiration is a measure for potential evapotranspiration. Reference crop evaporation is defined as the rate of evaporation from an idealized grass reference crop with a fixed crop height of 0.12 m, an albedo of 0.23, and a surface resistance of 70 s m−1. In terms of of its evaporation rate, such a crop closely resembles the reference crop of an extensive surface of short green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground, and not short of water.
definition: The equation used for estimating the reference crop evaporation is based on the Penman-Monteith approach;

Plant High Heat Stress (PHHS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
Acronym: PHHS
comment: Plant High Heat Stress (PHHS), the number of days with daily maximum temperature above a threshold, identifies the high risk of heat stress and the associated yield decline.
definition: Days when Tmax > 30◦C

Plant Heat Stress (PHS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
Acronym: PHS
comment: Plant Heat Stress (PHS), the number of days with daily maximum temperature above a threshold, identifies the risk of heat stress and the associated yield decline. Various thresholds can be used for specific plants or crops; for example, a threshold of 29◦C corresponds to maize, a major US crop [6], or different thresholds for other crops (i.e. 30◦C for soybeans or 32◦C for cotton).
definition: Days when Tmax > 25◦C

Daily Mean Sea Level Pressure (PP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Pressure
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: PP
comment: Daily Mean Sea Level Pressure (PP) refers to whenever sea level pressure data, which is available at 00, 06, 12 and/or 18 UT, daily mean sea level pressure is calculated as the average of the available values.

Sum of Daily Rainfall (PPT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
Acronym: PPT

Daily Cumulative Rainfall (PR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
unit: mm
Acronym: PR

Annual Total Precipitation on Wet Days (PRCPTOT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Karl, T.R., N. Nicholls, and A. Ghazi, 1999: "CLIVAR/GCOS/WMO workshop on indices and indicators for climate extremes: Workshop summary". Climatic Change, 42, 3-7.
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001". WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: PRCPTOT
comment: Annual Total Precipitation on Wet Days (PRCPTOT) refers to the daily precipitation
definition: Let RRij be the daily pre If i represents the number of days in j, then: PRCPTOTj = Sum(RRij), i = 1....I

Precipitation (PRE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
Acronym: PRE

Highest 3 Day Precipitation Amount (PX3d)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
Acronym: PX3day
comment: Transformation for Precipitation by Highest 3 Day Precipitation Amount (PX3d)
definition: Greatest RR sum for 3 day

Agroclimatic Pcp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
Acronym: Pcp

Precipitation during the Growing Season (Pgs)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: mm
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Pgs
comment: Transformation for Precipitation by Pgs

Total Precipitation of day j (Pj)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: mm
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Pj
comment: Transformation for Precipitation by Pj

Cumulated Precipitation for Month (Pmonth)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: mm
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Pmonth
comment: Cumulated precipitation for month

Number of Days Precipitation >= threshold (Prep)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: Prep
comment: Number of Days Precipitation >= user defined threshold

Precipitation ≥ 10mm (R10)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: R10
comment: No. of days with precipitation ≥ 10 mm/day

Annual count of days when PRCP ≥10mm (R10mm)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001". WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: R10mm
comment: Annual count of days when PRCP ≥10mm (R10mm) is the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where RRij ≥ 10mm
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: RRij ≥ 10 mm

Annual count of days when PRCP ≥20mm (R20mm)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: R20mm
comment: Annual count of days when PRCP ≥20mm (R20mm) is the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where RRij ≥ 20mm
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where RRij ≥ 20mm

Maximum 5-day Precipitation Total (R5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: R5
comment: The maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5D) is the indicator of flood-producing events and shows a general increase throughout large areas of the globe.

Greatest 5-day Rainfall (R5d)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
unit: mm
Acronym: R5d
comment: The Greatest 5-day Rainfall Total

Days with RR > 75th percentile of daily amounts (R75p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: Days
Acronym: R75p
comment: Days with RR > 75th percentile of daily amounts (moderate wet days) (days)
definition: Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn75 be the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: RRwj > RRwn75

Precipitation fraction due to moderate wet days (R75pTOT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
Acronym: R75pTOT
comment: Precipitation fraction due to moderate wet days (R75pTOT) refers to the sum of daily precipitation amount for period.
definition: Let RRj be the sum of daily precipitation amount for period j and let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and RRwn75 the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then R75pT OTj is determined as: R75pTOTj = 100 × Sum(RRwj)/RRj in which w=1...PW , where RRwj > RRwn75

Annual total PRCP when RR > 95th percentile (R95p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: %
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: R95p
comment: Annual total PRCP when RR > 95th percentile (R95p) is the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) in period i and let RRwn95 be the 95th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period.

Precipitation fraction due to very wet days (R95pTOT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
Acronym: R95pTOT
comment: Let RRj be the sum of daily precipitation amount for period j and let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and RRwn95 the 95th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then R95pT OTj is determined as: R95pTOTj = 100 × Sum(RRwj)/RRj, in which w=1...PW, where RRwj > RRwn95
comment: Precipitation fraction due to very wet days (> 95th percentile) (%)

Annual total PRCP when RR > 99th percentile (R99p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: R99p
comment: Annual total PRCP when RR > 99th percentile (R99p) is the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) in period i and let RRwn99 be the 99th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period.

Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
References: Wanders, N., van Lanen, H. A. J., and van Loon, A. F. 2010. "Indicators for drought characterization on a global scale". Technical Report No. 24.
Acronym: RAI
comment: Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) refers to the average precipitation over weekly, monthly, or annual time periods to characterize relative drought. Re lative drought is then ranked with respect to the 10 most severe droughts in the long-term record, based on which the drought is then assigned a magnitude

Relative Humidity (RH)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
Acronym: RH
comment: Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of the actual water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour pressure at the prevailing temperature. For example – if a cubic metre can hold 100ml of water at 20 degrees centigrade (273 K) and it does contain 100ml then it is said to be 100% RH.

Daily Precipitation Amount (RR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Precipitation
is transformation of: Rainfall
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: RR
comment: Daily Precipitation Amount (RR) refers to whenever synoptical 12-hourly precipitation data, which is available at 06 and 18 UT, daily precipitation is calculated as the sum of RR of 18UT of the current day and RR of 6 UT of the next day.
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount for day i of period j. Then sum values are give by: RRj = Sum(RRij) in which i=1...I

Wet Days (RR1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
is transformation of: Rainfall
unit: Days
Acronym: RR1
comment: Wet Days (RR1) refers to wet days with RR ≥ 1 mm (days)
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: RRij ≥ 1 mm

Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Radiation
References: Hatfield, Jerry L., and Christian Dold. "Photosynthesis in the solar corridor system." The Solar Corridor Crop System. Academic Press, 2019. 1-33.
References: J.W. Warren-Wilson, "Ecological data on dry-matter production by plants and plant communities", E.F. Bradley, O.T. Denmead (Eds.), The Collection and Processing of Field Data, Interscience Publishers, New York (1967), pp. 77-123
Acronym: RUE
comment: Radiation use efficiency (RUE) is the relationship between the accumulation of biomass relative to the light intercepted by the crop.

Maximum Humidity (Rhmax)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
Acronym: Rhmax

Average Humidity (Rhmean)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
Acronym: Rhmean

Humidity Minimum (Rhmin)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
Acronym: Rhmin
comment: Humidity Minimum (Rhmin) is

Rainfall by Mean (Rmean)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
Acronym: Rmean
comment: Transformation for Rainfall by Average

Annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm (Rnnmm)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: Rnnmm
comment: Annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm (Rnnmm) refers to annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm, nn is a user defined threshold.
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where: RRij ≥ nnmm

Rainfall by Tier5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
unit: mm
References: Natarajan, Rajathi, Jayashree Subramanian, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Hybrid learning of fuzzy cognitive maps for sugarcane yield classification." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127 (2016): 147-157.
Acronym: Rtier5
comment: Transformation for Rainfall by Tier 5
definition: [<500, "Very low"], [500-600, "Low"], [600-999, "Medium"], [1000-1500, "High"], [>1500, "Very high"]

Monthly Maximum 1-day Precipitation (Rx1day)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: Rx1day
comment: Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day)
definition: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. The maximum 1-day value for period j are Rx1dayj = max (RRij)

Monthly Maximum Consecutive 5-day Precipitation (Rx5day)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: Rx5day
comment: Let RRkj be the precipitation amount for the 5-day interval ending k, period j. Then maximum 5-day values for period j are Rx5dayj = max (RRkj)

Mean of Daily Snow Depth (SD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Snow
unit: cm
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SD
comment: Let SDij be the daily snow depth at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given.
definition: Let SDij be the daily snow depth at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: SDj = Sum(SDij / I), in which i = 1 ... to I

Number of Snow Days (SD1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Snow
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SD1
comment: Snow days (SD ≥ 1 cm) (days)
definition: Let SDij be the daily snow depth for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: SDij ≥ 1 cm

Number of Snow Days with ≥50cm (SD50cm)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Snow
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SD50cm
comment: Let SDij be the daily snow depth for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: SDij ≥ 50 cm

Number of Snow Days with ≥5cm (SD5cm)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Snow
unit: Days
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SD5cm
comment: Let SDij be the daily snow depth for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: SDij ≥ 5 cm

Shannon diversity index (SDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Rainfall
References: N. Tremblay, Y.M. Bouroubi, C. Bélec, R.W. Mullen, N.R. Kitchen, W.E. Thomason, S. Ebelhar, D.B. Mengel, W.R. Raun, D.D. Francis, E.D. Vories, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, "Corn response to nitrogen is influenced by soil texture and weather", Agron. J., 104 (2012), pp. 1658-1671, 10.2134/agronj2012.0184
Acronym: SDI
comment: Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) is divided by the maximum diversity. Diversity indices are statistics used to summarize the diversity of a population in which each member belongs to a unique group. For example, in ecology the groups are typically species. In ecology, species richness refers to number of species and species eveness refers to homogeneity of the species. That is, the more equal the proportions for each of the groups, the more homogeneous, or even, they are. Different fields of application may use different terminology for these concepts.
definition: Shannon diversity index (SDI) = [−Σpi ln(pi)]/ln(n); where pi = Rain/PPT (daily rainfall relative to total rainfall in a given time; n = total number of days.

Simple Precipitation Intensity Index (SDII)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
unit: mm / day
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: SDII
comment: The Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is defined as the mean daily intensity for events greater than or equal to 1mm per day
definition: Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount for wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) of period j. Then the mean precipitation amount of wet days is given by: SDIIj = Sum(RRwj) / W in which w=1 ... PW

Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Evapotranspiration
is transformation of: Precipitation
Acronym: SPEI

Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J., 1993. "The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales". In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology (Vol. 17, No. 22, pp. 179–183). Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.
References: Svoboda, M., Fuchs, B.A., 2016, "Handbook of Drought Indicators and Indices". World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Water Partnership (GWP), Integrated Drought Management Programme (IDMP), Integrated Drought Management Tools and Guidelines Series 2. Geneva, Switzerland.
Acronym: SPI
comment: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was first introduced by McKee et al. (1993) to monitor drought in the state of Colorado and highlighted by the WMO, as a starting point for meteorological drought monitoring (Svoboda and Fuchs, 2016). This index only needs monthly rainfall to calculate.

3-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Guttman, N. B. 1999, J. Amer. "Water Resources Assoc"., 35, 311
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SPI3
comment: 3-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi3) is a probability index based on precipitation. It is designed to be a spatially invariant indicator of drought. SPI3 refers to precipiation in the previous 3-month period (+ indicates wet; - indices dry).

6-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi6)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Guttman, N. B. 1999, J. Amer. "Water Resources Assoc"., 35, 311
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SPI6
comment: 6-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi6) is a probability index based on precipitation. It is designed to be a spatially invariant indicator of drought. SPI6 refers to precipiation in the previous 6-month period (+ indicates wet; - indices dry).

Shortwave Radiation (SRAD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Radiation
Acronym: SRAD
comment: Shortwave radiation (SRAD) is a radiant energy produced by the sun with wavelengths ranging from infrared through visible to ultraviolet. Shortwave radiation is therefore exclusively associated with daylight hours for a particular location on the Earth's surface.

Solar Radiation by Tier3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Solar Radiation
unit: MJ/M
References: Natarajan, Rajathi, Jayashree Subramanian, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Hybrid learning of fuzzy cognitive maps for sugarcane yield classification." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127 (2016): 147-157.
Acronym: SRtier3
comment: Transformation for Solar radiation by Tier 3
definition: [<18, "Low"], [18-36, "Medium"], [>36, "High"]

Daily Sunshine Duration (SS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Sunshine
unit: h (hour)
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SS
comment: Daily Sunshine Duration (SS) refers to whenever synoptical sunshine duration, which is available (in minutes) at 00, 06, 12 and/or 18 UT, daily sunshine duration is calculated as the summation of the available values.
definition: Let SSij be the daily sunshine duration for day i of period j. Then sum values are given by: SSj = Sum (SSij), in which i = 1...I

Daily Hours of Sunshine (SSH)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Sunshine
unit: h (hour)
References: Herman Mollenhorsta, Michel H.A. de Haan, Jouke Oenema, Claudia Kamphuis, "Field and crop specific manure application on a dairy farm based on historical data and machine learning", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 175 (2020) 105599
Acronym: SSH
comment: Daily Hours of Sunshine (SSH) refers to the number of hours of sunshine per day

Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: SST
comment: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is defined as the skin temperature of the ocean surface water.

Sunshine Duration Fraction with Respect to Daylength (SSp)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Sunshine
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: SSp
definition: Let SSij be the daily sunshine duration amount for day i of period j and SSij the maximum daylight hours for day i of period j. Sum values in period j are given by: SSj = Sum(SSij) in which i=1...I and SSmaxj = Sum(SSmaxij) in which i=1...I

Sunshine by Percentage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Sunshine
References: Herman Mollenhorsta, Michel H.A. de Haan, Jouke Oenema, Claudia Kamphuis, "Field and crop specific manure application on a dairy farm based on historical data and machine learning", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 175 (2020) 105599
Acronym: SSpct
comment: Percentage of maximum time possible of sunshine

Number of Summer Days (SU)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: SU
comment: Annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) > 25°C. Let TXij be daily minimum temperature on day i in year j.
definition: Count the number of days where TXij > 25 °C.

Minimum Temperature at 10 cm above Field Level (T10min)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Herman Mollenhorsta, Michel H.A. de Haan, Jouke Oenema, Claudia Kamphuis, "Field and crop specific manure application on a dairy farm based on historical data and machine learning", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 175 (2020) 105599
Acronym: T10min
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Minimum temperature at 10 cm above field level.

Total Cooling Degree Days (TCD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Day
References: Mathieu, Jordane A., and Filipe Aires. "Assessment of the agro-climatic indices to improve crop yield forecasting." Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 253 (2018): 15-30.
Acronym: TCD
comment: Total Cooling Degree Days (TCD) is a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to cool buildings. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is above 65o Fahrenheit (18o Celsius).

Temperature Condition Index (TCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: TCI
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Temperature condition index (TCI)

Cumulated Degree Days during frost period (TDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Mathieu, Jordane A., and Filipe Aires. "Assessment of the agro-climatic indices to improve crop yield forecasting." Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 253 (2018): 15-30.
Acronym: TDD
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Cumulated Degree Days during frost period

Mean of Daily Mean Temperature (TG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: TG
comment: Mean of Daily Mean Temperature (TG) refers to the average daily temperature, which is calculated as TG=(TX+TN)/2. This combines the TX reading of 18 UT and that of TN of 6 UT of the current day.
definition: TG = the middle of lowest and highest temperature recorded in day j

Days with TG < 10th Percentile of Daily Mean Temperature (TG10p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: days
Acronym: TG10p
comment: Days with TG < 10th percentile of daily mean temperature (cold days) (days)
definition: Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let T Gin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: T Gij < T Gin10

Moving Average of Daily Mean Temperature During 5 Days (TMM5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Mathieu, Jordane A., and Filipe Aires. "Assessment of the agro-climatic indices to improve crop yield forecasting." Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 253 (2018): 15-30.
Acronym: TMM5
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Moving average of daily mean temperature during 5days

Weighted Moving Average of Daily Mean Temperature During 5 Days (TMMp5)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Mathieu, Jordane A., and Filipe Aires. "Assessment of the agro-climatic indices to improve crop yield forecasting." Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 253 (2018): 15-30.
Acronym: TMMP5
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Weighted moving average of daily mean Temperature during 5 days

Daily Minimum Temperature (TN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: ◦C
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: TN
comment: In the synoptical report of 06 UT, the daily minimum temperature is given for that day. This daily minimum temperature is the lowest temperature recorded between 18 UT (previous day) and 06 UT (according to WMO specifications).
comment: This daily minimum temperature is the lowest temperature recorded between 18 UT (previous day) and 06 UT (according to WMO specifications)..
label: Mean of Daily Minimum Temperature (TN)
definition: Let TNij be the minimum temperature at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: TNj = SUM(TNij) / I in which i = 1...I
definition: TNj = the lowest temperature recorded in day j

Percentage of days when TN < 10th percentile (TN10p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: % of time
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TN10p
comment: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where: TNij < TNin10. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap procedure.
definition: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature at day i of period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TNij < TNin10

Percentage of days when TN > 90th percentile (TN90p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: % of time
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TN90p
comment: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where TNij > TNin90. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap processure.
definition: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature at day i of period j and let TNin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TNij > TNin90

Monthly Minimum Value of Daily Minimum Temperature (TNn)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: ◦C
Acronym: TNn
comment: Let TNn be the daily minimum temperatures in month k, period j. The minimum daily minimum temperature each month is then TNnkj=min(TNnkj)
definition: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i of period j. Then the minimum daily minimum temperature for period j is: TNnj = min(TNij )

Monthly Maximum Value of Daily Minimum Temperature (TNx)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: ◦C
Acronym: TNx
comment: Let TNx be the daily minimum temperatures in month k, period j. The maximum daily minimum temperature each month is then TNxkj = max(TNxkj).
definition: Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i of period j. Then the maximum daily minimum temperature for period j is: TNxj = max(TNij )

Number of Tropical Nights (TR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: TR
comment: Number of Tropical Nights (TR) refers to annual count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) > 20 °C. Let TNij be daily minimum temperature on day i in year j.
definition: Count the number of days where TNij > 20 °C.

10ptile Diurnal Temperature Range (TRQ10)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: TRQ10
comment: 10ptile Diurnal Temperature Range (TRQ10) refers to 10ptile of daily TX-TN values
definition: 10ptile of daily TX-TN values

Mean of Daily Maximum Temperature (TX)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: ◦C
Acronym: TX
comment: In the synoptical report of 18 UT, the daily maximum temperature is given for that day. This daily maximum temperature is the highest temperature recorded between 06 UT and 18 UT (according to WMO specifications).
definition: TX = the highest temperature recorded

Percentage of days when TX < 10th percentile (TX10p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: % of time
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TX10p
comment: Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where TXij < TXin10. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap processure.

Percentage of days when TX > 90th percentile (TX90p)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: % of time
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TX90p
comment: Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where TXij > TXin90. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap processure.
definition: Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature at day i of period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TXij > TXin90

Daily Maximum Temperature (TX)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: TX
comment: This daily maximum temperature is the highest temperature recorded between 18 UT (previous day) and 06 UT (according to WMO specifications)..
definition: TXj = the highest temperature recorded in day j

Monthly Minimum Value of Daily Maximum Temperature (TXn)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: ◦C
Acronym: TXn
comment: Let TXn be the daily maximum temperatures in month k, period j. The minimum daily maximum temperature each month is then TXnkj = min(TXnkj)
definition: Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i of period j. Then the minimum daily maximum temperature for period j is: TXnj = min(TXij)

Monthly Maximum Value of Daily Maximum Temperature (TXx)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: TXx
comment: Let TXx be the daily maximum temperatures in month k, period j. The maximum daily maximum temperature each month is then TXxkj = max(TXxkj).
definition: Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i of period j. Then the maximum daily maximum temperature for period j is: TXxj = max(TXij)

Temperature by Tbase (Tbase)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Tbase
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Citrus ontology development based on the eight-point charter of agriculture
definition: Tbase = Baseline growing temperature

Frost Temperature threshold (Tfrost)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Tfrost
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Frost temperature threshold

Maximum Temperature for Day j (Tmax)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
References: P.S. Maya Gopal, R. Bhargavi, "A novel approach for efficient crop yield prediction", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 165, October 2019, 104968, Elsevier B.V.
Acronym: Tmax
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Maximum temperature for day j
definition: Tmaxj = Maximum temperature for day j

Average Temperature for Day j (Tmean)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Tmean
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Average temperature for day j
definition: Tmeanj = (Tminj+Tmaxj) / 2

Minimum Temperature for Day j (Tmin)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Tmin
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Minimum temperature for day j .
definition: Tminj = Minimum temperature for day j

Average Temperature for Month (Tmonth)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_001
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Acronym: Tmonth
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Average temperature for month

Number of Days Tmin ≥ threshold (TnGE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TnGE
comment: Number of Days Tmin ≥ user defined threshold

Number of Days Tmin <= threshold (TnLE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TnLE
comment: Number of Days Tmin <= user defined threshold

Temperature range (Trange)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
Acronym: Trange
comment: An index based on daily temperature range (t min to t max) calculated from the planting date.

Temperature by Tier5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: oC
References: Natarajan, Rajathi, Jayashree Subramanian, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Hybrid learning of fuzzy cognitive maps for sugarcane yield classification." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127 (2016): 147-157.
Acronym: Ttier5
comment: Transformation for Temperature by Tier 5
definition: [<15, "Very low"], [15-24, "Low"], [25-30, "Medium"], [31-37, "High"], [>37, "Very high"]

Number of Days Tmax ≥ threshold (TxGE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TxGE
comment: Number of Days Tmax ≥ user defined threshold

Number of Days Tmax <= threshold (TxLE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Acronym: TxLE
comment: Number of Days Tmax <= user defined threshold

Daily Average Wind Speed at 2m (2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Wind Speed
Acronym: U2

Mean of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Climate
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: UTCI
comment: The assessment of the thermophysiological effects of the atmospheric environment is one of the key issues in human biometeorology. To quantify these effect, the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is developed in COST action 730. Input to the UTCI are mean radiant temperature, air temperature, water vapour pressure and windspeed. The algorithm for the mean radiant temperature is the one given by Fanger (1970). Documentation for the mean radiant temperature and the UTCI is available via http://www.utci.org. In ECA&D, data for daily averaged windspeed, relative humidity and sunshine duration are available which we will use as input for calculating the mean radiant temperature and the UTCI. For this purpose, sunshine duration is related to an estimate of direct solar radiation (which is required as input to the mean radiant temperature) and relative humidity is related to water vapour pressure using values of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The algorithms used for these conversions are documented elsewhere Allen et al. (1994b,a); Duffie & Beckman (1991). Since the UTCI relates to human activity, we use the daily maximum temperature as the air temperature since we can expect outdoor human activity to occur during the day time. In the mean radiant temperature, the projected area factor fg is included which is related to the angle of the sun. Again since outdoor activity is in the day time, we take the average of fg over the period 10:00h to 20:00h.

Vapour Pressure (VP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
Acronym: VP
comment: Vapor Pressure (VP) or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.

Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
Acronym: VPD
comment: Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated. Once air becomes saturated, water will condense out to form clouds, dew or films of water over leaves. It is this last instance that makes VPD important for greenhouse regulation. If a film of water forms on a plant leaf, it becomes far more susceptible to rot. On the other hand, as the VPD increases, the plant needs to draw more water from its roots. In the case of cuttings, the plant may dry out and die.

Vapor Pressure Deficit Maximum (VPDmax)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
Acronym: VPDmax

Vapor Pressure Deficit Minimum (VPDmin)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
Acronym: VPDmin

Vapor Pressure (Vap)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Vapor Pressure
Acronym: Vap

Warm/Dry Days (WD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Precipitation
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Beniston, Martin. "Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100." Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: WD
comment: Days with TG > 75th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR < 25th percentile of daily precipitation sum (warm/dry days)
definition: Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin75 be the calendar day 75th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn25 be the 25th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TGij > TGin75 and RRwj < RRwn25

Wind Direction at 12 UT (WDD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Wind Direction
unit: degrees
References: Beniston, Martin. "Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100." Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: WDD
comment: Wind Direction at 12 UT (WDD) refers to whenever synoptical wind direction data, which is available (in degrees) at 12 UT, that value is taken as the wind direction.

Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: Days
Acronym: WSDI
comment: Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) refers to annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX > 90th percentile
definition: Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days, TXij > TXin90.

Warm/Wet Days (WW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
defined in: Report_002
is transformation of: Precipitation
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Beniston, Martin. "Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100." Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
References: Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Acronym: WW
comment: Days with TG > 75th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR >75th percentile of daily precipitation sum (warm/wet days)
definition: Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin75 be the calendar day 75th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn75 be the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TGij > TGin75 and RRwj > RRwn75

Wind Speed by Max (Wsmax)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Wind Speed
Acronym: Wsmax
comment: Transformation for Wind speed by Max

Average Wind Speed (Wsmean)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agroclimatic Indices
is transformation of: Wind Speed
unit: m/s
Acronym: Wsmean
comment: Transformation for Wind speed by Mean

Agronomic Efficiency (AE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: AE
comment: Agronomic Efficiency (AE) is calculated in units of yield increase per unit of nutrient applied. It more closely reflects the direct production impact of an applied fertilizer and relates directly to economic return.
definition: AE = ( Y1 - Y2) / Nu where, Y1 : Grain yield in fertilized plot (kg ha-1) Y2 : Grain yield in unfertilized plot (kg ha-1) Nu : Quanlity of nutrient applied

Absolute Frequency (AF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: AF
comment: Absolute Frequency (AF) is the ratio between the number of quadrats in which a given species occurs and total number of quadrats used.
definition: AF = 100 * [ The number of quadrats in which a given species occurs ] / [ Total number of quadrats used ]

Above Ground Biomass (AGB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
Acronym: AGB

Aridity Index (AI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: AI
comment: AI = (No. of rainy dáy x Mean precipitation day) / (Mean temperature + 10) x 100
comment: Aridity Index (AI) is a measure of dryness of a region.

Apparent Recovery (AR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: AR
comment: Apparent Recovery (AR) is also known as recovery fraction and indicates the percentage of nutrien absorbed from externally applied fertilizer nutrient source. It is expressed in kg of nutrient uptake/kg of nutrient applied.
definition: AR = ( Yt - Yo) / Nt where, Yt : Uptake of nutrient in particular treatment Yo : Uptake of nutrient in unfertilizer plot Nt : Quantity of Nutrient applied for the treatment

Available Water Capacity (AWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Soil
References: Richards, L.A.; Wadleigh, C.H. (1952). "Soil water and plant growth". In B.T. Shaw (ed.). Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth. American Society of Agronomy Series Monographs, Volume II. New York: Academic Press. pp. 74–251.
Acronym: AWC
comment: Available Water-holding Capacity (AWC) is a key attribute, as it quantifies the amount of water available for plants that the soil can hold. The AWC is defined as the amount of water held by the soil between field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP)

Biological Yield (BY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
Identifier: Biological Yield (BY) = Grain Yield (GY) + Straw Yield (SY)
Acronym: BY
comment: Biological Yield (BY) refers to the total dry matter accumulation of a plant system.

Canopy Cover (CC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Canopy
Acronym: CC
comment: Canopy Cover (CC) is defined as the fraction of ground covered by the vertically projected crown envelopes.
definition: CC = Segmentation(Plant) / (Segmentation(Plant) + Segmentation(Soil)

Crop Growth Rate (CGR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Growth Stage
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: CGR
comment: Crop Growth Rate (CGR) is measured as mass increase in crop biomass per unit ground area per unit time. It simply indicates the change in dry weight over a period' of time.
definition: CGR = (W2-W1) / (P * (t2 - t1)) where, P = Ground area, W1 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t1, W2 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t2, t1 and t2 were the interval of time, respectively and it is expressed in g/m2/day.

Crop Lower Limit (CLL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
Acronym: CLL
comment: Crop Lower Limit (CLL) refers to the amount of water remaining after a particular crop has extracted all the water available to it from the soil.

Crop Resistance Index (CRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: CRI

Consumptive Use Efficiency (CUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: CUE
comment: Consumptive Use Efficiency (CUE) is the percentage ratio of the amount of water consumptively used by the crop to the amount of the water stored in the root zone.
definition: CUE = CUW / WU * 100%

Consumptive Use of Water (CUW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Irrigation
Acronym: CUW

Climatic Water Balance (CWB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: CWB
comment: Climatic Water Balance (CWB) is defined as the difference between precipitation depth and the depth of potential evapotranspiration at a given site during a certain time period.

Canopy Water Content (CWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
unit: g m−2
Acronym: CWC

Crop Water Productivity (CWP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: CWP

Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
is transformation of: Water
References: R.D. Jackson, S.B. Idso, R.J. Reginato, P.J. Pinter Jr, "Canopy temperature as a drought stress indicator", Water Resour. Res., 13 (1981), pp. 651-656
Acronym: CWSI
comment: Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) requires an estimate of canopy temperature under non-water stressed conditions (Tnws)
definition: CWSI = (Tcanopy - Tnws) / (Tdry - Tnws) where Tcanopy is the measured temperature of the vine canopy, and Tdry and Tnws are the upper and lower canopy temperature thresholds when transpiration is completely limited or non-restricted, respectively.

Canopy Weight (CWT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Canopy
Acronym: CWT

Crop Yield (CY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Yield
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: CY

Chlorophyll content (Cab)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Chlorophyll
unit: μg cm−2
Acronym: Cab

Chlorophyll Concentration (ChC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Chlorophyll
unit: mg g-1
Acronym: ChC
definition: ChC = ((20.3 R645 + 8.04 R663) x V) / (W x 1000) where Rw is the absorbance of the extract solution at waveban w, V (ml) is the volume of the extract solution, and W (g) is the leaf fresh weight

Chlorophyll Density (ChD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Chlorophyll
unit: g m−2
Acronym: ChD
comment: Chlorophyll density (ChD, g m−2) is the product of leaf fresh weight per unit ground area and leaf chlorophyll concentration.
definition: ChD = ChC x LFW where ChC: Chlorophyll concentration LFW: Leaf fresh weight

Disease Index (DI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Crop Disease
is transformation of: Leaf
References: Li, G. B., Zeng, S. M., & Li, Z. Q. (1989). "Integrated Management of Wheat Pests" . Beijing: Press of Agriculture Science and Technology of China (in Chinese), (pp. 185–186).
Acronym: DI
comment: Disease Index (DI) was based on the total number of leaves of each degree of disease severity and n is the highest degree of disease severity observed.

Dry Matter Content (DMC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
Acronym: DMC
comment: Dry Matter Content (DMC) refers to a measure of dry matter concentration in plants and their parts, such as leaves, stems, roots and entire plants in relation to dry matter concentration (D, dry mass per volume of plant organ)

Dry Matter Efficiency (DME)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
related to: Organic Matter
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: DME
comment: Dry Matter Efficiency (DME) is the relative between dry matter grain yield and straw yield.
definition: DME = GrainYield / (GrainYield + StrawYield) + 100 / DurationOfCrop.

Dry Matter Yield (DMY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
Acronym: DMY

Drained Upper Limit (DUL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
Acronym: DUL
comment: Drained Upper Limit (DUL) or field capacity refers to the amount of water a soil can hold against gravity.

Crop Development Stage (DVS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Growth Stage
Acronym: DVS

Effective Canopy Transmittance (ECT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
Acronym: ECT
comment: Effective Canopy Transmittance (ECT) is defined as the number of measurement points recorded in a gap within a tree crown divided by the total number of measurement points under a tree crown measured in the plot. ECT could only be obtained with the Cajanus tube in this study. If tree crowns do not overlap, this corresponds to single crown transmittance.

Economic Irrigation Efficiency (EIE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
is transformation of: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: EIE
comment: Economic Irrigation Efficiency (EIE) is the ratio of the actual income attained with operating irrigation system, compared with income expected under ideal condition. This parameter is a measure of overall efficiency, because it relates the final return to input cost.

Economic Nutrient Use Efficiency (ENUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: ENUE
comment: Economic Nutrient Use Efficiency (ENUE) is calculated in terms of economic produce grain or seed yield per rupee invested per hectare on particular nutrient fertilizer.
definition: ENUE = Y / Nuf where, Y : Grain yield Nuf : Amount invested on particular nutrient fertilizer (Rs.ha-1)

Effective Rainfall Use Efficiency (ERUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
unit: kg ha-1 mm-1
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: ERUE
comment: Effective Rainfall Use Efficiency (ERUE) is defined as the ratio between the grain yield per unit area and the effective rainfall received during cropping yield
definition: ERUE = GrainYield / EffictiveRainfall

Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Narasimhan, B., and R. Srinivasan. "Development and evaluation of Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) and Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) for agricultural drought monitoring." Agricultural and forest meteorology 133.1-4 (2005): 69-88.
Acronym: ETDI
comment: Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) were developed based on weekly evapotranspiration deficit.

Evapotranspiration Use Efficiency (ETUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
unit: kg ha-1 mm-1
References: Devasenapathy, P. \"Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: ETUE
comment: Evapotranspiration Use Efficiency (ETUE) is the ratio between the economic output (grain yield) and total evopotransporation during cropping period.
definition: ETUE = GrainYield / TotalEvapotranspiration

Equivalent Water Thickness (EWT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Biomass
unit: g cm-2
References: Bowyer P, Danson FM (2004), "Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level." Remote Sensing of Environment 92:297-308.
Acronym: EWT
comment: Equivalent Water Thickness (EWT) is an index for measurement of (leaf) water content.
definition: EWT= (FW - DW) / A where FM is leaf fresh biomass, DW is leaf dry biomass, and A is area

Ecologically Weighted Water Withdrawal Index (EWWWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: EWWWI

Fuel Moisture Content (FMC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Moisture
Acronym: FMC

Full Moisture Content (FMC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Biomass
References: Zhang J, Xu Y, Yao F, Wang P, Guo W, Li L, Yang L (2010), "Advances in estimation methods of vegetation water content based on optical remote sensing techniques." Science China Technological Sciences 53:1159-1167.
Acronym: FMC
comment: FMC (%) = 100 x (FW -DW) / FW (or DW) where, FW is the leaf fresh mass, and DW is the leaf dry mass.
comment: Full Moisture Content (FMC) is the ratio of leaf water mass to either dry or wet mass of leaf.

Flowering Rate (FR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Flowering
related to: Flower
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: FR
comment: FR = (Fn2 - Fn1) / (t2 - t1) where, Fn2 and Fn1 are number of flowers at times t1 and t2 respectively.
comment: Flowering Rate (FR) indicates sunchronous flowering.

Fresh Yield (FY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
Acronym: FY

Gross Cropped Area (GCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
related to: Irrigation
Acronym: GCA
comment: Gross Cropped Area (GCA) refers to total area planted to crops during all growing seasons of the year.

Gross Irrigated Area (GIA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
related to: Irrigation
Acronym: GIA
comment: Gross Irrigated Area (GIA) rế to the total area under crops that have received irrigation during all the growing seasons of the year

Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: GIR
comment: Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR) is the net irrigation requirement plus losses in water applocation and other losses means seepage, non-uniform distribution over the field, percolation below the root zone and wastage due to surface runoff etc. It is the total amount of water applied through irrigation.
definition: GIR = (NIR / FES) where, NIR : Net irrigation requirement FES : Field effeciency system

Gross Inflow Water Productivity (GIWP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
Acronym: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: GIWP

Grain N Content (GNC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nitrogen (N)
unit: %
Acronym: GNC

Soil Gravimetric Moisture (GSM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Moisture
related to: Biomass
related to: Moisture
related to: Soil
References: Blake, G. R., & Hartge, K. H. (1986). "Bulk Density. Methods of Soil Analysis—Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods", 363–75. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America.
Acronym: GSM
definition: GSM = 100 x (FressBiomass - Drybiomass) / Drybiomass

Generalized Water Productivity (GWP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
Acronym: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: GWP

Grain Yield (GY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
Acronym: GY

Herrbicide Efficiency Index (HEI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: HEI
comment: Herrbicide Efficiency Index (HEI) indicated the weed killing potential of different herbicide treatments and their phytotocicity on the crop.
definition: HEI = 100 * ( (Yt-Yc) / Yc ) / (DMT / DMC) where, Yc : Yield from control plot Yt : Yield from treatment plot DMC : Weed dry matter in control plot DMT : Weed dry matter in treatment plot

Harvest Index (HI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
related to: Yield
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: HI
comment: Harvest index (HI) is the ratio of grain to total shoot dry matter and is as a measure of reproductive efficiency. HI is determined by interactions between genotypes (G), environment (E), and crop management (M).
definition: HI = GrainYield / TotalDryMatter x 100

Heat Use Efficiency (HUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
unit: kg ha-1 oC-1
References: Devasenapathy, P. \"Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: HUE
Acronym: HUE = DM / GDD where, DM : Dry matter productiuon GDD: Growing degree days
comment: Heat Use Efficiency (HUE) is the amount of dry matter produced per unit of thermal time or gropwing degree day (GDD)

Irrigation Efficiency (EIE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: IE

Irrigation Interval (II)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: II
comment: Irrigation Interval (II) refers to the number of days between two irrigations in the period of the highest consumptive use of the crop grown without rainfall. It depends on available soil moisture and evapotraspiration. Irrigation is usually started for most crops when 50% of the available soil moisture is depleted.
definition: II = ( Mfc - Mbi ) / Pcu where, Mfc : Moisture content at field capacity of the soil in the effective root zone (cm) Mbi : Moisture content of the same root zone at the time at before irrigation (cm) Pcu : Peak period moisture use rate of the crop (cm)

Irrigation Period (IP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: IP
comment: Irrigation Period (IP) iss the number of days that can be allowed for applying the irrigation to a given design area during the peak consumptive use period of the crop being irrigated. It is important to design the irrigation system so that the irrigation period is not greater than the irrigation interval.
definition: IP = In / ETpeak wherem In : Net amount opf moisture (cm) in the design moisture extraction depth of soil between starting of irrigation and lower limit of moisture depletion. ETpeak: Peak period water use rate of the crop (cm)

Irrigation Scheduling (IS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: IS

Importance Value (IV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: IV

Inter-Crop-cum Weed Control Effeciency Index (IWEI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: IWEI

Irrigation Water Productivity (IWP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: IWP

Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Muniz, Daphne HF, et al. "Proposal of an irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for regional use in the Federal District, Brazil." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192.9 (2020): 1-15.
Acronym: IWQI

Leaf Area Duration (LAD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Leaf
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: LAD
comment: Leaf Area Duration (LAD) iss a measure of ability to produce leaf area on unit area of land throughout life.
definition: LAD = (L1 + L2) / 2 x (t2 - t1) where, L1 and L2 arre LAI at t1 stage and t2 stage respectively, t2 - t1 is the time interval in days.

Leaf Area Index (LAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Leaf
References: Boegh, E., H. Soegaard, N. Broge, C. Hasager, N. Jensen, K. Schelde, and A. Thomsen. "Airborne Multi-spectral Data for Quantifying Leaf Area Index, Nitrogen Concentration and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Agriculture." Remote Sensing of Environment 81, no. 2-3 (2002): 179-193.
Acronym: LAI
comment: Leaf Area Index (LAI) is defined as the total one-sided leaf area per ground surfacearea. This index is used to estimate foliage cover and to forecast crop growth and yield. It is a measure of the canopy photosynthetic area. LAI is often usedas an indicator of growth stage and crop biomass. LAI measurements have also440been demonstrated to show correlations with canopy micro-climate and evap-otranspiration traits. .
definition: LAI = (3.618 * EVI - 0.118) Where EVI is the Enhanced Vegetation Index value.

Land Cover (LC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
Acronym: LC

Leaf Production Rate (LPR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Leaf
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: LPR

Leaf Wetness Duration (LWD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Leaf
Acronym: LWD
comment: Leaf Wetness Duration (LWD) refers to duration of wet leaf per day.

Moisture Availability Index (MAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: MAI
comment: Moisture Availability Index (MAI) is the ratio between rainfall (weekly / monthly) at 50% probability level and potential evapotransporation (PET) of the corresponding period.
definition: MAI = Rainfall (at 50% probability) / PET

Multiple Cropping Index (MCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
related to: Cropping
Acronym: MCI
comment: Multiple Cropping Index (MCI) measures the sum of areas planted to different crops and harveted in a single year divided by the total cultivated area times 100.
definition: MCI = 100 * Sum(ai) / A, which i = 1...n where, n : Total number of crops ai : Area occupied by the ith crop plant and harvested within one year A : Total cultivated land area

Moisture Deficit Index (MDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Evapotranspiration
is transformation of: Precipitation
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: MDI
comment: Moisture Deficit Index (MDI) is used to estimate the dryness of a region.
definition: MDI = (P - PET) / PET x 100 where, P : Precipitation PET : Potential Evapotraspiration

Net Assimilation Rate (NAR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
is transformation of: Yield
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NAR
comment: Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) is the net gain in total dry matter per unit leaf area per unit time.
definition: NAR = [(W2 - W1) * (LogL2 - LogL1)] / [(t2 - t1) * (L1 - L2) ] where, L1 and L2 are total leaf area at time t1 and t2 respectively. W1 and W2 are total dry weight time t1 and t2 respectively.

Net Cropped Area (NCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
Acronym: NC

Nutrient Efficiency Ratio (NER)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NER
comment: Nutrient Efficiency Ratio (NER) describes the quantity of total biomass obtained for each unit of nutrient utilized.
definition: NER = TotalBiomass / QuantityOfUtilizedNutrient

Nutrient Harvest Index (NHI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nutrient
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NHI
comment: Nutrient Harvest Index (NHI) is defined as the ration between the nutrient uptake under economic yield and biological yield. In indicates the quantity of nutrient taken by the economic produce to the total crop uptake.
definition: NHI = NUe / NUb x 100 where, Nue : Nutrient Uptake (in economic yield) Nub : Nutrient Uptake (in biological yield)

Net Irrigated Area (NIA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
is transformation of: Irrigation
Acronym: NIA
comment: Net Irrigated Area (NIA) refers to the total geographic area which has received irrigation throughout the year.

Nutrient Incremental Efficiency (NIE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nutrient
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NIE
comment: Nutrient Incremental Efficiency (NIE) denotes the percentage of increment in grain yield over the subsequent levels of nutrient.
definition: NIE = (Y2 - Y1) / Y1 x 100 where, Y1 and Y2 : Grain yield in L1 and L2 plot, L2 and L1 : are two subsequent levels of particular nutrient (kg ha-1)

Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Irrigation
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NIR
comment: Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) is the depth of irrigation water, exclusive of effective rainfall during the crop period, antecedent or carry over moisture, ground water contribution, which is required consumptively for crop production. It is the amount of irrigation water required to bring the soil moisture in the effective root zone depth to field capacity. It is the difference between field capacity and the soil moisture content in the root zone before starting irrigation.
definition: NIR = ((Mfc-Mbi)/100 ) * D * Db where, Mfc : Moisture content at field capacity (%) Mbi : Moisture content at before irrigation (%) Db : Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3) D : Depth of soil (cm)

Nutrient Productivity (NP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nutrient
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NP
comment: Nutrient Productivity (NP) is the amount off biomass producted by the crop per unit of time.
definition: NP = (By / Nu) / t where, By : Total biomass yield Nu : Total crop N uptake t : Total duration of crop in days

Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nutrient
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: NUE
comment: Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. It can be greatly impacted by fertilizer management as well as by soil- and plant-water management. The objective of nutrient use is to increase the overall performance of cropping systems by providing economically optimum nourishment to the crop while minimizing nutrient losses from the field.
definition: NUE = GY / FeNut where, GY : Grain yield (kg ha-1) FeNut : Quantity Of Fertilizer nutrient applied (kg ha-1)

Operational Efficiency (OE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: OE
comment: Operational Efficiency (OE) is the ratio of the actual project efficiency compared with the operational efficiency of an ideally designed and managed system using the same irrigation methods and facilities. Low operational efficciency indicates management or system design problems or both.

Profile Available Water (PAW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Duncan, Maurice; Davoren, Anthony; Carrick, Sam; Ellery, Glenn; Stevenson, Peter; Stewart, Doug (June 2013). Soil Water Measurement: Measurement, Processing and Archiving of Soil Water Content Data (PDF) (Report). 1.0. National Environmental Monitoring Standards. p. ii.
Acronym: PAW
comment: Profile Available Water (PAW) refers to the total available water for the soil profile to a depth of 0.9 m, or to the potential rooting depth (whichever is the lesser).

Plant Available Water Capacity (PAWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
Acronym: PAWC
comment: Plant Available Water Capacity (PAWC) of the soil is defined as the water content between field capacity and wilting point, and has wide practical application in planning the land use. PAWC is also refered to the amount of water they can store and release to different crops.

Potential Biomass (PB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
related to: Biomass
Acronym: PB

Physiological Efficiency (PE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: PE
comment: Physiological Efficiency (PE) indicates efficiency of utilization i.e., kg of grain per kg of absorbed nutrient computed as follows. It is expressed in kg of grain / kg of nutrient uptake.
definition: PE = ( Y1 - Y2) / (Nu1 - Nu2) where, Y1 : Grain yield in fertilized plot (kg ha-1) Y2 : Grain yield in unfertilized plot (kg ha-1) Nu1 : Nutrient uptake in fertilizer plot Nu2 : Nutrient uptake in unfertilizer plot

Panicle Emergence Rate (PER)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: PER
comment: Panicle Emergence Rate (PER) indicates the rate at which panicle emerges from the leaf sheath. As panicle emerges due to the force of internodal elongation, thiss parametewr is helpful in moisture stress studies.
definition: PER = (PI2 - PI1) / (t2 - t1) where, PI1 and PI2 are length of emerged panicle at times t1 and t2 respectively.

Partial Factor Productivity (PFP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: PFP

Plant N Content (PNC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Nitrogen (N)
unit: %
Acronym: PNC

Partial Production Efficiency (PPE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: PPE
comment: Partial Production Efficiency (PPE) is calculated fro the treatment plot by the particular level of input compared to the treatment plot by the preceding level of input.
definition: PPE = (Yn - Yn-1) / (Nn - Nn-1) x 100 where, Yn : Yield of the treatment corresponding to nutrient level Yn-1 : Yield of the treatment corresponding to preceding nutrient level Nn : Nutrient supplied to the treatment at nutrient level Nn-1: Nutrient supplied to the treatment at preceding nutrient level

Relative Agronomic Efficiency (RAE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RAE

Relative Density (RD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RD

Relative Dry Weight (RDW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RDW

Relative Economic Efficiency (REE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Nutrient
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: REE

Relative Frequency (RF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RF
comment: Relative Frequency (BF) is the ratio between the absolute frequency for a specie and total of the absolute frequencies for all species.
definition: RF = 100 * [ Absolute frequence for a spice ] / [ Toal of the absolute frequencies for all species ]

Relative Growth Rate (RGR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
related to: Growth Stage
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RGR
comment: Relative growth rate (RGR) measures the increase in dry matter with a given amount of assimilatory material at a given point of time.
definition: RGR = (InWW2 - InWW1) / (t2 - t1) where, In = Natural log, W1 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t1, W2 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t2, t1 and t2 were the interval of time, respectively and is expressed as g/g/day

Relative Humidity Disparity (RHD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Humidity
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\\\\\\\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RHD
comment: Relative Humidity Disparity (RHD) is the relative humidity difference between the morning and evening values in a cropping period.
definition: RHD = (MorningRH - EveningRH) / MorningRH x 100

Root Length Density (RLD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Root
unit: cm/cm3
Acronym: RLD

Relative Soil Moisture (RSM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Soil Moisture
Acronym: RSM
comment: Relative Soil Moisture (RSM) is calculated the water balance from various methods. Takes climate, soil, and crop variables including potential ET and precipitation; soil physical properties; and crop characteristics and crop management practices.

Relative Turgidity (RT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Biomass
related to: Leaf
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RT
comment: Relative Turgidity (RT) expresses the ration of turgidity of leaf tissue at a particular stage to that of when it is fully turgid.
definition: RT = (FreshLeafWeight - DryLeafWeight) / (FullyTurgidLeafWeight - DryLeafWeight)

Relative Temperature Disparity (RTD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Temperature
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\\\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RTD
comment: Relative Temperature Disparity (RTD) is a linear orr direct relationship between temperature and growth of the plans. The temperature differences between the maximum and minimum measured at 2 to 3p,m and 4 to 5:30am in a day respectively are considered as very important because all the enzymes activity of any living organism are controlled by temperature variation.
definition: RTD = (Tmax - Tmin) / Tmax x 100

Rainfall Use Efficiency (RUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Devasenapathy, P. \"Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RUE
comment: Rainfall Use Efficiency (RUE) is defined as the ratio between the grain yield per unit area and the rainfall received during cropping yield.

Relative Leaf Water Content (RWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Schonfeld, M. A., Johnson, R. C., Carver, B. F., & Mornhinweg, D. W. (1988). "Water relations in winter wheat as drought resistance indicators." Crop Science, 28(3), 526.
Acronym: RWC
definition: RWC = 100 x (InitialFreshBiomass - Drymass) / (FullTurgid Biomass - Drymass)

Rain-fed Water Productivity (RWP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: RWP

Regional Water Stress Index (RWSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Crop Stress
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: RWSI

Relative Yield (RY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
related to: Yield
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RY

Relative Yield Total (RYT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
References: Connor, David J., Robert S. Loomis, and Kenneth G. Cassman. Crop ecology: productivity and management in agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: RYT

Stress Day Index (SDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Crop Stress
related to: Crop Stress
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: SDI
comment: Stress Day Index (SDI) was proposed by Hiler et al. (1974) for scheduling irrigation when water resources are limited. The SDI concept provides a quantitative means for determining the stress inposed on a crop during its growing season. The SDI is determined from the stress day factor (SDi) and a crop susceptibility factor (Csi). The SDi is a measure of the defree and duration of plant or soil wayet deficit. The Csi indicate the magnitude of yield reduction due to given stress at a given stage when compared with the crop without any stress. The Csi depends on the species and stage of developemnt of the given crop. SDI is studied to delineate the critical stage of the crop growth period. SDI concept of scheduling of irrigation reveals the extent of yield reduction due to imposed stress at any stage of the crop growth.
definition: SDI = Sum(Csi * SDi) which i = (1...n) where, Csi : coefficient of drought susceptibility computed as Csi = 100 * (X - Xi) / X where, X: Yield from non-stress treatment, Xi : Yield from moisture stress treatment SDi : Stress day factor indication the extent of given stress SDi = Sum(1.0 - ETactual / ETpot) which j = 1..N where, ETactual : Actual Evapotranspiration for jth day in the growing period, ETpot : Potential Evapotranspiration for jth day in the growing period, N : Number of days in the growing period.

Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
Acronym: SDR

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (SHC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Hydraulic Conductivity (HC)
Acronym: SHC

Specific Leaf Weight (SLW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Leaf
unit: mg/cm2
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: SLW
comment: Specific Leaf Weight (SLW) is a way to measured leaf thickness indirectly by finding out the dry weight of leaf per unit area and the values are expressed in mg/cm2. It shows the efficiency of leaves to utilize the applied fertilizer for a greater yield as higher values are obtained from thicker leaves, which will have higher net CO2 exchange, and this will natuirally give a higher grain yield.
definition: SWL = DryWeightOfLeaf / AreaOfLeaf

Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Soil Moisture
References: Narasimhan, B., and R. Srinivasan. "Development and evaluation of Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) and Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) for agricultural drought monitoring." Agricultural and forest meteorology 133.1-4 (2005): 69-88.
Acronym: SMDI
comment: Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) was computed at four different levels, using soil water available in the entire soil profile, then soil water available at the top 2 ft. (SMDI-2), 4 ft. (SMDI-4), and 6 ft. (SMDI-6).

Specific Root Length (SRL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Root
Acronym: SRL

Soil Water (SW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Soil
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: SW

Soil Water Content (SWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Soil Water
related to: Soil
related to: Water
Acronym: SWC
comment: Soil Water Content (SWC) is a measure of the amount of water (volume or mass) contained in a unit volume or mass of soil. If the measure is the volume of water per unit volume of soil, the water content is called the 'volume wetness.'

Specific Water Density (SWD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
unit: g cm−2
Acronym: SWD

Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Soil Water
related to: Soil
related to: Water
Acronym: SWRC
comment: Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) defines the degree of saturation corresponding to a particular suction in a soil, it is widely used to estimate unsaturated soil properties.

Straw Yield (SY)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
Acronym: SY

Total Available Water (TAW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
Acronym: TAW
comment: Total Available Water (TAW) refers to the amount of water that a well-drained soil should hold against gravitational forces, or the amount of water remaining when downward drainage has markedly decreased.

Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Yield
related to: Yield
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: TFP
comment: Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is ...

Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Evapotranspiration
References: Devasenapathy, P. \\\"Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\\\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: TMI
comment: Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI) is the ration between actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration.
definition: TMI = AE / PET x 100 where, AE : Percent probability of actual evaporation PET : Potential Evapotranspiration

Total Nitrogen (TN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Soil Nitrogen
Acronym: TN
comment: Total Nitrogen (TN) is the sum of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and organically bonded nitrogen.

Total Porosity (TP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Porosity
Acronym: TP
comment: Total porosity (TP) is the total void space and as such includes isolated pores and the space occupied by clay-bound water. It is the porosity measured by core analysis techniques that involve disaggregating the sample. Total porosity was also estimated from bulk density values.
definition: Total porosity was estimated from bulk density values by the formula: TP = (1 - pb/ps) x 100 Where, TP = total porosity, ρb = bulk density and ρs = particle density (2.65 g cm−3).

Total Rainfall Use Efficiency (TRUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
unit: kg ha-1 mm-1
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: TRUE
comment: Total Rainfall Use Efficiency (TRUE) is the ratio between the economic output (grain yield) per unit and total rainfall received during cropping period.
definition: Total rainfall use efficiency by using the following formula and expressed as kg ha-1 mm-1: TRUE = GrainYield / TotalRainfall

Total Water Consumption (TWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: TWC
comment: Total Water Consumption (TWC) is ...

Total Water Inflow (TWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: TWI
comment: Total Water Inflow (TWI) is ...

Total Water Requirements (TWR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: TWR
comment: Total Water Requirements (TWR) is ...

Vegetation Crop Area (VCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Area
Acronym: VCA
comment: Vegetation Crop Area (VCA) is defined as the percentage of the total groundarea covered by the vertical projection of the crop. In other words, it is thepercent of the soil surface covered by plant foliage. It is sometimes referred to as Crop Canopy Cover (CC).

Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Canopy
References: D. Long, F.T. Ulaby, "Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive", The University of Michigan Press (2014)
Acronym: VOD
comment: Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD) is a parameter accounting for the attenuation of microwave signals naturally emitted by the soil as they pass through the vegetation canopy.

Vegetation Water Content (VWC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
unit: %
Acronym: VWC
comment: Vegetation water content (VWC) is an important variable for both agriculture and forest fire management.

Vegetation Outlook (VegOut)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
References: Tadesse, T., and Wardlow, B. 2007. "The Vegetation Outlook (VegOut): A new ool for providing outlooks of general vegetation conditions using data mining techniques". In Seventh IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW 2007), IEEE, pp. 667–672.
Acronym: VegOut
comment: Vegetation Outlook (VegOut) combines climate information and RS observations of current vegetation conditions with oceanic index data and environmental biophysical information such as land cover type, irrigation status, soils, and ecological setting to provide a future outlook of general vegetation conditions.

Water Application Efficiency (WAE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WAE
comment: Water Application Efficiency (WAE) is the measure of efficiency of water application in the field. The water application efficiency may be defined as the percentage ration of the amount of water stored in the crop root zone to the amount of water delivereed to the field.
definition: WAE = Ws / Wt x 100 where, Ws : Amount of water stored in the crop root zone soil Wt : Amount of water delivered to the field (at field supply channel)

Water Consumption (WC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: WC
comment: Water Consumption (WC) refers to ...

Water Conveyance Efficiency (WCE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WCE
comment: Water Conveyance Efficiency (WCE) expresses the percentage reduction in weed population due to weed management practices over control. It is worked out by using weed population present in control and treated plots.
definition: WCE = 100 * (WPc - WPt) / WPc where, WPc : Weed population (no./m2) in control plot WPt : Weed population (no./m2) in treatment plot

Weed Control Index (WCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WCI
comment: Weed Control Index (WCI) is worked by using same formula opf weed control efficiency replacing weed pipolation in terms of weed dry weight.
definition: WCE = 100 * ( DMPc - DMPt) / DMPc where, DMPc : Weed dry matter produced per m2 in control plot DMPt : Weed dry matter produced per m2 in treatment plot

Water Distribution Efficiency (WDE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WDE
comment: Water Distribution Efficiency (WDE) refers to ...

Water Equivalent Ratio (WER)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: WER
comment: Water Equivalent Ratio (WER) is applied to show the difference between the practical range of the ion beam in water over the practical range of ion beam in a certain material m.

Wetland Fish Index (WFI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Wetland
Acronym: WFI
comment: Wetland Fish Index (WFI) refers to ...

Weed Index (WI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
Identifier: WI = 100 * ( X - Y ) / X where, X : Yield from minimun weed competition plot Y : Yield from treatment for which WI is to be worked out.
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WI
comment: Weed Index (WI) is defined as the reduction in yield due to the presence of weeds in comparison with no weed plot. Experiuments which do not include the treatments having complete removal of weeds, the treatment indicating minimum weed competion has been used for calculating as no weed plots.

Water Limited Biomass (WLB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Biomass
Acronym: WLB
comment: Water Limited Biomass (WLB) refers to ...

Water Limited Leaf Area Index (WLLAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: WLLAI
comment: Water Limited Leaf Area Index (WLLAI) refers to ...

Water Limited Storage Organ (WLSO)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
Acronym: WLSO
comment: Water Limited Storage Organ (WLSO) refers to ...

Water Limited Transpiration (WLTR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
Acronym: WLTR
comment: Water Limited Transpiration (WLTR) refers to ...

Weed Management Index (WMI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WMI
comment: Weed Management Index (WMI) is the ratio between yield increase due to weed management and proportionate control of weeds by the respective treatments.
definition: WMI = [Percent yield over control] / [Percent control of the pest]

Water Productivity (WP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Acronym: WP
comment: Water Productivity (WP) refers to ...

Weed Persistence Index (WPI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Weeds
related to: Weeds
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WPI
comment: Weed Persistence Index (WPI) is used to indicate the resistance of weeds against various tested treatments and to confirm the effectiveness of the herbicidal efficiency of the selected treatments to kill the weeds.
definition: WPI = (DMT * WCC) / (DMT * WCT) where, DMC : Weed dry matter in control plot DMT : Weed dry matter in treatment plot" WCC : Weed count in control plot WCT : Weed count in treatment plot"

Water Quality Index (WQI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Ochuko U, Thaddeus O, Oghenero OA, John EE. A comparative assessment of water quality index (WQI) and suitability of river Ase for domestic water supply in urban and rural communities in Southern Nigeria. Int J Human Soc Sci. 2014;4(1):234–45.
Acronym: WQI
comment: Water Quality Index (WQI) is considered as the most effective method of measuring water quality. A number of water quality parameters are included in a mathematical equation to rate water quality, determining the suitability of water for drinking.

Water Storage Efficiency (WSE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
Identifier: WSE = Ws / Ww * 100 where Ws = Water stored in the root zone during the irrigation where Ww = Water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WSE
comment: Water Storage Efficiency (WSE) refers to the percentage ratio of the amount of water stored in the effective root zone to the amount of water needed to make up the soil water depleted in the crop root zone prior to irrigation.

Water Stress Index (WSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Crop Stress
related to: Water
References: P.H. Gleick, "Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs", Water International (IWRA), 21 (1996), pp. 83-92
References: Pfister, Stephan, Annette Koehler, and Stefanie Hellweg. "Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA." Environmental science & technology 43.11 (2009): 4098-4104.
Acronym: WSI
comment: Water Stress Index (WSI) developed by Gleick (1996) is often used to assess the scarcity of a country’s renewable water supply to meet all water requirements for human needs in terms of drinking and hygienic services.

Water Self-Sufficiency (WSS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
related to: Water
References: M.M. Aldaya, P. Martinez-Santos, M.R. Llamas, "Incorporating the water footprint and virtual water into policy: Reflections from the Mancha Occidental Region, Spain", Water Resources Management, 24 (5) (2010), pp. 941-958
References: Zhao, Shengnan, Jianyi Lin, and Shenghui Cui. "Water resource assessment based on the water footprint for Lijiang City." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 18.6 (2011): 492-497.
Acronym: WSS
comment: Water Self-Sufficiency (WSS) is used to evaluate the sustainability of water resource use in Lijiang City.

Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Water
References: Briggs, L. J., and Shantz, H. L. (1913). "The water requirement of plants," in Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin (Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture), 282–285.
References: Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Acronym: WUE
comment: Water use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the amount of carbon assimilated as biomass or grain produced per unit of water used by the crop.

Wetland Zooplankton Index (WZI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Agronomic Indices
is transformation of: Wetland
References: Lougheed, Vanessa L., and Patricia Chow-Fraser. "Development and use of a zooplankton index of wetland quality in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin." Ecological Applications 12.2 (2002): 474-486.
Acronym: WZI
comment: Wetland Zooplankton Index (WZI) is based on water quality and zooplankton associations with aquatic vegetation (emergent, submergent, and floating-leaf) that could be used to assess wetland quality, in particular in marshes of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin.

Albania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Continental Climate
has climate: Dry summer climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL
agricultural land: 12,010 km2
agricultural land: 12,010 sq. km
area: 28,748 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AL
climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
coordinate: 41°19′N 19°49′E
density: 134/km²
density: 98/km2 (253.8/sq mi)
latitude: 19.817
latitude: 20.160294
longitude: 41.15476
longitude: 41.317
population: 2,845,955
population: 3,600,523 (2009)
comment: Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, Greece to the south; and maritime borders with Greece, Montenegro and Italy to the west. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë and Shkodër.
comment: Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in southeastern Europe. It is on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, Greece to the south; and maritime borders with Greece, Montenegro and Italy to the west. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë and Shkodër.

Algeria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:DZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ
agricultural land: 413,830 km2
agricultural land: 413,830 sq. km
area: 2,381,741 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ
climate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
coordinate: 28°N 2°E
density: 14/km²
density: 17.7/km2 (45.8/sq mi)
latitude: 1.65284
latitude: 2.0
longitude: 28.0
longitude: 28.02688
population: 33,769,669 (2008)
population: 44,700,000
comment: Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is the largest country by total area in Africa, and by extension, the Arab world, and is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, with a population of 44 million, and is the ninth-most populous country in Africa. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north, on the Mediterranean coast.
comment: Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest by area in the African Union and the Arab world. With an estimated population of over 44 million, it is the ninth-most populous country in Africa.

Ant Colony Clustering Algorithm (ACCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Clustering
References: WEN Zhi-qiang, CAI Zi-xing. "Global path planning approach based on ant colony optimization algorithm". J Cent South Univ Tech, 2006, 13(6): 707−712.
Acronym: ACCA
comment: Ant Colony Clustering Algorithm (ACCA) is a type of ant colony algorithm. It is a clustering algorithm based on the behavior of dead ant accumulation. It has a robust, parallel, fuzzy clustering ability with good convergence and positive feedback.

Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Genetic Algorithm (GA)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: M. Srinivas, L. M. Patnaik. "Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in Genetic Algorithm". IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1994, 24(4): 656~667
Acronym: AGA
comment: Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA) is a solution to this calibration problem, which dynamically performs an on-line autoconfiguration of the GA-parameters

Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: AHC
comment: Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) is a clustering (or classification) method which has the following advantages: It works from the dissimilarities between the objects to be grouped together. A type of dissimilarity can be suited to the subject studied and the nature of the data. One of the results is the dendrogram which shows the progressive grouping of the data. It is then possible to gain an idea of a suitable number of classes into which the data can be grouped. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) is an iterative classification method whose principle is simple. + The process starts by calculating the dissimilarity between the N objects. + Then two objects which when clustered together minimize a given agglomeration criterion, are clustered together thus creating a class comprising these two objects. + Then the dissimilarity between this class and the N-2 other objects is calculated using the agglomeration criterion. The two objects or classes of objects whose clustering together minimizes the agglomeration criterion are then clustered together.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Keras
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
defined in: TensorFlow
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: ANN
comment: Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. ANNs have an input layer and output layer. Between these two layers there are other hidden layers that perform the mathematical computations that help determine the decision or action the machine should take. Ultimately, these hidden layers are in place to transform the input data into something the output unit can use. The data is processed by each hidden layer and then moves on to the next based on connections that are weighted. Think of this process as an assembly line in a factory—raw materials as the input and different stops on the conveyor belt to add an element to the product equate to the hidden layers of an ANN that processes the data until you get to the output. Based on what the machine learns about the data when processed by one layer, it determines how to move it through to the next, more senior layer based on the value it receives when evaluated. Based on the complexity of the issue at hand, it can continue to process through more senior units until delivered to the output layer.

Attentive Recurrent Generative Adversarial Network (ARGAN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Ding, B., Long, C., Zhang, L. and Xiao, C., 2019. "Argan: Attentive recurrent generative adversarial network for shadow detection and removal". In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (pp. 10213-10222).
Acronym: ARGAN
comment: Attentive Recurrent Generative Adversarial Network (ARGAN) to detect and remove shadows in an image

Association Rule Networks (ARNs)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
References: Chawla, Sanjay. "Feature selection, association rules network and theory building." Feature Selection in Data Mining. 2010.
References: Pandey, G., Chawla, S., Poon, S., Arunasalam, B., Davis, J.G., 2009. "Association rules network: definition and applications Gaurav". Stat. Anal. Data Min. 1 (4), 179-260.
Acronym: ARNs
comment: Association Rules Network (ARN) are built from association rules and can be used as first step to understand the interaction amongst variables in a domain. ARNs are particular suitable in settings where the data available is observational (as opposed to experimental).

Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Freund, Yoav; Schapire, Robert E (1997). "A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 55: 119–139.
Acronym: AdaBoost
comment: AdaBoost is a boosting algorithm used to construct a classifier. A classifier is a data mining tool that takes data predicts the class of the data based on inputs. Boosting algorithm is an ensemble learning algorithm which runs multiple learning algorithms and combines them. AdaBoost is an ensemble learning method (also known as "meta-learning") which was initially created to increase the efficiency of classifiers. AdaBoost uses an iterative approach to learn from the mistakes of weak classifiers, and turn them into strong ones.

Apriori (Apriori)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
References: Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant, "Fast algorithms for mining association rules". Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB, pages 487-499, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.
Acronym: Apriori
comment: Apriori algorithm works by learning association rules. Association rules are a data mining technique that is used for learning correlations between variables in a database. Once the association rules are learned, it is applied to a database containing a large number of transactions. Apriori algorithm is used for discovering interesting patterns and mutual relationships and hence is treated as an unsupervised learning approach. Thought the algorithm is highly efficient, it consumes a lot of memory, utilizes a lot of disk space and takes a lot of time.

Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: BART
comment: Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) is a flexible prediction model/machine learning approach, a powerful predictive model that often outperforms alternative models at out-of-sample prediction. BART is especially well-suited to settings with unstructured predictor variables and substantial sources of unmeasured variation as is typical in the social, behavioral and health sciences.

Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
Acronym: BFO
comment: Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is a recently developed nature-inspired optimization algorithm, which is based on the foraging behavior of E. coli bacteria.

Binary Logistic Regression (BLR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: BLR
comment: Binary logistic regression is used to predict the odds of being a case based on the values of the independent variables (predictors). The odds are defined as the probability that a particular outcome is a case divided by the probability that it is a noninstance.

Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: D. Rumelhart, G. Hinton, and Williams R., "Learning representations by back-propagating errors''. Nature, vol. 323, pp. 533-536, 1986.
Acronym: BPNN
comment: BPNN is an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based powerful technique which is used for detection of the intrusion activity.

Bayesian Regression (BR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Albert, J.H. & Chib, S. (1993). "Bayesian Analysis of Binary and Polychotomous Response Data". Journal of the American Statistical Association, Theory and Methods, 88(422), 669-679.
Acronym: BR
comment: Bayesian Regression model is obtained from a probability distribution, as compared to regular regression techniques where the output is just obtained from a single value of each attribute. The output, 'y' is generated from a normal distribution (where mean and variance are normalized).

Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Bayesian Regression (BR)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Hoerl AE, Kennard RW (1970). "Ridge Regression: Biased Estimation for Nonorthogonal Problems", Technometrics, 42(1), 80–86
Acronym: BRR
comment: Bayesian ridge regression (BRR) is equivalent to the genomic best linear unbiased predictor when the distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects is regarded as Gaussian.

Boosted Regression Trees (BRT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: J. H. Friedman, "Stochastic gradient boosting", Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 367–378, 2002.
Acronym: BRT
comment: Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models are a combination of two techniques: decision tree algorithms and boosting methods. Like Random Forest models, BRTs repeatedly fit many decision trees to improve the accuracy of the model. One of the differences between these two methods is the way in which the data to build the trees is selected. Both techniques take a random subset of all data for each new tree that is built. All random subsets have the same number of data points, and are selected from the complete dataset.

Bagging (Bagging)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: Bagging
comment: Bagging, also known as bootstrap aggregation, is the ensemble learning method that is commonly used to reduce variance within a noisy dataset.

Bi-direction Long Short-term Memory (BiLSTM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: BiLSTM
comment: Bidirectional LSTM, or biLSTM, is a sequence processing model that consists of two LSTMs: one taking the input in a forward direction, and the other in a backwards direction. BiLSTMs effectively increase the amount of information available to the network, improving the context available to the algorithm (e.g. knowing what words immediately follow and precede a word in a sentence).

C4.5 Algorithm (C45)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Quinlan, J. R. "C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning". Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993.
Acronym: C45
comment: C4.5 is one of the top data mining algorithms and was developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is used to generate a classifier in the form of a decision tree from a set of data that has already been classified. Classifier here refers to a data mining tool that takes data that we need to classify and tries to predict the class of new data.

Classification and Regression Trees (CART)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Breiman, Leo; Friedman, J. H.; Olshen, R. A.; Stone, C. J. (1984). "Classification and regression trees". Monterey, CA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software.
Acronym: CART
comment: Classification and Regression Trees or CART for short is a term introduced by Leo Breiman to refer to Decision Tree algorithms that can be used for classification or regression predictive modeling problems. CART stands for classification and regression trees. It is a decision tree learning algorithm that gives either regression or classification trees as an output. In CART, the decision tree nodes will have precisely 2 branches. Just like C4.5, CART is also a classifier. The regression or classification tree model is constructed by using labelled training dataset provided by the user. Hence it is treated as a supervised learning technique

Canopy Clustering (CC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Apache Mahout
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
References: McCallum, A.; Nigam, K.; and Ungar L.H. (2000) "Efficient Clustering of High Dimensional Data Sets with Application to Reference Matching", Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, 169-178
Acronym: CC
comment: Canopy Clustering is a very simple, fast and surprisingly accurate method for grouping objects into clusters. All objects are represented as a point in a multidimensional feature space. The algorithm uses a fast approximate distance metric and two distance thresholds T1 > T2 for processing. The basic algorithm is to begin with a set of points and remove one at random. Create a Canopy containing this point and iterate through the remainder of the point set. At each point, if its distance from the first point is < T1, then add the point to the cluster. If, in addition, the distance is < T2, then remove the point from the set. This way points that are very close to the original will avoid all further processing. The algorithm loops until the initial set is empty, accumulating a set of Canopies, each containing one or more points. A given point may occur in more than one Canopy. Canopy Clustering is often used as an initial step in more rigorous clustering techniques, such as K-Means Clustering . By starting with an initial clustering the number of more expensive distance measurements can be significantly reduced by ignoring points outside of the initial canopies.

Color Content Fidelity Ratio (CCFR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
related to: Imagery
Acronym: CCFR
comment: Color Content Fidelity Ratio (CCFR) is an algorithm, which is effective to measure the contrast loss after color-togray conversion.

Color Contrast Preservation Ratio (CCPR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
related to: Imagery
Acronym: CCPR
comment: Color Contrast Preservation Ratio (CCPR) is an algorithm, which is based on the phenomenon of color perception—that is, when the Euclidean distance of two colors in the Lab space δ is smaller than a certain value τ , the difference is generally invisible in human visual system. The task of contrast-preserving decolorization is therefore to only maintain color contrast that is perceivable by human.

Cokriging (CK)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: T. Tajgardan, S. Ayoubi, S. Shataee, K.L. Sahrawat, I. Gorgan, "Soil surface salinity prediction using ASTER data: comparing statistical and geostatistical models", J Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, 4 (2010), pp. 457-467
Acronym: CK
comment: Cokriging (CK) is an extension of OK from a single spatial random variable to two or more spatially correlated random variables.

Clustering Large Applications based on RANdomized Search (CLARANS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
References: Ng and J. Han (2002). "CLARANS: A method for clustering objects for spatial data mining". IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2002.1033770).
Acronym: CLARANS
comment: CLARANS is a modification of the partitioning around medoids (PAM) algorithm pam. Where the PAM algorithm is estimating all distances between SNPs and the respective medoids, CLARANS is searching a random subset of the SNPs. This is independently repeated several times and the result which minimises the average distance the most is reported. This produces results close to those of the PAM algorithm (Ng and Han 2002), though the number of runs and the subset size have to be arbitrarily chosen by the user. The algorithm has two advantages: (i) the number of distance comparisons is dramatically reduced; and (ii) parallelizing is straightforward.

Classical Least Square (CLS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: CLS
comment: Classical least squares (CLS) regression is a popular multivariate statistical method used frequently for quantitative analysis. Classical least squares provides the best unbiased estimator for uncorrelated residual errors with zero mean and equal variance.

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Keras
defined in: TensorFlow
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: LeCun, Yann; Bengio, Yoshua (1995). "Convolutional networks for images, speech, and time series". In Arbib, Michael A. (ed.). The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (Second ed.). The MIT press. pp. 276–278.
Acronym: CNN
comment: A convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet) is a class of deep neural networks, most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery. They are also known as shift invariant or space invariant artificial neural networks (SIANN), based on their shared-weights architecture and translation invariance characteristics.

Cokriging (COK)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Ordinary Kriging (OK)
Acronym: COK
comment: Cokriging (COK) is an extension of ordinary kriging and uses one or more secondary variables, or covariables, (Z2) which are spatially correlated with the primary variable (Z1).

Counter-propagation Artificial Neural Network (CPANN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Keras
defined in: TensorFlow
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: CPANN

Condition Random Fields (CRF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
References: Lafferty, J., McCallum, A., Pereira, F. (2001). "Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data". Proc. 18th International Conf. on Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 282–289.
Acronym: CRF
comment: Conditional random fields (CRFs) are a class of statistical modeling methods often applied in pattern recognition and machine learning and used for structured prediction. Whereas a classifier predicts a label for a single sample without considering "neighboring" samples, a CRF can take context into account. To do so, the prediction is modeled as a graphical model, which implements dependencies between the predictions. What kind of graph is used depends on the application. For example, in natural language processing, linear chain CRFs are popular, which implement sequential dependencies in the predictions. In image processing the graph typically connects locations to nearby and/or similar locations to enforce that they receive similar predictions.

Discriminant Analysis (DA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: DA
comment: Discriminant analysis (DA) is a multivariate technique used to separate two or more groups of observations (individuals) based on variables measured on each experimental unit (sample) and find the contribution of each variable in separating the groups.

Density-based Spatial Clustering Of Applications With Noise (DBSCAN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: DBSCAN
comment: DBSCAN - Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise. Finds core samples of high density and expands clusters from them. Good for data which contains clusters of similar density. DBSCAN is the acronym for Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise. It is a clustering algorithm that isolates different density regions by forming clusters. For a given set of points, it groups the points which are closely packed. The algorithm has two important features: 1. distance 2. the minimum number of points required to form a dense region
definition: clusterers.DBSCAN

Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Keras
defined in: TensorFlow
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: DCNN
comment: Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) is a convolutional-pooling neural network that is a relatively deep learning neural network.

Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Matlab
Acronym: DMC

Deep Neural Network (DNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: DNN
comment: Deep Neural Network (DNN) is a group of neural network that is a relatively deep learning neural network.

Decision Tree (DT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: DT
comment: Decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm that only contains conditional control statements. Decision trees are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal, but are also a popular tool in machine learning.

Decision Tree Regressor (DTR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Decision Tree (DT)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: DTR
comment: Decision Tree algorithm has become one of the most used machine learning algorithm both in competitions like Kaggle as well as in business environment. Decision Tree can be used both in classification and regression problem.This article present the Decision Tree Regression Algorithm along with some advanced topics.

Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Huang GB, Zhu QY, Siew CK. "Extreme learning machine: theory and applications". Neurocomputing 2006;70(1-3):489-501.
Acronym: ELM

Expectation-Maximization (EM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: EM
comment: Expectation-Maximization (EM) is used as a clustering algorithm, just like the k-means algorithm for knowledge discovery. EM algorithm work in iterations to optimize the chances of seeing observed data. Next, it estimates the parameters of the statistical model with unobserved variables, thereby generating some observed data. Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is again unsupervised learning since we are using it without providing any labelled class information

Elastic Net (EN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: EN
comment: Elastic net is a popular type of regularized linear regression that combines two popular penalties, specifically the L1 and L2 penalty functions.

Eclat (Eclat)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
Acronym: Eclat
comment: associations.Eclat

Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Data Selection
References: Evensen, G. "Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics". J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 1994, 99, 10143.
Acronym: EnKF
comment: Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is an optimal recursive data assimilation method introduced by Evensen.

Factor Analysis (FA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: FA
comment: Factor Analysis (FA) is a simple linear generative model with Gaussian latent variables. The observations are assumed to be caused by a linear transformation of lower dimensional latent factors and added Gaussian noise. Without loss of generality the factors are distributed according to a Gaussian with zero mean and unit covariance. The noise is also zero mean and has an arbitrary diagonal covariance matrix. If we would restrict the model further, by assuming that the Gaussian noise is even isotropic (all diagonal entries are the same) we would obtain PPCA. FactorAnalysis performs a maximum likelihood estimate of the so-called loading matrix, the transformation of the latent variables to the observed ones, using SVD based approach.
comment: associations.FilteredAssociator
label: Filtered Associator (FA)

Filtered Clusterer (FC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: FC

Fuzzy C-means (FCM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: C4.5 Algorithm (C45)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
References: Bezdek, J.C., 1981. "Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms". Plenum, New York.
Acronym: FCM
comment: Fuzzy K-Means (also referred to as soft clustering or soft k-means) is a form of clustering in which each data point can belong to more than one cluster. Clustering or cluster analysis involves assigning data points to clusters such that items in the same cluster are as similar as possible, while items belonging to different clusters are as dissimilar as possible. Clusters are identified via similarity measures. These similarity measures include distance, connectivity, and intensity. Different similarity measures may be chosen based on the data or the application.

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Kosko, B. (1986). "Fuzzy cognitive maps". International journal of man-machine studies, 24(1), 65-75.
Acronym: FCMs
comment: Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are fuzzy-graph structures for representing causal reasoning. Their fuzziness allows hazy degrees of causality between hazy causal objects (concepts). Their graph structure allows systematic causal propagation, in particular forward and backward chaining, and it allows knowledge bases to be grown by connecting different FCMs.

Fully Convolutional Network (FCN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
inherits: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Long, Jonathan, Evan Shelhamer, and Trevor Darrell. "Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015.
Acronym: FCN
comment: Fully convolutional network (FCN) trained end-to-end, pixels-to-pixels on semantic segmentation exceeds the state-of-the-art without further machinery.

Fuzzy Counter Propagation Neural Network (FCPN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
inherits: Counter-propagation Artificial Neural Network (CPANN)
is transformation of: Classification
References: Sakhre, Vandana, Sanjeev Jain, Vilas S. Sapkal, and Dev P. Agarwal. "Fuzzy counter propagation neural network control for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems." Computational intelligence and neuroscience 2015 (2015).
Acronym: FCPN
comment: Fuzzy Counter Propagation Neural Network (FCPN) controller design is developed, for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George (1973). "An Analysis of The Finite Element Method". Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-032946-2.
Acronym: FEA
comment: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the simulation of any given physical phenomenon using the numerical technique called Finite Element Method (FEM). Engineers use FEA software to reduce the number of physical prototypes and experiments and optimize components in their design phase to develop better products, faster while saving on expenses.

Finite Element Method (FEM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Regression
References: Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George (1973). \"An Analysis of The Finite Element Method\". Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-032946-2.
Acronym: FEM
comment: Finite element method (FEM) is a widely used method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential. The FEM is a particular numerical method for solving partial differential equations in two or three space variables (i.e., some boundary value problems). To solve a problem, the FEM subdivides a large system into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite elements. This is achieved by a particular space discretization in the space dimensions, which is implemented by the construction of a mesh of the object: the numerical domain for the solution, which has a finite number of points. The finite element method formulation of a boundary value problem finally results in a system of algebraic equations. The method approximates the unknown function over the domain. The simple equations that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. The FEM then uses variational methods from the calculus of variations to approximate a solution by minimizing an associated error function.

Factorial Kriging Analysis (FKA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: FKA

Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: FLDA

First Derivative And Mean Centering Iteration Algorithm (FMCIA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: FMCIA
comment: First Derivative And Mean Centering Iteration Algorithm (FMCIA)

FPGrowth (FPGrowth)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
References: J. Han, H. Pei, and Y. Yin. "Mining Frequent Patterns without Candidate Generation". In: Proc. Conf. on the Management of Data (SIGMOD’00, Dallas, TX). ACM Press, New York, NY, USA 2000.
Acronym: FPGrowth
comment: FP-growth is an improved version of the Apriori Algorithm which is widely used for frequent pattern mining(AKA Association Rule Mining). It is used as an analytical process that finds frequent patterns or associations from data sets. For example, grocery store transaction data might have a frequent pattern that people usually buy chips and beer together. The Apriori Algorithm produces frequent patterns by generating itemsets and discovering the most frequent itemset over a threshold "minimal support count".

Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Support Vector Machine (SVM)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Lin, C., & Wang, S. (2004). "Training algorithms for fuzzy support vector machines with noisy data". Pattern Recognition Letters, 25, 1647–1656.
Acronym: FSVM

Foreground target detection algorithm (FTDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: FTDA
comment: Foreground target detection algorithm (FTDA) is a fundamental preprocessing step in computer vision and video processing. FTDA means to detect moving targets from the video sequence, achieve foreground pixel segmentation and location, provide robust and stable preprocessing results for subsequent advanced tasks such as target tracking, behavior identity, and gesture recognition.

Functional Unfold Principal Component Analysis (FUPCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: FUPCA

Fast Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis (FastICA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: FastICA
comment: Independent component analysis separates a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents that are maximally independent. It is implemented in scikit-learn using the Fast ICA algorithm. Typically, ICA is not used for reducing dimensionality but for separating superimposed signals. Since the ICA model does not include a noise term, for the model to be correct, whitening must be applied. This can be done internally using the whiten argument or manually using one of the PCA variants.

Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (FasterR-CNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
inherits: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Girshick, Ross. "Fast R-CNN." Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 2015
Acronym: FasterR-CNN

Genetic-Wavelet Neural Network Reconstruction Algorithm (G-WNNRA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
References: Zhao, Yun, Yong He, and Xing Xu. "A novel algorithm for damage recognition on pest-infested oilseed rape leaves." Computers and electronics in agriculture 89 (2012): 41-50.
Acronym: G-WNNRA

Genetic Algorithm (GA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: GA
comment: Genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection.

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: I. Goodfellow, J. Pouget-Abadie, M. Mirza, B. Xu, D. Warde-Farley, S. Ozair, A. Courville, Y. Bengiom "Generative adversarial nets", Advances in neural information processing systems (2014), pp. 2672-2680
Acronym: GANs
comment: GANs (Goodfellow et al., 2014) consist of two separate neural networks: a generator G that takes a random noise vector z and generates synthetic data G(z); a discriminator D that takes an input x or G(z) and output a probability Dxor D(Gz) to indicate whether the input derived from the synthetic distribution of G(z) or from the true data distribution.

Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Decision Tree (DT)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: GBDT
comment: Gradient boosting Decision Tree is a machine learning technique for regression and classification problems, which produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, typically decision trees. It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion like other boosting methods do, and it generalizes them by allowing optimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function.

Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: GBRT
comment: Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT) or shorter Gradient Boosting is a flexible non-parametric statistical learning technique for classification and regression.

Gini Impurity (GI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: GI
comment: Gini Impurity is a measurement of the likelihood of an incorrect classification of a new instance of a random variable, if that new instance were randomly classified according to the distribution of class labels from the data set.

Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: GLCM
comment: Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) are one of the earliest techniques used for image texture analysis. In this paper we defined a new feature called trace extracted from the GLCM and its implications in texture analysis are discussed in the context of Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR).

Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: GMM
comment: Gaussian mixture models are a probabilistic model for representing normally distributed subpopulations within an overall population. Mixture models in general don't require knowing which subpopulation a data point belongs to, allowing the model to learn the subpopulations automatically. Since subpopulation assignment is not known, this constitutes a form of unsupervised learning.
alternative label: Gaussian Mixture (Gaussian)

Genetic Neural Network (GNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: GNN
comment: A genetic neural network (GNN) method is provided for efficient determination of quantitative structure property relationships. See the references given below for a description of the GNN and its application.

Generalized Predictive Control
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: GPC

Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: GPR

General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Specht, D. F. (2002-08-06). "A general regression neural network". IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. 2 (6): 568–576. doi:10.1109/72.97934
Acronym: GRNN
comment: Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is a variation to radial basis neural networks. GRNN was suggested by D.F. Specht in 1991.

Geologically Weighted Regression (GWR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: GWR

Hierarchical Clusterer (HC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Weka
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: HC
comment: Hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters.

Hidden Markov Model (HMM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: HMM
comment: Hidden Markov models are generative models, in which the joint distribution of observations and hidden states, or equivalently both the prior distribution of hidden states (the transition probabilities) and conditional distribution of observations given states (the emission probabilities), is modeled.

Histogram of Gradients (HOG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: HOG

Histograms of Oriented Optical Flow (HOOF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: R. Chaudhry, A. Ravichandran, G. Hager, R. Vidal, "Histograms of oriented optical flow and Binet-Cauchy kernels on nonlinear dynamical systems for the recognition of human actions", IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (2009), pp. 1932-1939
Acronym: HOOF

ID3 Algorithm (ID3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: ID3
comment: ID3 algorithm is a simple decision tree learning algorithm developed by Ross Quinlan. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains.

Information Gain (IG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Weka
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: IG
comment: Information Gain, like Gini Impurity, is a metric used to train Decision Trees. Specifically, these metrics measure the quality of a split. Information Gain is calculated for a split by subtracting the weighted entropies of each branch from the original entropy. When training a Decision Tree using these metrics, the best split is chosen by maximizing Information Gain.

Indicator Kriging (IK)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: IK
comment: Indicator Kriging (IK) is a non-parametric geostatistical method for estimating the probability that the value of an attribute is not greater than a specific threshold, , at a given location U.
comment: P. Goovaerts, R. Webster, J.-P. Dubois, "Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura using indicator geostatistics", Environ. Ecol. Stat., 4 (1997), pp. 49-64

Incremental Principal Components Analysis (IPCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: IPCA
comment: Incremental principal components analysis (IPCA). Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition of the data, keeping only the most significant singular vectors to project the data to a lower dimensional space. The input data is centered but not scaled for each feature before applying the SVD. Depending on the size of the input data, this algorithm can be much more memory efficient than a PCA, and allows sparse input. This algorithm has constant memory complexity, on the order of batch_size * n_features, enabling use of np.memmap files without loading the entire file into memory. For sparse matrices, the input is converted to dense in batches (in order to be able to subtract the mean) which avoids storing the entire dense matrix at any one time. The computational overhead of each SVD is O(batch_size * n_features ** 2), but only 2 * batch_size samples remain in memory at a time. There will be n_samples / batch_size SVD computations to get the principal components, versus 1 large SVD of complexity O(n_samples * n_features ** 2) for PCA.

Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: IPSO
comment: Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm is proposed for the optimization of hydroelectric power scheduling in multi-reservoir systems.

Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: ISODATA

J48
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: J48

Kernel-based Extreme Learning Machine (KELM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: Huang GB, Zhu QY, Siew CK. "Extreme learning machine: theory and applications". Neurocomputing 2006;70(1-3):489-501.
Acronym: KELM

Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
inherits: Discriminant Analysis (DA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: KFDA
comment: Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA), also known as generalized discriminant analysis and kernel discriminant analysis, is a kernelized version of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). It is named after Ronald Fisher. Using the kernel trick, LDA is implicitly performed in a new feature space, which allows non-linear mappings to be learned.

K-Means (KMeans)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
defined in: Weka
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: KMeans
comment: KMeans algorithm clusters data by trying to separate samples in n groups of equal variance, minimizing a criterion known as the inertia or within-cluster sum-of-squares (see below). This algorithm requires the number of clusters to be specified. It scales well to large number of samples and has been used across a large range of application areas in many different fields.
definition: sklearn.cluster.KMeans

K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
defined in: Weka
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: KNN
comment: K nearest neighbors is a simple algorithm that stores all available cases and classifies new cases by a majority vote of its k neighbors. The case being assigned to the class is most common amongst its K nearest neighbors measured by a distance function. These distance functions can be Euclidean, Manhattan, Minkowski and Hamming distance. First three functions are used for continuous function and fourth one (Hamming) for categorical variables. If K = 1, then the case is simply assigned to the class of its nearest neighbor. At times, choosing the value for K can be a challenge while performing KNN modeling.
definition: Classifier: classifiers.lazy.IBk

Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: KPCA
comment: KernelPCA (KPCA) is an extension of PCA which achieves non-linear dimensionality reduction through the use of kernels (see Pairwise metrics, Affinities and Kernels). It has many applications including denoising, compression and structured prediction (kernel dependency estimation). KernelPCA supports both transform and inverse_transform.

Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: KRR
comment: Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) combines ridge regression (linear least squares with l2-norm regularization) with the kernel trick. It thus learns a linear function in the space induced by the respective kernel and the data. For non-linear kernels, this corresponds to a non-linear function in the original space. The form of the model learned by KRR is identical to support vector regression (SVR). However, different loss functions are used: KRR uses squared error loss while support vector regression uses epsilon-insensitive loss, both combined with l2 regularization. In contrast to SVR, fitting a KRR model can be done in closed-form and is typically faster for medium-sized datasets. On the other hand, the learned model is non-sparse and thus slower than SVR, which learns a sparse model for epsilon > 0, at prediction-time.

Last Angle Regression (LAR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Efron, Bradley; Hastie, Trevor; Johnstone, Iain; Tibshirani, Robert (2004). "Least Angle Regression". Annals of Statistics. 32 (2): pp. 407–499. arXiv:math/0406456. doi:10.1214/009053604000000067.
Acronym: LARS
comment: Least-angle regression (LARS) is an algorithm for fitting linear regression models to high-dimensional data, developed by Bradley Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani.

Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: LASSO
comment: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) is a regression analysis method that performs both variable selection and regularization in order to enhance the prediction accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model it produces. It was originally introduced in geophysics literature in 1986, and later independently rediscovered and popularized in 1996 by Robert Tibshirani, who coined the term and provided further insights into the observed performance. LASSO was originally formulated for linear regression models and this simple case reveals a substantial amount about the behavior of the estimator, including its relationship to ridge regression and best subset selection and the connections between lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need to be unique if covariates are collinear.

Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: LDA
comment: Linear Discriminant analysis (DA) is a multivariate technique used to separate two or more groups of observations (individuals) based on variables measured on each experimental unit (sample) and find the contribution of each variable in separating the groups.

Linear-Quadratic Regulator (LQR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Matlab
Acronym: LQR
comment: Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is a well-known design technique that provides practical feedback gains.

Linear Regression (LR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: LR
comment: Linear regression is a linear approach to modeling the relationship between a scalar response (or dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variables). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression.

Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: LSMA
comment: Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is a widely used technique in remote sensing to estimate abundance fractions of materials present in an image pixel.

Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Support Vector Machine (SVM)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: LSSVM
comment: Least-squares support-vector machines (LS-SVM) are least-squares versions of support-vector machines (SVM), which are a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and which are used for classification and regression analysis. In this version one finds the solution by solving a set of linear equations instead of a convex quadratic programming (QP) problem for classical SVMs. Least-squares SVM classifiers were proposed by Suykens and Vandewalle. LS-SVMs are a class of kernel-based learning methods.

Long Short-term Memory (LSTM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: LSTM
comment: Long short-term memory (LSTM) is an artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture used in the field of deep learning. Unlike standard feedforward neural networks, LSTM has feedback connections. It can not only process single data points (such as images), but also entire sequences of data (such as speech or video).

M5Tree (M5Tree)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: J.R. Quinlan, "Learning with continuous classes", Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Hobart, Australia, 16–18 November, World Scientific, Singapore (1992), pp. 343-348
Acronym: M5Tree
comment: M5Tree is an expansion of regression trees in the sense that they relate leaves with multivariate linear models. M5Tree is a strategy for managing continuous class problems that give a structural presentation of the data and a piecewise linear fit of the class. M5Tree has a conventional decision tree structure but utilize linear function at the leaves rather than discrete class names.

Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Friedman, J. H. (1991). "Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines". The Annals of Statistics. 19 (1): 1–67. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.382.970. doi:10.1214/aos/1176347963
Acronym: MARS
comment: Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) is a form of regression analysis introduced by Jerome H. Friedman in 1991. It is a non-parametric regression technique and can be seen as an extension of linear models that automatically models nonlinearities and interactions between variables.

Mahalanobis Distance (MD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: MD
comment: Mahalanobis distance (MD) is the distance between two points in multivariate space. In a regular Euclidean space, variables (e.g. x, y, z) are represented by axes drawn at right angles to each other; The distance between any two points can be measured with a ruler.

Maximum Entropy (ME)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: ME
comment: Maximum Entropy states that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy, in the context of precisely stated prior data (such as a proposition that expresses testable information).

Modified Genetic Algorithm (MGA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Genetic Algorithm (GA)
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: MGA
comment: This algorithm follows the same principals and utilizes the same sigmoidal models for estimating YP0 and YPN as described by Solie et al. (2012)

Machine Learning (ML)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: ML

Mule Lightbar (MLB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: MLB

Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: J.N. Nilsson, "Learning Machines: Foundations of Trainable Pattern-Classifying Systems", McGraw-Hill Series in Systems Science, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1965)
Acronym: MLC
comment: Maximum likelihood classification (MLC) is a method for determining a known class of distributions as the maximum for a given statistic. The root of MLC can be traced back to electrical engineering [5]. An assumption of normality is made for the training samples.

Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: MLP
comment: A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a class of feedforward artificial neural network (ANN). The term MLP is used ambiguously, sometimes loosely to any feedforward ANN, sometimes strictly to refer to networks composed of multiple layers of perceptrons (with threshold activation);
definition: sklearn.neural_network.MLPClassifier

Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Linear Regression (LR)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: MLR
comment: Multiple linear regression (MLR), also known simply as multiple regression, is a statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome of a response variable. The goal of multiple linear regression (MLR) is to model the linear relationship between the explanatory (independent) variables and response (dependent) variable.

Model Predictive Control (MPC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Arnold, Michele, and Göran Andersson. "Model predictive control of energy storage including uncertain forecasts." Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Stockholm, Sweden. Vol. 23. 2011.
Acronym: MPC

Modified Partial Least Squares (MPLS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Partial Least Squares (PLS)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: MPLS
comment: MPLS is an improvement that have been made to the traditional partial least squares (PLS) regression. The MPLS procedure copes more effectively with non-analyte interference in multicomponent determinations and provides an estimate of the interference spectrum. The interference spectrum can be used to partially or quantitatively correct the measured spectrum before determination of analyte concentrations. Hence the accuracy of analysis is improved.

Markov Random Fields (MRF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: MRF
comment: Markov Random Field (MRF), Markov network or undirected graphical model is a set of random variables having a Markov property described by an undirected graph. In other words, a random field is said to be a Markov random field if it satisfies Markov properties. A Markov network or MRF is similar to a Bayesian network in its representation of dependencies; the differences being that Bayesian networks are directed and acyclic, whereas Markov networks are undirected and may be cyclic. Thus, a Markov network can represent certain dependencies that a Bayesian network cannot; on the other hand, it can't represent certain dependencies that a Bayesian network can. The underlying graph of a Markov random field may be finite or infinite.

Multi-resolution Segmentation (MRS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
applied to: Satellite Imagery
applied to: Spectral Image
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: M. Baatz, A. Schape, "Multiresolution Segmentation: an optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation", Angewandte Geographische Informationsverarbeitung XII. Beitrage zum AGIT-Symposium Salzburg 2000, Karlsruhe, Herbert Wichmann Verlag (2000), pp. 12-23
Acronym: MRS
comment: Multiresolution Segmentation (MRS) is the process of dividing up your images into segments based on its spectral properties.

Mean Shift (MS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: MS
comment: Mean shift is a hill climbing algorithm which involves shifting this kernel iteratively to a higher density region until convergence. Every shift is defined by a mean shift vector. At every iteration the kernel is shifted to the centroid or the mean of the points within it.
comment: clusterers.MeanShift

Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: MTMF

Multi-threshold segmentation (MTS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
applied to: Satellite Imagery
applied to: Spectral Image
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: A.P. Carleer, O. Debeir, E. Wolff, "Assessment of very high spatial resolution satellite image segmentations", Photogramm. Eng. Rem. Sens., 71 (11) (2005), pp. 1285-1294
Acronym: MTS
comment: Multiple thresholding Segmentation is used to distinct objects, subdivided from an image by multiple thresholds, and each thresholds should be appropriate for the corresponding segmentation

Naive Bayes (NB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: NB
comment: Naive Bayes methods are a set of supervised learning algorithms based on applying Bayes’ theorem with the “naiveâ€ assumption of conditional independence between every pair of features given the value of the class variable. Naive Bayes models can be used to tackle large scale classification problems for which the full training set might not fit in memory. To handle this case, modified methods expose a partial_fit method that can be used incrementally as done with other classifiers as demonstrated in Out-of-core classification of text documents. All naive Bayes classifiers support sample weighting. + MultinomialNB, + BernoulliNB, + GaussianNB + CategoricalNB

Normalized Classification Entropy (NCE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: NCE
comment: Normalized classification entropy (NCE) is used when deciding how many clusters are most appropriate for creating management zones, which can help the user obtain management zones simply and quickly (BEZDEK, 1981). By minimizing the value for NCE and FPI, the optimum number of clusters can be found.

Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: NMF
comment: Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) finds two non-negative matrices (W, H) whose product approximates the non- negative matrix X. This factorization can be used for example for dimensionality reduction, source separation or topic extraction.

Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: NMPC
comment: Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) is a variant of model predictive control (MPC) that is characterized by the use of nonlinear system models in the prediction. As in linear MPC, NMPC requires the iterative solution of optimal control problems on a finite prediction horizon.

Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: OBIA
comment: Object-based image analysis (OBIA) is one of several approaches developed to overcome the limitations of the pixel-based approaches. It incorporates spectral, textural and contextual information to identify thematic classes in an image. The first step in OBIA is to segment the image into homogeneous objects. The term object here stands for a contiguous cluster of pixels. Segmentation is based on pre-defined parameters like compactness, shape, and scale, derived from real-world knowledge of the features that one wants to identify (Mason et al. 1988). In crop mapping, for instance, this will require understanding of size and shape of farm fields in the area of interest. Over- and under-segmentation are obvious threats to these approaches, and need to be addressed, and not all semantically meaningful entities may be identified. In a second step, each object (segment) is classified on the basis of one or more statistical properties of the contained pixels. This means that all pixels within a segment are assigned to one class, eliminating the within-field spectral variability and mixed pixels problems associated with pixel-based approaches. Several studies have confirmed the superiority of OBIA over pixel-based classifications, especially in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes and urban areas (Blaschke, 2010; Myint, 2006; Myint et al., 2011; Peña-Barragán et al., 2011).

Ordinary Kriging (OK)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: OK
comment: Ordinary kriging (OK) is a commonly-used linear method of spatial prediction to provide estimates of variables at unvisited sites.

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: OLAP
comment: Online analytical processing (OLAP) is an approach to answer multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly in computing. OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also encompasses relational databases, report writing and data mining. Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM), budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications emerging.

Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Apache Mahout
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: OLS
comment: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. OLS chooses the parameters of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values of the variable being observed) in the given dataset and those predicted by the linear function of the independent variable.

Optimum-Path Forest (OPF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: OPF
comment: Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) classifier was introduced, trying to achieve high recognition rates and low computational cost. Although OPF was much faster than Support Vector Machines for training, it was slightly slower for classification. In this paper, we present the Efficient OPF (EOPF), which is an enhanced and faster version of the traditional OPF, and validate it for the automatic recognition of white matter and gray matter in magnetic resonance images of the human brain.

Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure (OPTICS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: OPTICS
comment: OPTICS (Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure), closely related to DBSCAN, finds core sample of high density and expands clusters from them [R2c55e37003fe-1]. Unlike DBSCAN, keeps cluster hierarchy for a variable neighborhood radius. Better suited for usage on large datasets than the current sklearn implementation of DBSCAN.
definition: clusterers.OPTICS

Partitioning Around Mediods (PAM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
References: Kaufman, L., Rousseeuw, P.J., 1990. "Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis". Wiley, New York.
Acronym: PAM
comment: PAM uses a greedy search which may not find the optimum solution, but it is faster than exhaustive search.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: PCA
comment: Principal component analysis (PCA). Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition of the data to project it to a lower dimensional space. The input data is centered but not scaled for each feature before applying the SVD.

Fast Principal Component Analysis (FastPCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: FastPCA

Principal Component Regression (PCR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: PCR
comment: Principal component regression (PCR) is a regression analysis technique that is based on principal component analysis (PCA). In PCR, instead of regressing the dependent variable on the explanatory variables directly, the principal components of the explanatory variables are used as regressors.

Pyramid of histograms of orientation gradients (PHOG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: PHOG

Partial Least Squares (PLS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: PLS
comment: Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical. PLS is used to find the fundamental relations between two matrices (X and Y), i.e. a latent variable approach to modeling the covariance structures in these two spaces. A PLS model will try to find the multidimensional direction in the X space that explains the maximum multidimensional variance direction in the Y space. PLS regression is particularly suited when the matrix of predictors has more variables than observations, and when there is multicollinearity among X values. By contrast, standard regression will fail in these cases (unless it is regularized). Partial least squares was introduced by the Swedish statistician Herman O. A. Wold, who then developed it with his son, Svante Wold. An alternative term for PLS (and more correct according to Svante Wold[1]) is projection to latent structures, but the term partial least squares is still dominant in many areas. Although the original applications were in the social sciences, PLS regression is today most widely used in chemometrics and related areas. It is also used in bioinformatics, sensometrics, neuroscience, and anthropology.

Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Partial Least Squares (PLS)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: PLSDA
comment: Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical.

Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Partial Least Squares (PLS)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Wold, S; Sjostrom, M.; Eriksson, L. (2001). "PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics". Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems.
Acronym: PLSR
comment: Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: J. Kennedy, R. Eberhart, Particle swarm optimization, Proc IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia (1995), pp. 1942-1948
Acronym: PSO
comment: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary computation technique through individual improvement plus population cooperation and competition, hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed by incorporating chaos.

PageRank Algorithm (PageRabk)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
Acronym: PageRank
comment: PageRank is commonly used by search engines like Google. It is a link analysis algorithm that determines the relative importance of an object linked within a network of objects. Link analysis is a type of network analysis that explores the associations among objects. Google search uses this algorithm by understanding the backlinks between web pages.

Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Discriminant Analysis (DA)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: QDA
comment: Quadratic discriminant analysis QDA is a variant of LDA in which an individual covariance matrix is estimated for every class of observations. QDA is particularly useful if there is prior knowledge that individual classes exhibit distinct covariances.

Quantile Regression Forests (QRF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: QRF

Regional Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
inherits: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Girshick, R., J. Donahue, T. Darrell, and J. Malik. "Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation." CVPR '14 Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Pages 580-587. 2014
Acronym: R-CNN
comment: Region Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) is a deep learning approach for Object detection, it combines rectangular region proposals with convolutional neural network features. R-CNN is a two-stage detection algorithm: - The first stage identifies a subset of regions in an image that might contain an object. - The second stage classifies the object in each region.

Radial Basis Function (RBF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: RBF
comment: Radial basis functions are means to approximate multivariable (also called multivariate) functions by linear combinations of terms based on a single univariate function (the radial basis function). This is radialised so that in can be used in more than one dimension. They are usually applied to approximate functions or data (Powell 1981,Cheney 1966,Davis 1975) which are only known at a finite number of points (or too difficult to evaluate otherwise), so that then evaluations of the approximating function can take place often and efficiently.

Random Forest (RF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: RF
comment: A random forest is a meta estimator that fits a number of decision tree classifiers on various sub-samples of the dataset and uses averaging to improve the predictive accuracy and control over-fitting. The sub-sample size is controlled with the max_samples parameter if bootstrap=True (default), otherwise the whole dataset is used to build each tree.

Rule Generation (RG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Phadikar, Santanu, Jaya Sil, and Asit Kumar Das. "Rice diseases classification using feature selection and rule generation techniques." Computers and electronics in agriculture 90 (2013): 76-85.
Acronym: RG

Regression kriging (RK)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: RK
comment: Regression kriging (RK) is another method of spatial prediction that uses secondary variable(s) to improve the predictions of the primary variable at unsampled locations.

Reinforcement Learning (RL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Machine Learning (ML)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Clustering
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: RL
comment: Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment in order to maximize the notion of cumulative reward. Reinforcement learning is one of three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Recurrent neural network (RNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Keras
defined in: TensorFlow
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Stéphane Mallat. "Understanding deep convolutional networks". arXiv preprint arXiv:1601.04920, 2016.
Acronym: RNN
comment: A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of artificial neural networks where connections between nodes form a directed graph along a temporal sequence. This allows it to exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. Derived from feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal state (memory) to process variable length sequences of inputs. This makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition.

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
Acronym: ROC

Ridge regression (RR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: Rao, C. R., and Venkat N. Gudivada. "Computational analysis and understanding of natural languages: Principles, methods and applications". Elsevier, 2018.
Acronym: RR
comment: Ridge regression (RR) is a regularization technique that penalizes the L2-norm of the coefficients in linear regression.

Deep Residual Network (ResNet)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: TensorFlow
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: ResNet
comment: A residual neural network (ResNet) is an artificial neural network (ANN) of a kind that builds on constructs known from pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. Residual neural networks do this by utilizing skip connections, or shortcuts to jump over some layers. Typical ResNet models are implemented with double- or triple- layer skips that contain nonlinearities (ReLU) and batch normalization in between.

Spectral Analytics (SA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
related to: Crop Imagery
related to: Spectral Image
Acronym: SA
comment: Spectral Analytics (SA) is approaches that estimate the strength of different frequency components (the power spectrum) of a time-domain signal in sprectral images.

Self-Attention Convolutional Neural Network (SACNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
inherits: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Zeng, Weihui, and Miao Li. "Crop leaf disease recognition based on Self-Attention convolutional neural network." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 172 (2020): 105341.
Acronym: SACNN

Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: Kruse, Fred A., A. B. Lefkoff, J. W. Boardman, K. B. Heidebrecht, A. T. Shapiro, P. J. Barloon, and A. F. H. Goetz. "The spectral image processing system (SIPS) - interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data." Remote sensing of environment 44, no. 2-3 (1993): 145-163.
Acronym: SAM
comment: Spectral Angle Mapper Classification (SAM) is an automated method for directly comparing image spectra to a known spectra (usually determined in a lab or in the field with a spectrometer) or an endmember. This method treats both (the questioned and known) spectra as vectors and calculates the spectral angle between them. This method is insensitive to illumination since the SAM algorithm uses only the vector direction and not the vector length. The result of the SAM classification is an image showing the best match at each pixel. This method is typically used as a first cut for determining the mineralogy and works well in areas of homogeneous regions. The USGS maintains a large spectral library, mostly composed of mineral and soil types, which image spectra can be directly compared.

Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Discriminant Analysis (DA)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: SDA

Sequential Forward Floating Selection (SFFS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Data Selection
References: Ferri, F. J., Pudil P., Hatef, M., Kittler, J. (1994). "Comparative study of techniques for large-scale feature selection." Pattern Recognition in Practice IV : 403-413.
References: Pudil, P., Novovicova, J., & Kittler, J. (1994). "Floating search methods in feature selection." Pattern recognition letters 15.11 (1994): 1119-1125.
Acronym: SFFS
comment: Sequential Forward Floating Selection (SFFS) applies a number of backward steps at each forward step and the evaluates the resulting subsets. The new subsets are compared to the previous ones and selected if better.

Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: SGB
comment: Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB) is an ensemble learning algorithm combined with boosting and decision tree and makes a prediction by weighting the ensemble members of all trees.

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
Acronym: SGD
comment: Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randomly selected subset of the data). Especially in high-dimensional optimization problems this reduces the computational burden, achieving faster iterations in trade for a lower convergence rate.
definition: sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier

Stochastic Gradient Descent Regression (SGDR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: SGDR
comment: Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a simple yet very efficient approach to fitting linear classifiers and regressors under convex loss functions such as (linear) Support Vector Machines and Logistic Regression. Even though SGD has been around in the machine learning community for a long time, it has received a considerable amount of attention just recently in the context of large-scale learning. SGD has been successfully applied to large-scale and sparse machine learning problems often encountered in text classification and natural language processing. Given that the data is sparse, the classifiers in this module easily scale to problems with more than 10^5 training examples and more than 10^5 features.

Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
related to: Imagery
References: Lowe, David G. (1999). "Object recognition from local scale-invariant features". Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision. 2. pp. 1150–1157.
Acronym: SIFT
comment: Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) is a feature detection algorithm in computer vision to detect and describe local features in images. It was published by David Lowe in 1999. Applications include object recognition, robotic mapping and navigation, image stitching, 3D modeling, gesture recognition, video tracking, individual identification of wildlife and match moving.

Supervised Kohonen Network (SKN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Melssen, Willem, Ron Wehrens, and Lutgarde Buydens. "Supervised Kohonen networks for classification problems." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 83.2 (2006): 99-113.
Acronym: SKN

Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
References: Achanta, Radhakrishna, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Süsstrunk. "SLIC superpixels compared to state-of-the-art superpixel methods." IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 34, no. 11 (2012): 2274-2282.
Acronym: SLIC
comment: Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) algorithm is increasingly applied to different kinds of image processing because of its excellent perceptually meaningful characteristics.

Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Linear Regression (LR)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
Acronym: SMLR
comment: Stepwise Multiple Linear Regressions (SMLR) is a way of cleverly reducing the number of wavelengths in order to find a least-squares solution, based on the meaningful assumption that repeated and useless information may be present in some wavelengths.

Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Araujo, Mario Cesar Ugulino, Teresa Cristina Bezerra Saldanha, Roberto Kawakami Harrop Galvao, Takashi Yoneyama, Henrique Caldas Chame, and Valeria Visani. "The successive projections algorithm for variable selection in spectroscopic multicomponent analysis". Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 57(2), 65–73 (2001)
Acronym: SPA
comment: Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) is a fast algorithm to tackle separable nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Given a nonnegative data matrix X, SPA identifies an index set K such that there exists a nonnegative matrix H with X≈X(:,K)H. SPA has been successfully used as a pure-pixel search algorithm in hyperspectral unmixing and for anchor word selection in document classification. Moreover, SPA is provably robust in low-noise settings. The main drawbacks of SPA are that it is not robust to outliers and does not take the data fitting term into account when selecting the indices in K.

Spectral Regression Discriminant Analysis (SRDA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
inherits: Discriminant Analysis (DA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: SRDA
comment: Sparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA) Finds the set of sparse components that can optimally reconstruct the data. The amount of sparseness is controllable by the coefficient of the L1 penalty, given by the parameter alpha.

Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
related to: Imagery
References: Bay, H., Ess, A., Tuytelaars, T., & Van Gool, L. (2008). "Speeded-up robust features (SURF)". Computer vision and image understanding, 110(3), 346-359.
Acronym: SURF
comment: Speeded up robust features (SURF) is a patented local feature detector and descriptor, is used in Computer Vision (CV). It can be used for tasks such as object recognition, image registration, classification, or 3D reconstruction. It is partly inspired by the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) descriptor. The standard version of SURF is several times faster than SIFT and claimed by its authors to be more robust against different image transformations than SIFT.

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: SVD
comment: Singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix. It generalizes the eigendecomposition of a square normal matrix with an orthonormal eigenbasis to any {\displaystyle m\times n}m\times n matrix. It is related to the polar decomposition.

Support Vector Machine (SVM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
example: # Dataset: http://mlpy.sourceforge.net/docs/3.5/_downloads/spiral.data >>> import numpy as np >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> import mlpy >>> f = np.loadtxt("spiral.data") >>> x, y = f[:, :2], f[:, 2] >>> svm = mlpy.LibSvm(svm_type='c_svc', kernel_type='rbf', gamma=100) >>> svm.learn(x, y) >>> xmin, xmax = x[:,0].min()-0.1, x[:,0].max()+0.1 >>> ymin, ymax = x[:,1].min()-0.1, x[:,1].max()+0.1 >>> xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(xmin, xmax, 0.01), np.arange(ymin, ymax, 0.01)) >>> xnew = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()] >>> ynew = svm.pred(xnew).reshape(xx.shape) >>> fig = plt.figure(1) >>> plt.set_cmap(plt.cm.Paired) >>> plt.pcolormesh(xx, yy, ynew) >>> plt.scatter(x[:,0], x[:,1], c=y) >>> plt.show()
example: >>> from sklearn import svm >>> X = [[0, 0], [1, 1]] >>> y = [0, 1] >>> clf = svm.SVC() >>> clf.fit(X, y) >>> clf.predict([[2., 2.]])
References: Cortes, Corinna, and Vladimir Vapnik. "Support vector machine." Machine learning 20, no. 3 (1995): 273-297.
Acronym: SVM
comment: Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm which can be used for both classification or regression challenges. However, it is mostly used in classification problems. In the SVM algorithm, we plot each data item as a point in n-dimensional space (where n is number of features you have) with the value of each feature being the value of a particular coordinate. Then, we perform classification by finding the hyper-plane that differentiates the two classes very well (look at the below snapshot).
definition: sklearn.svm.SVC

Support Vector Machine-Feature Selection (SVM-FS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Support Vector Machine (SVM)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: SVM-FS

Support Vector Regression (SVR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Support Vector Machine (SVM)
is transformation of: Regression
is transformation of: Regressor
References: Drucker, Harris, Chris JC Burges, Linda Kaufman, Alex Smola, and Vladimir Vapnik. "Support vector regression machines." Advances in neural information processing systems 9 (1997): 155-161.
Acronym: SVR
comment: Support Vector Regression (SVR) is built based on the concept of Support Vector Machine (SVM). It is one among the popular Machine Learning models that can be used in classification problems or assigning classes when the data is not linearly separable.

Stepwise (SW)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: SW

Simplex Volume Maximization (SiVM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: Alfeld, Matthias, et al. "Simplex Volume Maximization (SiVM): A matrix factorization algorithm with non-negative constrains and low computing demands for the interpretation of full spectral X-ray fluorescence imaging data." Microchemical Journal 132 (2017): 179-184.
Acronym: SiVM

Sparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
defined in: Scikit-learn
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
References: Jenatton, Rodolphe, Guillaume Obozinski, and Francis Bach. "Structured sparse principal component analysis." In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 366-373. JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings, 2010.
Acronym: SparsePCA
comment: Sparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA) Finds the set of sparse components that can optimally reconstruct the data. The amount of sparseness is controllable by the coefficient of the L1 penalty, given by the parameter alpha.

Univariate linear regression (ULR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
Acronym: ULR

Unfold Principal Component Analysis (UPCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
is transformation of: Data Selection
Acronym: UPCA

Undefine (Undefine)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Association
is transformation of: Association Rule
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Cluster
is transformation of: Clustering
is transformation of: Data Selection
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: Undefine
comment: Undefine

Vegetation Indices (VI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: VI
comment: Vegetation Index (VI) is used to identify, detect from spectral images.

Universal Background Subtraction Algorithm for Video Sequences (ViBe)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
References: Barnich, O., & Van Droogenbroeck, M. (2010). "ViBe: A universal background subtraction algorithm for video sequences". IEEE Transactions on Image processing, 20(6), 1709-1724.
Acronym: ViBe
comment: A universal background subtraction algorithm for video sequences (ViBe) is a fast, simple, efficient and with optimal sample attenuation based on background modeling. ViBe is a background subtraction algorithm which has been presented at the IEEE ICASSP 2009 conference and was refined in later publications. More precisely, it is a software module for extracting background information from moving images. It has been developed by Oliver Barnich and Marc Van Droogenbroeck of the Montefiore Institute, University of Liège, Belgium.

Wavelength (WL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: WL

Wavelet Neural Network (WNN)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
is transformation of: Regression
Acronym: WNN
comment: wavelet neural network (WNN)

XGBoost
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
inherits: Decision Tree (DT)
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
is transformation of: Regression
References: Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R, et al. (2000). "Additive logistic regression: a statistical view of boosting (with discussion and a rejoinder by the authors)." The annals of statistics, 28(2), 337–407.
Acronym: XGBoost
comment: XGBoost is a decision-tree-based ensemble Machine Learning algorithm that uses a gradient boosting framework. In prediction problems involving unstructured data (images, text, etc.) artificial neural networks tend to outperform all other algorithms or frameworks. However, when it comes to small-to-medium structured/tabular data, decision tree based algorithms are considered best-in-class right now. Please see the chart below for the evolution of tree-based algorithms over the years.

XY-fusion network (XYF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Mining Algorithm
is transformation of: Classification
is transformation of: Classifier
References: Melssen, Willem, Ron Wehrens, and Lutgarde Buydens. "Supervised Kohonen networks for classification problems." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 83.2 (2006): 99-113.
Acronym: XYF

AllenNLP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: AllenNLP
comment: AllenNLP is a powerful tool for prototyping with good text processing capabilities. This tool is less effective for production if compared to SpaCy but it is largely used in research. Additionally, it has PyTorch, a very popular deep learning framework that enables customizing models more flexibly than SpaCy. It automates some of the tasks which are essential for almost every deep learning model. It provides a lot of modules like Seq2VecEncoder, Seq2SeqEncoder.

Alpine Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate.
label: Highland climate
label: Mountain climate

Alternaria Triticina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

Alteryx Analytics
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit

American Samoa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AS
agricultural land: 49 km2
agricultural land: 49 sq. km
area: 199 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AS
climate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 14°18′S 170°42′W
density: 259.0/km2 (670.8/sq mi)
density: 326/km²
elevation: 970 m (3,170 ft)
latitude: -170.7
latitude: -170.70145
longitude: -14.3
longitude: -14.3083
population: 46,366
population: 68,200 (2007)
comment: American Samoa /səˈmoʊə/ is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Samoa. Its location is centered on 14°18′S 170°42′W﻿ / ﻿14.3°S 170.7°W﻿ / -14.3; -170.7. It is east of the International Date Line, while Samoa is west of the Line. The total land area is 199 square kilometers, slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator, along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island. Tuna products are the main exports, and the main trading partner is the rest of the United States.
comment: American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Samoa. Its location is centered on 14°18′S 170°42′W﻿ / ﻿14.3°S 170.7°W﻿ / -14.3; -170.7. It is east of the International Date Line, while Samoa is west of the Line. The total land area is 199 square kilometers, slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator, along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island. Tuna products are the main exports, and the main trading partner is the rest of the United States.

Ammonia, anhydrous
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
Acronym: NH3
comment: Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary ... as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.

Ammonium nitrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
Acronym: NH4NO3
comment: Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4NO3. It is a white crystalline solid consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate. It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer.
definition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate

Ammonium sulphate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
Acronym: (NH4)2SO4
comment: Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.
definition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate

Analytic Solver
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit

Andorra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AD
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD
agricultural land: 203 km2
agricultural land: 203 sq. km
area: 468 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AD
climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
coordinate: 42°30′N 1°31′E
density: 154/km²
density: 179.8/km2 (465.7/sq mi)
latitude: 1.517
latitude: 1.597563
longitude: 42.5
longitude: 42.541817
population: 71,822 (2007)
population: 77,543
comment: Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is headed by two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain and the President of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.
comment: Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain, and the President of the French Republic.

Angola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO
agricultural land: 583,900 km2
agricultural land: 583,900 sq. km
area: 1,246,700 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AO
climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
coordinate: 12°30′S 18°30′E
density: 13/km²
density: 24.97/km2 (64.7/sq mi)
latitude: 17.880669
latitude: 18.5
longitude: -11.207334
longitude: -12.5
population: 16,941,000 (2007)
population: 31,127,674
comment: Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest lusophone country in both total area and population, and it is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city is Luanda.
comment: Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest lusophone country in both total area and population, and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the DR Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city is Luanda.

Anguilla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AI
area: 102 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AI
climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
coordinate: 18°13′38″N 63°02′56″W
density: 132/km2 (341.9/sq mi)
density: 132/km²
elevation: 240 ft (73 m)
latitude: -63.04899
latitude: -63.183456
longitude: 18.22723
longitude: 18.389801
population: 13,477 (2006)
population: 14,731
comment: Anguilla is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles long by 3 miles wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles, with a population of approximately 14,731 .
comment: Anguilla is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles long by 3 miles wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles, with a population of approximately 18,090 .

Antarctica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
type: Country
has country: Heard Island and McDonald Islands
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AQ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AQ
area: 14,000,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AQ
climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
coordinate: 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W
latitude: -2.24722
latitude: 0.0
longitude: -69.35778
longitude: -76.760544
population: 1,000 to 5,000 (seasonal)
comment: Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,200,000 square kilometres, it is the fifth-largest continent and nearly twice the size of Australia. At 0.00008 people per square kilometre, it is by far the least densely populated continent. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
comment: Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,200,000 square kilometres, it is the fifth-largest continent and nearly twice the size of Australia. It is by far the least populated continent, with around 5,000 people in the summer and around 1,000 in the winter. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness, which extends to all but the McMurdo Dry Valleys and the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Antigua and Barbuda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG
agricultural land: 90 km2
agricultural land: 90 sq. km
area: 280 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AG
climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 17°03′N 61°48′W
density: 184/km²
density: 186/km2 (481.7/sq mi)
latitude: -61.8
latitude: -62.005745
longitude: 17.05
longitude: 17.328304
population: 84,522 (2008)
population: 99,337
comment: Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign island country in the West Indies in the Americas, lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda separated by 63 km (39 mi), and smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York Islands, Redonda). The permanent population number is about 97,120 (2019 est.), with 97% being resident on Antigua. The capital and largest port and city is St. John's on Antigua, with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda. Lying near each other, Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17°N of the equator.

Apache Mahout
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
has algorithm: Canopy Clustering (CC)
has algorithm: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)
comment: Apache Mahout is a distributed linear algebra framework and mathematically expressive Scala DSL designed to let mathematicians, statisticians, and data scientists quickly implement their own algorithms.

April
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Arable
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Argentina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
has climate: TemperateClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR
agricultural land: 1.48 million km2
agricultural land: 1.48 million sq. km
area: 2,780,403 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AR
climate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
coordinate: 34°S 64°W
density: 14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi)
latitude: -63.58481
latitude: -64.0
longitude: -34.0
longitude: -38.421295
population: 40,482,000
population: 45,605,826
comment: Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2, making it the largest Spanish-speaking nation in the world. It is the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. Argentina is subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over a part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
comment: Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, the second largest in South America after Brazil, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation by area. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

Arid Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic.
label: Dry climate

Armenia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM
agricultural land: 17,106 km2
agricultural land: 17,106 sq. km
area: 29,800 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AM
climate: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
coordinate: 40°11′N 44°31′E
density: 101.5/km2 (262.9/sq mi)
density: 101/km²
latitude: 44.517
latitude: 45.039906
longitude: 40.066177
longitude: 40.183
population: 2,963,900
population: 3,231,900 (07/2008)
comment: Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country located in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor under a Russian peacekeeping force, and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
comment: Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country located in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor under a Russian peacekeeping force, and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital and largest city.

Aruba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AW
agricultural land: 20 km2
agricultural land: 20 sq. km
area: 193 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AW
climate: tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 12°31′07″N 70°02′09″W
density: 581/km²
density: 624/km2 (1,616.2/sq mi)
elevation: 188 m (617 ft)
latitude: -69.964
latitude: -70.03583
longitude: 12.518355
longitude: 12.51861
population: 104,494 (2008)
population: 116,576
comment: Aruba is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about 29 kilometres north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres northwest of Curaçao. It measures 32 kilometres long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, these and the other three Dutch substantial islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean, of which Aruba has about one-third of the population. Since it gained a title of being a constituent country within the Netherlands, it gained the formal name the Country of Aruba.
comment: Aruba is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about 29 kilometres north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres northwest of Curaçao. It measures 32 kilometres long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, these and the other three Dutch substantial islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean, of which Aruba has about ​1⁄3 of the population.

Asia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: Armenia
has country: Azerbaijan
has country: Bangladesh
has country: Bhutan
has country: Brunei
has country: Cambodia
has country: China
has country: Cyprus
has country: Georgia
has country: India
has country: Indonesia
has country: Japan
has country: Kazakhstan
has country: Korea
has country: Kyrgyzstan
has country: Laos
has country: Malaysia
has country: Maldives
has country: Mongolia
has country: Myanmar
has country: Nepal
has country: Northern Mariana Islands
has country: Philippines
has country: Russia
has country: Singapore
has country: South Korea
has country: Sri Lanka
has country: Taiwan
has country: Tajikistan
has country: Thailand
has country: Timor-Leste
has country: Turkmenistan
has country: Uzbekistan
has country: Vietnam

Asparagus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Allow asparagus ferns to remain until the Spring before cutting or mowing them back to the ground to allow new spears to grow. The new spears are ready to harvest when they reach 17 to 22 cm (7-9 in) in length. The spears can simply be snapped by hand close to the ground. The spears can be harvested every 2 to 4 days for a period of 4 to 6 weeks in the second year (third year if grown from seed). Avoid over-harvesting as this will decrease the yield the following year. The harvest can be extended in the third year (fourth for seed grown plants) to 6-8 weeks.
propagation: Growing asparagus from seed is more time consuming and labor intensive than growing from divided crowns. If growing from seed, be aware that you will be unable to harvest the spears for longer than if grown from crowns (spears can generally be harvested in the third year after planting). Asparagus seeds should be sown indoors 12 to 14 weeks before planting outside. This should be timed so that the outdoor planting date is after all danger of frost for your area. Seeds should be sown in mix, planting 0.6 cm (0.25 in) deep. The seeds should be kept moist, but not wet and will germinate in approximately 3 weeks. Seedlings should be fully hardened off prior to planting outdoors, using a cold frame where possible. The asparagus nursery bed should be prepared in advance by digging deeply to break up the soil and incorporating plenty of organic matter such as well-rotted manure and by blending a complete fertilizer into the soil just prior to transplanting. Plant the seedlings 25 to 38 cm (10-25 in) apart in a trench approximately 10 cm (4 in) deep. The trench should be gradually filled in as the seedlings grow. Keep the soil moist by providing about 2.5 cm (1 in) of water weekly. Once the plants are established, irrigation is generally only required in very dry areas due to the deep root system that the plant produces. It is important to control weeds as not only will it prevent any competition with the asparagus plant but it will also ensure that the young spears can be seen and harvested at the correct time. The asparagus plants should be transplanted to their final planting site in the second year following the directions for planting crowns (below). When purchasing asparagus crowns, choose disease-free, 1 year old crowns from a reputable grower. All-male hybrids tend to be produce more spears than females and are a good choice for growing at home. Crowns should be planted once the soil has warmed to 10°C (50°F). Dig a trench 12 to 15 cm (5-6 in) deep and add super pho…
requirements: Asparagus grows best in regions with hot days and cool nights and requires 90–150 days of cold temperature to break dormancy. It will grow in most soils as long as they are well-draining and will grow optimally at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. Asparagus should be planted in a sunny location in the home garden and it is best to avoid low lying areas as a late frost will cause damage to newly emerged spears.
uses: Asparagus spears can be eaten raw or cooked. They are low in calories and very low in sodium. Asparagus is a particularly good source of vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium , zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, rutin, niacin, folic acid, iron, phosphorus, potassium, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, dietary fiber, and protein.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/asparagus/infos
comment: Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asparagaceae which is grown for its young shoots, or spears, which are eaten as a vegetable. The asparagus plant is tall with scale like leaves emerging from the underground stem (rhizome) and has stout stems and feathery foliage. The flowers are bell shaped and occur alone or in pairs. They are green-white to yellow in color. After flowering, a round red berry is formed with 1 to 6 black seeds. Asparagus can live for 20 or more years and can attain a height between 100–150 cm (39.4–59.1 in). Asparagus originates from Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia.

August
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Australia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
has climate: Humid Subtropical Climate
has climate: TemperateClimate
has climate: TropicalRainforestClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU
agricultural land: 4.1 million km2
agricultural land: 4.1 million sq. km
area: 7,686,850 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AU
climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
coordinate: 35°18′29″S 149°07′28″E
density: 2.833/km²
density: 3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi)
latitude: 135.03845
latitude: 149.12444
longitude: -26.99425
longitude: -35.30806
population: 21,585,178 (2009)
population: 25,844,200
comment: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Its population of nearly 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. The country's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.
comment: Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia's population of nearly 26 million, in an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres, is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Canberra is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Sydney, and other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.

Austria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Humid Continental Climate
has climate: IceCap Climate
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: Polar Climate
has climate: SubarcticClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT
agricultural land: 28,690 km2
agricultural land: 28,690 sq. km
area: 83,872 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AT
climate: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers
coordinate: 47°20′N 13°20′E
density: 106/km2 (274.5/sq mi)
density: 99/km²
latitude: 13.333
latitude: 13.345768
longitude: 47.333
longitude: 47.696507
population: 8,316,487 (2007)
population: 8,935,112
comment: Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states, one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While Austrian German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.
comment: Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states, one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.

AutoML
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
label: AutoML, an approach that automates the design of machine learning models. AutoML can design small neural networks that perform on par with neural networks designed by human experts, these results were constrained to small academic datasets like CIFAR-10, and Penn Treebank. Abstract from authors: In Learning Transferable Architectures for Scalable Image Recognition, we apply AutoML to the ImageNet image classification and COCO object detection dataset -- two of the most respected large scale academic datasets in computer vision. These two datasets prove a great challenge for us because they are orders of magnitude larger than CIFAR-10 and Penn Treebank datasets. For instance, naively applying AutoML directly to ImageNet would require many months of training our method. To be able to apply our method to ImageNet we have altered the AutoML approach to be more tractable to large-scale datasets: We redesigned the search space so that AutoML could find the best layer which can then be stacked many times in a flexible manner to create a final network. We performed architecture search on CIFAR-10 and transferred the best learned architecture to ImageNet image classification and COCO object detection. With this method, AutoML was able to find the best layers that work well on CIFAR-10 but work well on ImageNet classification and COCO object detection. These two layers are combined to form a novel architecture, which we called “NASNet”.

Autumn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Season
alternative label: Fall

Avalanche
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is an event that occurs when a cohesive slab of snow lying upon a weaker layer of snow fractures and slides down a steep slope. Avalanches are typically triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the forces of the snow exceed its strength but sometimes only with gradual widening (loose snow avalanche). After initiation, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and grow in mass and volume as they entrain more snow. If the avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with the air forming a powder snow avalanche, which is a type of gravity current.

Average Quality
type: NamedIndividual
type: Quality

Azerbaijan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ
agricultural land: 47,687 km2
agricultural land: 47,687 sq. km
area: 86,600 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ
climate: dry, semiarid steppe
coordinate: 40°23′43″N 49°52′56″E
density: 115/km2 (297.8/sq mi)
density: 97/km²
latitude: 47.68988
latitude: 49.88222
longitude: 40.15134
longitude: 40.39528
population: 10,130,100
population: 8,699,000 (2008)
comment: Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, the Russian republic of Dagestan to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south.
comment: Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region, and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.

Bacillus Subtilis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bacterial
comment: Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans. As a member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by biotechnology companies.

Bahamas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS
agricultural land: 150 km2
agricultural land: 150 sq. km
area: 13,878 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BS
climate: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
coordinate: 24°15′N 76°00′W
density: 23.27/km²
density: 25.21/km2 (65.3/sq mi)
latitude: -76.0
latitude: -76.605415
longitude: 24.074047
longitude: 24.25
population: 330,549 (2007)
population: 385,637
comment: The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 of ocean space.

Bahrain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BH
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BH
agricultural land: 83.6 km2
agricultural land: 83.6 sq. km
area: 665 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BH
climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
coordinate: 26°13′N 50°35′E
density: 1,912.7/km2 (4,953.9/sq mi)
density: 1454/km²
latitude: 50.583
latitude: 50.60727
longitude: 25.912418
longitude: 26.217
population: 1,046,814 1 (2007)
population: 1,569,446
comment: Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a country in the Persian Gulf. The island nation comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered around Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. The country is situated between the Qatari peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2020 census, Bahrain's population numbers 1,501,635 people, of which 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. At 760 square kilometres in size, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.
comment: Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a country in the Persian Gulf. The island nation comprises a small archipelago made up of 51 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered around Bahrain Island which make up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. The country is situated between the Qatari peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2010 census, Bahrain's 2020 population is estimated at 1,701,575 people mid-year according to UN data. Half of people counted are non-nationals willing to report their status. At 780 square kilometres in size, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.

Bangladesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BD
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD
agricultural land: 91,280 km2
agricultural land: 91,280 sq. km
area: 147,570 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BD
climate: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
coordinate: 24°N 90°E
density: 1,106/km2 (2,864.5/sq mi)
density: 1045/km²
latitude: 90.0
latitude: 90.351
longitude: 23.6086
longitude: 24.0
population: 150,448,340 (2007)
population: 161,376,708
comment: Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 163 million people, in an area of 148,460 square kilometres, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by Sikkim, in the north, respectively. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's economic, political, and cultural hub. Chittagong, the largest seaport, is the second-largest city.
comment: Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 163 million people, in an area of 148,560 square kilometres, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north, respectively. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's economic, political, and cultural hub. Chittagong, the largest seaport is the second-largest city.

Barbados
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BB
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB
agricultural land: 150 km2
agricultural land: 150 sq. km
area: 431 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BB
climate: tropical; rainy season (June to October)
coordinate: 13°10′12″N 59°33′09″W
density: 660/km2 (1,709.4/sq mi)
latitude: -59.53465
latitude: -59.5525
longitude: 13.17
longitude: 13.18355
population: 279,000 (2006)
population: 287,025
comment: Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It is 34 kilometres in length and up to 23 km in width, covering an area of 432 km2 . It is in the western part of the North Atlantic, 100 km east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea. Barbados is east of the Windwards, part of the Lesser Antilles, at roughly 13°N of the equator. It is about 168 km east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km south-east of Martinique and 400 km north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
comment: Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America. It is 34 kilometres in length and up to 23 km in width, covering an area of 432 km2 . It is in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. Barbados is east of the Windwards, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 13°N of the equator. It is about 168 km east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km south-east of Martinique and 400 km north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.

Bare land
type: NamedIndividual
type: LandUse

Barley yellow dwarf virus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Virus

Beach
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Virus

Belarus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY
agricultural land: 88,750 km2
agricultural land: 88,750 sq. km
area: 207,600 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BY
climate: cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
coordinate: 53°N 27°E
density: 45.8/km2 (118.6/sq mi)
density: 49/km²
latitude: 27.0
latitude: 27.986708
longitude: 53.0
longitude: 53.71888
population: 9,349,645
population: 9,689,800 (2008)
comment: Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres and with a population of 9.3 million, Belarus is the thirteenth-largest and the twentieth-most populous country in Europe. The country is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
comment: Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres and with a population of 9.4 million, Belarus is the thirteenth-largest and the twentieth-most populous country in Europe. The country is administratively divided into seven regions, and is one of the world's most urbanized, with over 40% of its total land area forested. Minsk is the country's capital and largest city.

Belgium
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Marine Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE
agricultural land: 13,370 km2
agricultural land: 13,370 sq. km
area: 30,528 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BE
climate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
coordinate: 50°50′N 4°00′E
density: 344.32/km²
density: 376/km2 (973.8/sq mi)
latitude: 4.0
latitude: 4.476773
longitude: 50.50117
longitude: 50.833
population: 10,666,866 (2008)
population: 11,492,641
comment: Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and the North Sea to the northwest. It covers an area of 30,689 km2 and has a population of more than 11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 376 per square kilometre . The capital and largest city is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.

Belize
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ
agricultural land: 1,570 km2
agricultural land: 1,570 sq. km
area: 22,966 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ
climate: tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
coordinate: 17°15′N 88°46′W
density: 13/km²
density: 17.79/km2 (46.1/sq mi)
latitude: -88.346466
latitude: -88.767
longitude: 17.192928
longitude: 17.25
population: 320,000 (2008)
population: 419,199
comment: Belize is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America. Belize is bordered on the north by Mexico, on the east by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west by Guatemala. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres and a population of 419,199 . Its mainland is about 290 km long and 110 km wide. It has the lowest population and population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere.
comment: Belize is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America. Belize is bordered to the north by Mexico, to the east by the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by Guatemala. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres and a population of 419,199 . Its mainland is about 290 km long and 110 km wide. It has the lowest population and population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is Belize City.

Below Or Zero Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Below Room Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Benin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BJ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ
agricultural land: 34,300 km2
agricultural land: 34,300 sq. km
area: 112,622 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ
climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
coordinate: 6°28′N 2°36′E
density: 75/km²
density: 94.8/km2 (245.5/sq mi)
latitude: 2.313138
latitude: 2.6
longitude: 6.467
longitude: 9.322047
population: 11,733,059
population: 8,439,000 (2005)
comment: Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million. Benin is a tropical nation, highly dependent on agriculture, and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil. Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming.

Bermuda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BM
agricultural land: 7.4 km2
agricultural land: 7.4 sq. km
area: 53.3 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BM
climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
coordinate: 32°20′N 64°45′W
density: 1,239/km²
density: 1,338/km2 (3,465.4/sq mi)
elevation: 259 ft (79 m)
latitude: -64.75
latitude: -64.77402
longitude: 32.320236
longitude: 32.333
population: 66,163 (2007)
population: 71,176
comment: Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is about 1,035 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ; 1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; 1,759 km northeast of Cuba, and 1,538 km due north of the British Virgin Islands. Though typically referred to in the singular, Bermuda has 181 islands; the largest of these being Main Island. Bermuda's capital city is Hamilton. Bermuda is internally self-governing, with its constitution and cabinet of ministers selected from the elected Members of the lower house of a Parliament that enacts local laws. As the national government, the Government of the United Kingdom is ultimately responsible for ensuring good governance within British Overseas Territories, and retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations. As of July 2018, it had a population of 71,176, making it the most populous of the British overseas territories. Bermuda's largest industries are offshore insurance, reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century.
comment: Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,035 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ; 1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; 1,759 km northeast of Cuba, and 1,538 km due north of the British Virgin Islands. Though it is typically referred to in the singular, Bermuda consists of 181 islands; the largest of these islands is known as Main Island. The capital city of Bermuda is Hamilton. Bermuda is internally self-governing, with its own constitution and cabinet of ministers selected from the elected Members of the lower house of a Parliament that enacts local laws. As the national government, the Government of the United Kingdom is ultimately responsible for ensuring good governance within British Overseas Territories, and retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations. As of July 2018, it has a population of 71,176, making it the most populous of the British overseas territories. Bermuda's largest industries are offshore insurance, reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century.

Bhutan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT
agricultural land: 5,200 km2
agricultural land: 5,200 sq. km
area: 47,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BT
climate: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
coordinate: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E
density: 14/km²
density: 19.3/km2 (50.0/sq mi)
latitude: 90.435
latitude: 90.44246
longitude: 27.417
longitude: 27.515705
population: 672,425 (2005)
population: 754,388
comment: Bhutan officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas. It is bordered by China to the north and India to the south east and west. Nepal and Bangladesh are located in proximity to Bhutan but do not share a land border. The country has a population of over 754,000 and a territory of 38,394 square kilometers which ranks 133rd in terms of land area, and 160th in population. Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy with Vajrayana Buddhism as the state religion.
comment: Bhutan, officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas. It is bordered by China to the north and India to the south. Nepal and Bangladesh are located in proximity to Bhutan but do not share a land border. The country has a population of over 754,000 and a territory of 38,394 square kilometers which ranks 133rd in terms of land area. Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy with Mahayana Buddhism as the state religion.

Bipolarisoryza fungus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

Bitter Gourd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop

Black Pepper
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
propagation: Black pepper can be propagated from dry seeds or, as is most common for commercial production, from cuttings or stolons of established plants. Cuttings are usually taken from the secondary runners of the plant and should possess one or two leaves. Cuttings are then rooted in a seedbed before transplanting when the plant has 4-7 new leaves. In cultivation, a trellis is used to support the plant. The trellis should be at least 4 m (13 ft) high. Black pepper should be planted using an 8 × 8 m (26 × 26 ft) spacing (i.e. 8 m between individual plants and 8 m between rows).
requirements: Black pepper is a tropical plant and does not tolerate frost. Plants will not tolerate temperatures below 12˚C (53.6˚F). The plants will grow best in wet, tropical climates at ambient temperatures between 25 and 30˚C (77-86˚F) in a deep, well-draining soil with a good capacity to retain water. The soil should be rich in organic matter with a pH between 5.5 and 6.0. The plants require an annual rainfall of approximately 2000 mm and will require additional irrigation in drier areas.
uses: Black pepper plants are used to produce black, white and green pepper. Black pepper is the product of drying the fruit to produce the familiar black peppercorns. White pepper is produced by soaking the fruits in water for approximately a week to recover the seed from the decomposed fruit. Green pepper is produced by drying the unripe fruit in a way that retains the green colour. Green peppercorns are often conserved by pickling.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/black-pepper/infos
comment: Black pepper, Piper nigrum, is a climbing perennial plant in the family Piperaceae which is grown for its fruits. The fruits are used to produce black, white and green peppercorns which are commonly used as a spice in cooking. Black pepper may be vining or have bushy, wooden stems. The plant has simple, alternating leaves which are oval in shape and produces clusters, or spikes, of 50 to 150 flowers. The fruits develop on the flower spike and are small spherical fruits which are green and ripen to red. Each stem can produce 20–30 spikes. Black pepper can grow to be 10 m (33 ft) in height but under cultivation it is usually restricted to 3-4 m (10–13 ft). It is a perennial plant which can live for over 30 years, with a commercial lifespan of 12–20 years. Black pepper may also be referred to as pepper or Madagascar pepper and is native to South and Southeast Asia.

Blizzard
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather Phenomena
comment: A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds of at least 56 km/h (35 mph) and lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically three hours or more. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow is not falling but loose snow on the ground is lifted and blown by strong winds. Blizzards can have an immense size and usually stretch to hundreds or thousands of kilometres.

Blueberry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Blueberry is a crown forming, woody, perennial shrub in the family Ericaceae grown for its fruits, or berries, of the same name. The blueberry plant possesses oval or elliptical leaves which grow alternately on the stems. The stems, or twigs, are yellow/green in color and turn reddish in winter. Flowers are bell shaped and can be either white or pink, occurring in clusters of 8 to 10 flowers. Berries are blue to black in color and 0.6-1.3 cm (0.25-0.5 in) in size. Lowbush blueberry plants (including Vaccinium angustifolium) are smaller in stature, reaching heights of 35 to 60 cm (13.8-23.6 in) and with proper management can produce fruit for between 40 and 50 years. Lowbush blueberries are also sometimes referred to as Maine, New Hampshire or wild blueberry and are native to eastern/central Canada and northeastern United States. Highbush blueberries (including Vaccinium corymbosum) are generally 2-3 m (6.6-9.8 ft) in height but can reach up to 5 m (16.4 ft) and may also be referred to as huckleberry or swamp blueberry. Highbush blueberry accounts for most of the commercial production of blueberry fruit and is also native only to North America.
propagation: Lowbush blueberry grows best in well-drained, acidic soils with a pH between 4.5 and 4.8 and should be planted in early Spring as purchased plants or as “plugsâ€ (a small cutting, including root, from an established bush). The newly planted blueberry should be covered in a couple of inches of mulch to conserve moisture in the soil. Any flowers produced by the plants should be removed for at least one year after planting to promote vigor and new growth. Plants should be pruned by cutting close to the ground and a pruned plant will not produce any fruit in the first year, but in the second year subsequent to pruning their should be a good yield. Growth can be stimulated by field-burning, as these plants are very fire-tolerant. Highbush blueberry can be propagated from seeds, cuttings from an established plant or bare root and should be planted in late Fall. Blueberry plants grow best in well drained, highly acidic soils with a pH between 4.5 and 5.8. The plants have a shallow root system and should be planted in a hole at least twice as large as the existing root system and mulched with a 7-10 cm (3-4 in) layer of organic mulch. The first year of blossom should be removed to encourage new growth and it is also recommended to do the same in the second year. Plants should be pruned annually, particularly after the first two years, to promote plant vigour and remove diseased or broken canes. Irrigation is recommended due to the shallow root system and greatly promotes the fruit yield this practice is highly recommended if growing commercially.
uses: Blueberries can be eaten fresh or can be dried or baked for further processing. Frozen or pureed berries are commonly used to make jams and preserves and baked goods. Lowbush blueberry is commonly used to make wine.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/blueberry/infos
comment: Blueberry is a crown forming, woody, perennial shrub in the family Ericaceae grown for its fruits, or berries, of the same name. The blueberry plant possesses oval or elliptical leaves which grow alternately on the stems. The stems, or twigs, are yellow/green in color and turn reddish in winter. Flowers are bell shaped and can be either white or pink, occurring in clusters of 8 to 10 flowers. Berries are blue to black in color and 0.6-1.3 cm (0.25-0.5 in) in size. Lowbush blueberry plants (including Vaccinium angustifolium) are smaller in stature, reaching heights of 35 to 60 cm (13.8-23.6 in) and with proper management can produce fruit for between 40 and 50 years. Lowbush blueberries are also sometimes referred to as Maine, New Hampshire or wild blueberry and are native to eastern/central Canada and northeastern United States. Highbush blueberries (including Vaccinium corymbosum) are generally 2-3 m (6.6-9.8 ft) in height but can reach up to 5 m (16.4 ft) and may also be referred to as huckleberry or swamp blueberry. Highbush blueberry accounts for most of the commercial production of blueberry fruit and is also native only to North America.

Bolivia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO
agricultural land: 370,550 km2
agricultural land: 370,550 sq. km
area: 1,098,581 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BO
climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
coordinate: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W
density: 10.4/km2 (26.9/sq mi)
density: 8.4/km²
latitude: -63.54943
latitude: -64.666
longitude: -16.28835
longitude: -16.712
population: 11,428,245
population: 9,119,152 (2007)
comment: Bolivia /bəˈlɪviə/, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. The constitutional capital is Sucre, while the seat of government and executive capital is La Paz. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.

Booting stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 4: Booting, Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting For sorghum plants, the booting stage is when the sorghum panicle, also known as the head, is in the flag leaf sheath and can be seen as a bulge or swelling. Leaf collars of all leaves are visible, and the panicle is pushed up through the flag leaf collar by the upper stalk, known as the peduncle. The length of the peduncle can be affected by stress at this time and is influenced by hybrid genetics. With most grain sorghum hybrids, the boot stage occurs approximately 50 to 60 days after emergence. Moisture and heat stress during the boot stage and for the next 14 days will significantly lower yield. The plant progresses from the boot stage to the heading stage in three to five days.
comment: Stage 4: Booting, Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting 41 Early boot stage: flag leaf sheath extending 43 Mid boot stage: flag leaf sheath just visibly swollen 45 Late boot stage: flag leaf sheath swollen 47 Flag leaf sheath opening 49 First awns visible (in awned forms only) Growth Stages of Sorghum: Seeding, Emergence, Three-leaf, Five-leaf, Growing point differentation, Flag leaf visible, Booting, Flowering, Soft Dough, Hard Dough, Physiological maturity

Bosnia and Herzegovina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BA
agricultural land: 21,510 km2
agricultural land: 21,510 sq. km
area: 51,197 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BA
climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
coordinate: 43°52′N 18°25′E
density: 69/km2 (178.7/sq mi)
density: 76/km²
latitude: 17.67233
latitude: 18.417
longitude: 43.867
longitude: 43.919456
population: 3,332,593
population: 3,981,239 (2007)
comment: Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in South and Southeast Europe, located within the Balkans. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city.
comment: Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in South and Southeast Europe, located within the Balkans. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city. Bosnia and Herzegovina is bordered by Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. It is not entirely landlocked; to the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea, which is about 20 kilometres long and surrounds the town of Neum. The inland Bosnia region has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest moderately hilly, and in the northeast predominantly flatland. The smaller southern region, Herzegovina, has a Mediterranean climate and mostly mountainous topography.

Botrytis Cinerea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
affects: Grape
affects: Grapefruit
affects: Grapevines
comment: Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" or "gray mold".

Botswana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW
agricultural land: 258,610 km2
agricultural land: 258,610 sq. km
area: 600,370 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BW
climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
coordinate: 24°39.5′S 25°54.5′E
density: 3.0/km²
density: 3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi)
latitude: 24.680159
latitude: 25.9083
longitude: -22.344028
longitude: -24.6583
population: 1,639,833 (2006)
population: 2,254,068
comment: Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. It is connected to Zambia across the short Zambezi River border by the Kazungula Bridge.
comment: Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined due to being in the midst of the Zambezi River. This border with Zambia is, at most, a few hundred metres long.

Bouvet Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BV
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BV
area: 49 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BV
climate: antarctic
coordinate: 54°25′S 3°22′E
elevation: 780 m (2,560 ft)
latitude: 3.367
latitude: 3.413194
longitude: -54.417
longitude: -54.4232
comment: Bouvet Island is a Norwegian uninhabited protected nature reserve. As a subantarctic volcanic island, it is situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge making it the world's most remote island. It is not part of the southern region covered by the Antarctic Treaty System.
comment: Bouvet Island is an uninhabited subantarctic volcanic island located in the South Atlantic Ocean at 54°25′S 3°22′E﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 3.367°E﻿ / -54.417; 3.367Coordinates: 54°25′S 3°22′E﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 3.367°E﻿ / -54.417; 3.367. Politically, it is a dependency of Norway and, because it lies north of the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty System, it is not part of that system. Geographically, it is situated at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is the most remote island in the world, lying as it does 1,700 kilometres north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, 1,900 kilometres east of the South Sandwich Islands, 1,600 kilometres south of Gough Island, and 2,600 kilometres south-southwest of the coast of South Africa.

Brazil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
has climate: TropicalSavannaClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR
agricultural land: 2.75 million km2
agricultural land: 2.75 million sq. km
area: 8,514,877 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BR
climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in south
coordinate: 10°S 52°W
density: 22/km²
density: 25/km2 (64.7/sq mi)
latitude: -51.412292
latitude: -52.0
longitude: -10.0
longitude: -14.242914
population: 196,342,592 (2008)
population: 210,147,125
comment: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with over 211 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; as well as the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.
comment: Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. It covers an area of 8,515,767 square kilometres with a population of over 211 million. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest and sixth-most populous country, composed of 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Brazil is one of the world's most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world. It is also the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country, and its capital is Brasília, while the largest city is São Paulo.

Bristish Virgin Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:VG
area: ISO 3166-2:VG
climate: subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
coordinate: 18°30′N 64°30′W
density: 260/km2 (673.4/sq mi)
elevation: 1,709 ft (521 m)
latitude: -64.5
longitude: 18.5
population: 30,030
comment: The British Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands, are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.
alternative label: Virgin Islands, British

British Indian Ocean Territory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IO
area: ISO 3166-2:IO
climate: tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
coordinate: 7°18′S 72°24′E
density: 50.0/km2 (129.5/sq mi)
latitude: 72.4
longitude: -7.3
population: 3,000 military personnel and contractors
comment: The British Indian Ocean Territory is a British Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom situated in the Indian Ocean halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia. The territory comprises the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islands – many very small – amounting to a total land area of 60 square kilometres . The largest and most southerly island is Diego Garcia, 27 km2, the site of a Joint Military Facility of the United Kingdom and the United States.

Brunei
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BN
agricultural land: 114 km2
agricultural land: 114 sq. km
area: 5,765 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BN
climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy
coordinate: 4°30′N 114°40′E
density: 66/km²
density: 72.11/km2 (186.8/sq mi)
latitude: 114.667
latitude: 114.71545
longitude: 4.5
longitude: 4.525134
population: 381,371 (2008)
population: 460,345
comment: Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2020, its population was 460,345, of whom about 100,000 live in the capital and largest city, Bandar Seri Begawan. The government is an absolute monarchy ruled by its Sultan, entitled the Yang di-Pertuan, and implements a combination of English common law and sharia law, as well as general Islamic practices.
comment: Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 428,963 in 2018. The government is an absolute monarchy under the Sultan, which implements a combination of English common law and sharia law, as well as direct general Islamic practices.
label: Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Continental Climate
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: Dry summer climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG
agricultural land: 50,880 km2
agricultural land: 50,880 sq. km
area: 110,910 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BG
climate: temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
coordinate: 42°41′N 23°19′E
density: 63/km2 (163.2/sq mi)
density: 68.9/km²
latitude: 23.317
latitude: 25.481543
longitude: 42.683
longitude: 42.72523
population: 6,916,548
population: 7,640,238 (2008)
comment: Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, Bulgaria is Europe's sixteenth-largest country.
comment: Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It lies on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. Bulgaria covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas.

Burkina Faso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BF
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF
agricultural land: 117,650 km2
agricultural land: 117,650 sq. km
area: 274,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BF
climate: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
coordinate: 12°20′N 1°50′W
density: 48/km²
density: 64/km2 (165.8/sq mi)
latitude: -1.55676
latitude: -1.833
longitude: 12.24185
longitude: 12.333
population: 13,228,000 (2005)
population: 21,510,181
comment: Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa that covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres and is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2019 population estimate by the United Nations was 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé or Burkinabè, and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Due to French colonialism, the country's official language of government and business is French. However, only 15% of the population actually speaks French on a regular basis. There are 59 native languages spoken in Burkina, with the most common language, Moore, spoken by roughly 50% of Burkinabé.
comment: Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa that covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres and is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2019 population estimate by the United Nations was 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé or Burkinabè, and its capital is Ouagadougou. Due to French colonialism, the country's official language of government and business is French. However, only 15% of the population actually speaks French on a regular basis. There are 59 native languages spoken in Burkina, with the most common language, Moore, spoken by roughly 50% of Burkinabé.

Burundi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:BI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI
agricultural land: 22,200 km2
agricultural land: 22,200 sq. km
area: 27,830 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:BI
climate: equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)
coordinate: 3°30′S 30°00′E
density: 271/km²
density: 401.6/km2 (1,040.1/sq mi)
latitude: 29.920395
latitude: 30.0
longitude: -3.387918
longitude: -3.5
population: 11,865,821
population: 3,589,434 (1978)
comment: Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura, which is also the largest city.
comment: Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura.

Caffe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: Caffe is another popular deep learning framework geared towards the image processing field. It was developed by Yangqing Jia during his Ph.D at the University of Claifornia, Berkeley. And yes, it’s open source as well! First, a caveat – Caffe’s support for recurrent networks and language modeling is not as great as the above three frameworks. But where Caffe stands out is it’s speed of processing and learning from images. That is easily it’s primary USP.

Calcium ammonium nitrate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Cambodia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KH
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH
agricultural land: 56,550 km2
agricultural land: 56,550 sq. km
area: 181,035 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KH
climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 11°33′N 104°55′E
density: 74/km²
density: 87/km2 (225.3/sq mi)
latitude: 104.917
latitude: 104.98386
longitude: 11.55
longitude: 11.98483
population: 13,388,910 (2008)
population: 15,552,211
comment: Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Phnom Penh is the nation's capital and largest city.
comment: Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.

Cameroon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM
agricultural land: 96,000 km2
agricultural land: 96,000 sq. km
area: 475,442 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CM
climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
coordinate: 6°N 12°E
density: 37/km²
density: 39.7/km2 (102.8/sq mi)
latitude: 12.0
latitude: 12.343439
longitude: 6.0
longitude: 7.365302
population: 17,795,000 (2005)
population: 26,545,864
comment: Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state, it is geographically and historically in West Africa; the Southern Cameroons, which now form her Nord-Ouest and Sud-Ouest Regions, have particularly strong links to West African history. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa. Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 25 million people.
comment: Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African, due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa. Its nearly 25 million people speak 250 native languages.

Canada
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
has climate: Continental Climate
has climate: TemperateClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA
agricultural land: 625,970 km2
agricultural land: 625,970 sq. km
area: 9,984,670 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CA
climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
coordinate: 60°N 110°W
density: 3.2/km²
density: 3.92/km2 (10.2/sq mi)
latitude: -110.0
latitude: -96.81145
longitude: 60.0
longitude: 62.393604
population: 33,548,000 (2009)
population: 38,131,104
comment: Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres, is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
comment: Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres, is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Cape Verde
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CV
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV
agricultural land: 750 km2
agricultural land: 750 sq. km
area: 4,033 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CV
climate: temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic
coordinate: 14°55′N 23°31′W
density: 123.7/km2 (320.4/sq mi)
density: 126/km²
latitude: -23.517
latitude: -24.014095
longitude: 14.917
longitude: 15.999696
population: 426,998 (2008)
population: 543,767
comment: Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres . These islands lie between 600 to 850 kilometres west of Cap-Vert situated at the westernmost point of continental Africa. The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.

Captan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pesticides
comment: Captan is a general use pesticide (GUP) that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow or brownish.

Carbofuran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insecticide
comment: Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. It is marketed under the trade names Furadan, by FMC Corporation and Curaterr 10 GR, by Bayer, among several others. It is used to control insects in a wide variety of field crops, including potatoes, corn and soybeans. It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained. Carbofuran also has contact activity against pests.

Carnation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower
comment: Dianthus caryophyllus, commonly known as the carnation or clove pink, is a species of Dianthus. It is probably native to the Mediterranean region but its exact range is unknown due to extensive cultivation for the last 2,000 years.

Carrot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
description: Carrot, Daucus carota, is an edible, biennial herb in the family Apiaceae grown for its edible root. The carrot plant produces a rosette of 8-12 leaves above ground and a fleshy conical taproot below ground. The plant produces small (2 mm) flowers which are white, red or purple in color. The root can grow to between 5 and 50 cm (2.0-20 in) long and reach 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter. The foliage of the plant can reach a height of 150 cm (59.1 in) when in flower. The carrot plant can be annual or biennial and may also be referred to as wild carrot. The plant is believed to have originated in Europe or the Western Mediterranean.
harvesting: Carrots are generally ready to harvest after around 2-3 months when the roots have reached 1.3 cm (0.5 in) in diameter. Allowing the carrots to stay in the ground for at least one frost makes them sweeter but care should be taken to harvest before the ground freezes or to cover the plants to prevent freezing. Carrots are harvested by gently digging around the plant to expose the top of the root and gently, but firmly pulling the root from the soil by grasping the top of the carrot just above the root. Carrot tops should be twisted off and the roots washed prior to refrigeration in airtight bags. Carrots may also be stored in moist sand to keep them fresh prior to use.
maintenance: Carrots benefit from a plentiful moisture supply and should be provided with 2.5 cm (1 in) of water each week. Mulching around the plants helps to conserve moisture and reduce weeds. Any weeds growing around the plants should be carefully removed. The plants should be fertilized 5-6 weeks after the seeds are sown.
propagation: Carrot is usually direct seeded and should be planted 3-5 weeks before the least frost date in your area. Soil should be prepared prior to planting by removing rocks and breaking up any hard lumps of soil down to a depth of at least 30 cm (12 in). It is also beneficial to work some compost into the soil prior to planting. Avoid using fresh manure as it can cause forking of the roots. Sow seeds 6 mm (0.25 in) deep, leaving 5 cm (2 in) between seeds and approximately 30 cm (1 ft) apart. When seedlings reach 2.5 cm (1 in) in height, thin them to a final spacing of 7.5 cm (3 in) between plants by snipping with scissors - this avoids damaging plant roots.
requirements: arrots are cool-season crops which can be planted in early Spring and left in the ground all summer for harvest in the fall. Carrots grow best in a well-draining, loose, sandy soil which is free of large rocks and has a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. They require full sun for optimum development but will tolerate some very light shade. The optimum temperature for their growth is between 16 and 24oC (61-74oF). Carrot seedlings are very sensitive to extremes of temperature, very hot weather may kill the plant whereas temperatures below 10oC (50oF) tend to cause the development of longer, paler roots. The plants also require plenty moisture and organic matter. Carrots do very well in raised beds and can also be grown in containers.
uses: Carrot roots are eaten as a vegetable and can be consumed fresh or cooked. Carrot juice is consumed as a beverage. The leaves of the plant can be used as feed for animals.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/carrot/infos
comment: Carrot, Daucus carota, is an edible, biennial herb in the family Apiaceae grown for its edible root. The carrot plant produces a rosette of 8-12 leaves above ground and a fleshy conical taproot below ground. The plant produces small (2 mm) flowers which are white, red or purple in color. The root can grow to between 5 and 50 cm (2.0-20 in) long and reach 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter. The foliage of the plant can reach a height of 150 cm (59.1 in) when in flower. The carrot plant can be annual or biennial and may also be referred to as wild carrot. The plant is believed to have originated in Europe or the Western Mediterranean.

Cave
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography
comment: Cave is a natural underground chamber in a hillside or cliff.

Cayman Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KY
agricultural land: 27 km2
agricultural land: 27 sq. km
area: 260 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KY
climate: tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
coordinate: 19°20′N 81°24′W
density: 139.5/km²
density: 244/km2 (632.0/sq mi)
elevation: 141 ft (43 m)
latitude: -80.580025
latitude: -81.4
longitude: 19.333
longitude: 19.512363
population: 70,000 (2006)
population: 71,100
comment: The Cayman Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory, the largest by population, in the western Caribbean Sea. The 264-square-kilometre territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras, between Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is the most populous of the three islands.
comment: The Cayman Islands, is a self-governing British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea. The 264-square-kilometre territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras, between Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is the most populous of the three islands.

Central African Republic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CF
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF
agricultural land: 50,800 km2
agricultural land: 50,800 sq. km
area: 622,984 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CF
climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
coordinate: 4°22′N 18°35′E
density: 6.77/km²
density: 7.1/km2 (18.4/sq mi)
latitude: 18.583
latitude: 20.94176
longitude: 4.367
longitude: 6.614041
population: 4,216,666 (2007)
population: 4,666,368
comment: The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.
comment: The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018. As of 2021, the CAR is the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012.

Cereal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
related to: Rice
related to: Wheat
comment: A cereal is any plant cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.

Cervicular tree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Chad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:TD
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:TD
agricultural land: 499,320 km2
agricultural land: 499,320 sq. km
area: 1,284,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:TD
climate: tropical in south, desert in north
coordinate: 15°N 19°E
density: 7.9/km²
density: 8.6/km2 (22.3/sq mi)
latitude: 18.738068
latitude: 19.0
longitude: 15.0
longitude: 15.445718
population: 10,780,600 (2007)
population: 16,244,513
comment: Chad, officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west.
comment: Chad, officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. It has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city N'Djamena.

Chalk Soil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Chalk soil - can be either light or heavy but always highly alkaline due to the calcium carbonate or lime within its structure. As these soils are alkaline they will not support the growth of ericaceous plants that require acidic soils to grow. If a chalky soil shows signs of visible white lumps then they can’t be acidified and gardeners should be resigned to only choose plants that prefer an alkaline soil.

Chemical Injury
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Injure

Chile
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
has climate: Humid Subtropical Climate
has climate: Dry summer climate
has climate: Tundra
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL
agricultural land: 157,890 km2
agricultural land: 157,890 sq. km
area: 756,950 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CL
climate: temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
coordinate: 34°S 71°W
density: 22/km²
density: 24/km2 (62.2/sq mi)
latitude: -70.642
latitude: -71.0
longitude: -33.46912
longitude: -34.0
population: 16,763,470 (2008)
population: 17,574,003
comment: Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It occupies a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometres and has a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. The capital and largest city is Santiago and the national language is Spanish.
comment: Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It occupies a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometres, with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. Chile is the southernmost country in the world, the closest to Antarctica, and borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.

China
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN
agricultural land: 5.19 million km2
agricultural land: 5.19 million sq. km
area: 9,671,018 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CN
climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
coordinate: 39°55′N 116°23′E
density: 140/km²
density: 145/km2 (375.5/sq mi)
latitude: 104.1954
latitude: 116.383
longitude: 35.86166
longitude: 39.917
population: 1,321,851,888 (2007)
population: 1,411,778,724
comment: China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a country in East Asia and unitary one-party socialist republic led by the Communist Party of China . It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.43 billion. China follows a single standard time offset of UTC+08:00 even though it spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 countries, the second most of any country in the world after Russia. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, it is the world's third or fourth largest country. The country is officially divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, and four direct-controlled municipalities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, as well as two special administrative regions: Hong Kong and Macau.
comment: China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.4 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, it is the world's third or fourth-largest country by area. The country is officially divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

Chlofluwersuron 500g/l
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insecticide

Chlorofluazuran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insecticide
comment: Chlorfluazuron is a benzoylurea insecticide, an organochlorine insecticide, an organofluorine insecticide and a dichlorobenzene. Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator that inhibits chitin synthesis and provides good control of various pest insects, especially Lepidoptera, at a low.

Chlorothalonil (Dacornil)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pesticides
comment: Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) is an organic compound mainly used as a broad spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide, with other uses as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, and to control mold, mildew, bacteria, algae.

Christmas Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CX
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CX
area: 135 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CX
climate: tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
coordinate: 10°25′18″S 105°40′41″E
density: 10.39/km2 (26.9/sq mi)
density: 11.06/km²
elevation: 361 m (1,184 ft)
latitude: 105.629265
latitude: 105.67806
longitude: -10.42167
longitude: -10.495819
population: 1,493 (2006)
population: 1,843 (2016)
comment: Christmas Island, officially known as the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. It is located in the Indian Ocean, around 350 kilometres south of Java and Sumatra and around 1,550 km north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It lies 2,600 km northwest of Perth and 1,327 km south of Singapore. It has an area of 135 square kilometres .

Clay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 40 Silt <= 40 Sand <= 45

Clay Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 27 and Clay <= 40 Sand >= 20 and Sand <= 45 Silt >= 15 and Silt <= 52

Clayey Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Clay soil are heavy soils that benefit from high nutrients. Clay soils remain wet and cold in winter and dry out in summer. These soils are made of over 25 percent clay, and because of the spaces found between clay particles, clay soils hold a high amount of water. Because these soils drain slowly and take longer to warm up in summer, combined with drying out and cracking in summer, they can often test gardeners.

Climate Change
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: Climate change is the rising average temperature of Earth's climate system, also called global warming. It is driving changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather, arrival of seasons, and more.

Clove
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Forest Tree
comment: Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are available throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons in different countries.

Coat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Cocos Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CC
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CC
area: 14 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CC
climate: tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
coordinate: 12°07′03″S 96°53′42″E
density: 43/km2 (111.4/sq mi)
elevation: 5 m (16 ft)
latitude: 96.87096
latitude: 96.895
longitude: -12.1175
longitude: -12.164165
population: 544 (not ranked)
population: 628 (2004)
comment: The Territory of Cocos Islands is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka . It is part of Southeast Asia and is in the Southern Hemisphere. The territory's dual name reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.
comment: The Territory of Cocos Islands is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and relatively close to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The territory's dual name reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.

Colombia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO
agricultural land: 437,856 km2
agricultural land: 437,856 sq. km
area: 1,141,748 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CO
climate: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
coordinate: 4°N 72°W
density: 40/km²
density: 42.23/km2 (109.4/sq mi)
latitude: -72.0
latitude: -74.29897
longitude: 4.0
longitude: 4.579904
population: 44,760,630 (2009)
population: 50,372,424
comment: Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with territories in North America. Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, the northwest by Panama, the south by Ecuador and Peru, the east by Venezuela, the southeast by Brazil, and the west by the Pacific Ocean. It comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city.
comment: Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, the northwest by Panama, the south by Ecuador and Peru, the east by Venezuela, the southeast by Brazil, and the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia is composed of 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometres, with a population of 50 million. Colombia's rich cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, African slaves, and immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.

Comoros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KM
agricultural land: 1,550 km2
agricultural land: 1,550 sq. km
area: 2,235 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KM
climate: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
coordinate: 12°10′S 44°15′E
density: 275/km²
density: 457/km2 (1,183.6/sq mi)
latitude: 43.877007
latitude: 44.25
longitude: -11.888101
longitude: -12.167
population: 798,000 (2005)
population: 850,886
comment: The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa. It shares maritime borders with Madagascar and Mayotte to the southeast, Tanzania to the northwest, Mozambique to the west, and the Seychelles to the northeast. Its capital and largest city is Moroni. The religion of the majority of the population, and the official state religion, is Sunni Islam. As a member of the Arab League, it is the only country in the Arab world which is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is also a member state of the African Union, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Indian Ocean Commission. The country has three official languages: Comorian, French and Arabic.

Congo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG
agricultural land: 105,600 km2
agricultural land: 105,600 sq. km
agricultural land: 257,550 km2
area: 342,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CD
area: ISO 3166-2:CG
climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
coordinate: 1°26′24″S 15°33′22″E
coordinate: 3°S 24°E
density: 12.8/km2 (33.2/sq mi)
density: 12/km²
density: 39.4/km2 (102.0/sq mi)
latitude: 14.927424
latitude: 15.556
latitude: 24.0
longitude: -0.662615
longitude: -1.44
longitude: -3.0
population: 105,044,646
population: 3,999,000 (2005)
population: 5,244,359
comment: The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. To the west lies Gabon; Cameroon to its northwest and the Central African Republic to its northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to its south; and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest. The official language is French.
comment: The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. The country is bordered to the west by Gabon, to its northwest by Cameroon and its northeast by the Central African Republic, to the southeast by the DR Congo, to its south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda and to its southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. French is the official language of the Republic of the Congo.
alternative label: The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Continental Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (hot summers and cold winters).

Continental Shelve
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography
comment: A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea. Much of these shelves has been exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods. The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf.

Cook Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CK
area: 240 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CK
climate: tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March
coordinate: 21°14′S 159°46′W
density: 42/km2 (108.8/sq mi)
density: 76/km²
latitude: -159.767
latitude: -159.86343
longitude: -21.2081
longitude: -21.233
population: 17,459
population: 19,569 (2006)
comment: The Cook Islands are a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres . The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone covers 1,960,027 square kilometres of ocean.
comment: The Cook Islands is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres . The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone covers 1,960,027 square kilometres of ocean.

Coral Reef
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography
comment: A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.

Corynebacterium tritici
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bacterial

Corynespora cassiicola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
comment: Corynespora cassiicola is a species of fungus well known as a plant pathogen. It is a sac fungus in the family Corynesporascaceae. It is the type species of the genus Corynespora.

Costa Rica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR
agricultural land: 18,800 km2
agricultural land: 18,800 sq. km
area: 51,100 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CR
climate: tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
coordinate: 10°N 84°W
density: 84.9/km2 (220/sq mi)
density: 85/km²
latitude: -84.0
latitude: -84.82532
longitude: 10.0
longitude: 8.357946
population: 4,133,884 (2007)
population: 5,094,118
comment: Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 5 million in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, with around 2 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.

Cote dIvoire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI
agricultural land: 205,000 km2
agricultural land: 205,000 sq. km
area: 322,460 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CI
climate: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
coordinate: 8°N 5°W
density: 42/km²
density: 63.9/km2 (165.5/sq mi)
latitude: -5.0
longitude: 8.0
population: 18,373,060 (2008)
population: 26,378,274
comment: Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located on the south coast of West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The official language of the republic is French, with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has large populations of adherents of Christianity, Islam and various indigenous religions.
comment: Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located on the south coast of West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The official language of the republic is French, with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has large populations of the adherents of Christianity, Islam and various indigenous religions.
label: Ivory Coast

Cow Pat Pit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organic Mature

Croatia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:HR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR
agricultural land: 13,261 km2
agricultural land: 13,261 sq. km
area: 56,542 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:HR
climate: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
coordinate: 45°10′N 15°30′E
density: 73/km2 (189.1/sq mi)
density: 81/km²
latitude: 15.5
latitude: 16.468918
longitude: 44.466328
longitude: 45.167
population: 4,058,165
population: 4,453,500 (2008)
comment: Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe on the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. Croatia has 56,594 square kilometres and a population of 4.07 million.

Crop Flowering
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cropping
comment: The action of producing flowers of crop.

Cropland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Farm

Cuba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU
agricultural land: 65,700 km2
agricultural land: 65,700 sq. km
area: 110,861 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CU
climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
coordinate: 22°00′N 80°00′W
density: 101.9/km2 (263.9/sq mi)
density: 102/km²
latitude: -79.5446
latitude: -80.0
longitude: 21.555931
longitude: 22.0
population: 11,193,470
population: 11,423,952 (2008)
comment: Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 . The main island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 104,556 km2 . Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
comment: Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 . The main island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 104,556 km2 . Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.

Cucumber mosaic virus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Virus
comment: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most common plant viruses, causing yellow mottling, distorted leaves and stunted growth in a wide range of garden plants, not just cucumbers.

Cyclonic Storms
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: A cyclonic storm, also known as tropical cyclone, is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls.

Cyprus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY
agricultural land: 1,185 km2
agricultural land: 1,185 sq. km
area: 9,251 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CY
climate: temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
coordinate: 35°10′N 33°22′E
density: 123.4[8]/km2 (319.6/sq mi)
density: 85/km²
latitude: 33.367
latitude: 33.4355
longitude: 35.132523
longitude: 35.167
population: 1,189,265
population: 801,600 (2009)
comment: Cyprus, officially called the Republic of Cyprus, is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and is located south of Turkey; west of Syria; northwest of Lebanon, Israel and Palestine; north of Egypt; and southeast of Greece. Nicosia is the country's capital and largest city.
comment: Cyprus, officially called the Republic of Cyprus, is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and is located south of Turkey; west of Syria; northwest of Lebanon, Israel and the Gaza Strip; north of Egypt; and southeast of Greece. Nicosia is the country's capital and largest city.

Czech
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ
agricultural land: 42,290 km2
agricultural land: 42,290 sq. km
area: 78,866 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ
climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
coordinate: 49°45′N 15°30′E
density: 132/km²
density: 136/km2 (352.2/sq mi)
latitude: 15.06768
latitude: 15.5
longitude: 49.71175
longitude: 49.75
population: 10,424,926 (2008)
population: 10,701,777
comment: The Czech Republic, also known by its short-form name, Czechia, formerly known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate.
comment: The Czech Republic, also known by its short-form name, Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic.

DNA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Part

The Democratic Republic of Congo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:CD
agricultural land: 257,550 sq. km
area: 2,344,858 km²
climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
density: 25/km²
latitude: 25.620117
longitude: -3.030812
population: 62,600,000 (2007)
comment: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DROC, or simply either Congo or the Congo, and historically Zaire, is a country in Central Africa. It is, by area, the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, the second-largest in all of Africa, and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of around 107 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most-populous officially Francophone country in the world, as well as the 3rd-most populous country in Africa and the 14th-most populous country in the world. It is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, and COMESA. Since 2015, the Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in Kivu.

DUALEM-2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
related to: Electrical Conductivity
comment: The DUALEM-2, a commercially available type of EMI sensor, is an instrument that combines two geometries, called "horizontal co-planar" (HCP) and "perpendicular co-planar" (PRP). The DUALEM-2 sensor provides simultaneous ECa readings to soil depths of exploration (DOE) of 1 m (HCP) and 3.2 m (PRP).

Dataiku DSS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit

Dataset AES-CD9214
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
state: Number of Images for each disease : Rice sheath blight: 3559 Rice blast : 2741 Rice flax spot: 795 Cucumber powdery mildew: 763 Cucumber downy mildew: 780 Cucumber target spot: 576
comment: AES-CD9214 is a challenging dataset, which is collected in a natural environment. The images in the dataset have different backgrounds, various noises, and environmental factors such as different resolutions, angles, and illumination. The number of examples in the AES-CD9214 dataset is unbalanced, which is challenging to the recognition methods. The disease name and number of corresponding images in our introduce AES-CD9214 dataset. Number of Images for each disease : Rice sheath blight: 3559 Rice blast : 2741 Rice flax spot: 795 Cucumber powdery mildew: 763 Cucumber downy mildew: 780 Cucumber target spot: 576

Dataset CIFAR-10
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
Acronym: CIFAR-10
comment: The CIFAR-10 dataset (Canadian Institute For Advanced Research) is a collection of images that are commonly used to train machine learning and computer vision algorithms. It is one of the most widely used datasets for machine learning research. The CIFAR-10 dataset contains 60,000 32x32 color images in 10 different classes. The 10 different classes represent airplanes, cars, birds, cats, deer, dogs, frogs, horses, ships, and trucks. There are 6,000 images of each class.

ImageNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
References: Deng, Jia, Wei Dong, Richard Socher, Li-Jia Li, Kai Li, and Li Fei-Fei. "Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database." In 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 248-255. Ieee, 2009.
comment: ImageNet is a large-scale ontology of images built upon the backbone of the WordNet structure. ImageNet aims to populate the majority of the 80,000 synsets of WordNet with an average of 500-1000 clean and full resolution images. This will result in tens of millions of annotated images organized by the semantic hierarchy of WordNet. This paper offers a detailed analysis of ImageNet in its current state: 12 subtrees with 5247 synsets and 3.2 million images in total.

Dataset MK-D2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
related to: Dataset MalayaKew (MK) Leaf
comment: The MK-D2 is a subset of the Malaya Kew leaf dataset, including 44 types of plant leaves. Number of pictures in each type of the MK-D2 training set is 788, and that of the test set is 200.

Dataset MalayaKew (MK) Leaf
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
related to: Crop Imagery
related to: Leaf
state: There are two(2) folders associated with the dataset and a ReadMe file: + D1 dataset - It consists of segmented leaf images with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 2288 and 528 respectively. + Dataset Groundtruth - It consists of cropped image patches of leaf with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 34672 and 8800 respectively.
comment: MalayaKew (MK) Leaf dataset was collected at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. It consists of scan-like images of leaves from 44 species classes. This dataset is very challenging as leaves from different species classes have very similar appearance. There are two(2) folders associated with the dataset and a ReadMe file: + D1 dataset - It consists of segmented leaf images with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 2288 and 528 respectively. + Dataset Groundtruth - It consists of cropped image patches of leaf with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 34672 and 8800 respectively.

National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
comment: The National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) dataset used as first insect dataset that consists of 40 classes of field crop insect images.

Dataset NSIS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
related to: Soil
state: NSIS dataset with 13,000 geo-referenced soil profiles
comment: NSIS dataset with 13,000 geo-referenced soil profiles

Dataset PlantVillage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
related to: Crop Imagery
related to: Leaf
state: PlantVillage have 54,306 images, with 26 diseases for 14 crop plants.
References: Hughes, D., Salathe, Marcel, 2015. An open access repository of images on plant health to enable the development of mobile disease diagnostics, pp. 1-13.
comment: PlantVillage have 54,306 images, with 26 diseases for 14 crop plants.

Xie1 insect dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
description: {CifunaLocuples; EurydemaDominulus; TettigellaViridis; ColaphellusBowvingi; ColposcelisSignata; PierisRapae; MarucaTestulalis; EurydemaGebleri; AtractomorphaSinensis; ErthesinaFullo; SympiezomiasVelatus; ChromatomyiaHorticola; SogatellaFurcifera; EysacorisGuttiger; CletusPunctiger; DolerusTritici; CnaphalocrocisMedinalis; PentfaleusMajor; LaodelphaxStriatellua; SitobionAvenae; ChiloSuppressalis; AeliaSibirica; MythimnaSeparta; NephotettixBipunctatus}
References: C. Xie, J. Zhang, R. Li, J. Li, P. Hong, J. Xia, P. Chen, "Automatic classification for field crop insects via multiple-task sparse representation and multiple-kernel learning", Comput. Electron. Agric., 119 (2015), pp. 123-132
comment: Xie1 insect dataset contains 24 different types of insects from fieldbased insect collection, including about 60 images per species.

Xie2 insect dataset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Dataset
description: DolycorisBaccarum; LycormaDelicatula; EurydemaDominulus; PierisRapae; HalyomorphaHalys; SpilosomaObliqua; GraphosomaRubrolineata; LuperomorphaSuturalisChen; LeptocorisaAcuta; SesamiaInferens; CicadellaViridis; CallitettixVersicolor; ScotinopharaLurida; CletusPunctiger; NezaraViridula; DicladispaArmigera; RiptortusPedestris; MarucaTestulalisGryer; ChauliopsFallaxScott; ChiloSuppressalis; StolliaVentralis; NilaparvataLugens; DiostrombusPolitusUhler; PhyllotretaStriolata; AulacophoraIndica; LaodelphaxStriatellus; CeroplastesCeriferus; CorythuchaMarmorata; DryocosmusKuriphilusYasumatsu; PorthesiaTaiwanaShiraki; ChromatomyiaHorticola; IscadiaInexacta; PlutellaXylostella; EmpoascaFlavescens; DolerusTriticiChu; SpodopteraLitura; CorythuchaCiliata; BemisiaTabaci; CeutorhynchusAsperRoelofs; StrongyloidesVariegatus;
References: C. Xie, R. Wang, J. Zhang, P. Chen, W. Dong, R. Li, T. Chen, H. Chen, "Multi-level learning features for automatic classification of field crop pests", Comput. Electron. Agric., 152 (2018), pp. 233-241
comment: Xie2 insect dataset contains 24 different types of insects from fieldbased insect collection, including about ... images per species.

Daytime Heating
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: Daytime heating occurs it increases the air's capacity to evaporate water vapor. The sun heats the ground which in turn heats the air above the ground.

December
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

DeepSpeed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: DeepSpeed
comment: DeepSpeed is a deep learning optimization library that makes distributed training easy, efficient, and effective. DeepSpeed delivers extreme-scale model training for everyone, from data scientists training on massive supercomputers to those training on low-end clusters or even on a single GPU: Extreme scale: Using current generation of GPU clusters with hundreds of devices, 3D parallelism of DeepSpeed can efficiently train deep learning models with trillions of parameters. Extremely memory efficient: With just a single GPU, ZeRO-Offload of DeepSpeed can train models with over 10B parameters, 10x bigger than the state of arts, democratizing multi-billion-parameter model training such that many deep learning scientists can explore bigger and better models. Extremely long sequence length: Sparse attention of DeepSpeed powers an order-of-magnitude longer input sequence and obtains up to 6x faster execution comparing with dense transformers. Extremely communication efficient: 3D parallelism improves communication efficiency allows users to train multi-billion-parameter models 2–7x faster on clusters with limited network bandwidth. 1-bit Adam/1-bit LAMB reduce communication volume by up to 5x while achieving similar convergence efficiency to Adam/LAMB, allowing for scaling to different types of GPU clusters and networks. Early adopters of DeepSpeed have already produced a language model (LM) with over 17B parameters called Turing-NLG, establishing a new SOTA in the LM category. DeepSpeed is an important part of Microsoft’s new AI at Scale initiative to enable next-generation AI capabilities at scale
comment: https://www.deepspeed.ai/

Deeplearning4j
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: Deeplearning4j is implemented in Java and is hence more efficient as compared to Python. It uses the tensor library called ND4J which provides an ability to work with n-dimensional arrays (also called tensors). This framework also supports both CPUs and GPUs. Deeplearning4j treats the task of loading data and training algorithms as separate processes. This separation of functions provides a whole lot of flexibility. And who wouldn’t like that, especially in deep learning?! Deeplearning4j works with different data types as well: - Images - csv - plain text, etc. The kind of deep learning models you can build using Deeplearning4j are: - Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) - Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) - Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and many other architectures.

Delta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Denmark
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: TemperateClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:DK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK
agricultural land: 26,900 km2
agricultural land: 26,900 sq. km
area: 43,098.31 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:DK
climate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
coordinate: 56°N 10°E
density: 127.8/km²
density: 137.65/km2 (356.5/sq mi)
latitude: 10.0
latitude: 11.6344
longitude: 56.0
longitude: 56.155106
population: 5,505,995 (2008)
population: 5,843,347
comment: Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is constitutionally a unitary state comprising Denmark proper and the two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of 42,943 km2 as of 2020, and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 . Denmark proper has a population of 5.83 million .
comment: Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is constitutionally a unitary state comprising Denmark proper and the two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of 42,943 km2 as of 2020, and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 . Denmark proper has a population of 5.85 million, of which 800,000 live in the capital and largest city Copenhagen.

Desert Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: The desert climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk), is a climate in which there is an excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates hold little moisture and evaporate the little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of earth's land area, hot deserts are the most common type of climate on earth after polar climate.

DAP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
label: Diammonium phosphate

Djibouti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:DJ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ
agricultural land: 17,020 km2
agricultural land: 17,020 sq. km
area: 23,200 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ
climate: desert; torrid, dry
coordinate: 11°30′N 43°00′E
density: 22/km²
density: 37.2/km2 (96.3/sq mi)
latitude: 42.59521
latitude: 43.0
longitude: 11.5
longitude: 11.808375
population: 496,374 (07/2007)
population: 921,804
comment: Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somaliland in the south, Ethiopia in the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the east. Across the Gulf of Aden is Yemen. The country has a total area of 23,200 km2 .
comment: Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somaliland in the south, Ethiopia in the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the east. Across the Gulf of Aden is Yemen. The country has a total area of 23,200 km2 . The Republic of Djibouti is predominantly inhabited by two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar people, with the former comprising the majority of the population.

Dominica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:DM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM
agricultural land: 260 km2
agricultural land: 260 sq. km
area: 754 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:DM
climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
coordinate: 15°18′N 61°23′W
density: 105/km2 (271.9/sq mi)
density: 105/km²
latitude: -61.36413
latitude: -61.383
longitude: 15.3
longitude: 15.416749
population: 71,625
population: 72,514 (2008)
comment: Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is located near Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Its area is 750 km2, and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.
comment: Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is surrounded by the Republic of France with Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Its area is 750 km2, and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.

Dominican
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:DO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO
agricultural land: 24,470 km2
agricultural land: 24,470 sq. km
area: 48,730 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:DO
climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
coordinate: 19°00′N 70°40′W
density: 201/km²
density: 220/km2 (569.8/sq mi)
latitude: -69.89763
latitude: -70.667
longitude: 18.482592
longitude: 19.0
population: 10,878,246
population: 9,904,000 (2008)
comment: The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with Haiti, making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that are shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers, and third-largest by population, with approximately 10.8 million people, of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.
comment: The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with Haiti, making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that is shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers, and third-largest by population, with approximately 10.8 million people, of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.

Drainage To Ground water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena
comment: Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer.
label: Groundwater recharge

Arid Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
label: Dry climate

Dry Humidity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Humidity

Dune
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Dust Storm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: A dust storm, also called sandstorm, is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions. Dust storms arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by saltation and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and deposits it in another.

Ecuador
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:EC
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC
agricultural land: 73,460.7 km2
agricultural land: 73,460.7 sq. km
area: 256,370 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:EC
climate: tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
coordinate: 2°00′S 77°30′W
density: 53.8/km²
density: 61/km2 (158.0/sq mi)
latitude: -77.5
latitude: -78.7297
longitude: -0.184799
longitude: -2.0
population: 13,922,000 (2008)
population: 17,684,536
comment: Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. The capital and largest city is Quito.
comment: Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. The capital is Quito.

Egypt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:EG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG
agricultural land: 36,650 km2
agricultural land: 36,650 sq. km
area: 1,002,450 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:EG
climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
coordinate: 26°N 30°E
density: 100/km2 (259.0/sq mi)
density: 74/km²
latitude: 30.0
latitude: 30.794851
longitude: 26.0
longitude: 26.696367
population: 101,478,581
population: 75,500,662 (2008)
comment: Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, although none share a land border with Egypt.

El Salvador
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SV
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SV
agricultural land: 15,320 km2
agricultural land: 15,320 sq. km
area: 21,040 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SV
climate: tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
coordinate: 13°41′N 89°11′W
density: 318.7/km²
density: 324.4/km2 (840.2/sq mi)
latitude: -88.910416
latitude: -89.183
longitude: 13.683
longitude: 13.796873
population: 6,825,935
population: 6,948,073 (2008)
comment: El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. As of 2018, the country had a population of approximately 6.42 million, making it the smallest and second-least populated country in Central America.
comment: El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. As of 2021, the country had a population of approximately 6,825,935.

Emergence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: The plant is visible when the first leaf, known as the coleoptile leaf, breaks through the soil surface. The coleoptile leaf is shorter than the later-emerging leaves and has a rounded leaf tip. Emergence time can range from 3 to 14 days, depending largely on soil temperature, moisture, seeding depth and seedling vigor. Growth Stages of Sorghum: Seeding, Emergence, Three-leaf, Five-leaf, Growing point differentation, Flag leaf visible, Booting, Flowering, Soft Dough, Hard Dough, Physiological maturity

Equatorial Guinea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GQ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ
agricultural land: 3,040 km2
agricultural land: 3,040 sq. km
area: 28,051 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ
climate: tropical; always hot, humid
coordinate: 3°45′N 8°47′E
density: 18/km²
latitude: 8.469045
latitude: 8.783
longitude: 1.163017
longitude: 3.75
population: 1,454,789
population: 504,000 (2005)
comment: Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country located on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2020, the country had a population of 1,454,789.
comment: Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2015, the country had a population of 1,225,367.

Eritrea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ER
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER
agricultural land: 75,920 km2
agricultural land: 75,920 sq. km
area: 117,600 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ER
climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
coordinate: 15°N 39°E
density: 37/km²
latitude: 39.0
latitude: 39.793705
longitude: 15.0
longitude: 15.181324
population: 4,401,009 (2005)
comment: Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Eastern Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.
comment: Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.

Erysiphe Graminis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

Estonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:EE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE
agricultural land: 9,450 km2
agricultural land: 9,450 sq. km
area: 45,228 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:EE
climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
coordinate: 59°N 26°E
density: 29.22/km2 (75.7/sq mi)
density: 29/km²
latitude: 24.987158
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 58.665665
longitude: 59.0
population: 1,330,068
population: 1,340,602 (2007)
comment: Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands on eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,227 km2, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, and Tartu are the largest cities and urban areas in the country. Other notable cities include Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Järve and Viljandi. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language.
comment: Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,227 km2, the land area is 43,432 km², and is influenced by a humid continental climate. Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, and Tartu are the largest cities and urban areas in the country. Other notable cities include Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Järve and Viljandi. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language.

Estuary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Eteofenprox
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insecticide
comment: Etofenprox is a pyrethroid derivative which is used as an insecticide. Mitsui Chemicals Agro Inc. is the main manufacturer of the chemical. It is also used as an ingredient in flea medication for cats and dogs.

Ethiopia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ET
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET
agricultural land: 356,830 km2
agricultural land: 356,830 sq. km
area: 1,104,300 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ET
climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
coordinate: 8°N 38°E
density: 70/km²
density: 92.7/km2 (240.1/sq mi)
latitude: 38.0
latitude: 40.493057
longitude: 8.0
longitude: 9.146986
population: 117,876,227
population: 85,254,090 (2008)
comment: Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres and over 109 million inhabitants and is the 13th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa. The capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
comment: Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and to the north, Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres and over 117 million inhabitants and is the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.

Europe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: Albania
has country: Andorra
has country: Austria
has country: Belarus
has country: Belgium
has country: Bosnia and Herzegovina
has country: Bulgaria
has country: Croatia
has country: Czech
has country: Denmark
has country: Estonia
has country: Faroe Islands
has country: Finland
has country: France
has country: Germany
has country: Gibraltar
has country: Greece
has country: Guernsey
has country: Hungary
has country: Iceland
has country: Ireland
has country: Isle of Man
has country: Italy
has country: Jersey
has country: Latvia
has country: Liechtenstein
has country: Lithuania
has country: Luxembourg
has country: Macedonia
has country: Madagascar
has country: Malta
has country: Marshall Islands
has country: Netherlands
has country: Norway
has country: Poland
has country: Portugal
has country: Romania
has country: San Marino
has country: Serbia
has country: Slovakia
has country: Slovenia
has country: Spain
has country: Svalbard and Jan Mayen
has country: Sweden
has country: Switzerland
has country: Ukraine
has country: United Kingdom
has country: Vatican City

Excellent Quality
type: NamedIndividual
type: Quality

Expanding
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage

Extreme Frost
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Extreme Heat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Falkland Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:FK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FK
area: 12,173 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:FK
climate: cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate
coordinate: 51°41′S 59°10′W
density: 0.25/km²
density: 0.28/km2 (0.7/sq mi)
elevation: 2,313 ft (705 m)
latitude: -59.167
latitude: -59.523613
longitude: -51.683
longitude: -51.796253
population: 3,060 (2005)
population: 3,398
comment: The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 miles east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 miles from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 square miles, comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The Falkland Islands' capital is Stanley on East Falkland.
comment: The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 miles east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 miles from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 square miles, comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.

Faroe Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:FO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FO
agricultural land: 30 km2
agricultural land: 30 sq. km
area: 1,399 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:FO
climate: mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
coordinate: 62°00′N 06°47′W
density: 34/km²
density: 38.1/km2 (98.7/sq mi)
elevation: 882 m (2,894 ft)
latitude: -6.783
latitude: -6.969929
longitude: 61.89784
longitude: 62.0
population: 48,500 (8/2007)
population: 53,358
comment: The Faroe Islands or just Faroes are a North Atlantic archipelago located 320 kilometres north-northwest of Scotland, and about halfway between Norway and Iceland. Like Greenland, it is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. The islands have a total area of about 1,400 square kilometres with a population of 52,703 as of September 2020.
comment: The Faroe Islands, or simply the Faroes or Faeroes, are a North Atlantic archipelago located 320 kilometres north-northwest of Scotland, and about halfway between Norway and Iceland. Like Greenland, it is a autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark. The islands have a total area of about 1,400 square kilometres with a population of 53,358 as of June 2021.

February
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Fertilizers n.e.c.
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Fibrous root
type: NamedIndividual
type: Root
comment: A fibrous root system is the opposite of a taproot system. It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of roots when the tree has reached full maturity. Most trees begin life with a taproot, but after one to a few years change to a wide-spreading fibrous root system with mainly horizontal surface roots and only a few vertical, deep anchoring roots. A typical mature tree 30–50 m tall has a root system that extends horizontally in all directions as far as the tree is tall or more, but well over 95% of the roots are in the top 50 cm depth of soil. A few plants with fibrous root systems: - Coconut palm - Grass - Rosemary Fibrous roots grow fairly close to the surface of the ground. Leaves with parallel venation have fibrous roots. Forages have a fibrous root system, which helps combat erosion by anchoring the plants to the top layer of the soil, and covering the entirety of the field, as it is a non-row crop. In a fibrous root system, the roots grow downwards into the soil, and also branch off sideways throughout the soil. This forms a mass of fine roots, with no distinct tap root, because the embryonic root dies back while the plant is still young and growing.

Fiji
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:FJ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ
agricultural land: 4,276 km2
agricultural land: 4,276 sq. km
area: 18,274 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ
climate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 18°10′S 178°27′E
density: 46.4/km2 (120.2/sq mi)
density: 46/km²
latitude: -179.06557
latitude: 178.45
longitude: -16.578043
longitude: -18.167
population: 837,271 (9/2007)
population: 926,276
comment: Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,100 nautical miles northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres . The most outlying island group is Ono-i-Lau. About 87% of the total population of 883,483 live on the two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts: either in the capital city of Suva; or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry; or in Lautoka, where the sugar-cane industry is dominant. The interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited because of its terrain.

Finland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Continental Climate
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: TemperateClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:FI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AX
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI
agricultural land: 22,860 km2
agricultural land: 22,860 sq. km
area: 338,145 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AX
area: ISO 3166-2:FI
climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
coordinate: 60°07′N 019°54′E
coordinate: 60°10′N 24°56′E
density: 16/km2 (41.4/sq mi)
density: 16/km²
density: 18.36/km2 (47.6/sq mi)
elevation: 129.1 m (423.6 ft)
latitude: 19.9
latitude: 24.933
latitude: 25.377699
longitude: 60.117
longitude: 60.167
longitude: 64.88375
population: 29,884
population: 5,327,490 (2008)
population: 5,536,146
comment: Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres, with a population of 5.5 million. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city, but together with the neighboring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, it forms a larger metropolitan area. Finnish, the native language of the Finns, is among the few Finnic languages in the world. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
comment: Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres, with a population of 5.5 million. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city. Finnish, the native language of the Finns, is among the only few Finnic languages in the world. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. Finland is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
alternative label: Åland Islands

Fiord
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Five-leaf Stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: The collar of the fifth fully expanded leaf is visible, and the growing point is at or just below the soil surface. This stage occurs approximately 20 to 25 days after emergence, when the plant is 7 to 9 inches tall. Farmers should apply most post-emergent herbicides at or before this time. Side-dress fertilizer applications are best made at this stage or within the following 10 to 15 days.

Flag-leaf Stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: The last leaf to emerge prior to heading is called the flag leaf, which is shorter than the preceding leaves. The sorghum plant is in the flag leaf stage when the leaf tip is visible in the whorl. The last two or three leaves will fully expand during this period. Typically, the plant progresses from the flag leaf tip being visible to the boot stage in five to seven days.

Flood
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather Phenomena
comment: A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health.

Fonio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
description: White fonio, Digitaria exilis, is an annual grass in the family Poaceae grown for its grain which is commonly used to make porridge. Fonio is an erect, tillering grass with delicate stems and alternate leaves. The leaves are blade like or linear and tapering and can reach up to 15 cm (6 in) in length. The plant produces spikelets, where the grain is produced, on branched, spike-like panicles. A single inflorescence possesses 2-5 racemes with spikelets arranged in pairs or in threes or fours, giving it a lacy appearance. White fonio can reach a height of 30-80 cm (11.8-31.5 in) depending on variety and is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season. White fonio may also be referred to fonio, hungry rice or hungry millet and originates from West Africa.
harvesting: Fonio is harvested using traditional methods, The plants are cut using a knife or sickle and gathered into sheaths for drying. Processing the grain is a laborious process that requires beating the dried plants to extract the grain and then dehulling the grain using a mortar.
maintenance: Fonio requires little maintenance after planting and is highly adapted to drought conditions.
propagation: Fonio is direct seeded by broadcasting in the field and germinates and grows rapidly, out-competing weeds and negating the need for weeding the field. The soil is roughly loosened prior to planting and seed is generally broadcast at a rate of 10 to 30 kg of seed/ha. The seeds are then lightly dug into the soil or covered using a hoe and allowed to germinate.
requirements: Fonio is a tropical plant and requires a dry season to grow properly. The plant grows optimally at temperatures between 25 and 30oC (77-86oF) and in areas where the average rainfall is between 900 and 1000 mm. Fonio can be grown on a range of soils and it is generally grown in soils that are considered too nutrient poor for other crops. The plants will grow best in light, sandy soils and it is often planted in rotation with rice, sorghum or millet.
uses: The fonio grain is consumed after cooking, either as a porridge or couscous. The grain may also be ground and mixed with other cereals. Fonio grain may be used to brew beers and the straw can be used as animal fodder.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/fonio/infos
comment: Fonio is the term for two cultivated grasses in the genus Digitaria that are notable crops in parts of West Africa. They are millets with small grains.

Forest
type: NamedIndividual
type: LandUse
type: Topography

France
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Humid Continental Climate
has climate: Humid Subtropical Climate
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: Dry summer climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:FR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR
agricultural land: 290,900 km2
agricultural land: 290,900 sq. km
area: 674,843 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:FR
climate: metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
climate: metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
coordinate: 47°N 2°E
density: 104.7109/km2
density: 115/km²
latitude: 2.0
latitude: 2.209119
longitude: 46.2267
longitude: 47.0
population: 65,073,482 (1/2009)
population: 67,413,000
comment: France, officially the French Republic, is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland, Monaco and Italy to the east, Andorra and Spain to the south, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname and Brazil in the Americas. The country's eighteen integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 km2 and a total population of 67.4 million . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice. France, including its overseas territories, has the most time zones of any country, with a total of twelve.
comment: France, officially the French Republic, is a transcontinental country spanning Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland, Monaco and Italy to the east, Andorra and Spain to the south, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas. Its eighteen integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 km2 and over 67 million people . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille, and Nice. Including its overseas territories, France has twelve time zones, the most of any country.

French Guiana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GF
area: ISO 3166-2:GF
climate: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 4°N 53°W
density: 3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
latitude: -53.0
longitude: 4.0
population: 294,071
comment: French Guiana is an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas. It borders Brazil to the east and south and Suriname to the west.

French Polynesia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PF
agricultural land: 455 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:PF
climate: tropical, but moderate
coordinate: 17°34′S 149°36′W
density: 78/km2 (202.0/sq mi)
latitude: -149.6
longitude: -17.567
population: 275,918
comment: French Polynesia is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole overseas country. It comprises 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over more than 2,000 kilometres in the South Pacific Ocean. The total land area of French Polynesia is 4,167 square kilometres .

French Southern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:TF
area: ISO 3166-2:TF
coordinate: 43°00′S 67°00′E
density: 3/km2 (7.8/sq mi)
latitude: 67.0
longitude: -43.0
population: 200-400
comment: The French Southern and Antarctic Lands is an Overseas Territory of France. It consists of:
alternative label: French Southern Territories

Fresh Breeze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Fresh Gale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Fruit Development stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 7: Development of fruit 71 Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size 73 Early milk 75 Medium milk: grain content milky, grains reached final size, still green 77 Late milk
alternative label: Stage 7: Development of fruit

F. graminearum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
label: Fusarium graminearum
label: Gibberella zeae

GOCI
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sensor
comment: Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)

Gabon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA
agricultural land: 51,600 km2
agricultural land: 51,600 sq. km
area: 267,745 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GA
climate: tropical; always hot, humid
coordinate: 1°S 12°E
density: 5.4/km²
density: 7.9/km2 (20.5/sq mi)
latitude: 11.598909
latitude: 12.0
longitude: -0.828097
longitude: -1.0
population: 1,454,867 (2005)
population: 2,119,275
comment: Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres and its population is estimated at 2.1 million people. Its capital and largest city is Libreville. The official language is French.
comment: Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres and its population is estimated at 2.1 million people. There are three distinct regions: the coastal plains, the mountains, and the savanna in the east. Gabon's capital and largest city is Libreville. The official language is French.

Gambia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM
agricultural land: 6,150 km2
agricultural land: 6,150 sq. km
area: 10,380 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GM
climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
coordinate: 13°28′N 16°36′W
density: 153.5/km²
density: 176.1/km2 (456.1/sq mi)
latitude: -15.311436
latitude: -16.6
longitude: 13.445411
longitude: 13.467
population: 1,700,000 (2007)
population: 2,173,999
comment: The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
comment: The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa, and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

GenSim
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
References: Rehurek, Radim, and Petr Sojka. "Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora." In Proceedings of the LREC 2010 workshop on new challenges for NLP frameworks. 2010.
Acronym: GenSim
comment: Gensim is a highly specialized Python library that largely deals with topic modeling tasks using algorithms like Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). It’s also excellent at recognizing text similarities, indexing texts, and navigating different documents. This library is fast, scalable, and good at handling large volumes of data. Here are some tutorials to get started.

Gentle Breeze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Georgia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE
agricultural land: 24,690 km2
agricultural land: 24,690 sq. km
area: 69,700 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GE
climate: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
coordinate: 42°00′N 43°30′E
density: 57.6/km2 (149.2/sq mi)
density: 68/km²
latitude: -83.222786
latitude: 43.5
longitude: 32.678276
longitude: 42.0
population: 4,012,104
population: 4,730,8413 (2008)
comment: Georgia is a country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region, bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north and east by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres, and its approximate population is about 3.716 million. Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy. Tbilisi is the country's capital and largest city.
comment: Georgia is a country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region, bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north and east by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. It covers 69,700 square kilometres, and has a population of around 4 million. Georgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. Tbilisi is the capital and largest city, home to roughly a quarter of the population.

Germany
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: TemperateClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:DE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE
agricultural land: 167,190 km2
agricultural land: 167,190 sq. km
area: 357,021 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:DE
climate: temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
coordinate: 51°N 9°E
density: 230/km²
density: 232/km2 (600.9/sq mi)
latitude: 10.454239
latitude: 9.0
longitude: 51.0
longitude: 51.163475
population: 82,060,000 (12/2008)
population: 83,190,556
comment: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country at the intersection of Central and Western Europe. It is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of 357,022 square kilometres, with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. Germany is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.
comment: Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of 357,022 square kilometres, with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.

Ghana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GH
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH
agricultural land: 159,000 km2
agricultural land: 159,000 sq. km
area: 238,535 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GH
climate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
coordinate: 7°49′N 1°03′W
density: 101.5/km2 (262.9/sq mi)
density: 93/km²
latitude: -1.031819
latitude: -1.05
longitude: 7.817
longitude: 7.955012
population: 23,000,000 (2008)
population: 31,072,940
comment: Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana which was formerly called Gold Coast, is a country along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2, Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east, the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean in the south. Ghana means "Warrior King" in the Soninke language.
comment: Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It spans the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km2, spanning a diverse geography and ecology that ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests. With over 31 million people, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria. The capital and largest city is Accra; other major cities include Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.

Gibraltar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GI
area: 6.8 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GI
climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
coordinate: 36°8′N 5°21′W
density: 4,290/km²
density: 5,000/km2 (12,949.9/sq mi)
elevation: 1,398 ft (426 m)
latitude: -5.35
latitude: -5.353033
longitude: 36.133
longitude: 36.133022
population: 28,875 (1/2008)
population: 34,003
comment: Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 6.7 km2 and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.

Good Quality
type: NamedIndividual
type: Quality

Grain Filling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage

Grapefruit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Citrus
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
comment: The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semisweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink.

Greece
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Dry summer climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR
agricultural land: 81,520 km2
agricultural land: 81,520 sq. km
area: 131,990 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GR
climate: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
coordinate: 37°58′N 23°43′E
density: 82/km2 (212.4/sq mi)
density: 84/km²
latitude: 23.717
latitude: 24.508326
longitude: 37.967
longitude: 38.275276
population: 10,718,565
population: 11,216,708 (2008)
comment: Greece, also known as Hellas, and officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018; Athens is its largest and capital city, followed by Thessaloniki. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring many islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.
comment: Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018; Athens is its largest and capital city, followed by Thessaloniki. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring many islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.

Greenland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL
agricultural land: 2,359 km2
agricultural land: 2,359 sq. km
area: 2,166,086 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GL
climate: arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
coordinate: 64°10′N 51°44′W
density: 0.027/km²
density: 0.028/km2 (0.1/sq mi)
elevation: 3,700 m (12,100 ft)
latitude: -42.28789
latitude: -51.733
longitude: 64.167
longitude: 71.70235
population: 56,081
population: 57,564 (2007)
comment: Greenland is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium, beginning in 986. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors migrated from Alaska through Northern Canada, gradually settling across the island by the 13th century.
comment: Greenland is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors migrated from Alaska through Northern Canada, gradually settling across the island by the 13th century.

Grenada
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GD
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD
agricultural land: 110 km2
agricultural land: 110 sq. km
area: 344 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GD
climate: tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
coordinate: 12°03′N 61°45′W
density: 259.5/km²
density: 318.58/km2 (825.1/sq mi)
latitude: -61.58821
latitude: -61.75
longitude: 12.05
longitude: 12.260794
population: 110,000 (2005)
population: 111,454
comment: Grenada is a country in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and several small islands which lie to the north of the main island and are a part of the Grenadines. It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Its size is 348.5 square kilometres, and it had an estimated population of 112,523 in July 2020. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops.
comment: Grenada is an island country in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and several small islands which lie to the north of the main island and are a part of the Grenadines. It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Its size is 348.5 square kilometres, and it had an estimated population of 112,523 in July 2020. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops.

Guadeloupe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GP
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GP
area: 1,628 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GP
climate: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity
coordinate: 16°15′00″N 61°35′00″W
density: 249/km²
elevation: 1,467 m (4,813 ft)
latitude: -62.07638
longitude: 16.980835
population: 395,700
population: 405,500 (1/2008)
comment: Guadeloupe is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the two inhabited Îles des Saintes—as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat, and north of Dominica. The region's capital city is Basse-Terre, located on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; however, the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main center of business is neighbouring Pointe-à-Pitre, both located on Grande-Terre Island.

Guam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GU
agricultural land: 180 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:GU
climate: tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 13°30′N 144°48′E
density: 299/km2 (774.4/sq mi)
elevation: 407 m (1,334 ft)
latitude: 144.8
longitude: 13.5
population: 168,801
comment: Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States ; in Oceania, it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo.

Guatemala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT
agricultural land: 43,950 km2
agricultural land: 43,950 sq. km
area: 108,890 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GT
climate: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
coordinate: 15°30′N 90°15′W
density: 129/km2 (334.1/sq mi)
density: 134.6/km²
latitude: -90.232346
latitude: -90.25
longitude: 15.5
longitude: 15.77626
population: 13,000,001 (2008)
population: 17,263,239
comment: Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south. With an estimated population of around 17.2 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and has the 11th largest national population in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City.
comment: Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south. With an estimated population of around 17.2 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and is the 11th most populous country in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City, the largest city in Central America.

Guernsey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GG
area: 78 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GG
climate: temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
coordinate: 49°34′00″N 2°23′00″W
density: 836.3/km²
density: 844/km2 (2,185.9/sq mi)
elevation: 374 ft (114 m)
latitude: -2.3833
latitude: -2.42319
longitude: 49.5666
longitude: 49.575687
population: 65,573 (2007)
population: 67,334
comment: Guernsey is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown Dependency.
comment: The Bailiwick of Guernsey is one of three Crown Dependencies.

Guinea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN
area: 245,857 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GN
climate: generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
coordinate: 11°N 10°W
density: 38/km²
density: 40.9/km2 (105.9/sq mi)
latitude: -10.0
latitude: -11.363663
longitude: 11.0
longitude: 9.934886
population: 10,211,437 (2005)
population: 12,414,293
comment: Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea, the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from other countries with "Guinea" in the name and the eponymous region, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres .
comment: Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea, the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry, after its capital and largest city Conakry, to distinguish it from other countries with "Guinea" in the name and the eponymous region, such as Papua New Guinea,Western New Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres .

Guinea-Bissau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW
agricultural land: 16,300 km2
agricultural land: 16,300 sq. km
area: 36,544 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GW
climate: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
coordinate: 11°52′N 15°36′W
density: 44/km²
density: 46.9/km2 (121.5/sq mi)
latitude: -15.177028
latitude: -15.6
longitude: 11.770379
longitude: 11.867
population: 1,586,000 (2005)
population: 1,874,303
comment: Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres with an estimated population of 1,874,303. It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east.
comment: Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres with an estimated population of 1,874,303. It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east. Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea . Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and only one elected president has successfully served a full five-year term. The current president is Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who was elected on 29 December 2019.

Guyana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:GY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY
agricultural land: 16,770 km2
agricultural land: 16,770 sq. km
area: 214,999 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:GY
climate: tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
coordinate: 5°00′N 58°45′W
density: 3.5/km²
density: 3.502/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
latitude: -58.75
latitude: -58.93826
longitude: 4.866323
longitude: 5.0
population: 743,700
population: 858,8631 (3/2008)
comment: Guyana, officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America and the capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the east. With 215,000 square kilometres, Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname; it is also the second-least populous sovereign state in South America after Suriname.

Hailstorm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: Hail is a form of solid precipitation. It is distinct from ice pellets, though the two are often confused. It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is called a hailstone. Ice pellets fall generally in cold weather while hail growth is greatly inhibited during cold surface temperatures.

Haiti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:HT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT
agricultural land: 17,700 km2
agricultural land: 17,700 sq. km
area: 27,751 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:HT
climate: tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
coordinate: 19°00′N 72°25′W
density: 335/km²
density: 382/km2 (989.4/sq mi)
latitude: -72.417
latitude: -73.045975
longitude: 19.0
longitude: 19.054426
population: 11,439,646
population: 8,706,497 (2007)
comment: Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island, which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration. Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers in size, the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean.
comment: Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island, which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration. Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers in size, the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean.

Hard Dough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: At the hard dough stage, grain has reached 75 percent of its final dry weight, and nutrient uptake is almost complete. The grain can no longer be crushed between the thumb and index finger. The seed coat is no longer green and has turned its final color, which can be white, tan, bronze or red. The total moisture content of the plant is now decreasing daily, and water stress during this time tends to promote lodging. The hard dough stage typically lasts 10 to 14 days.

Heading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: Heading
comment: Heading date is characterized together by the vegetative growth phase i.e., the time period from germination to panicle initiation and the reproductive phase, meaning the time period from panicle initiation to heading.

Healthy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
type: Health
type: State
comment: Healthy mentions a state which plants have firm leaves, well-formed flowers and fruit, and well-developed root systems. Unhealthy plants show damage to leaves, stems, roots, flowers or fruit. A pest is an animal that damages plants. Disease is caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Healthy Trees
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Crop Disease
is state of: Transformation CropDisease Tier4

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Antarctica
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:HM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HM
area: 65,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:HM
coordinate: 53°06′00″S 73°31′00″E
elevation: 2,745 m (9006 ft)
latitude: 73.22784
latitude: 73.51667
longitude: -53.05071
longitude: -53.1
population: Uninhabited (2011)
comment: The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is an Australian external territory comprising a volcanic group of mostly barren Antarctic islands, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. The group's overall size is 372 km2 in area and it has 101.9 km of coastline. Discovered in the mid-19th century, the islands have been an Australian territory since 1947 and contain the country's two active volcanoes. The summit of one, Mawson Peak, is higher than any mountain on the Australian mainland. The islands lie on the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian Ocean.

Heat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Heathland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Heavy Precipitation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Precipitation

Helimenthosporium Spp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

High Air Pollution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Air Pollution

High Solar Radiation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Solar Radiation

Highland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Highland Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate.

Highly Infested
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Injure

Honduras
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:HN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN
agricultural land: 32,200 km2
agricultural land: 32,200 sq. km
area: 112,492 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:HN
climate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
coordinate: 15°00′N 86°30′W
density: 64/km²
density: 85/km2 (220.1/sq mi)
latitude: -86.2531
latitude: -86.5
longitude: 15.0
longitude: 15.203019
population: 7,483,763 (9/2007)
population: 9,587,522
comment: Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
comment: Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Its capital and largest city is Tegucigalpa.

Hong Kong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HK
area: ISO 3166-2:HK
climate: subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
coordinate: 22°18′N 114°12′E
density: 6,777/km2 (17,552.3/sq mi)
elevation: 957 m (3,140 ft)
latitude: 114.2
longitude: 22.3
population: 7,500,700
comment: Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.

Humid Continental Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below - 3 oC (26.6 oF) [2] and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 oC (50 oF). In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid.

Humid Subtropical Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25o and 35o and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates.

Hungary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:HU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU
agricultural land: 53,370 km2
agricultural land: 53,370 sq. km
area: 93,030 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:HU
climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
coordinate: 47°N 20°E
density: 105/km2 (271.9/sq mi)
density: 109/km²
latitude: 19.505783
latitude: 20.0
longitude: 47.0
longitude: 47.16116
population: 10,034,000 (2/2008)
population: 9,730,000
comment: Hungary is a country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres in the Carpathian Basin, it borders Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world, and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe. Hungary's capital and largest city is Budapest; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs, and Győr.
comment: Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary has a population of 10 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian, the official language, is the world's most widely spoken Uralic language, and among the few non-Indo-European languages widely spoken in Europe. Budapest is the country's capital and largest city; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs, and Győr.

Hurricane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Hydrangea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower

IceCap Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: An ice cap climate is a polar climate where no mean monthly temperature exceeds 0 oC (32 oF). The climate covers areas in or near the high latitudes (65o latitude) to polar regions (70-90o north and south latitude), such as Antarctica and Greenland, that have vast deserts of snow and ice. In the coldest months, most ice cap climates have mean temperatures between - 30 and - 55 oC (-22 to -67 oF). Ice cap climates are normally covered by a permanent layer of ice and have no vegetation.

Iceland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS
agricultural land: 15,910 km2
agricultural land: 15,910 sq. km
area: 103,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IS
climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
coordinate: 65°N 18°W
density: 3.1/km²
density: 3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)
latitude: -18.0
latitude: -19.02117
longitude: 64.92526
longitude: 65.0
population: 319,7561 (1/2008)
population: 368,720
comment: Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is the only part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that rises above sea-level, and its central volcanic plateau is erupting almost constantly. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
comment: Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 356,991 and an area of 103,000 km2, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, with most of its islands having a polar climate.

Immature
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Maturity

India
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
has climate: Arid Climate
has climate: Highland Climate
has climate: Humid Subtropical Climate
has climate: TropicalWetClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN
agricultural land: 1.8 million km2
agricultural land: 1.8 million sq. km
area: 3,287,240 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IN
climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
coordinate: 28°36′50″N 77°12′30″E
density: 349/km²
density: 411.9/km2 (1,066.8/sq mi)
latitude: 77.20833
latitude: 82.39713
longitude: 21.125673
longitude: 28.61389
population: 1,147,995,904 (2008)
population: 1,352,642,280
comment: India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by land area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
comment: India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by land area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia.

Indonesia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ID
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID
agricultural land: 545,000 km2
agricultural land: 545,000 sq. km
area: 1,919,440 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ID
climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
coordinate: 5°S 120°E
density: 134/km²
density: 141/km2 (365.2/sq mi)
latitude: 118.01557
latitude: 120.0
longitude: -2.55022
longitude: -5.0
population: 237,512,352 (2008)
population: 270,203,917
comment: Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest island country and the 14th-largest country by land area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres . With more than 270 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
comment: Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest island country and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres . With more than 270 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.

Inflorescence Emergence stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 5: Inflorescence emergence, heading 51 Beginning of heading: tip of inflorescence emerged from sheath, first spikelet just visible 52 20% of inflorescence emerged 53 30% of inflorescence emerged 54 40% of inflorescence emerged 55 Middle of heading: half of inflorescence emerged 56 60% of inflorescence emerged 57 70% of inflorescence emerged 58 80% of inflorescence emerged 59 End of heading: inflorescence fully emerged
label: Stage 5: Inflorescence emergence, heading

Inland Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Insect
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Problem
comment: Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms.

Iran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR
agricultural land: 489,570 km2
agricultural land: 489,570 sq. km
area: 1,648,195 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IR
climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
coordinate: 32°N 53°E
density: 42/km²
density: 48/km2 (124.3/sq mi)
latitude: 53.0
latitude: 53.68236
longitude: 32.0
longitude: 32.420654
population: 70,472,846 (2007)
population: 83,183,741
comment: Iran, also called Persia and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan, to the southeast by Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Iran covers an area of 1,648,195 km2, with a population of 83 million. It is the second largest country in the Middle East, and its capital and largest city is Tehran.
comment: Iran, also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan, to the southeast by Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Iran covers an area of 1,648,195 km2, with a population of 83 million. It is the second-largest country in the Middle East, and its capital and largest city is Tehran.

Iraq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IQ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ
agricultural land: 82,100 km2
agricultural land: 82,100 sq. km
area: 438,317 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ
climate: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
coordinate: 33°N 44°E
density: 66/km²
density: 82.7/km2 (214.2/sq mi)
latitude: 43.685898
latitude: 44.0
longitude: 33.0
longitude: 33.228443
population: 29,267,0004 (2007)
population: 38,433,600
comment: Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Yazidis, Shabakis, Armenians, Mandaeans, Circassians, Sabians and Kawliya. Around 99% of the country's 38 million citizens are Muslims, with small minorities of Christians, Yarsans, Yezidis and Mandeans also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.
comment: Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians/Chaldeans, Yazidis, Shabakis, Armenians, Sabian-Mandaeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95–98% of the country's 38 million citizens are Muslims, with small minorities of Christians, Yarsans, Yezidis and Mandaeans also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.

Ireland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Marine Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE
agricultural land: 45,550 km2
agricultural land: 45,550 sq. km
area: 70,273 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IE
climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
coordinate: 53°20.65′N 6°16.05′W
density: 60.3/km²
density: 70.8/km2 (183.4/sq mi)
latitude: -6.2675
latitude: -8.307638
longitude: 53.34417
longitude: 53.40103
population: 4,422,100 (2008)
population: 4,977,400
temperature: - 5oC (23oF) - 26oC (79oF)
comment: Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern side of the island. Around 40% of the country's population of 5 million people resides in the Greater Dublin Area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann, an upper house, Seanad Éireann, and an elected President who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.
comment: Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern side of the island. Around 40% of the country's population of 4.9 million people resides in the Greater Dublin Area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann, an upper house, Seanad Éireann, and an elected President who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.

Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Isle of Man
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IM
agricultural land: 426 km2
agricultural land: 426 sq. km
area: 572 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IM
climate: temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time
coordinate: 54°14′N 04°31′W
density: 131.2/km²
density: 148/km2 (383.3/sq mi)
elevation: 620 m (2,030 ft)
latitude: -4.517
latitude: -4.57084
longitude: 54.232185
longitude: 54.233
population: 80,058
population: 83,314
comment: The Isle of Man, also known as Mann, is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. The United Kingdom is responsible for the isle's military defence.
comment: The Isle of Man, also known as Mann, is an island and self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The United Kingdom is responsible for the isle's military defence.

Israel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL
agricultural land: 5,205 km2
agricultural land: 5,205 sq. km
area: 22,072 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:IL
climate: temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
coordinate: 31°N 35°E
density: 324/km²
density: 425/km2 (1,100.7/sq mi)
latitude: 34.979008
latitude: 35.0
longitude: 31.0
longitude: 31.392042
population: 7,282,0002 (2008)
population: 9,383,010
comment: Israel, officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia, located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although international recognition of the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem is limited.
comment: Israel, officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although international recognition of the state's sovereignty over the city is limited.

Italy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Humid Continental Climate
has climate: Humid Subtropical Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:IT
agricultural land: 139,326 sq. km
area: 301,338 km²
climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
density: 197.6/km²
latitude: 12.5735
longitude: 41.292667
population: 59,829,710 (1/2008)
comment: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country consisting of a continental part, delimited by the Alps, a peninsula and several islands surrounding it. Italy is located in Southern Europe, and is also considered part of Western Europe. A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital, the country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial enclave in Switzerland and a maritime exclave in Tunisian waters . With around 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.

Italy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT
agricultural land: 139,326 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:IT
climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
coordinate: 43°N 12°E
density: 201.3/km2 (521.4/sq mi)
latitude: 12.0
longitude: 43.0
population: 60,317,116
comment: Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and several islands surrounding it. Italy is located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, in Southern Europe, and is also often considered part of Western Europe. A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital and largest city, the country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial enclave in Switzerland and a maritime exclave in Tunisian waters . With around 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.

Jamaica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:JM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM
agricultural land: 4,490 km2
agricultural land: 4,490 sq. km
area: 11,100 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:JM
climate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
coordinate: 17°58′17″N 76°47′35″W
density: 252/km²
density: 266/km2 (688.9/sq mi)
latitude: -76.79306
latitude: -77.273476
longitude: 17.97139
longitude: 18.115265
population: 2,726,667
population: 2,804,332 (2008)
comment: Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres west of Hispaniola ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres to the north-west.

January
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Japan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
has climate: Humid Continental Climate
has climate: Humid Subtropical Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:JP
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP
agricultural land: 45,610 km2
agricultural land: 45,610 sq. km
area: 377,873 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:JP
climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
coordinate: 35°41′N 139°46′E
density: 334/km2 (865.1/sq mi)
density: 337/km²
latitude: 139.767
latitude: 139.77
longitude: 35.67
longitude: 35.683
population: 125,360,000
population: 127,433,494 (2007)
comment: Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. Part of the Ring of Fire, Japan spans an archipelago of 6852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers ; the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is Japan's capital and largest city; other major cities include Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

Jersey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:JE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JE
area: 116 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:JE
climate: temperate; mild winters and cool summers
coordinate: 49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W
density: 7,801/km²
density: 912/km2 (2,362.1/sq mi)
elevation: 143 m (469 ft)
latitude: -2.11
latitude: -2.141056
longitude: 49.19
longitude: 49.217445
population: 107,800
population: 90,8001 (12/2007)
comment: Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island and British Crown Dependency near the coast of Normandy, France. It is the second-closest of the Channel Islands to France, after Alderney. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey and the other Channel Islands remained attached to the English Crown.
comment: Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France. It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 22 kilometres from the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy. The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles, Les Écréhous, Les Minquiers, and Les Pierres de Lecq.

Jointing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: Jointing is the point in the plant's life cycle when the growing point moves above the soil surface. each tiller is moving up the stem.

Jordan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:JO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO
agricultural land: 10,026 km2
agricultural land: 10,026 sq. km
area: 89,341 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:JO
climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
coordinate: 31°57′N 35°56′E
density: 114/km2 (295.3/sq mi)
density: 64/km²
latitude: 35.933
latitude: 37.13059
longitude: 31.276773
longitude: 31.95
population: 10,658,123
population: 6,198,677 (2008)
comment: Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel and the West Bank of Palestine. The Dead Sea is located along its western borders, and the country has a 26-kilometre coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Amman is the nation's capital and largest city, as well as the economic, political and cultural centre.
comment: Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab country in the Levant region of Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel and Palestine . The Dead Sea is located along its western borders and the country has a 26-kilometre coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.

July
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

June
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

KNIME
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: KNIME, the Konstanz Information Miner, is a free and open-source data analytics, reporting and integration platform. KNIME integrates various components for machine learning and data mining through its modular data pipelining concept. A graphical user interface and use of JDBC allows assembly of nodes blending different data sources, including preprocessing (ETL: Extraction, Transformation, Loading), for modeling, data analysis and visualization without, or with only minimal, programming.

Karrst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Kazakhstan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ
agricultural land: 2.09 million km2
agricultural land: 2.09 million sq. km
area: 2,724,900 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ
climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
coordinate: 51°10′N 71°26′E
density: 5.4/km²
density: 7/km2 (18.1/sq mi)
latitude: 66.90226
latitude: 71.433
longitude: 48.18407
longitude: 51.167
population: 15,217,711 (1/2006)
population: 18,711,560
comment: Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country mainly located in Central Asia with a smaller portion west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe. It covers a land area of 2,724,900 square kilometres, and shares land borders with Russia in the north, China in the east, and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south while also adjoining a large part of the Caspian Sea in the southwest. Kazakhstan does not border Mongolia, although they are only 37 kilometers apart, separated by a short portion of the border between Russia and China.

Kenya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE
agricultural land: 274,500 km2
agricultural land: 274,500 sq. km
area: 580,367 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KE
climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
coordinate: 1°N 38°E
density: 59/km²
density: 78/km2 (202.0/sq mi)
latitude: 37.90397
latitude: 38.0
longitude: 0.413841
longitude: 1.0
population: 37,953,8401 (2008)
population: 54,985,698
comment: Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Eastern Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres, Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by total area. With a population of more than 47.6 million people in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
comment: Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Eastern Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres, Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by total area. With a population of more than 47.6 million people in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.

Keras
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
has algorithm: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
has algorithm: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
has algorithm: Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN)
has algorithm: Recurrent neural network (RNN)
has algorithm: Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
comment: Keras is an open-source neural-network library written in Python. It is capable of running on top of TensorFlow, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, R, Theano. Keras is a pretty solid framework to start your deep learning journey. If you are familiar with Python and are not doing some high-level research or developing some special kind of neural network, Keras is for you. The focus is more on achieving results rather than getting bogged down by the model intricacies. So if you are given a project related to, say image classification or sequence models, start with Keras. You will be able to get a working model very quickly. Keras is also integrated in TensorFlow and hence you can also build your model using tf.keras.

Kiribati
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KI
agricultural land: 340 km2
agricultural land: 340 sq. km
area: 726 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KI
climate: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
coordinate: 1°25′N 173°00′E
density: 137/km²
density: 151.9/km2 (393.4/sq mi)
latitude: -170.34291
latitude: 173.0
longitude: -3.356279
longitude: 1.417
population: 105,432 (2005)
population: 119,940
comment: Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an independent island nation in the central Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is over 119,000, more than half of whom live on Tarawa atoll. The state comprises 32 atolls and one raised coral island, Banaba. They have a total land area of 811 square kilometres and are dispersed over 3.5 million km2 .

Kochia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weeds

Korea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
has climate: Continental Climate
has climate: Humid Continental Climate
has climate: Marine Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KP
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP
agricultural land: 25,550 km2
agricultural land: 25,550 sq. km
area: 120,540 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KP
climate: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
coordinate: 40°N 127°E
density: 190/km²
density: 212/km2 (549.1/sq mi)
latitude: 127.0
latitude: 127.76692
longitude: 35.907757
longitude: 40.0
population: 23,790,000 (2007)
population: 25,549,604
comment: North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The country is bordered to the north by China and by Russia along the Amnok and Tumen rivers, and to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone separating the two. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the country's capital and largest city.
comment: North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It borders China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu and Tumen rivers; it borders South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Its western border is formed by Korea Bay and the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the country's capital and largest city.
label: North Korea

Kuwait
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW
agricultural land: 1,520 km2
agricultural land: 1,520 sq. km
area: 17,818 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KW
climate: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
coordinate: 29°30′N 47°45′E
density: 131/km²
density: 200.2/km2 (518.5/sq mi)
latitude: 47.49453
latitude: 47.75
longitude: 29.310284
longitude: 29.5
population: 3,399,637 (2007)
population: 4,420,110
comment: Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Arabian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 499 km . As of 2021, Kuwait has a population of 4.67 million people where 1.45 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are foreign nationals. Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital city Kuwait City.
comment: Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. As of 2016, Kuwait has a population of 4.5 million people: 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are expatriates. Expatriates account for approximately 70% of the population.

Kyrgyzstan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG
agricultural land: 106,085 km2
agricultural land: 106,085 sq. km
area: 199,900 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KG
climate: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
coordinate: 41°N 75°E
density: 26/km²
density: 27.4/km2 (71.0/sq mi)
latitude: 74.7799
latitude: 75.0
longitude: 41.0
longitude: 41.20554
population: 5,356,869 (2008)
population: 6,586,600
comment: Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, also known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
comment: Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, also known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's six million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. The Kyrgyz language is closely related to other Turkic languages, although Russian remains spoken and is an official language, a legacy of a century of Russification. Ninety percent of Kyrgyzstan's population are Muslim, with the majority of its population following Sunni Islam. In addition to its Turkic origins, Kyrgyz culture bears elements of Iranic, Mongolian and Russian influence.

LIONoso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: LIONsolver is an integrated software for data mining, business intelligence, analytics, and modeling Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN and reactive business intelligence approach. A non-profit version is available as LIONoso.

Lagoon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Lake
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Laos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA
agricultural land: 23,780 km2
agricultural land: 23,780 sq. km
area: 236,800 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LA
climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
coordinate: 18°N 105°E
density: 25/km²
density: 26.7/km2 (69.2/sq mi)
latitude: 103.895035
latitude: 105.0
longitude: 18.0
longitude: 18.20521
population: 6,521,998 (2007)
population: 7,123,205
comment: Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast and Thailand to the west and southwest.
comment: Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast and Thailand to the west and southwest. Its capital and largest city is Vientiane.

Latitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Location
comment: Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.

Latvia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LV
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LV
agricultural land: 18,160 km2
agricultural land: 18,160 sq. km
area: 64,589 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LV
climate: maritime; wet, moderate winters
coordinate: 57°N 25°E
density: 29.6/km2 (76.7/sq mi)
density: 36/km²
latitude: 24.605814
latitude: 25.0
longitude: 56.880215
longitude: 57.0
population: 1,907,675
population: 2,261,100 (1/2009)
comment: Latvia, officially known as the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the Baltic states; and is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,589 km2, with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts; and speak Latvian, one of the only two surviving Baltic languages. Russians are a prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population.
comment: Latvia, officially known as the Republic of Latvia,, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the Baltic states; and is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,589 km2, with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts; and speak Latvian, one of the only two surviving Baltic languages. Russians are a prominent minority in the country, at some 24% of the population.

Leaf Development stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 1: Leaf development 10 First leaf through coleoptile 11 First leaf unfolded 12 2 leaves unfolded 13 3 leaves unfolded 1 . Stages continuous till . . . 19 9 or more leaves unfolded
label: Stage 1: Leaf development
alternative label: Leaf growth stage (LGS)

Leaves infestations
type: NamedIndividual
type: Symptom

Lebanon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LB
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB
agricultural land: 6,380 km2
agricultural land: 6,380 sq. km
area: 10,452 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LB
climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
coordinate: 33°54′N 35°32′E
density: 401/km²
density: 560/km2 (1,450.4/sq mi)
latitude: 35.533
latitude: 35.87673
longitude: 33.873154
longitude: 33.9
population: 4,099,000 (2007)
population: 6,859,408
comment: Coordinates: 33°50′N 35°50′E﻿ / ﻿33.833°N 35.833°E﻿ / 33.833; 35.833Lebanon, officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies to its west across the Mediterranean Sea; its location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has contributed to its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious diversity. Lebanon is home to roughly six million people and covers an area of 10,452 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest countries in the world. The official language of the state is Arabic, while French is also formally recognized; the Lebanese dialect of Arabic is used alongside Modern Standard Arabic throughout the country.
comment: Lebanon, officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a country in the Levant region of Western Asia, and the transcontinental region of the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has contributed to its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km2, it is one of the smallest recognized sovereign states in the Asian continent. The official language, Arabic, is the most common language spoken by the citizens of Lebanon.

Lentil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: The lentil is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 40 cm (16 in) tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. As a food crop, producing 58% combined of the world total.

Lesotho
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS
agricultural land: 23,120 km2
agricultural land: 23,120 sq. km
area: 30,355 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LS
climate: temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
coordinate: 29°36′S 28°18′E
density: 59/km²
density: 68.1/km2 (176.4/sq mi)
latitude: 28.247414
latitude: 28.3
longitude: -29.6
longitude: -29.62051
population: 1,795,0001 (2005)
population: 2,108,328
comment: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved country surrounded entirely by South Africa. It is by far the largest of the world's three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country, with Vatican City and San Marino being the other two. Additionally, it is the only such state outside the Italian peninsula, and the only one that is not a microstate. Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 and has a population of about 2 million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. The official languages are Sesotho and English.
comment: Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa. It is by far the largest of the world's three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country, with Vatican City and San Marino being the other two. Additionally, it is the only such state outside the Italian peninsula, and the only one that is not a microstate. Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 and has a population of around 2 million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. The official language is Sesotho.

Liberia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR
agricultural land: 26,300 km2
agricultural land: 26,300 sq. km
area: 111,369 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LR
climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
coordinate: 6°30′N 9°30′W
density: 29/km²
density: 40.43/km2 (104.7/sq mi)
latitude: -9.428598
latitude: -9.5
longitude: 6.452424
longitude: 6.5
population: 3,489,072 (2008)
population: 5,214,030
comment: Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Côte d'Ivoire to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers . English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.
comment: Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers . English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.

Libya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LY
agricultural land: 155,850 km2
agricultural land: 155,850 sq. km
area: 1,759,541 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LY
climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
coordinate: 32°52′N 13°11′E
density: 3.2/km²
density: 3.74/km2 (9.7/sq mi)
latitude: 13.183
latitude: 17.26882
longitude: 26.338524
longitude: 32.867
population: 6,173,579 (2008)
population: 6,959,000
comment: Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west and Tunisia to the northwest. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 700,000 square miles, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya and contains over three million of Libya's seven million people.

Liechtenstein
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI
agricultural land: 65 km2
agricultural land: 65 sq. km
area: 160.4 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LI
climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
coordinate: 47°09′N 9°33′E
density: 221/km²
density: 237/km2 (613.8/sq mi)
latitude: 9.55
latitude: 9.553797
longitude: 47.15
longitude: 47.159496
population: 35,322 (2007)
population: 38,896
comment: Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein, is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps and in the southwest of Central Europe. The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein; the Prince's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system.
comment: Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein, is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland in Central Europe. The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein; the Prince's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system.

Light Air
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Light Breeze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Light Precipitation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Precipitation

Light Wind
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Lily
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower

Lithuania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT
agricultural land: 28,059 km2
agricultural land: 28,059 sq. km
area: 65,200 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LT
climate: transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
coordinate: 54°41′N 25°19′E
density: 43/km2 (111.4/sq mi)
density: 52/km²
latitude: 23.898157
latitude: 25.317
longitude: 54.683
longitude: 55.173496
population: 2,784,279
population: 3,350,400 (2009)
comment: Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of the Baltic states, and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the southeast of Sweden and the east of Denmark, with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the southwest. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2, with a population of 2.7 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts, and speak Lithuanian; one of only two living Baltic languages.
comment: Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2, with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.

Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 7 and Clay <= 27 Sand >= 23 and Sand <= 52 Silt >= 28 and Silt <= 50

Loamy Sand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay <= 15 Sand >= 70 and Sand <= 86 Silt<= 30

Loamy Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Loam soil - are a mixture of sand, silt and clay that are combined to avoid the negative effects of each type. These soils are fertile, easy to work with and provide good drainage. Depending on their predominant composition they can be either sandy or clay loam. As the soils are a perfect balance of soil particles, they are considered to be a gardeners best friend, but still benefit from topping up with additional organic matter.

Longitude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Location
comment: Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's surface, or the surface of a celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda. Meridians (lines running from pole to pole) connect points with the same longitude.

Low Air Pollution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Air Pollution

Low Solar Radiation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Solar Radiation

Low land
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Luxembourg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LU
agricultural land: 1,310 km2
agricultural land: 1,310 sq. km
area: 2,586.4 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LU
climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
coordinate: 49°48′52″N 06°07′54″E
density: 186/km²
density: 242/km2 (626.8/sq mi)
latitude: 6.13167
latitude: 6.133299
longitude: 49.81444
longitude: 49.81549
population: 480,222 (2007)
population: 633,622
comment: Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the four official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbors, making it a mixture of French and German cultures. It has three official languages: French, German, and the national language of Luxembourgish.
comment: Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the four official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it a mixture of French and German cultures. It has three official languages: French, German, and the national language of Luxembourgish.

Macadamia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
harvesting: Grafted trees will begin to produce a crop 3 years after planting but it is not until the 7th year that the crop will be of any economic significance. Trees will give maximum yields 15 to 20 years after planting. Nuts should be collected when they fall from the tree and this should be done every 1-2 weeks during the nut producing periods. In commercial plantations, nuts can be collected mechanically or by hand.
maintenance: During the first four years after planting, animal manure and a thick layer of organic mulch can be applied around the trees year round. after this period, the amount of manure added should be decreased to prevent the trees being provided with too much nitrogen and being deficient in potassium. In the first 4 years following planting, vegetative growth should be stimulated through pruning. Once the leading shoot has reached a height of approximately 80 cm (31.5 in) it should be clipped to stimulate branching. Established trees are usually pruned in the Spring when old, unproductive and diseased branches are removed from the canopy. Any nuts remaining on the tree should also be removed. Mulches are best applied after nut harvest to allow the material to decompose before the next crop. Avoid piling mulch up against the trunks to prevent disease.
propagation: When planting numerous macadamia trees in a plantation, consideration must be given to drainage, irrigation, row alignment and wind protection. Planting distances tend to be site specific and are dependent on factors such as the macadamia variety, soil and rainfall. In general, macadamia trees are planted 4 to 8 m (13-26 ft) apart within a row, allowing 7 to 11 m (23-36 ft) between rows. Young trees are planted in Spring and Fall by digging holes which are 45 cm deep and 60 cm in diameter. Once the tree is in position, the hole is backfilled with soil. it is recommended that some compost and rock phosphate be added to the backfill at time of planting. The soil around the tree should then be gently tamped and the tree watered. Staking will help to protect the young trees from wind damage. Grafted trees usually begin to produce fruit 3 years after planting.
requirements: Macadamia trees originate from the sub-tropical rainforests of Australia and therefore tend to grow best in areas of high humidity and high rainfall. They will grow optimally at average annual temperatures between 20 and 25°C (68–77°F) in a deep, well draining loam and sandy loam with a pH between 5.0 and 5.5. Trees should not be planted in heavy clays. It is recommended that macadamia only be planted in frost free areas, young trees will be killed by temperatures of -6°C (21°F) although older, established trees can tolerate some light frost.
uses: The kernels of the macadamia nut are mainly consumed as a snack food. The kernels from M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla can be eaten raw from the shell while the remaining Macadamia species contain toxins which must be removed prior to consumption. Macadamia may also be used in baked goods and confectionery.
comment: Macadamia trees belong to the genus Macadamia which contains four species of tree or shrub in the family Proteaceae which are grown for their edible seeds (nuts). Cultivated macadamia is a derivative of the subtropical species' Macadamia integrifoia and Macadamia tetraphylla and their hybrids. Macadamia plants naturally have multiple stems but are trained to a central leader system (single stem) in plantations. The leaves of the trees are oval or oblong and are arranged in whorls of 3 or 4 depending on variety. The tree produces creamy white or pink-red flowers on racemes of 100–300 flowers and a rounded fleshy fruit up to 27 mm (1 in) in diameter. The flesh covers a single spherical or elliptical seed (nut) with a white or gray kernel depending on the variety of tree. Macadamia can reach a height of 20 m (65.6 ft) and have a commercial lifespan of 40–60 years. Macadamia may also be referred to as Queensland nut or Australian nut and originates from Australia.

Macao
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MO
area: ISO 3166-2:MO
climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
coordinate: 22°09′28″N 113°33′35″E
density: 21,340/km2 (55,270.3/sq mi)
elevation: 172.4 m (565.6 ft)
latitude: 113.56413
longitude: 22.166002
population: 682,800
comment: Macau, also spelled Macao and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city and special administrative region of the People's Republic of China in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. With a population of about 680,000 and an area of 32.9 km2, it is the most densely populated region in the world.

Macedonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ME
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MK
agricultural land: 11,180 km2
agricultural land: 11,180 sq. km
area: 13,812 km²
area: 25,713 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MK
climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
climate: warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
coordinate: 42°0′N 21°26′E
density: 50/km²
density: 80.1/km2 (207.5/sq mi)
density: 81/km²
latitude: 21.433
latitude: 21.743027
longitude: 41.613594
longitude: 42.0
population: 2,061,315 (2008)
population: 2,077,132
population: 678,177 (2008)
comment: North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. North Macedonia is a landlocked country bordering with Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 2.06 million population. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, Bosniaks, and Aromanians .
comment: North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. North Macedonia is a landlocked country bordering with Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 2.08 million population. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, Bosniaks, and Aromanians.
label: Montenegro

Madagascar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MC
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MG
agricultural land: 1.14 million sq. km
agricultural land: 413,950 km2
agricultural land: 413,950 sq. km
area: 1.95 km²
area: 587,041 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MG
climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
climate: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
coordinate: 20°S 47°E
density: 16,818/km²
density: 33/km²
density: 35.2/km2 (91.2/sq mi)
latitude: 46.83758
latitude: 47.0
latitude: 7.424291
longitude: -18.777191
longitude: -20.0
longitude: 43.738346
population: 20,042,551 (2008)
population: 28,427,328
population: 32,796 (2008)
comment: Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately 400 kilometres off the coast of East Africa across the Mozambique Channel. At 592,800 square kilometres Madagascar is the world's second-largest island country, after Indonesia. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
comment: Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately 400 kilometres off the coast of East Africa. At 592,800 square kilometres Madagascar is the world's second-largest island country. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
alternative label: Monaco

Magnaporthe oryzae
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
comment: Magnaporthe oryzae or rice blast fungus, causes rice blast, the most important fungal rice disease in the world. Taxonomic research indicated that M. oryzae is distinct from M. grisea, a species that is morphologically indistinguishable from M. oryzae, a species that affects crabgrass (Digitaria). M. oryzae, infects millet and other grasses but primarily rice, the most economically important host. Leaf blast may result in significant economic loss; however, it is the panicle blast symptom that has the greater economic impact.

Malawi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MW
agricultural land: 55,800 km2
agricultural land: 55,800 sq. km
area: 118,484 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MW
climate: sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
coordinate: 13°30′S 34°00′E
density: 118/km²
density: 153.1/km2 (396.5/sq mi)
latitude: 34.0
latitude: 34.295383
longitude: -13.24627
longitude: -13.5
population: 13,931,831 (2008)
population: 19,129,952
comment: Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 and has an estimated population of 19,431,566 . Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa, takes up about a third of Malawi's area. Malawi's capital is Lilongwe. Its second-largest is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name for the Chewa people who inhabit the area. The country is nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa" because of the friendliness of its people.
comment: Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 and has an estimated population of 19,431,566 . Malawi's capital is Lilongwe. Its second-largest is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name for the Chewa people who inhabit the area. The country is nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa" because of the friendliness of its people.

Malaysia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MY
agricultural land: 78,700 km2
agricultural land: 78,700 sq. km
area: 329,847 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MY
climate: tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
coordinate: 2°30′N 112°30′E
density: 5 84/km²
density: 92/km2 (238.3/sq mi)
latitude: 101.968185
latitude: 112.5
longitude: 2.5
longitude: 3.994242
population: 27,730,000 (9/2008)
population: 32,730,000
comment: Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 32 million, Malaysia is the world's 43rd-most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia is in Tanjung Piai. In the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to a number of endemic species.

Maldives
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MV
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MV
agricultural land: 70 km2
agricultural land: 70 sq. km
area: 298 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MV
climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
coordinate: 4°11′N 73°31′E
density: 1,102.5/km2 (2,855.5/sq mi)
density: 1,105/km²
latitude: 73.19929
latitude: 73.51
longitude: 3.202413
longitude: 4.18
population: 350,000 (2006)
population: 557,426 or 379,270a
comment: Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is a small archipelagic state in Indian Subcontinent situated in the Indian Ocean. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about 700 kilometres from the Asian continent's mainland. The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres, Maldives is one of the world's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and, with around 557,426 inhabitants, the 2nd least populous country in Asia. Malé is the capital and the most populated city, traditionally called the "King's Island" where the ancient royal dynasties ruled for its central location.
comment: Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is a small archipelagic state in South Asia, situated in the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about 700 kilometres from the Asian continent's mainland. The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres, Maldives is one of the world's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and, with around 557,426 inhabitants, the 2nd least populous country in Asia. Malé is the capital and the most populated city, traditionally called the "King's Island" where the ancient royal dynasties ruled for its central location.

Mali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ML
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ML
agricultural land: 416,210 km2
agricultural land: 416,210 sq. km
area: 1,240,192 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ML
climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)
coordinate: 17°N 4°W
density: 11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi)
density: 11/km²
latitude: -3.998823
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 17.0
longitude: 17.580778
population: 11,995,402 (2007)
population: 20,250,833
comment: Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres . The population of Mali is 19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.
comment: Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres . The population of Mali is 19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.

Malta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MT
agricultural land: 103 km2
agricultural land: 103 sq. km
area: 316 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MT
climate: Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
coordinate: 35°54′N 14°31′E
density: 1,282/km²
density: 1,633/km2 (4,229.5/sq mi)
latitude: 14.384604
latitude: 14.517
longitude: 35.9
longitude: 35.94615
population: 419,285 (2007)
population: 514,564
comment: Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta and formerly Melita, is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km south of Italy, 284 km east of Tunisia, and 333 km north of Libya. With a population of about 515,000 over an area of 316 km2, Malta is the world's tenth smallest country in area and fourth most densely populated sovereign country. Its capital is Valletta, which is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area at 0.61 km2 . The official and national language is Maltese, which is descended from Sicilian Arabic that developed during the Emirate of Sicily, while English serves as the second official language. Italian and Sicilian also previously served as official and cultural languages on the island for centuries, with Italian being an official language in Malta until 1934 and a majority of the current Maltese population being at least conversational in the Italian language.

Mancozeb
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pesticides
comment: Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact. It is a combination of two other dithiocarbamates: maneb and zineb.[1] The mixture controls many fungal diseases in a wide range of field crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals. It is marketed as Penncozeb, Trimanoc, Vondozeb, Dithane, Manzeb, Nemispot, and Manzane.

Mandarin orange
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: The mandarin orange , also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-coloured citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.

Maneb
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pesticides
comment: Maneb is a fungicide and a polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand.

Mango
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
description: Mango, Mangifera indica, is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruit. The mango tree is erect and branching with a thick trunk and broad, rounded canopy. The leaves of the tree are are shiny and dark green. They are either elliptical or lanceolate with long petioles and a leathery texture. The tree produces dense clusters of flowers with cream-pink petals on branched panicles. The mango fruit is roughly oval in shape, with uneven sides. The fruit is a drupe, with an outer flesh surrounding a stone. The flesh is soft and bright yellow-orange in color. The skin of the fruit is yellow-green to red. Mango trees can grow to a height of 45 m (148 ft) and can live for in excess of 100 years.
harvesting: Mango fruits are usually ready for harvest 4-5 months after flowering. Fruits that are ready for harvesting will snap easily from the tree. If the fruit does not dislodge with a slight pull then it is not fully mature and should be left to ripen fully. Fruits can be harvested by hand or, in commercial plantations, with the aid of special fruit picking devices. Mango fruit is delicate and easily bruised and must be handled carefully. Mango sap is very caustic and additional care must be taken during harvest to prevent sap coming into contact with the skin of the fruit or it will result in dark blemishes.
maintenance: Mango trees are easy to maintain once established. They are tolerant of drought but will perform best if irrigated during dry spells. Mango planted in the home garden does not generally require regular fertilization. if leaves are beginning to look pale or yellow, a balanced fertilizer may be applied once or twice every year. When grown commercially, mango trees require regular pruning to open up the canopy. Pruning keep the canopy at a manageable size and also promotes good air circulation around the leaves and fruit, reducing the incidence of disease.
propagation: Seeds Mango seeds are commonly used to produce rootstock or in the production of new cultivars. Seeds can be polyembryonic or monoembryonic. Polyembryonic seeds can produce between 3 and 10 seedlings from one seed, the majority of which will exhibit the characteristics of the parent plant. Monoembryonic seeds produce only one seedling from each seed and it usually does not breed true to type. Monoembryonic mango varieties are usually vegetatively propagated by grafting onto polyembryonic rootstocks. Seeds are collected from fully ripe fruit before chilling. The kernel is then removed from the endocarp and is planted within 24 hours of collection due to a rapid degeneration in seed viability. Mango seeds should be planted to a depth of 2 cm (0.8 in) and should be positioned on their sides to promote a straight growth habit. Monoembryonic seeds should be planted to a depth of 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) in 1 to 5 gallon pots containing a well-draining potting soil. Polyembryonic seeds are usually planted in beds to allow space for the multiple seedlings. It is common to plant above a root barrier to facilitate the removal of seedlings from the bed when the time comes to pot them. Generally only 3-4 of the most vigorous seedlings are selected and potted up. Potted seedlings are usually raised under 50 to 80% shade and hardened to the sun prior to plating in the field. Vegetative propagation Desirable mango varieties can be vegetatively propagated by budding and grafting to ensure that the new tree shares the genetic characteristics of the parent. Twigs for propagation are best collected from healthy, mature trees when the trees are beginning a growth flush but when most of the terminals are still dormant. The twigs for propagation quickly lose their viability so it is important to keep them moist and cool after cutting and make the grafts immediately. The twigs should be of the same girth as the rootstock wood onto which it will be grafted and at least the thickness of a penci…
requirements: Mango trees grow best in tropical or subtropical climates where there is no danger of frost and especially in areas where the rainfall over the four summer months (June to September) totals 75 to 250 cm (30 to 100 in) and is followed by 8 months of dry weather. The trees grow optimally at temperatures of 24–27°C (75.2–80.6°F) with a relatively cool dry season and where heat is highest during flowering and fruiting. Mangos will tolerate almost any soil as long as it is well draining. Optimal growth will be achieved in rich, deep, well drained, loams. However, very rich soils will promote vegetative growth at the expense of flower and fruit production and should be avoided. The trees also grow well in sand, gravel and limestone soils. The optimum soil pH is between 5.5 and 7.5. Trees should be positioned in full sunlight for optimal fruit production.
uses: Mango is commonly eaten as a fresh fruit. The fruit may also be processed to produce mango pickles or chutneys.
comment: Mango, Mangifera indica, is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruit. The mango tree is erect and branching with a thick trunk and broad, rounded canopy. The leaves of the tree are are shiny and dark green. They are either elliptical or lanceolate with long petioles and a leathery texture. The tree produces dense clusters of flowers with cream-pink petals on branched panicles. The mango fruit is roughly oval in shape, with uneven sides. The fruit is a drupe, with an outer flesh surrounding a stone. The flesh is soft and bright yellow-orange in color. The skin of the fruit is yellow-green to red. Mango trees can grow to a height of 45 m (148 ft) and can live for in excess of 100 years.

Manioc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: See Cassava

March
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Marine Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or temperate oceanic climate, is the Köppen classification of climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool but not cold winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature below 22 oC (72 oF) in the warmest month, and above 0 oC (32 oF) (or - 3 oC (27 oF)) in the coldest month. This climate type is often caused by the onshore flow from the cool, high latitude oceans that are found west of their location.
label: Oceanic Climate

Marshall Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MD
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MH
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MH
agricultural land: 130 km2
agricultural land: 130 sq. km
agricultural land: 24,590 sq. km
area: 181 km²
area: 33,846 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MH
climate: moderate winters, warm summers
climate: tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
coordinate: 9°N 168°E
density: 121,9/km²
density: 293.0/km2 (758.9/sq mi)
density: 326/km²
latitude: 159.8964
latitude: 168.0
latitude: 28.389887
longitude: 46.979073
longitude: 9.0
longitude: 9.61502
population: 4,128,047 (2008)
population: 58,413
population: 61,963 (2005)
comment: The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an independent island country near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 58,413 people is spread out over 5 islands and 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The capital and largest city is Majuro. It has the largest portion of its territory composed of water of any sovereign state, at 97.87%.
comment: The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an island country and an associated state of the United States near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 58,413 people is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The capital and largest city is Majuro. It has the largest portion of its territory made of water of any sovereign state, at 97.87%.

Marssonina Coronaria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pathogen

Martinique
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MQ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MQ
area: 1,128 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MQ
coordinate: 14°40′N 61°00′W
density: 354/km2 (920/sq mi)
density: 356/km²
elevation: 1,397 m (4,583 ft)
latitude: -61.0
latitude: -61.022816
longitude: 14.63554
longitude: 14.667
population: 375,053
population: 402,000 (1/2008)
comment: Martinique is an island and an Overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France, and therefore an integral part of the French Republic, located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is also an Outermost Region of European Union as a special territory of the European Union and the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entire population speaks both French and Martinican Creole.
comment: Martinique is an island and an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France. An integral part of the French Republic, Martinique is located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It has a land area of 1,128 square kilometres and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is also an Outermost Region of the European Union and a special territory of the European Union; the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entire population speaks both French and Martinican Creole.

Matlab
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: MATLAB combines a desktop environment tuned for iterative analysis and design processes with a programming language that expresses matrix and array mathematics directly. It includes the Live Editor for creating scripts that combine code, output, and formatted text in an executable notebook.

Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Maturity

Mauritania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MR
agricultural land: 397,110 km2
agricultural land: 397,110 sq. km
area: 1,030,700 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MR
climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
coordinate: 20°N 12°W
density: 3.0/km²
density: 3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi)
latitude: -10.947097
latitude: -12.0
longitude: 20.0
longitude: 21.00681
population: 3,069,000 (2005)
population: 4,403,313
comment: Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in Northwest Africa. It is the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest.
comment: Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in Northwest Africa. It is the twenty-eighth largest country or dependency in the world, the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and the largest country lying entirely below an altitude of 1,000 metres . It has a population of 4.4 million, of which 1 million live in the capital and largest city Nouakchott. Mauritania is in the Maghreb region and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest.

Mauritius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MU
agricultural land: 890 km2
agricultural land: 890 sq. km
area: 2,040 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MU
climate: tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
coordinate: 20°12′S 57°30′E
density: 616/km²
density: 618.24/km2 (1,601.2/sq mi)
latitude: 57.5
latitude: 60.006447
longitude: -15.422485
longitude: -20.2
population: 1,264,866 (2007)
population: 1,265,475
comment: Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon. The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, along with nearby Réunion (a French overseas department), are part of the Mascarene Islands. The capital and largest city, Port Louis, is located on Mauritius, where most of the population is concentrated. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an Exclusive Economic Zone covering 2.3 million square kilometres.

May
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Mayotte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:YT
area: ISO 3166-2:YT
climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
coordinate: 12°50′35″S 45°08′18″E
density: 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
latitude: 45.13833
longitude: -12.84306
population: 288,926
comment: Mayotte is an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France officially named the Department of Mayotte . is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa, between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte consists of a main island, Grande-Terre, a smaller island, Petite-Terre, and several islets around these two. Mayotte is the most prosperous territory in the Mozambique Channel, making it a major destination for illegal immigration.

Dry summer climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: A Mediterranean climate /ËŒmÉ›dÉªtÉ™ËˆreÉªniÉ™n/ or dry summer climate is characterized by dry summers and mild, wet winters. The climate receives its name from the Mediterranean Basin, where this climate type is most common. Mediterranean climate zones are typically located along the western sides of continents, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the equator. The main cause of Mediterranean, or dry summer climate, is the subtropical ridge which extends northwards during the summer and migrates south during the winter due to increasing north-south temperature differences.
label: Mediterranean Climate

Medium Air Pollution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Air Pollution

Mesothermal Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type

Methyl bromide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pesticides
comment: Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br. This colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas is produced both industrially and biologically. It has a tetrahedral shape and it is a recognized ozone-depleting chemical. It was used extensively as a pesticide until being phased out by most countries in the early 2000s.
alternative label: Bromomethane

Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Clustering
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: AMI
comment: Adjusted Mutual Information between two clusterings. Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI) is an adjustment of the Mutual Information (MI) score to account for chance. It accounts for the fact that the MI is generally higher for two clusterings with a larger number of clusters, regardless of whether there is actually more information shared. For two clusterings and , the AMI is given as: AMI(U, V) = [MI(U, V) - E(MI(U, V))] / [avg(H(U), H(V)) - E(MI(U, V))] This metric is independent of the absolute values of the labels: a permutation of the class or cluster label values won’t change the score value in any way. This metric is furthermore symmetric: switching label_true with label_pred will return the same score value. This can be useful to measure the agreement of two independent label assignments strategies on the same dataset when the real ground truth is not known.

Adjusted Rand Index (ARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Clustering
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: ARI
comment: Rand index adjusted for chance. The Rand Index computes a similarity measure between two clusterings by considering all pairs of samples and counting pairs that are assigned in the same or different clusters in the predicted and true clusterings. The raw RI score is then “adjusted for chanceâ€ into the ARI score using the following scheme: ARI = (RI - Expected_RI) / (max(RI) - Expected_RI) The adjusted Rand index is thus ensured to have a value close to 0.0 for random labeling independently of the number of clusters and samples and exactly 1.0 when the clusterings are identical (up to a permutation). ARI is a symmetric measure: adjusted_rand_score(a, b) == adjusted_rand_score(b, a)

Area Under Curve (AUC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: AUC
comment: Area Under Curve(AUC) is one of the most widely used metrics for evaluation. It is used for binary classification problem. AUC of a classifier is equal to the probability that the classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive example higher than a randomly chosen negative example. Before defining AUC, let us understand two basic terms : + True Positive Rate (Sensitivity) : True Positive Rate is defined as TP/ (FN+TP). True Positive Rate corresponds to the proportion of positive data points that are correctly considered as positive, with respect to all positive data points. Image for post + True Negative Rate (Specificity) : True Negative Rate is defined as TN / (FP+TN). False Positive Rate corresponds to the proportion of negative data points that are correctly considered as negative, with respect to all negative data points. Image for post + False Positive Rate : False Positive Rate is defined as FP / (FP+TN). False Positive Rate corresponds to the proportion of negative data points that are mistakenly considered as positive, with respect to all negative data points.

Accuracy (ACC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Association Rule
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is evaluation metric of: Clustering
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: ACC
comment: Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value.

Correct Classification Rate (CCR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: CCR
comment: Correct Classification Rate (CCR) is the sum of the number on the diagonal divided by the sample size in the test data.

Confusion Matrix
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: CM
comment: Confusion Matrix as the name suggests gives us a matrix as output and describes the complete performance of the model. Lets assume we have a binary classification problem. We have some samples belonging to two classes : YES or NO. Also, we have our own classifier which predicts a class for a given input sample.

False Discovery Rate (FDR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: FDR
comment: False Discovery Rate (FDR) is the number of people who do not have the disease but are identified as having the disease (all FPs), divided by the total number of people who are identified as having the disease (includes all FPs and TPs).
definition: FDR = FP / (FP + TP)

False Positive Rate (FPR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: FPR
comment: False Positive Rate (FPR) is the number of people who do not have the disease but are identified as having the disease (all FPs), divided by the total number of people who do not have the disease (includes all FPs and TNs).
definition: FPR (False Positive Rate) = # False Positives / # negatives = FP / (FP+TN)

F-score (F)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: Fscore
comment: F-score evaluation metric combines both precision and recall as a measure of effectiveness of classification. It is calculated in terms of ratio of weighted importance on either recall or precision as determined by β coefficient.
definition: F= 2 x (Recall * Precision) / ( Recall + Precision )

Gini Coefficient (Gscore)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: Gscore
comment: Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income).

Homogeneity Score (Hscore)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Clustering
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: Hscore
comment: Homogeneity metric of a cluster labeling given a ground truth. A clustering result satisfies homogeneity if all of its clusters contain only data points which are members of a single class. This metric is independent of the absolute values of the labels: a permutation of the class or cluster label values won’t change the score value in any way. This metric is not symmetric: switching label_true with label_pred will return the completeness_score which will be different in general.

Jaccard Similarity Coefficient (Jscore)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Source: sklearn.metrics.jaccard_score
Acronym: JaccardScore
comment: Jaccard index, or Jaccard similarity coefficient, defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of two label sets, is used to compare set of predicted labels for a sample to the corresponding set of labels in y_true.

Kappa Coefficients (Kappa)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: Kscore
comment: Two novice raters will be selected to read the excerpts and themes in order to determine inter-rater reliability. Raters will be provided a list of excerpts and themes. They will be instructed to read each excerpt and each theme prior to analysis. Once they have read over the materials, they are instructed to read each excerpt, one by one, and rate whether they believe each of the themes are either present or absent. The raters were instructed to indicate which themes were present or absent in each of the excerpts. The rater could determine that none, one, some, or all of the themes were present in the excerpts. Each theme could be present in more than one excerpt and each excerpt could contain more than one theme. A Kappa coefficient will be used to verify the presence of the themes that were presented. The Kappa coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability or agreement that is used to assess qualitative documents and determine agreement between two raters. The equation used to calculate kappa is: Κ = PR(e), where Pr(a) is the observed agreement among the raters and Pr(e) is the hypothetical probability of the raters indicating a chance agreement

Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (LCCC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
References: Lin, Lawrence I-Kuei. March, 1989. 'A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility.' Biometrics 45, 255-268.
Acronym: LCCC
comment: Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is the concordance between a new test or measurement (Y) and a gold standard test or measurement (X). This statistic quantifies the agreement between these two measures of the same variable (e.g. chemical concentration). Like a correlation, CCC ranges from -1 to 1, with perfect agreement at 1. It cannot exceed the absolute value of ρ, Pearson’s correlation coefficient between Y and X. It can be legitimately calculated on as few as ten observations.

Logarithmic Loss
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: LogLoss
comment: Logarithmic Loss or Log Loss, works by penalising the false classifications. It works well for multi-class classification. When working with Log Loss, the classifier must assign probability to each class for all the samples.

Mean Absolute Bias Error (MABE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: MABE
comment: The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics.

Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: MAD
comment: The mean absolute deviation of a dataset is the average distance between each data point and the mean. It gives us an idea about the variability in a dataset.

Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
example: from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error y_true = [3, -0.5, 2, 7] y_pred = [2.5, 0.0, 2, 8] mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred)
Source: sklearn.metrics.mean_absolute_error
Acronym: MAE
comment: Mean absolute error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement. MAE is calculated as:

Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: MAPE
comment: The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics, for example in trend estimation, also used as a loss function for regression problems in machine learning.

Model Efficiency (ME)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: ME

Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: MEA
comment: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement.

Mean Relative Error (MRE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: MRE
comment: Mean of Relative Error (MRE) is often used, it is defined as the absolute value of the ratio of the error to the actual observed value.

Mean Squared Error (MSE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
example: from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error y_true = [3, -0.5, 2, 7] y_pred = [2.5, 0.0, 2, 8] mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred)
Source: sklearn.metrics.mean_squared_error
Acronym: MSE
comment: The MSE is a measure of the quality of an estimator. As it is derived from the square of Euclidean distance, it is always a positive value with the error decreasing as the error approaches zero.

Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (MSLE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: MSLE
comment: Mean squared logarithmic error is, as the name suggests, a variation of the Mean Squared Error.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: NPV
comment: Negative Predictive Value (NPV), computed as: NPV = TN / PN Total Samples (TS) Predicted Positives (PP) Predicted Negatives (PN) Actual Positives (AP) True Positives (TP) False Negatives (FN) Actual Negatives (AN) False Positives (FP) True Negatives (TN)

Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: NSE
comment: The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency is calculated as one minus the ratio of the error variance of the modeled time-series divided by the variance of the observed time-series. In the situation of a perfect model with an estimation error variance equal to zero, the resulting Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency equals 1 (NSE = 1). Conversely, a model that produces an estimation error variance equal to the variance of the observed time series results in a Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.0 (NSE = 0). In reality, NSE = 0 indicates that the model has the same predictive skill as the mean of the time-series in terms of the sum of the squared error. In the case of a modeled time series with an estimation error variance that is significantly larger than the variance of the observations, the NSE becomes negative. An efficiency less than zero (NSE < 0) occurs when the observed mean is a better predictor than the model. Values of the NSE nearer to 1, suggest a model with more predictive skill.

Overall Success Rate (OSR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: OSR

Percentage of Bias (PBIAS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
References: P.O. Yapo, H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, "Automatic calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models: sensitivity to calibration data", J. Hydrol., 181 (1996), pp. 23-48
Acronym: PBIAS

Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: PCC
comment: Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC), or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of linear correlation between two sets of data. It is the covariance of two variables, divided by the product of their standard deviations; thus it is essentially a normalised measurement of the covariance, such that the result always has a value between −1 and 1. As with covariance itself, the measure can only reflect a linear correlation of variables, and ignores many other types of relationship or correlation. As a simple example, one would expect the age and height of a sample of teenagers from a high school to have a Pearson correlation coefficient significantly greater than 0, but less than 1 (as 1 would represent an unrealistically perfect correlation).

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: PPV
comment: Positive Predictive Value (PPV) computed as: PPV = TP / PP Total Samples (TS) Predicted Positives (PP) Predicted Negatives (PN) Actual Positives (AP) True Positives (TP) False Negatives (FN) Actual Negatives (AN) False Positives (FP) True Negatives (TN)

Precision (P)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: Prec
comment: Precision can be measured as of the total actual positive cases, how many positives were predicted correctly. It can be represented as: Precision = TP / (TP + FP)

R2 score (R2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Source: sklearn.metrics.r2_score
Acronym: R2score
comment: R^2 (coefficient of determination) regression score function.

Relative Error (RE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: RE

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RMSD
comment: The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) or root-mean-square error (RMSE) is a frequently used measure of the differences between values (sample or population values) predicted by a model or an estimator and the values observed. The RMSD represents the square root of the second sample moment of the differences between predicted values and observed values or the quadratic mean of these differences.

Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RMSE
comment: RMSE is a measure of the differences between values predicted by a model or an estimator and the values actually observed. It is the standard deviation of the residuals. Residuals are a measure of how far from the regression line data points are.

Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation (RMSECV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: RMSECV

Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: RMSEP
comment: Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) is a commonly used measure for the predictive capacity of a model.

Root Mean Square Error for Validation (RMSEV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RMSEV

Root Mean Squared Log Error (RMSLE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RMSLE
comment: Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (RMSLE) is the techniques to find out the difference between the values predicted by your machine learning model and the actual values.

Relative Overall Accuracy (ROA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: ROA
comment: Relative Overall Accuracy

Ratio of Performance to Deviation (RPD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RPD

Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RRMSE
comment: Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) is calculated by dividing the RMSE by the mean observed data.

Root Relative Square Error (RRSE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: RRSE
comment: The Root Relative Squared Ưrror (RRSE) is relative to what it would have been if a simple predictor had been used. This simple predictor is just the average of the actual values. Thus, the relative squared error takes the total squared error and normalizes it by dividing by the total squared error of the simple predictor. By taking the square root of the relative squared error one reduces the error to the same dimensions as the quantity being predicted.

Ratio of RMSE to the Standard Deviation of Observations (RSR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: RSR

Recall (R)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: R
comment: Recall is described as the measured of how many of the positive predictions were correct. It can be represented as: Recall = TP / (TP + FN)

Standard Error (SE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: SE
comment: Standard Error is a measure of precision for a statistic (slope, intercept or custom calculations). Standard error is an estimate of amount of sampling error as we typically don’t know the population parameters and that we are using a sample. The standard error of an estimator reflects how it varies under repeated sampling (ie repeated training set). Standard Error can be seen as the standard deviation of the error distribution. It determines the spread of the x's around the mean. From two data set from the same population, we can get for the slope 0,5 or - 0.1 for instance. Standard Error permits to say how close is a coefficient to 0.
definition: SD = SD / sqrt(N) SD : Standard Deviation N : Samle Size

Standard Error Of Prediction (SEP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: SEP
comment: Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) measures the precision of the prediction (i.e. the difference between repeated measurements). The SEP squared is approximately equal to the RMSEP squared minus the Bias squared.

Silhouette score (Sscore)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
defined in: Scikit-learn
is evaluation metric of: Clustering
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: Sscore
comment: The Silhouette Coefficient is calculated using the mean intra-cluster distance (a) and the mean nearest-cluster distance (b) for each sample. The Silhouette Coefficient for a sample is (b - a) / max(a, b). To clarify, b is the distance between a sample and the nearest cluster that the sample is not a part of. Note that Silhouette Coefficient is only defined if number of labels is 2 <= n_labels <= n_samples - 1. This function returns the mean Silhouette Coefficient over all samples. To obtain the values for each sample, use silhouette_samples. The best value is 1 and the worst value is -1. Values near 0 indicate overlapping clusters. Negative values generally indicate that a sample has been assigned to the wrong cluster, as a different cluster is more similar.

True Negative Rate (TNR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
Acronym: TNR
comment: True Negative Rate (TNR), also known as specificity, is the proportion of people who do not have the disease who are identified as not having the disease.
definition: TNR = TN / (TN + FP)

True Positive Rate (TPR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Classification
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: TPR
comment: True Positive Rate (TPR), also known as sensitivity, is the proportion of people who have the disease who are identified as having the disease.
definition: TPR (True Positive Rate) = # True positives / # positives = Recall = TP / (TP+FN)

Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Evaluation Metric
is evaluation metric of: Regression
is transformation of: Evaluation
Acronym: WAIC
comment: Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC), also known as Watanabe–Akaike information criterion, is the generalized version of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) onto singular statistical models. Widely applicable Bayesian information criterion (WBIC) is the generalized version of Bayesian information criterion (BIC) onto singular statistical models.

Mexico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MX
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MX
agricultural land: 1.03 million km2
agricultural land: 1.03 million sq. km
area: 1,972,550 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MX
climate: varies from tropical to desert
coordinate: 23°N 102°W
density: 55/km²
density: 61/km2 (158.0/sq mi)
latitude: -102.0
latitude: -102.54343
longitude: 23.0
longitude: 23.624811
population: 106,682,500 (2008)
population: 126,014,024
comment: Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers, making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants, it is 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. Mexico is organized as a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.
comment: Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers, making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. Mexico is organized as a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.

Micronesia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:FM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FM
agricultural land: 954 km2
agricultural land: 954 sq. km
area: 702 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:FM
climate: tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
coordinate: 6°55′N 158°15′E
density: 154/km²
density: 158.1/km2 (409.5/sq mi)
latitude: 150.54385
latitude: 158.25
longitude: 6.917
longitude: 7.641036
population: 104,468
population: 107,862 (2007)
comment: The Federated States of Micronesia or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Oceania associated with the United States. It consists of four states – from west to east, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the western Pacific Ocean. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km just north of the equator. They lie northeast of New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km southwest of the main islands of Hawaii.
comment: The Federated States of Micronesia, or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Oceania. It consists of four states – from west to east, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the western Pacific. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km just north of the equator. They lie northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km southwest of the main islands of the Hawaiian Islands.

Microthermal Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type

Middle East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: Afghanistan
has country: Bahrain
has country: Egypt
has country: Iran
has country: Iraq
has country: Israel
has country: Jordan
has country: Kuwait
has country: Lebanon
has country: Oman
has country: Pakistan
has country: Palestinian Territory
has country: Qatar
has country: Saudi Arabia
has country: Syria
has country: Turkey
has country: United Arab Emirates
has country: Yemen

Mildly-infected Trees
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Crop Disease
is state of: Transformation CropDisease Tier4

Milky
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: The milk stage is the first part of maturing, and this is when the kernel begins forming. The kernel is fully formed during the dough stage, and the plant takes nutrients from the stalk and leaves and transfers them to the kernel.

Mineral Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
has algorithm: Hierarchical Clusterer (HC)
has algorithm: Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA)
has algorithm: K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN)
has algorithm: Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA)
has algorithm: Last Angle Regression (LAR)
has algorithm: Linear Regression (LR)
has algorithm: Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP)
has algorithm: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
has algorithm: Fast Principal Component Analysis (FastPCA)
has algorithm: Spectral Regression Discriminant Analysis (SRDA)
has algorithm: Accuracy (ACC)
has algorithm: Mean Squared Error (MSE)
has algorithm: Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
has algorithm: Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
comment: Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy) is a high-performance Python library for predictive modeling.
label: Mlpy

Moderate Breeze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Moderate Gale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Moderate Precipitation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Precipitation

Moderate Solar Radiation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Solar Radiation

Moderately-infected Trees
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Crop Disease
is state of: Transformation CropDisease Tier4

Moist Humidity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Humidity

Moldova
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MD
agricultural land: 24,590 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:MD
climate: moderate winters, warm summers
coordinate: 47°N 29°E
density: 85.5/km2 (221.4/sq mi)
latitude: 29.0
longitude: 47.0
population: 2,597,100 (excludes Transnistria)
comment: Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. Additionally, the unrecognised state of Transnistria, internationally recognised as part of Moldova, lies across the Dniester on the country's eastern Ukrainian border. The capital and largest city is Chișinău.
comment: Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.

Monaco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1: MD
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MC
agricultural land: 1.14 million km2
area: 33,846 km2 (13,068 sq mi)
area: ISO 3166-2:MC
climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
coordinate: 43°44′N 7°25′E
density: 18,713/km2 (48,466.4/sq mi)
density: 86.2/km2 (223.3/sq mi)
latitude: 7.417
longitude: 43.733
population: 2,640,400
population: 38,300
comment: Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera close to the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe. Bordered by France to the north, east and west, it is lapped by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The principality is home to 38,682 residents, of whom 9,486 are Monégasque nationals; it is widely recognised for being one of the most expensive and wealthiest places in the world. The official language is French, although Monégasque, Italian and English are spoken and understood by a sizeable group.
comment: Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera close to the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe. It is bordered by France to the north, east and west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The principality is home to 38,682 residents, of whom 9,486 are Monégasque nationals; it is widely recognised for being one of the most expensive and wealthiest places in the world. The official language is French, although Monégasque, Italian and English are spoken and understood by a sizeable group.

MoneyLearn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: MoneyLearn
comment: MoneyLearn is an easy-to-use, NLP tool that helps in obtaining valuable insights from the text data. The tool enables in performing text analysis such as sentiment analysis, topic classification, or keyword extraction, etc. The tool is used to train text analysis models to deliver accurate insights and once it is done then you can easily connect the models to your favorite apps like Excel. Google sheets through MonkeyLearn’s APIs that are available in all major programming languages.

Mongolia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MN
agricultural land: 5,120 km2
agricultural land: 5,120 sq. km
area: 1,564,116 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MN
climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
coordinate: 48°N 106°E
density: 1.7/km²
density: 2.07/km2 (5.4/sq mi)
latitude: 103.83698
latitude: 106.0
longitude: 46.860943
longitude: 48.0
population: 2,951,786 (2007)
population: 3,353,470
comment: Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, which is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is situated between Russia to the north and China to the south, where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only 37 kilometres separate them.
comment: Mongolia, is a landlocked country in East Asia. It is located between Russia to the north and China to the south, where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres, with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.

Montenegro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ME
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ME
area: 13,812 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:ME
climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
coordinate: 42°30′N 19°18′E
density: 45/km2 (116.5/sq mi)
latitude: 19.3
longitude: 42.5
population: 621,873
population: 622,359
comment: Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic Sea and is a part of the Balkans, sharing borders with Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north and west, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea and Croatia to the southwest. Podgorica, the capital and largest city, covers 10.4% of Montenegro's territory of 13,812 square kilometres, and is home to roughly 30% of its total population of 621,000.
comment: Montenegro is a country in southeast Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkans. It borders Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea and Croatia to the west. The largest and capital city Podgorica covers 10.4% of Montenegro's territory and is home to 29.9% of the country's population, while Cetinje has the status of old royal capital. Major group in the country are Montenegrins. Serbs form a significant minority at 28.7%, followed by Bosniaks, Albanians, Croats and Roma people.

Montserrat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MS
area: 102 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MS
coordinate: 16°45′N 62°12′W
density: 44/km2 (114.0/sq mi)
elevation: 3,440 ft (1,050 m)
latitude: -62.194504
latitude: -62.2
longitude: 16.744167
longitude: 16.75
population: 4,488 (2005)
population: 4,649 (2018)
comment: Montserrat is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. The island is in the Leeward Islands, which is part of the chain known as the Lesser Antilles, in the West Indies. Montserrat measures approximately 16 km in length and 11 km in width, with approximately 40 km of coastline. Montserrat is nicknamed "The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean" both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish ancestry of many of its inhabitants. Montserrat is the only non-fully sovereign full member of the Caribbean Community and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States.

Morocco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
has climate: Dry summer climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MA
agricultural land: 301,038 km2
agricultural land: 301,038 sq. km
area: 446,550 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MA
climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
coordinate: 32°N 6°W
density: 50.0/km2 (129.5/sq mi)
density: 70/km²
latitude: -6.0
latitude: -7.080164
longitude: 31.795067
longitude: 32.0
population: 31,352,000 (2008)
population: 37,112,080
comment: Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca. Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 and has a population of over 37 million.
comment: Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the northwesternmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. It spans an area of 446,550 km2 or 710,850 km2, with a population of roughly 37 million. Its official and predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber; the Moroccan dialect of Arabic and French are also widely spoken. Moroccan identity and culture is a vibrant mix of Berber, Arab, and European cultures. Its capital is Rabat, while its largest city is Casablanca.

Mosaic Virus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Virus
has disease: Cereal
has disease: Wheat
label: Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus

Mostly Cloudy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cloud Cover

Mozambique
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
has climate: Alpine Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MZ
agricultural land: 494,000 km2
agricultural land: 494,000 sq. km
area: 801,590 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MZ
climate: tropical to subtropical
coordinate: 18°15′S 35°00′E
density: 25/km²
density: 28.7/km2 (74.3/sq mi)
latitude: 35.0
latitude: 35.530895
longitude: -18.25
longitude: -18.670284
population: 21,397,000 (2007)
population: 30,066,648
comment: Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city of Mozambique is Maputo .

Mucks
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

Myanmar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MM
area: 676,578 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MM
coordinate: 19°45′N 96°6′E
density: 75/km²
density: 76/km2 (196.8/sq mi)
latitude: 95.95622
latitude: 96.1
longitude: 19.75
longitude: 21.913965
population: 53,582,855
population: 55,390,000 (2006)
comment: Myanmar or Burma, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is a country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. Myanmar is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia and the 10th largest in Asia by area. As of 2017, the population was about 54 million. Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon .

NK compounds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: NLTK
comment: Natural Language Toolkit or NLTK is one of the most popular platforms to build Python programmes. It offers a suite of open source Python modules, tutorials and data sets to support the research and development of NLP. More than 50 corpora and lexical resources are recipients of interfaces from NLTK. These include: A suite of text processing libraries for classification Tokenisation Stemming Tagging Parsing Semantic reasoning Wrappers for industrial-strength NLP libraries WordNet It is suitable for all kinds of programmers– students, educators, engineers, researchers, and industry professionals. NLTK can be accessed in Python version 3.6 and above and is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Linux.

NPK fertilizers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

NP compounds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Namibia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NA
agricultural land: 388,090 km2
agricultural land: 388,090 sq. km
area: 825,418 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NA
climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
coordinate: 22°S 17°E
density: 2.5/km²
density: 3.2/km2 (8.3/sq mi)
latitude: 17.0
latitude: 18.486164
longitude: -22.0
longitude: -22.965662
population: 1,820,916 (2005)
population: 2,550,226
comment: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.
comment: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Nauru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NR
area: 21 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NR
climate: tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)
coordinate: 0°32′S 166°55′E
density: 480/km2 (1,243.2/sq mi)
density: 649/km²
latitude: 166.917
latitude: 166.92213
longitude: -0.528309
longitude: -0.533
population: 10,670
population: 13,770 (2008)
comment: Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km northeast of the Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic. Additionally, its population of 10,670 is the world's second smallest, after Vatican City.
comment: Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km northeast of the Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic. Its population of about 10,000 is the world’s second smallest, after Vatican City.

Neglectible Solar Radiation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Solar Radiation

Nepal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NP
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NP
agricultural land: 42,590 km2
agricultural land: 42,590 sq. km
area: 147,181 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NP
climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
coordinate: 28°10′N 84°15′E
density: 180/km2 (466.2/sq mi)
density: 184/km²
latitude: 84.12781
latitude: 84.25
longitude: 28.167
longitude: 28.395052
population: 28,095,714
population: 29,519,114 (2008)
comment: Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country located in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, bordering Tibet of China to the north, and India in the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the largest city.
comment: Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a sovereign country in South Asia. It is mainly in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is the 49th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area. It is landlocked and borders Tibet in the north and India in the south, east and west, while Bangladesh is located only 27 km from its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city. Nepal is a multiethnic country, with Nepali as the official language.

Netherlands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Marine Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NL
agricultural land: 18,948 km2
agricultural land: 18,948 sq. km
area: 41,526 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NL
climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
coordinate: 52°22′N 4°53′E
density: 396/km²
density: 423/km2 (1,095.6/sq mi)
latitude: 4.883
latitude: 5.262636
longitude: 52.163074
longitude: 52.367
population: 16,440,113 (2008)
population: 17,623,600
comment: The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Western Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages, while Dutch Sign Language, Sinte Romani, and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.
comment: The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country primarily located in Western Europe and partly in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages, while Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.

Netherlands Antilles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:AN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AN
area: 800 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:AN
climate: tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
coordinate: 12°10′00″N 69°00′00″W
density: 229/km²
latitude: -66.05044
longitude: 15.021722
population: 183,000 (2005)
comment: The Netherlands Antilles was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies and was dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans in the Netherlands.

Neural Designer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit

New Caledonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NC
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NC
agricultural land: 2,510 km2
agricultural land: 2,510 sq. km
area: 18,575 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NC
climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
coordinate: 22°16′S 166°28′E
density: 13/km²
density: 14.5/km2 (37.6/sq mi)
elevation: 1,628 m (5,341 ft)
latitude: 166.467
latitude: 167.81303
longitude: -21.132204
longitude: -22.267
population: 244,410 (1/2008)
population: 271,407
comment: New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km east of Australia and 17,000 km from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre Le Caillou .

New Zealand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
has climate: Marine Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NZ
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NZ
agricultural land: 113,710 km2
agricultural land: 113,710 sq. km
area: 268,680 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NZ
climate: temperate with sharp regional contrasts
coordinate: 42°S 173°E
density: 15/km²
density: 19.0/km2 (49.2/sq mi)
latitude: 172.4634
latitude: 173.0
longitude: -41.2121
longitude: -42.0
population: 4,280,0005 (9/2008)
population: 5,128,120
comment: New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island and the South Island —and more than 700 smaller islands, covering a total area of 268,021 square kilometres . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.

Nicaragua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NI
agricultural land: 51,460 km2
agricultural land: 51,460 sq. km
area: 129,494 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NI
climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
coordinate: 13°8′N 85°7′W
density: 42/km²
density: 51/km2 (132.1/sq mi)
latitude: -85.117
latitude: -85.14119
longitude: 12.866726
longitude: 13.133
population: 5,603,000 (2006)
population: 6,486,201
comment: Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the northwest, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third-largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Indigenous tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English.

Niger
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NE
agricultural land: 437,820 km2
agricultural land: 437,820 sq. km
area: 1,267,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NE
climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
coordinate: 16°N 8°E
density: 12.1/km2 (31.3/sq mi)
latitude: 8.0
latitude: 8.080946
longitude: 16.0
longitude: 17.611
population: 13,272,679 (2008)
population: 24,112,753
comment: Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country. The capital and largest city is Niamey, located in Niger's southwest corner.

Nigeria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NG
agricultural land: 762,000 km2
agricultural land: 762,000 sq. km
area: 923,768 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NG
climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
coordinate: 8°N 10°E
density: 145/km²
density: 218/km2 (564.6/sq mi)
latitude: 10.0
latitude: 8.674252
longitude: 8.0
longitude: 9.084575
population: 148,000,000 (2007)
population: 211,400,708
comment: Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. Lagos is the most populous city in the country and the African continent, as well as one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world.
comment: Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It borders Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. Lagos, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, is the largest city in Nigeria and the continent of Africa. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa by population with a population of 211 million while covering an area of 923,769 square kilometers. Nigeria is the world's 32nd largest country by size and the 7th largest country by population. Nigeria is one of the world's most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations. Nigeria is Africa's largest economy by nominal GDP surpassing Egypt and South Africa and is the country with the 27th highest nominal GDP.

Nighttime Cooling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: Night cooling refers to the operation of natural ventilation at night in order to purge excess heat and cool the building fabric.

Nitrogenous
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
comment: A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom. The nitrogenous fertilizer industry includes the production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and urea. Synthetic ammonia and nitric acid are used primarily as intermediates in the production of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilizers.

Nitrogenous Fertilizers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Niue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NU
area: 269 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NU
climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
coordinate: 19°03′14″S 169°55′12″W
density: 6.71/km2 (17.4/sq mi)
latitude: -169.86308
latitude: -169.92
longitude: -19.051632
longitude: -19.05389
population: 1,620
population: 1,679 (2007)
comment: Niue is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about 261 square kilometres and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. It is 604 kilometers northeast of Tonga. The island is commonly referred to as "The Rock", which comes from the traditional name "Rock of Polynesia". Niue is one of the world's largest coral islands. The terrain of the island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of a limestone cliff running along the coast, with a plateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 0.5 km wide and about 25–27 metres high, which slopes down and meets the sea in small cliffs. A coral reef surrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi.

No Cloud Cover
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cloud Cover

No Precipitation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Precipitation

No Wind
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Non Acidic Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

None
type: NamedIndividual
type: State

Norfolk Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NF
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NF
area: 34.6 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NF
climate: subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 29°02′S 167°57′E
density: 61.1/km²
density: 61.9/km2 (160.3/sq mi)
elevation: 319 m (1,047 ft)
latitude: 167.95
latitude: 167.95622
longitude: -29.03
longitude: -29.064198
population: 1,748
population: 2,128 (2008)
comment: Norfolk Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about 900 kilometres from Lord Howe Island. Together with the neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. At the 2016 census, it had 1748 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 . Its capital is Kingston.

North America
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: Anguilla
has country: Antigua and Barbuda
has country: Aruba
has country: Bahamas
has country: Barbados
has country: Belize
has country: Bermuda
has country: Canada
has country: Cayman Islands
has country: Costa Rica
has country: Cuba
has country: Dominica
has country: Dominican
has country: El Salvador
has country: Greenland
has country: Grenada
has country: Guadeloupe
has country: Guatemala
has country: Haiti
has country: Honduras
has country: Jamaica
has country: Martinique
has country: Mexico
has country: Montserrat
has country: Netherlands Antilles
has country: Nicaragua
has country: Panama
has country: Puerto Rico
has country: Saint Kitts and Nevis
has country: Saint Lucia
has country: Saint Pierre and Miquelon
has country: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
has country: Trinidad and Tobago
has country: United States

Northern Mariana Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:MP
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:MP
agricultural land: 30 km2
agricultural land: 30 sq. km
area: 477 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:MP
climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
coordinate: 16°42′18″N 145°46′48″E
density: 113/km2 (292.7/sq mi)
density: 168/km²
elevation: 3,166 ft (965 m)
latitude: 145.48364
latitude: 145.78
longitude: 16.705
longitude: 17.325079
population: 51,659
population: 86,616 (2007)
comment: The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago; the southernmost island, Guam, is a separate U.S. territory. The CNMI and Guam are the easternmost territories of the United States.
comment: The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago; the southernmost island, Guam, is a separate U.S. territory. The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States.

Norway
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:NO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:NO
agricultural land: 9,980 km2
agricultural land: 9,980 sq. km
area: 385,252 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:NO
climate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast
coordinate: 61°N 8°E
density: 12/km²
density: 14.0/km2 (36.3/sq mi)
latitude: 17.79853
latitude: 8.0
longitude: 61.0
longitude: 64.57658
population: 4,805,437 (1/2009)
population: 5,391,369
comment: Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe whose mainland territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of Norway; it also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land.

November
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Nucleotide
type: NamedIndividual
type: Biomolecule
comment: Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver.

Nutrient Deficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Disorder
related to: Nutrient

Nutrient Stress
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Stress
related to: Nutrient
comment: Nutrient stress in crops results into symptoms that may be detected by the use of hyperspectral or measured by multispectral imaging. Both heavy metal contamination and deficiencies in nutrients soils can be assessed with the technology.

Ozone (O3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Gas
Acronym: O3
comment: Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O3.

Oase
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Oceania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: American Samoa
has country: Australia
has country: Christmas Island
has country: Cocos Islands
has country: Cook Islands
has country: Fiji
has country: Kiribati
has country: Marshall Islands
has country: Micronesia
has country: Nauru
has country: New Caledonia
has country: New Zealand
has country: Niue
has country: Norfolk Island
has country: Palau
has country: Papua New Guinea
has country: Pitcairn
has country: Samoa
has country: Solomon Islands
has country: Tokelau
has country: Tonga
has country: Tuvalu
has country: Vanuatu
has country: Wallis and Futuna

Oceanic Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type

October
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Oleander
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Flower

Oman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:OM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:OM
agricultural land: 17,705 km2
agricultural land: 17,705 sq. km
area: 309,500 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:OM
climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
coordinate: 21°N 57°E
density: 15/km2 (38.8/sq mi)
density: 8.3/km²
latitude: 55.91864
latitude: 57.0
longitude: 21.0
longitude: 21.516863
population: 2,577,000 (2006)
population: 4,829,473
comment: Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia and the oldest independent state in the Arab world. Located in a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries.
comment: Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia and the oldest independent state in the Arab world. Located in a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries. Muscat is its capital and largest city.

OpenNLP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: OpenNLP
comment: Apache OpenNLP - Data Analysis and Sentiment Analysis Accessibility is essential when you need a tool for long-term use, which is challenging in the realm of Natural Language Processing open-source tools. Because while being powered with the right features, it could be too complex to use. Apache OpenNLP is an open-source library for those who prefer practicality and accessibility. Like Stanford CoreNLP, it uses Java NLP libraries with Python decorators. While NLTK and Stanford CoreNLP are state-of-the-art libraries with tons of additions, OpenNLP is a simple yet useful tool. Besides, you can configure OpenNLP in the way you need and get rid of unnecessary features. Apache OpenLP is the right choice for: Named Entity Recognition Sentence Detection POS tagging Tokenization You can use OpenNLP for all sorts of text data analysis and sentiment analysis operations. It is also perfect in preparing text corpora for generators and conversational interfaces.

Opium Poppy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower
comment: Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant, grown in gardens. Its native range is probably the eastern Mediterranean, but is now obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.

Optimum Humidity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Humidity

Oracle Data Mining
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit

Orchid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flower

Organic Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

Ornamental
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
comment: Ornamental
comment: Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as houseplants, cut flowers and specimen display. The cultivation of ornamental plants is called floriculture, which forms a major branch of horticulture.

Overcast
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cloud Cover

Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite

PK compounds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

PROBA-V
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: PROBA-V, or PROBA-Vegetation (the V standing for vegetation and not the Roman numeral for 5), is a satellite in the European Space Agency's PROBA series.

Pakistan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PK
agricultural land: 265,500 km2
agricultural land: 265,500 sq. km
area: 803,940 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PK
climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
coordinate: 30°N 70°E
density: 206/km²
density: 244.4/km2 (633.0/sq mi)
latitude: 69.35975
latitude: 70.0
longitude: 30.0
longitude: 30.395847
population: 172,800,000 (2008)
population: 225,199,937
comment: Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212.2 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres . It has a 1,046-kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.
comment: Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population exceeding 225.2 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres . It has a 1,046-kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

Palau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PW
agricultural land: 50 km2
agricultural land: 50 sq. km
area: 459 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PW
climate: tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
coordinate: 7°30′N 134°30′E
density: 43/km²
density: 46.7/km2 (121.0/sq mi)
latitude: 130.1017
latitude: 134.5
longitude: 4.525059
longitude: 7.5
population: 17,907
population: 20,842 (2007)
comment: Palau, officially the Republic of Palau and historically Belau, Palaos or Pelew, is an island country in the western Pacific. The nation has approximately 340 islands and connects the western chain of the Caroline Islands with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia. It has a total area of 466 square kilometers . The most populous island is Koror, home to the country's most populous city of the same name. The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the north west.
comment: Palau, officially the Republic of Palau and historically Belau, Palaos or Pelew, is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean. The country contains approximately 340 islands, and together with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia, forms the western chain of the Caroline Islands. Its area is 466 square kilometers . The most populous island is Koror. The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the west.

Palestinian Territory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PS
area: ISO 3166-2:PS
coordinate: 32°00′N 35°15′E
density: 731/km2 (1,893.3/sq mi)
latitude: 35.233154
latitude: 35.25
longitude: 31.952162
longitude: 32.0
population: 5,159,076
comment: Palestine, officially recognized as the State of Palestine by the United Nations and other entities, is a de jure sovereign state in Western Asia officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization and claiming the West Bank and Gaza Strip with Jerusalem as the designated capital; in practice, however, only partial administrative control is held over the 167 "islands" in the West Bank, and Gaza is ruled by a rival government . The entirety of territory claimed by the State of Palestine has been occupied since 1948, first by Egypt and Jordan and then by Israel after the Six-Day War in 1967. Palestine has a population of 5,051,953 as of February 2020, ranked 121st in the world.
comment: The term "Palestinian territories" has been used for many years to describe the territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. More recently, the official United Nations terminology has been used, occupied Palestinian territory increasingly replacing other terms since 1999. The European Union also has adopted this usage. The term Occupied Palestinian Territory was used by the UN and other international organizations between October 1999 and December 2012 to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority. The EU had utilized a parallel term Palestinian Authority territories occasionally during the same period. The International Court of Justice referred to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory" and this term was used as the legal definition by the ICJ in the ruling in July 2004.
label: Palestinian territories

Panama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PA
agricultural land: 22,670 km2
agricultural land: 22,670 sq. km
area: 75,517 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PA
climate: tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
coordinate: 9°N 80°W
density: 43/km²
density: 56/km2 (145.0/sq mi)
latitude: -80.0
latitude: -80.11278
longitude: 8.421168
longitude: 9.0
population: 3,309,679 (2008)
population: 4,379,039
comment: Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.

Papua New Guinea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PG
agricultural land: 11,900 km2
agricultural land: 11,900 sq. km
area: 462,840 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PG
climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 6°S 147°E
density: 13/km²
density: 15/km2 (38.8/sq mi)
latitude: 147.0
latitude: 150.16052
longitude: -6.0
longitude: -6.267873
population: 6,300,000 (2007)
population: 8,935,000
comment: Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia . Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. It is the world's third largest island country with 462,840 km2 .
comment: Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia . Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. It is the world's third largest island country with an area of 462,840 km2 .

Paraguay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PY
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PY
agricultural land: 209,900 km2
agricultural land: 209,900 sq. km
area: 406,752 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PY
climate: subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
coordinate: 23°S 58°W
density: 15/km²
density: 18.00/km2 (46.6/sq mi)
latitude: -58.0
latitude: -58.453217
longitude: -23.0
longitude: -23.45139
population: 6,158,000 (2005)
population: 7,359,000
comment: Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America, the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.
comment: Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. It has a population of 7 million, nearly 3 million of which live in the capital and largest city of Asunción, and its surrounding metro. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America, the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.

Partially Mature
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Maturity

Partly Cloudy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cloud Cover

Pattern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: Pattern
comment: Pattern is a web mining module for Python. It has tools for: - Data Mining: web services (Google, Twitter, Wikipedia), web crawler, HTML DOM parser - Natural Language Processing: part-of-speech taggers, n-gram search, sentiment analysis, WordNet - Machine Learning: vector space model, clustering, classification (KNN, SVM, Perceptron) - Network Analysis: graph centrality and visualization. It is well documented, thoroughly tested with 350+ unit tests and comes bundled with 50+ examples. The source code is licensed under BSD. Pattern, multi-purpose, open-source library, can be used for several different tasks — network analysis, text processing, machine learning, data mining and NLP. In the Pattern library, the parse method takes care of functions for tokenising and POS tagging. Pattern is very popular among students for its simple and straightforward syntax. In addition, it is easy to understand and comes to the use of web developers who need to work with text data.

Peat Soil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Peat soil - are high in organic matter and retain a large amount of moisture. This type of soil is very rarely found in a garden and often imported into a garden to provide an optimum soil base for planting.

Peru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PE
agricultural land: 215,000 km2
agricultural land: 215,000 sq. km
area: 1,285,220 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PE
climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
coordinate: 10°S 76°W
density: 22/km²
density: 23/km2 (59.6/sq mi)
latitude: -75.002365
latitude: -76.0
longitude: -10.0
longitude: -9.181352
population: 29,180,900 (2008)
population: 34,294,231
comment: Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
comment: Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. Peru has a population of 33 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.

Phaeosphaeria nodorum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
comment: Phaeosphaeria nodorum (synonym and correct taxonomic name: Parastagonospora nodorum) is a major fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum), causing the disease Septoria nodorum blotch, and a member of the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families.
alternative label: P. nodorum

Philippines
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PH
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PH
agricultural land: 121,000 km2
agricultural land: 121,000 sq. km
area: 300,000 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PH
climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
coordinate: 13°N 122°E
density: 295/km²
density: 336/km2 (870.2/sq mi)
latitude: 121.766556
latitude: 122.0
longitude: 12.867031
longitude: 13.0
population: 109,035,343
population: 90,500,000 (2008)
comment: The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, and consists of about 7,640 islands, that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest, and shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 and, as of 2020, had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's twelfth-most populous country. The Philippines is a multinational state, with diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City, both lying within the urban area of Metro Manila.
comment: The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both within the urban area of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest.

Phosphate Rock
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Phosphatic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
comment: In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid H3PO4.

Phosphatic Fertilizers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Pitcairn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PN
area: 47 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PN
coordinate: 25°04′S 130°06′W
density: 1.19/km2 (3.1/sq mi)
density: 1/km²
elevation: 1,080 ft (330 m)
latitude: -130.1
latitude: -79.77675
longitude: -25.067
longitude: 40.40559
population: 47
population: 48 (2007)
comment: The Pitcairn Islands, officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, also known as the British Polynesia, is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands — Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno — are scattered across several hundred kilometres of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles . Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva to the west and Easter Island to the east.
comment: The Pitcairn Islands, officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands — Pitcairn proper, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno — are scattered across several hundred kilometres of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles . Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva to the west and Easter Island to the east.

Plain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

PlanetScope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite

Poland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: TemperateClimate
has condition: Continental Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PL
agricultural land: 147,790 km2
agricultural land: 147,790 sq. km
area: 312,679 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PL
climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
coordinate: 52°N 20°E
density: 122/km²
density: 123/km2 (318.6/sq mi)
latitude: 19.145136
latitude: 20.0
longitude: 51.919437
longitude: 52.0
population: 38,116,000 (12/2007)
population: 38,268,000
comment: Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres, and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. Poland has a population of nearly 38.5 million people, and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
comment: Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres, and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of nearly 38.5 million people, Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.

Polar Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers. Every month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 oC (50 oF). Regions with polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from the equator, and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long ( could last for the entirety of each season or longer). A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters, which results in treeless tundra, glaciers, or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.

PolyAnalyst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: PolyAnalyst is an integrated data mining tool that allows the user to address all issues involved in a data analysis project: data import or linking to an external database, transformation, analysis, visualization, results reporting, and model application to the bulk of the data. The system assists in clustering, classifying, segmenting, predicting and explaining data, as well as finding association rules. PolyAnalyst offers a broad selection of data visualization tools including histograms, two-dimensional line and scatter plots, rule graphs, thermal charts and interactively rotating three-dimensional charts.

Pond
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Poor Quality
type: NamedIndividual
type: Quality

Portugal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: Dry summer climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PT
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PT
agricultural land: 36,360 km2
agricultural land: 36,360 sq. km
area: 92,345 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PT
climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
coordinate: 38°46′N 9°9′W
density: 112.2/km2 (290.6/sq mi)
density: 114/km²
latitude: -7.868482
latitude: -9.15
longitude: 38.767
longitude: 39.558636
population: 10,347,892
population: 10,676,910 (2008)
comment: Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in south-western Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state in mainland Europe, bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Portugal’s territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The official and national language is Portuguese. Lisbon is the capital and largest city.
comment: Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state in mainland Europe, being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain. Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The official and national language is Portuguese.

Potassic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
comment: Containing potassium

Potassic fertilizers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Potassium Chloride
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer

Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
Acronym: KNO3
comment: Potassium Nitrate is a crystalline salt, KNO3; a strong oxidizer used especially in making gunpowder, as a fertilizer, and in medicine.

Potassium sulphate (K2SO4)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
Acronym: K2SO4
comment: Potassium sulfate (US) or potassium sulphate (UK), also called sulphate of potash (SOP), arcanite, or archaically potash of sulfur, is the inorganic compound with formula K2SO4, a white water-soluble solid. It is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur.
label: Sulphate of potash

Pressmud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Organic Mature

ALBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ALBERT
comment: Google ALBERT is a deep-learning NLP model, an upgrade of BERT, which has advanced on 12 NLP tasks including the competitive SQuAD v2.0 and SAT-style comprehension RACE benchmark. The model has been released as an open-source implementation on the TensorFlow framework and includes many ready-to-use pertained language representation models. The model further uses 89% fewer parameters than the BERT model — only 12M parameters and with way less loss of accuracy while evaluating, with an average of 80.1% accuracy. The model uses two optimisations to reduce model size — factorisation of the embedding layer and parameter-sharing across the hidden layers of the network.

AlexNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Imagery
trained on: ImageNet
References: Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E. 2012. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks". In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Eds. F. Pereira, C.J.C. Burges, L. Bottou, and K.Q. Weinberger (Curran Associates, Inc.), pp. 1097–1105.
References: Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks." Advances in neural information processing systems 25 (2012): 1097-1105.
Acronym: AlexNet
comment: AlexNet is the name of a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, designed by Alex Krizhevsky in collaboration with Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey Hinton. AlexNet competed in the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge on September 30, 2012. The network achieved a top-5 error of 15.3%, more than 10.8 percentage points lower than that of the runner up. The original paper's primary result was that the depth of the model was essential for its high performance, which was computationally expensive, but made feasible due to the utilization of graphics processing units (GPUs) during training.

AlexNetOWTBn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Imagery
References: Krizhevsky, A. 2014. "One weird trick for parallelizing convolutional neural networks". arXiv:1404.5997.
Acronym: AlexNetOWTBn
comment: AlexNet is the name of a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, designed by Alex Krizhevsky in collaboration with Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey Hinton. AlexNet competed in the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge on September 30, 2012. The network achieved a top-5 error of 15.3%, more than 10.8 percentage points lower than that of the runner up. The original paper's primary result was that the depth of the model was essential for its high performance, which was computationally expensive, but made feasible due to the utilization of graphics processing units (GPUs) during training.

BART
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BART model was proposed in BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension by Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Ves Stoyanov and Luke Zettlemoyer on 29 Oct, 2019. According to the abstract, Bart uses a standard seq2seq/machine translation architecture with a bidirectional encoder (like BERT) and a left-to-right decoder (like GPT). The pretraining task involves randomly shuffling the order of the original sentences and a novel in-filling scheme, where spans of text are replaced with a single mask token. BART is particularly effective when fine tuned for text generation but also works well for comprehension tasks. It matches the performance of RoBERTa with comparable training resources on GLUE and SQuAD, achieves new state-of-the-art results on a range of abstractive dialogue, question answering, and summarization tasks, with gains of up to 6 ROUGE.

BARThez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BARThez model was proposed in BARThez: a Skilled Pretrained French Sequence-to-Sequence Model by Moussa Kamal Eddine, Antoine J.-P. Tixier, Michalis Vazirgiannis on 23 Oct, 2020. The abstract of the paper: Inductive transfer learning, enabled by self-supervised learning, have taken the entire Natural Language Processing (NLP) field by storm, with models such as BERT and BART setting new state of the art on countless natural language understanding tasks. While there are some notable exceptions, most of the available models and research have been conducted for the English language. In this work, we introduce BARThez, the first BART model for the French language (to the best of our knowledge). BARThez was pretrained on a very large monolingual French corpus from past research that we adapted to suit BART’s perturbation schemes. Unlike already existing BERT-based French language models such as CamemBERT and FlauBERT, BARThez is particularly well-suited for generative tasks, since not only its encoder but also its decoder is pretrained. In addition to discriminative tasks from the FLUE benchmark, we evaluate BARThez on a novel summarization dataset, OrangeSum, that we release with this paper. We also continue the pretraining of an already pretrained multilingual BART on BARThez’s corpus, and we show that the resulting model, which we call mBARTHez, provides a significant boost over vanilla BARThez, and is on par with or outperforms CamemBERT and FlauBERT.

BERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Devlin, Jacob, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. "BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 4171-4186. 2019.
Acronym: BERT
comment: BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) applies Transformers, a popular attention model, to language modelling. This mechanism has an encoder to read the input text and a decoder that produces a prediction for the task. This model uses the technique of masking out some of the words in the input and then condition each word bidirectionally to predict the masked words. BERT also learns to model relationships between sentences, predicts if the sentences are connected or not.

BEiT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BEiT model was proposed in BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image Transformers by Hangbo Bao, Li Dong and Furu Wei. Inspired by BERT, BEiT is the first paper that makes self-supervised pre-training of Vision Transformers (ViTs) outperform supervised pre-training. Rather than pre-training the model to predict the class of an image (as done in the original ViT paper), BEiT models are pre-trained to predict visual tokens from the codebook of OpenAI’s DALL-E model given masked patches. The abstract from the paper is the following: We introduce a self-supervised vision representation model BEiT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder representation from Image Transformers. Following BERT developed in the natural language processing area, we propose a masked image modeling task to pretrain vision Transformers. Specifically, each image has two views in our pre-training, i.e, image patches (such as 16x16 pixels), and visual tokens (i.e., discrete tokens). We first “tokenize” the original image into visual tokens. Then we randomly mask some image patches and fed them into the backbone Transformer. The pre-training objective is to recover the original visual tokens based on the corrupted image patches. After pre-training BEiT, we directly fine-tune the model parameters on downstream tasks by appending task layers upon the pretrained encoder. Experimental results on image classification and semantic segmentation show that our model achieves competitive results with previous pre-training methods. For example, base-size BEiT achieves 83.2% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K, significantly outperforming from-scratch DeiT training (81.8%) with the same setup. Moreover, large-size BEiT obtains 86.3% only using ImageNet-1K, even outperforming ViT-L with supervised pre-training on ImageNet-22K (85.2%). Tips: BEiT models are regular Vision Transformers, but pre-trained in a self-supervised way rather than supervised. They outperform both the original model (ViT) as well as Data-efficient Image T…

BORT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BORT model was proposed in Optimal Subarchitecture Extraction for BERT by Adrian de Wynter and Daniel J. Perry. It is an optimal subset of architectural parameters for the BERT, which the authors refer to as “Bort”. The abstract from the paper is the following: We extract an optimal subset of architectural parameters for the BERT architecture from Devlin et al. (2018) by applying recent breakthroughs in algorithms for neural architecture search. This optimal subset, which we refer to as “Bort”, is demonstrably smaller, having an effective (that is, not counting the embedding layer) size of 5.5% the original BERT-large architecture, and 16% of the net size. Bort is also able to be pretrained in 288 GPU hours, which is 1.2% of the time required to pretrain the highest-performing BERT parametric architectural variant, RoBERTa-large (Liu et al., 2019), and about 33% of that of the world-record, in GPU hours, required to train BERT-large on the same hardware. It is also 7.9x faster on a CPU, as well as being better performing than other compressed variants of the architecture, and some of the non-compressed variants: it obtains performance improvements of between 0.3% and 31%, absolute, with respect to BERT-large, on multiple public natural language understanding (NLU) benchmarks.

BPT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: https://github.com/yzh119/BPT
Acronym: BPT
comment: BPT is Binary-Partitioning Transformer (BPT), which uses the transformer, or rather an enhanced version of it for text classification, machine translation, etc. However, using a transformer is still a costly process since it uses the self-attention mechanism. Self-attention just means that we are performing the attention operation on the sentence itself, as opposed to 2 different sentences (this is attention). Self-attention helps identify the relationship between the words in a single sentence. It is this self-attention mechanism that contributes to the cost of using a transformer. Bipartitioning, transformer The Binary-Partitioning Transformer (BPT) aims to improve the efficiency of the self-attention mechanism by treating the transformer as a graph neural network. Essentially, each node in this graph represents an input token. This is how the BP Transformer works: Step 1: Divide the sentence into 2 parts recursively until some stopping condition is reached. This is called a binary partitioning. So, for example, the sentence "I like going to New York" will have the following partitions: I like going; to New York I like; going; to New; York I; like; going; to; New; York Note: A sentence with n words will have 2*n – 1 partitions, and in the end, you have a complete binary tree. Step 2: Each partition is now a node in the Graph Neural Network. There can be 2 types of edges: The edge connecting a parent node to its children The edge connecting the leaf nodes with other nodes Step 3: Perform self-attention on each node of the graph with its neighboring nodes: Binary_partitioning, transformers The BPT achieves: SOTA performance on Chinese to English Machine Translation (BLEU score: 19.84) Accuracy of 92.12 for Sentiment Analysis on the IMDb dataset (combined with GloVE embedding) I appreciate this model in the sense that it made me revisit the concept of graphs and made me venture into looking up graph neural networks. I am admittedly late to the party, but I will surel…

BertGeneration
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BertGeneration model is a BERT model that can be leveraged for sequence-to-sequence tasks using EncoderDecoderModel as proposed in Leveraging Pre-trained Checkpoints for Sequence Generation Tasks by Sascha Rothe, Shashi Narayan, Aliaksei Severyn. The abstract from the paper is the following: Unsupervised pretraining of large neural models has recently revolutionized Natural Language Processing. By warm-starting from the publicly released checkpoints, NLP practitioners have pushed the state-of-the-art on multiple benchmarks while saving significant amounts of compute time. So far the focus has been mainly on the Natural Language Understanding tasks. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of pre-trained checkpoints for Sequence Generation. We developed a Transformer-based sequence-to-sequence model that is compatible with publicly available pre-trained BERT, GPT-2 and RoBERTa checkpoints and conducted an extensive empirical study on the utility of initializing our model, both encoder and decoder, with these checkpoints. Our models result in new state-of-the-art results on Machine Translation, Text Summarization, Sentence Splitting, and Sentence Fusion.

BertJapanese
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BertJapanese is a BERT models trained on Japanese text. There are models with two different tokenization methods: Tokenize with MeCab and WordPiece. This requires some extra dependencies, fugashi which is a wrapper around MeCab. Tokenize into characters.

Bertweet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BERTweet model was proposed in BERTweet: A pre-trained language model for English Tweets by Dat Quoc Nguyen, Thanh Vu, Anh Tuan Nguyen. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present BERTweet, the first public large-scale pre-trained language model for English Tweets. Our BERTweet, having the same architecture as BERT-base (Devlin et al., 2019), is trained using the RoBERTa pre-training procedure (Liu et al., 2019). Experiments show that BERTweet outperforms strong baselines RoBERTa-base and XLM-R-base (Conneau et al., 2020), producing better performance results than the previous state-of-the-art models on three Tweet NLP tasks: Part-of-speech tagging, Named-entity recognition and text classification.

BigBird
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BigBird model was proposed in Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequences by Zaheer, Manzil and Guruganesh, Guru and Dubey, Kumar Avinava and Ainslie, Joshua and Alberti, Chris and Ontanon, Santiago and Pham, Philip and Ravula, Anirudh and Wang, Qifan and Yang, Li and others. BigBird, is a sparse-attention based transformer which extends Transformer based models, such as BERT to much longer sequences. In addition to sparse attention, BigBird also applies global attention as well as random attention to the input sequence. Theoretically, it has been shown that applying sparse, global, and random attention approximates full attention, while being computationally much more efficient for longer sequences. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird has shown improved performance on various long document NLP tasks, such as question answering and summarization, compared to BERT or RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to their full attention mechanism. To remedy this, we propose, BigBird, a sparse attention mechanism that reduces this quadratic dependency to linear. We show that BigBird is a universal approximator of sequence functions and is Turing complete, thereby preserving these properties of the quadratic, full attention model. Along the way, our theoretical analysis reveals some of the benefits of having O(1) global tokens (such as CLS), that attend to the entire sequence as part of the sparse attention mechanism. The proposed sparse attention can handle sequences of length up to 8x of what was previously possible using similar hardware. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird drastically improves performance on various NLP tasks such as question answering and summ…

BigBirdPegasus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: BigBirdPegasus - The BigBird model was proposed in Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequences by Zaheer, Manzil and Guruganesh, Guru and Dubey, Kumar Avinava and Ainslie, Joshua and Alberti, Chris and Ontanon, Santiago and Pham, Philip and Ravula, Anirudh and Wang, Qifan and Yang, Li and others. BigBird, is a sparse-attention based transformer which extends Transformer based models, such as BERT to much longer sequences. In addition to sparse attention, BigBird also applies global attention as well as random attention to the input sequence. Theoretically, it has been shown that applying sparse, global, and random attention approximates full attention, while being computationally much more efficient for longer sequences. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird has shown improved performance on various long document NLP tasks, such as question answering and summarization, compared to BERT or RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to their full attention mechanism. To remedy this, we propose, BigBird, a sparse attention mechanism that reduces this quadratic dependency to linear. We show that BigBird is a universal approximator of sequence functions and is Turing complete, thereby preserving these properties of the quadratic, full attention model. Along the way, our theoretical analysis reveals some of the benefits of having O(1) global tokens (such as CLS), that attend to the entire sequence as part of the sparse attention mechanism. The proposed sparse attention can handle sequences of length up to 8x of what was previously possible using similar hardware. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird drastically improves performance on various NLP tasks such as questi…

Blenderbot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Blenderbot - The Blender chatbot model was proposed in Recipes for building an open-domain chatbot Stephen Roller, Emily Dinan, Naman Goyal, Da Ju, Mary Williamson, Yinhan Liu, Jing Xu, Myle Ott, Kurt Shuster, Eric M. Smith, Y-Lan Boureau, Jason Weston on 30 Apr 2020. The abstract of the paper is the following: Building open-domain chatbots is a challenging area for machine learning research. While prior work has shown that scaling neural models in the number of parameters and the size of the data they are trained on gives improved results, we show that other ingredients are important for a high-performing chatbot. Good conversation requires a number of skills that an expert conversationalist blends in a seamless way: providing engaging talking points and listening to their partners, and displaying knowledge, empathy and personality appropriately, while maintaining a consistent persona. We show that large scale models can learn these skills when given appropriate training data and choice of generation strategy. We build variants of these recipes with 90M, 2.7B and 9.4B parameter models, and make our models and code publicly available. Human evaluations show our best models are superior to existing approaches in multi-turn dialogue in terms of engagingness and humanness measurements. We then discuss the limitations of this work by analyzing failure cases of our models.

ByT5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: ByT5 model was presented in ByT5: Towards a token-free future with pre-trained byte-to-byte models by Linting Xue, Aditya Barua, Noah Constant, Rami Al-Rfou, Sharan Narang, Mihir Kale, Adam Roberts, Colin Raffel. The abstract from the paper is the following: Most widely-used pre-trained language models operate on sequences of tokens corresponding to word or subword units. Encoding text as a sequence of tokens requires a tokenizer, which is typically created as an independent artifact from the model. Token-free models that instead operate directly on raw text (bytes or characters) have many benefits: they can process text in any language out of the box, they are more robust to noise, and they minimize technical debt by removing complex and error-prone text preprocessing pipelines. Since byte or character sequences are longer than token sequences, past work on token-free models has often introduced new model architectures designed to amortize the cost of operating directly on raw text. In this paper, we show that a standard Transformer architecture can be used with minimal modifications to process byte sequences. We carefully characterize the trade-offs in terms of parameter count, training FLOPs, and inference speed, and show that byte-level models are competitive with their token-level counterparts. We also demonstrate that byte-level models are significantly more robust to noise and perform better on tasks that are sensitive to spelling and pronunciation. As part of our contribution, we release a new set of pre-trained byte-level Transformer models based on the T5 architecture, as well as all code and data used in our experiments.

CANINE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: CANINE model was proposed in CANINE: Pre-training an Efficient Tokenization-Free Encoder for Language Representation by Jonathan H. Clark, Dan Garrette, Iulia Turc, John Wieting. It’s among the first papers that trains a Transformer without using an explicit tokenization step (such as Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), WordPiece or SentencePiece). Instead, the model is trained directly at a Unicode character-level. Training at a character-level inevitably comes with a longer sequence length, which CANINE solves with an efficient downsampling strategy, before applying a deep Transformer encoder. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pipelined NLP systems have largely been superseded by end-to-end neural modeling, yet nearly all commonly-used models still require an explicit tokenization step. While recent tokenization approaches based on data-derived subword lexicons are less brittle than manually engineered tokenizers, these techniques are not equally suited to all languages, and the use of any fixed vocabulary may limit a model’s ability to adapt. In this paper, we present CANINE, a neural encoder that operates directly on character sequences, without explicit tokenization or vocabulary, and a pre-training strategy that operates either directly on characters or optionally uses subwords as a soft inductive bias. To use its finer-grained input effectively and efficiently, CANINE combines downsampling, which reduces the input sequence length, with a deep transformer stack, which encodes context. CANINE outperforms a comparable mBERT model by 2.8 F1 on TyDi QA, a challenging multilingual benchmark, despite having 28% fewer model parameters.

CLIP
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: CLIP model was proposed in Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision by Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, Ilya Sutskever. CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training) is a neural network trained on a variety of (image, text) pairs. It can be instructed in natural language to predict the most relevant text snippet, given an image, without directly optimizing for the task, similarly to the zero-shot capabilities of GPT-2 and 3. The abstract from the paper is the following: State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training exampl…

CPM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: CPM model was proposed in CPM: A Large-scale Generative Chinese Pre-trained Language Model by Zhengyan Zhang, Xu Han, Hao Zhou, Pei Ke, Yuxian Gu, Deming Ye, Yujia Qin, Yusheng Su, Haozhe Ji, Jian Guan, Fanchao Qi, Xiaozhi Wang, Yanan Zheng, Guoyang Zeng, Huanqi Cao, Shengqi Chen, Daixuan Li, Zhenbo Sun, Zhiyuan Liu, Minlie Huang, Wentao Han, Jie Tang, Juanzi Li, Xiaoyan Zhu, Maosong Sun. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have proven to be beneficial for various downstream NLP tasks. Recently, GPT-3, with 175 billion parameters and 570GB training data, drew a lot of attention due to the capacity of few-shot (even zero-shot) learning. However, applying GPT-3 to address Chinese NLP tasks is still challenging, as the training corpus of GPT-3 is primarily English, and the parameters are not publicly available. In this technical report, we release the Chinese Pre-trained Language Model (CPM) with generative pre-training on large-scale Chinese training data. To the best of our knowledge, CPM, with 2.6 billion parameters and 100GB Chinese training data, is the largest Chinese pre-trained language model, which could facilitate several downstream Chinese NLP tasks, such as conversation, essay generation, cloze test, and language understanding. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPM achieves strong performance on many NLP tasks in the settings of few-shot (even zero-shot) learning. This model was contributed by canwenxu. The original implementation can be found here: https://github.com/TsinghuaAI/CPM-Generate Note: We only have a tokenizer here, since the model architecture is the same as GPT-2.

CTRL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: CTRL model was proposed in CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generation by Nitish Shirish Keskar*, Bryan McCann*, Lav R. Varshney, Caiming Xiong and Richard Socher. It’s a causal (unidirectional) transformer pre-trained using language modeling on a very large corpus of ~140 GB of text data with the first token reserved as a control code (such as Links, Books, Wikipedia etc.). The abstract from the paper is the following: Large-scale language models show promising text generation capabilities, but users cannot easily control particular aspects of the generated text. We release CTRL, a 1.63 billion-parameter conditional transformer language model, trained to condition on control codes that govern style, content, and task-specific behavior. Control codes were derived from structure that naturally co-occurs with raw text, preserving the advantages of unsupervised learning while providing more explicit control over text generation. These codes also allow CTRL to predict which parts of the training data are most likely given a sequence. This provides a potential method for analyzing large amounts of data via model-based source attribution. Tips: CTRL makes use of control codes to generate text: it requires generations to be started by certain words, sentences or links to generate coherent text. Refer to the original implementation for more information. CTRL is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left. CTRL was trained with a causal language modeling (CLM) objective and is therefore powerful at predicting the next token in a sequence. Leveraging this feature allows CTRL to generate syntactically coherent text as it can be observed in the run_generation.py example script. The PyTorch models can take the past as input, which is the previously computed key/value attention pairs. Using this past value prevents the model from re-computing pre-computed values in the context…

CaffeNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
related to: AlexNet
trained on: ImageNet
References: Jia, Yangqing, Evan Shelhamer, Jeff Donahue, Sergey Karayev, Jonathan Long, Ross Girshick, Sergio Guadarrama, and Trevor Darrell. "Caffe: Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding." In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 675-678. 2014.
Acronym: CaffeNet
comment: CaffeNet is a 1-GPU version of AlexNet

CamemBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: CamemBERT model was proposed in CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Model by Louis Martin, Benjamin Muller, Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez, Yoann Dupont, Laurent Romary, Éric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Djamé Seddah, and Benoît Sagot. It is based on Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It is a model trained on 138GB of French text. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pretrained language models are now ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing. Despite their success, most available models have either been trained on English data or on the concatenation of data in multiple languages. This makes practical use of such models –in all languages except English– very limited. Aiming to address this issue for French, we release CamemBERT, a French version of the Bi-directional Encoders for Transformers (BERT). We measure the performance of CamemBERT compared to multilingual models in multiple downstream tasks, namely part-of-speech tagging, dependency parsing, named-entity recognition, and natural language inference. CamemBERT improves the state of the art for most of the tasks considered. We release the pretrained model for CamemBERT hoping to foster research and downstream applications for French NLP.

CodeBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Feng, Zhangyin, Daya Guo, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Xiaocheng Feng, Ming Gong, Linjun Shou et al. "Codebert: A pre-trained model for programming and natural languages." arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08155 (2020).
References: https://github.com/microsoft/CodeBERT
Acronym: CodeBERT
comment: Microsoft’s CodeBERT, with ‘BERT’ suffix referring to Google’s BERT framework for NLP, has been built upon a bidirectional multi-layer neural architecture. By understanding the connection between natural language and programming language, the model can support tasks such as code search, code documentation generation etc. CodeBERT has also been evaluated on NL-PL tasks by fine-tuning model parameters and following that it achieved excellent performance on both natural language code search and code documentation generation. The model has further been trained on the large dataset from Github code repositories in six programming languages, including 2.1 million bimodal data points and 6.4 million unimodal codes.

ConvBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: ConvBERT model was proposed in ConvBERT: Improving BERT with Span-based Dynamic Convolution by Zihang Jiang, Weihao Yu, Daquan Zhou, Yunpeng Chen, Jiashi Feng, Shuicheng Yan. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-trained language models like BERT and its variants have recently achieved impressive performance in various natural language understanding tasks. However, BERT heavily relies on the global self-attention block and thus suffers large memory footprint and computation cost. Although all its attention heads query on the whole input sequence for generating the attention map from a global perspective, we observe some heads only need to learn local dependencies, which means the existence of computation redundancy. We therefore propose a novel span-based dynamic convolution to replace these self-attention heads to directly model local dependencies. The novel convolution heads, together with the rest self-attention heads, form a new mixed attention block that is more efficient at both global and local context learning. We equip BERT with this mixed attention design and build a ConvBERT model. Experiments have shown that ConvBERT significantly outperforms BERT and its variants in various downstream tasks, with lower training cost and fewer model parameters. Remarkably, ConvBERTbase model achieves 86.4 GLUE score, 0.7 higher than ELECTRAbase, while using less than 1/4 training cost. Code and pre-trained models will be released. ConvBERT training tips are similar to those of BERT.

DETR
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: DETR model was proposed in End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers by Nicolas Carion, Francisco Massa, Gabriel Synnaeve, Nicolas Usunier, Alexander Kirillov and Sergey Zagoruyko. DETR consists of a convolutional backbone followed by an encoder-decoder Transformer which can be trained end-to-end for object detection. It greatly simplifies a lot of the complexity of models like Faster-R-CNN and Mask-R-CNN, which use things like region proposals, non-maximum suppression procedure and anchor generation. Moreover, DETR can also be naturally extended to perform panoptic segmentation, by simply adding a mask head on top of the decoder outputs. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present a new method that views object detection as a direct set prediction problem. Our approach streamlines the detection pipeline, effectively removing the need for many hand-designed components like a non-maximum suppression procedure or anchor generation that explicitly encode our prior knowledge about the task. The main ingredients of the new framework, called DEtection TRansformer or DETR, are a set-based global loss that forces unique predictions via bipartite matching, and a transformer encoder-decoder architecture. Given a fixed small set of learned object queries, DETR reasons about the relations of the objects and the global image context to directly output the final set of predictions in parallel. The new model is conceptually simple and does not require a specialized library, unlike many other modern detectors. DETR demonstrates accuracy and run-time performance on par with the well-established and highly-optimized Faster RCNN baseline on the challenging COCO object detection dataset. Moreover, DETR can be easily generalized to produce panoptic segmentation in a unified manner. We show that it significantly outperforms competitive baselines. This model was contributed by nielsr. The original code can be found here. The quickest way to get started with DETR is by che…

DPR
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR) is a set of tools and models for state-of-the-art open-domain Q&A research. It was introduced in Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering by Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oğuz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, Wen-tau Yih. The abstract from the paper is the following: Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dual-encoder framework. When evaluated on a wide range of open-domain QA datasets, our dense retriever outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system largely by 9%-19% absolute in terms of top-20 passage retrieval accuracy, and helps our end-to-end QA system establish new state-of-the-art on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks.

DeBERTa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: DeBERTa model was proposed in DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention by Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu Chen It is based on Google’s BERT model released in 2018 and Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It builds on RoBERTa with disentangled attention and enhanced mask decoder training with half of the data used in RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent progress in pre-trained neural language models has significantly improved the performance of many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper we propose a new model architecture DeBERTa (Decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention) that improves the BERT and RoBERTa models using two novel techniques. The first is the disentangled attention mechanism, where each word is represented using two vectors that encode its content and position, respectively, and the attention weights among words are computed using disentangled matrices on their contents and relative positions. Second, an enhanced mask decoder is used to replace the output softmax layer to predict the masked tokens for model pretraining. We show that these two techniques significantly improve the efficiency of model pretraining and performance of downstream tasks. Compared to RoBERTa-Large, a DeBERTa model trained on half of the training data performs consistently better on a wide range of NLP tasks, achieving improvements on MNLI by +0.9% (90.2% vs. 91.1%), on SQuAD v2.0 by +2.3% (88.4% vs. 90.7%) and RACE by +3.6% (83.2% vs. 86.8%). The DeBERTa code and pre-trained models will be made publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa. This model was contributed by DeBERTa. This model TF 2.0 implementation was contributed by kamalkraj .

DeBERTa-v2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: DeBERTa-v2 - The DeBERTa model was proposed in DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention by Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu Chen It is based on Google’s BERT model released in 2018 and Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It builds on RoBERTa with disentangled attention and enhanced mask decoder training with half of the data used in RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent progress in pre-trained neural language models has significantly improved the performance of many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper we propose a new model architecture DeBERTa (Decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention) that improves the BERT and RoBERTa models using two novel techniques. The first is the disentangled attention mechanism, where each word is represented using two vectors that encode its content and position, respectively, and the attention weights among words are computed using disentangled matrices on their contents and relative positions. Second, an enhanced mask decoder is used to replace the output softmax layer to predict the masked tokens for model pretraining. We show that these two techniques significantly improve the efficiency of model pretraining and performance of downstream tasks. Compared to RoBERTa-Large, a DeBERTa model trained on half of the training data performs consistently better on a wide range of NLP tasks, achieving improvements on MNLI by +0.9% (90.2% vs. 91.1%), on SQuAD v2.0 by +2.3% (88.4% vs. 90.7%) and RACE by +3.6% (83.2% vs. 86.8%). The DeBERTa code and pre-trained models will be made publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa. The following information is visible directly on the [original implementation repository](https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa). DeBERTa v2 is the second version of the DeBERTa model. It includes the 1.5B model used for the SuperGLUE single-model submission and achieving 89.9, versus human baseline 89.8. You can find mo…

DeiT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: DeiT model was proposed in Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attention by Hugo Touvron, Matthieu Cord, Matthijs Douze, Francisco Massa, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Hervé Jégou. The Vision Transformer (ViT) introduced in Dosovitskiy et al., 2020 has shown that one can match or even outperform existing convolutional neural networks using a Transformer encoder (BERT-like). However, the ViT models introduced in that paper required training on expensive infrastructure for multiple weeks, using external data. DeiT (data-efficient image transformers) are more efficiently trained transformers for image classification, requiring far less data and far less computing resources compared to the original ViT models. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recently, neural networks purely based on attention were shown to address image understanding tasks such as image classification. However, these visual transformers are pre-trained with hundreds of millions of images using an expensive infrastructure, thereby limiting their adoption. In this work, we produce a competitive convolution-free transformer by training on Imagenet only. We train them on a single computer in less than 3 days. Our reference vision transformer (86M parameters) achieves top-1 accuracy of 83.1% (single-crop evaluation) on ImageNet with no external data. More importantly, we introduce a teacher-student strategy specific to transformers. It relies on a distillation token ensuring that the student learns from the teacher through attention. We show the interest of this token-based distillation, especially when using a convnet as a teacher. This leads us to report results competitive with convnets for both Imagenet (where we obtain up to 85.2% accuracy) and when transferring to other tasks. We share our code and models.

DenseNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Field Imagery
is transformation of: Satellite Imagery
References: Huang, Gao, Zhuang Liu, Laurens Van Der Maaten, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. "Densely connected convolutional networks." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 4700-4708. 2017.
References: Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., et al. 2015. "Going deeper with convolutions". Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
Acronym: DenseNet
comment: A DenseNet is a type of convolutional neural network that utilises dense connections between layers, through Dense Blocks, where we connect all layers (with matching feature-map sizes) directly with each other. To preserve the feed-forward nature, each layer obtains additional inputs from all preceding layers and passes on its own feature-maps to all subsequent layers.

DialoGPT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: DialoGPT was proposed in DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generation by Yizhe Zhang, Siqi Sun, Michel Galley, Yen-Chun Chen, Chris Brockett, Xiang Gao, Jianfeng Gao, Jingjing Liu, Bill Dolan. It’s a GPT2 Model trained on 147M conversation-like exchanges extracted from Reddit. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present a large, tunable neural conversational response generation model, DialoGPT (dialogue generative pre-trained transformer). Trained on 147M conversation-like exchanges extracted from Reddit comment chains over a period spanning from 2005 through 2017, DialoGPT extends the Hugging Face PyTorch transformer to attain a performance close to human both in terms of automatic and human evaluation in single-turn dialogue settings. We show that conversational systems that leverage DialoGPT generate more relevant, contentful and context-consistent responses than strong baseline systems. The pre-trained model and training pipeline are publicly released to facilitate research into neural response generation and the development of more intelligent open-domain dialogue systems. Tips: DialoGPT is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left. DialoGPT was trained with a causal language modeling (CLM) objective on conversational data and is therefore powerful at response generation in open-domain dialogue systems. DialoGPT enables the user to create a chat bot in just 10 lines of code as shown on DialoGPT’s model card. Training: In order to train or fine-tune DialoGPT, one can use causal language modeling training. To cite the official paper: We follow the OpenAI GPT-2 to model a multiturn dialogue session as a long text and frame the generation task as language modeling. We first concatenate all dialog turns within a dialogue session into a long text x_1,…, x_N (N is the sequence length), ended by the end-of-text token. For more information ple…

DistilBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Sanh, Victor, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. "DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter." arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108 (2019).
References: https://huggingface.co/transformers/model_doc/distilbert.html
Acronym: DistilBERT
comment: The DistilBERT model was proposed in the blog post Smaller, faster, cheaper, lighter: Introducing DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT, and the paper DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. DistilBERT is a small, fast, cheap and light Transformer model trained by distilling BERT base. It has 40% less parameters than bert-base-uncased, runs 60% faster while preserving over 95% of BERT’s performances as measured on the GLUE language understanding benchmark.

ELECTRA
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: ELECTRA model was proposed in the paper ELECTRA: Pre-training Text Encoders as Discriminators Rather Than Generators. ELECTRA is a new pretraining approach which trains two transformer models: the generator and the discriminator. The generator’s role is to replace tokens in a sequence, and is therefore trained as a masked language model. The discriminator, which is the model we’re interested in, tries to identify which tokens were replaced by the generator in the sequence. The abstract from the paper is the following: Masked language modeling (MLM) pretraining methods such as BERT corrupt the input by replacing some tokens with [MASK] and then train a model to reconstruct the original tokens. While they produce good results when transferred to downstream NLP tasks, they generally require large amounts of compute to be effective. As an alternative, we propose a more sample-efficient pretraining task called replaced token detection. Instead of masking the input, our approach corrupts it by replacing some tokens with plausible alternatives sampled from a small generator network. Then, instead of training a model that predicts the original identities of the corrupted tokens, we train a discriminative model that predicts whether each token in the corrupted input was replaced by a generator sample or not. Thorough experiments demonstrate this new pretraining task is more efficient than MLM because the task is defined over all input tokens rather than just the small subset that was masked out. As a result, the contextual representations learned by our approach substantially outperform the ones learned by BERT given the same model size, data, and compute. The gains are particularly strong for small models; for example, we train a model on one GPU for 4 days that outperforms GPT (trained using 30x more compute) on the GLUE natural language understanding benchmark. Our approach also works well at scale, where it performs comparably to RoBERTa and XLNet while using less than 1…

ELMo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ELMo
comment: ELMo, also known as Embeddings from Language Models is a deep contextualised word representation that models syntax and semantic of words as well as their linguistic contexts. The model, developed by Allen NLP, has been pre-trained on a huge text-corpus and learned functions from deep bi-directional models (biLM). ELMo can easily be added to the existing models, which drastically improves the functions across vast NLP problems, including answering questions, textual entailment and sentiment analysis.

ERNIE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ERNIE
comment: ERNIE 1.0 (released in March 2019) has been a popular model for text classification, it was ERNIE 2.0 which became the talk of the town in the latter half of 2019. Developed by tech-giant Baidu, ERNIE outperformed Google XLNet and BERT on the GLUE benchmark for English. ERNIE stands for Enhanced Representation through kNowledge IntEgration, and ERNIE 2.0 is an upgraded version of ERNIE 1.0. ERNIE 1.0 was pathbreaking in its own way – it was one of the first models to leverage Knowledge Graphs. This incorporation further enhanced training the model for advanced tasks like Relation Classification and NamedEntityRecognition (NER).

BERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: https://paperswithcode.com/method/efficientnet
Acronym: EfficientNet
comment: EfficientNet is a convolutional neural network architecture and scaling method that uniformly scales all dimensions of depth/width/resolution using a compound coefficient. Unlike conventional practice that arbitrary scales these factors, the EfficientNet scaling method uniformly scales network width, depth, and resolution with a set of fixed scaling coefficients. For example, if we want to use times more computational resources, then we can simply increase the network depth by , width by , and image size by , where are constant coefficients determined by a small grid search on the original small model. EfficientNet uses a compound coefficient to uniformly scales network width, depth, and resolution in a principled way. The compound scaling method is justified by the intuition that if the input image is bigger, then the network needs more layers to increase the receptive field and more channels to capture more fine-grained patterns on the bigger image. The base EfficientNet-B0 network is based on the inverted bottleneck residual blocks of MobileNetV2, in addition to squeeze-and-excitation blocks.
label: EfficientNet

FSMT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: FSMT (FairSeq MachineTranslation) models were introduced in Facebook FAIR’s WMT19 News Translation Task Submission by Nathan Ng, Kyra Yee, Alexei Baevski, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, Sergey Edunov. The abstract of the paper is the following: This paper describes Facebook FAIR’s submission to the WMT19 shared news translation task. We participate in two language pairs and four language directions, English <-> German and English <-> Russian. Following our submission from last year, our baseline systems are large BPE-based transformer models trained with the Fairseq sequence modeling toolkit which rely on sampled back-translations. This year we experiment with different bitext data filtering schemes, as well as with adding filtered back-translated data. We also ensemble and fine-tune our models on domain-specific data, then decode using noisy channel model reranking. Our submissions are ranked first in all four directions of the human evaluation campaign. On En->De, our system significantly outperforms other systems as well as human translations. This system improves upon our WMT’18 submission by 4.5 BLEU points.

FlauBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: FlauBERT model was proposed in the paper FlauBERT: Unsupervised Language Model Pre-training for French by Hang Le et al. It’s a transformer model pretrained using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective (like BERT). The abstract from the paper is the following: Language models have become a key step to achieve state-of-the art results in many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Leveraging the huge amount of unlabeled texts nowadays available, they provide an efficient way to pre-train continuous word representations that can be fine-tuned for a downstream task, along with their contextualization at the sentence level. This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized representations (Dai and Le, 2015; Peters et al., 2018; Howard and Ruder, 2018; Radford et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019b). In this paper, we introduce and share FlauBERT, a model learned on a very large and heterogeneous French corpus. Models of different sizes are trained using the new CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) Jean Zay supercomputer. We apply our French language models to diverse NLP tasks (text classification, paraphrasing, natural language inference, parsing, word sense disambiguation) and show that most of the time they outperform other pretraining approaches. Different versions of FlauBERT as well as a unified evaluation protocol for the downstream tasks, called FLUE (French Language Understanding Evaluation), are shared to the research community for further reproducible experiments in French NLP.

Funnel-Transformer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Funnel Transformer model was proposed in the paper Funnel-Transformer: Filtering out Sequential Redundancy for Efficient Language Processing. It is a bidirectional transformer model, like BERT, but with a pooling operation after each block of layers, a bit like in traditional convolutional neural networks (CNN) in computer vision. The abstract from the paper is the following: With the success of language pretraining, it is highly desirable to develop more efficient architectures of good scalability that can exploit the abundant unlabeled data at a lower cost. To improve the efficiency, we examine the much-overlooked redundancy in maintaining a full-length token-level presentation, especially for tasks that only require a single-vector presentation of the sequence. With this intuition, we propose Funnel-Transformer which gradually compresses the sequence of hidden states to a shorter one and hence reduces the computation cost. More importantly, by re-investing the saved FLOPs from length reduction in constructing a deeper or wider model, we further improve the model capacity. In addition, to perform token-level predictions as required by common pretraining objectives, Funnel-Transformer is able to recover a deep representation for each token from the reduced hidden sequence via a decoder. Empirically, with comparable or fewer FLOPs, Funnel-Transformer outperforms the standard Transformer on a wide variety of sequence-level prediction tasks, including text classification, language understanding, and reading comprehension. Tips: Since Funnel Transformer uses pooling, the sequence length of the hidden states changes after each block of layers. The base model therefore has a final sequence length that is a quarter of the original one. This model can be used directly for tasks that just require a sentence summary (like sequence classification or multiple choice). For other tasks, the full model is used; this full model has a decoder that upsamples the final hidden states …

GPT-2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: GPT2
comment: OpenAI’s GPT-2 or Generative Pre-Training version 2 is a state-of-the-art language model that can generate text like humans. It is unmatched when it comes to a model that is generalised yet capable of outperforming models trained on specific tasks.

GPT-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
inherits: GPT-2
Acronym: GPT3
comment: A large transformer-based language model that given a sequence of words within some text, predicts the next word. GPT-3 is one of the most controversial pre-trained models by OpenAI. This large scale transformer-based language model has been trained on 175 billion parameters, which is ten times more than any previous non-sparse language model available. The model has been trained to achieve strong performance on many NLP datasets, including tasks like translation, answering questions, as well as several tasks that require on-the-fly reasoning such as unscrambling words. With its recent advancements, it has been used even to write news articles and generate codes helping developers to build ML applications. GPT-3 is the largest model so far, and its impressive capabilities have positioned it to outrank other text prediction models. In June, this year, the company released its API for allowing the users to access the new AI models virtually.

GPTNeo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: GPTNeo model was released in the EleutherAI/gpt-neo repository by Sid Black, Stella Biderman, Leo Gao, Phil Wang and Connor Leahy. It is a GPT2 like causal language model trained on the Pile dataset. The architecture is similar to GPT2 except that GPT Neo uses local attention in every other layer with a window size of 256 tokens.

GloVe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Pennington, Jeffrey, Richard Socher, and Christopher D. Manning. "Glove: Global vectors for word representation." In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp. 1532-1543. 2014.
References: https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/
Acronym: GloVe
comment: GloVe is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words. Training is performed on aggregated global word-word co-occurrence statistics from a corpus, and the resulting representations showcase interesting linear substructures of the word vector space.

GoogLeNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Imagery
References: Szegedy, Christian, Wei Liu, Yangqing Jia, Pierre Sermanet, Scott Reed, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Vincent Vanhoucke, and Andrew Rabinovich. "Going deeper with convolutions." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1-9. 2015.
Acronym: GoogLeNet
comment: GoogLeNet is a convolutional neural network that is 22 layers deep. You can load a pretrained version of the network trained on either the ImageNet or Places365 data sets. The network trained on ImageNet classifies images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. The network trained on Places365 is similar to the network trained on ImageNet, but classifies images into 365 different place categories, such as field, park, runway, and lobby. These networks have learned different feature representations for a wide range of images. The pretrained networks both have an image input size of 224-by-224.
comment: GoogLeNet is a type of convolutional neural network based on the Inception architecture. It utilises Inception modules, which allow the network to choose between multiple convolutional filter sizes in each block. An Inception network stacks these modules on top of each other, with occasional max-pooling layers with stride 2 to halve the resolution of the grid.

Hubert
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Hubert was proposed in HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Units by Wei-Ning Hsu, Benjamin Bolte, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Kushal Lakhotia, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Abdelrahman Mohamed. The abstract from the paper is the following: Self-supervised approaches for speech representation learning are challenged by three unique problems: (1) there are multiple sound units in each input utterance, (2) there is no lexicon of input sound units during the pre-training phase, and (3) sound units have variable lengths with no explicit segmentation. To deal with these three problems, we propose the Hidden-Unit BERT (HuBERT) approach for self-supervised speech representation learning, which utilizes an offline clustering step to provide aligned target labels for a BERT-like prediction loss. A key ingredient of our approach is applying the prediction loss over the masked regions only, which forces the model to learn a combined acoustic and language model over the continuous inputs. HuBERT relies primarily on the consistency of the unsupervised clustering step rather than the intrinsic quality of the assigned cluster labels. Starting with a simple k-means teacher of 100 clusters, and using two iterations of clustering, the HuBERT model either matches or improves upon the state-of-the-art wav2vec 2.0 performance on the Librispeech (960h) and Libri-light (60,000h) benchmarks with 10min, 1h, 10h, 100h, and 960h fine-tuning subsets. Using a 1B parameter model, HuBERT shows up to 19% and 13% relative WER reduction on the more challenging dev-other and test-other evaluation subsets.

I-BERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: I-BERT model was proposed in I-BERT: Integer-only BERT Quantization by Sehoon Kim, Amir Gholami, Zhewei Yao, Michael W. Mahoney and Kurt Keutzer. It’s a quantized version of RoBERTa running inference up to four times faster. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformer based models, like BERT and RoBERTa, have achieved state-of-the-art results in many Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint, inference latency, and power consumption are prohibitive for efficient inference at the edge, and even at the data center. While quantization can be a viable solution for this, previous work on quantizing Transformer based models use floating-point arithmetic during inference, which cannot efficiently utilize integer-only logical units such as the recent Turing Tensor Cores, or traditional integer-only ARM processors. In this work, we propose I-BERT, a novel quantization scheme for Transformer based models that quantizes the entire inference with integer-only arithmetic. Based on lightweight integer-only approximation methods for nonlinear operations, e.g., GELU, Softmax, and Layer Normalization, I-BERT performs an end-to-end integer-only BERT inference without any floating point calculation. We evaluate our approach on GLUE downstream tasks using RoBERTa-Base/Large. We show that for both cases, I-BERT achieves similar (and slightly higher) accuracy as compared to the full-precision baseline. Furthermore, our preliminary implementation of I-BERT shows a speedup of 2.4 - 4.0x for INT8 inference on a T4 GPU system as compared to FP32 inference. The framework has been developed in PyTorch and has been open-sourced.

BERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: InceptionV3
comment: Inception-v3 is a convolutional neural network that is 48 layers deep. You can load a pretrained version of the network trained on more than a million images from the ImageNet database [1]. The pretrained network can classify images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. As a result, the network has learned rich feature representations for a wide range of images. The network has an image input size of 299-by-299.
label: InceptionV3

InceptionV4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Imagery
Acronym: InceptionV4
comment: Inception-v4 is a convolutional neural network architecture that builds on previous iterations of the Inception family by simplifying the architecture and using more inception modules than Inception-v3.

LED
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: LED model was proposed in Longformer: The Long-Document Transformer by Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, Arman Cohan. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism that scales linearly with sequence length, making it easy to process documents of thousands of tokens or longer. Longformer’s attention mechanism is a drop-in replacement for the standard self-attention and combines a local windowed attention with a task motivated global attention. Following prior work on long-sequence transformers, we evaluate Longformer on character-level language modeling and achieve state-of-the-art results on text8 and enwik8. In contrast to most prior work, we also pretrain Longformer and finetune it on a variety of downstream tasks. Our pretrained Longformer consistently outperforms RoBERTa on long document tasks and sets new state-of-the-art results on WikiHop and TriviaQA. We finally introduce the Longformer-Encoder-Decoder (LED), a Longformer variant for supporting long document generative sequence-to-sequence tasks, and demonstrate its effectiveness on the arXiv summarization dataset. Tips: LEDForConditionalGeneration is an extension of BartForConditionalGeneration exchanging the traditional self-attention layer with Longformer’s chunked self-attention layer. LEDTokenizer is an alias of BartTokenizer. LED works very well on long-range sequence-to-sequence tasks where the input_ids largely exceed a length of 1024 tokens. LED pads the input_ids to be a multiple of config.attention_window if required. Therefore a small speed-up is gained, when LEDTokenizer is used with the pad_to_multiple_of argument. LED makes use of global attention by means of the global_attention_mask (see LongformerModel). For summarization, it is advised to put global attention…

LUKE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: LUKE model was proposed in LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention by Ikuya Yamada, Akari Asai, Hiroyuki Shindo, Hideaki Takeda and Yuji Matsumoto. It is based on RoBERTa and adds entity embeddings as well as an entity-aware self-attention mechanism, which helps improve performance on various downstream tasks involving reasoning about entities such as named entity recognition, extractive and cloze-style question answering, entity typing, and relation classification. The abstract from the paper is the following: Entity representations are useful in natural language tasks involving entities. In this paper, we propose new pretrained contextualized representations of words and entities based on the bidirectional transformer. The proposed model treats words and entities in a given text as independent tokens, and outputs contextualized representations of them. Our model is trained using a new pretraining task based on the masked language model of BERT. The task involves predicting randomly masked words and entities in a large entity-annotated corpus retrieved from Wikipedia. We also propose an entity-aware self-attention mechanism that is an extension of the self-attention mechanism of the transformer, and considers the types of tokens (words or entities) when computing attention scores. The proposed model achieves impressive empirical performance on a wide range of entity-related tasks. In particular, it obtains state-of-the-art results on five well-known datasets: Open Entity (entity typing), TACRED (relation classification), CoNLL-2003 (named entity recognition), ReCoRD (cloze-style question answering), and SQuAD 1.1 (extractive question answering). Tips: This implementation is the same as RobertaModel with the addition of entity embeddings as well as an entity-aware self-attention mechanism, which improves performance on tasks involving reasoning about entities. LUKE treats entities as input tokens; therefore, it takes entity_…

LXMERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: LXMERT model was proposed in LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers by Hao Tan & Mohit Bansal. It is a series of bidirectional transformer encoders (one for the vision modality, one for the language modality, and then one to fuse both modalities) pretrained using a combination of masked language modeling, visual-language text alignment, ROI-feature regression, masked visual-attribute modeling, masked visual-object modeling, and visual-question answering objectives. The pretraining consists of multiple multi-modal datasets: MSCOCO, Visual-Genome + Visual-Genome Question Answering, VQA 2.0, and GQA. The abstract from the paper is the following: Vision-and-language reasoning requires an understanding of visual concepts, language semantics, and, most importantly, the alignment and relationships between these two modalities. We thus propose the LXMERT (Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers) framework to learn these vision-and-language connections. In LXMERT, we build a large-scale Transformer model that consists of three encoders: an object relationship encoder, a language encoder, and a cross-modality encoder. Next, to endow our model with the capability of connecting vision and language semantics, we pre-train the model with large amounts of image-and-sentence pairs, via five diverse representative pretraining tasks: masked language modeling, masked object prediction (feature regression and label classification), cross-modality matching, and image question answering. These tasks help in learning both intra-modality and cross-modality relationships. After fine-tuning from our pretrained parameters, our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on two visual question answering datasets (i.e., VQA and GQA). We also show the generalizability of our pretrained cross-modality model by adapting it to a challenging visual-reasoning task, NLVR, and improve the previous best result by 22% absolute (54% to 76%). Las…

LayoutLM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: LayoutLM model was proposed in the paper LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understanding by Yiheng Xu, Minghao Li, Lei Cui, Shaohan Huang, Furu Wei, and Ming Zhou. It’s a simple but effective pretraining method of text and layout for document image understanding and information extraction tasks, such as form understanding and receipt understanding. It obtains state-of-the-art results on several downstream tasks: form understanding: the FUNSD dataset (a collection of 199 annotated forms comprising more than 30,000 words). receipt understanding: the SROIE dataset (a collection of 626 receipts for training and 347 receipts for testing). document image classification: the RVL-CDIP dataset (a collection of 400,000 images belonging to one of 16 classes). The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-training techniques have been verified successfully in a variety of NLP tasks in recent years. Despite the widespread use of pretraining models for NLP applications, they almost exclusively focus on text-level manipulation, while neglecting layout and style information that is vital for document image understanding. In this paper, we propose the LayoutLM to jointly model interactions between text and layout information across scanned document images, which is beneficial for a great number of real-world document image understanding tasks such as information extraction from scanned documents. Furthermore, we also leverage image features to incorporate words’ visual information into LayoutLM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that text and layout are jointly learned in a single framework for document-level pretraining. It achieves new state-of-the-art results in several downstream tasks, including form understanding (from 70.72 to 79.27), receipt understanding (from 94.02 to 95.24) and document image classification (from 93.07 to 94.42). Tips: In addition to input_ids, forward() also expects the input bbox, which are the bounding …

LayoutLMV2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: LayoutLMV2 model was proposed in LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-Rich Document Understanding by Yang Xu, Yiheng Xu, Tengchao Lv, Lei Cui, Furu Wei, Guoxin Wang, Yijuan Lu, Dinei Florencio, Cha Zhang, Wanxiang Che, Min Zhang, Lidong Zhou. LayoutLMV2 improves LayoutLM to obtain state-of-the-art results across several document image understanding benchmarks: information extraction from scanned documents: the FUNSD dataset (a collection of 199 annotated forms comprising more than 30,000 words), the CORD dataset (a collection of 800 receipts for training, 100 for validation and 100 for testing), the SROIE dataset (a collection of 626 receipts for training and 347 receipts for testing) and the Kleister-NDA dataset (a collection of non-disclosure agreements from the EDGAR database, including 254 documents for training, 83 documents for validation, and 203 documents for testing). document image classification: the RVL-CDIP dataset (a collection of 400,000 images belonging to one of 16 classes). document visual question answering: the DocVQA dataset (a collection of 50,000 questions defined on 12,000+ document images). The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-training of text and layout has proved effective in a variety of visually-rich document understanding tasks due to its effective model architecture and the advantage of large-scale unlabeled scanned/digital-born documents. In this paper, we present LayoutLMv2 by pre-training text, layout and image in a multi-modal framework, where new model architectures and pre-training tasks are leveraged. Specifically, LayoutLMv2 not only uses the existing masked visual-language modeling task but also the new text-image alignment and text-image matching tasks in the pre-training stage, where cross-modality interaction is better learned. Meanwhile, it also integrates a spatial-aware self-attention mechanism into the Transformer architecture, so that the model can fully understand the relative positional rela…

LayoutXLM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: LayoutXLM was proposed in LayoutXLM: Multimodal Pre-training for Multilingual Visually-rich Document Understanding by Yiheng Xu, Tengchao Lv, Lei Cui, Guoxin Wang, Yijuan Lu, Dinei Florencio, Cha Zhang, Furu Wei. It’s a multilingual extension of the LayoutLMv2 model trained on 53 languages. The abstract from the paper is the following: Multimodal pre-training with text, layout, and image has achieved SOTA performance for visually-rich document understanding tasks recently, which demonstrates the great potential for joint learning across different modalities. In this paper, we present LayoutXLM, a multimodal pre-trained model for multilingual document understanding, which aims to bridge the language barriers for visually-rich document understanding. To accurately evaluate LayoutXLM, we also introduce a multilingual form understanding benchmark dataset named XFUN, which includes form understanding samples in 7 languages (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, French, Italian, German, Portuguese), and key-value pairs are manually labeled for each language. Experiment results show that the LayoutXLM model has significantly outperformed the existing SOTA cross-lingual pre-trained models on the XFUN dataset.

LeNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: LeCun, Yann, Léon Bottou, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner. "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE 86, no. 11 (1998): 2278-2324.
Acronym: LeNet
comment: LeNet is a convolutional neural network structure proposed by Yann LeCun et al. in 1989. In general, LeNet refers to lenet-5 and is a simple convolutional neural network. Convolutional neural networks are a kind of feed-forward neural network whose artificial neurons can respond to a part of the surrounding cells in the coverage range and perform well in large-scale image processing.

Longformer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Longformer model was presented in Longformer: The Long-Document Transformer by Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, Arman Cohan. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism that scales linearly with sequence length, making it easy to process documents of thousands of tokens or longer. Longformer’s attention mechanism is a drop-in replacement for the standard self-attention and combines a local windowed attention with a task motivated global attention. Following prior work on long-sequence transformers, we evaluate Longformer on character-level language modeling and achieve state-of-the-art results on text8 and enwik8. In contrast to most prior work, we also pretrain Longformer and finetune it on a variety of downstream tasks. Our pretrained Longformer consistently outperforms RoBERTa on long document tasks and sets new state-of-the-art results on WikiHop and TriviaQA. Tips: Since the Longformer is based on RoBERTa, it doesn’t have token_type_ids. You don’t need to indicate which token belongs to which segment. Just separate your segments with the separation token tokenizer.sep_token (or ).

M2M100
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: M2M100 model was proposed in Beyond English-Centric Multilingual Machine Translation by Angela Fan, Shruti Bhosale, Holger Schwenk, Zhiyi Ma, Ahmed El-Kishky, Siddharth Goyal, Mandeep Baines, Onur Celebi, Guillaume Wenzek, Vishrav Chaudhary, Naman Goyal, Tom Birch, Vitaliy Liptchinsky, Sergey Edunov, Edouard Grave, Michael Auli, Armand Joulin. The abstract from the paper is the following: Existing work in translation demonstrated the potential of massively multilingual machine translation by training a single model able to translate between any pair of languages. However, much of this work is English-Centric by training only on data which was translated from or to English. While this is supported by large sources of training data, it does not reflect translation needs worldwide. In this work, we create a true Many-to-Many multilingual translation model that can translate directly between any pair of 100 languages. We build and open source a training dataset that covers thousands of language directions with supervised data, created through large-scale mining. Then, we explore how to effectively increase model capacity through a combination of dense scaling and language-specific sparse parameters to create high quality models. Our focus on non-English-Centric models brings gains of more than 10 BLEU when directly translating between non-English directions while performing competitively to the best single systems of WMT. We open-source our scripts so that others may reproduce the data, evaluation, and final M2M-100 model.

MBart
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MBart model was presented in Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation by Yinhan Liu, Jiatao Gu, Naman Goyal, Xian Li, Sergey Edunov Marjan Ghazvininejad, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer. According to the abstract, MBART is a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pretrained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective. mBART is one of the first methods for pretraining a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text.

MBart-50
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MBart-50 is a MBart model, which was presented in Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation by Yinhan Liu, Jiatao Gu, Naman Goyal, Xian Li, Sergey Edunov Marjan Ghazvininejad, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer. According to the abstract, MBART is a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pretrained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective. mBART is one of the first methods for pretraining a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text.

MPNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MPNet model was proposed in MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding by Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, Tie-Yan Liu. MPNet adopts a novel pre-training method, named masked and permuted language modeling, to inherit the advantages of masked language modeling and permuted language modeling for natural language understanding. The abstract from the paper is the following: BERT adopts masked language modeling (MLM) for pre-training and is one of the most successful pre-training models. Since BERT neglects dependency among predicted tokens, XLNet introduces permuted language modeling (PLM) for pre-training to address this problem. However, XLNet does not leverage the full position information of a sentence and thus suffers from position discrepancy between pre-training and fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose MPNet, a novel pre-training method that inherits the advantages of BERT and XLNet and avoids their limitations. MPNet leverages the dependency among predicted tokens through permuted language modeling (vs. MLM in BERT), and takes auxiliary position information as input to make the model see a full sentence and thus reducing the position discrepancy (vs. PLM in XLNet). We pre-train MPNet on a large-scale dataset (over 160GB text corpora) and fine-tune on a variety of down-streaming tasks (GLUE, SQuAD, etc). Experimental results show that MPNet outperforms MLM and PLM by a large margin, and achieves better results on these tasks compared with previous state-of-the-art pre-trained methods (e.g., BERT, XLNet, RoBERTa) under the same model setting.

MT5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: mT5 model was presented in mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer by Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, Colin Raffel. The abstract from the paper is the following: The recent “Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer” (T5) leveraged a unified text-to-text format and scale to attain state-of-the-art results on a wide variety of English-language NLP tasks. In this paper, we introduce mT5, a multilingual variant of T5 that was pre-trained on a new Common Crawl-based dataset covering 101 languages. We describe the design and modified training of mT5 and demonstrate its state-of-the-art performance on many multilingual benchmarks. All of the code and model checkpoints

MarianMT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MarianMT is a Translations model, but not identical to output in the test set linked to in each model card. The list of supported language pairs can be found here. Models were originally trained by Jörg Tiedemann using the Marian C++ library, which supports fast training and translation. All models are transformer encoder-decoders with 6 layers in each component. Each model’s performance is documented in a model card. The 80 opus models that require BPE preprocessing are not supported. The modeling code is the same as BartForConditionalGeneration with a few minor modifications: static (sinusoid) positional embeddings (MarianConfig.static_position_embeddings=True) no layernorm_embedding (MarianConfig.normalize_embedding=False) the model starts generating with pad_token_id (which has 0 as a token_embedding) as the prefix (Bart uses ), Code to bulk convert models can be found in convert_marian_to_pytorch.py. This model was contributed by sshleifer. Naming All model names use the following format: Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-{src}-{tgt} The language codes used to name models are inconsistent. Two digit codes can usually be found here, three digit codes require googling “language code {code}”. Codes formatted like es_AR are usually code_{region}. That one is Spanish from Argentina. The models were converted in two stages. The first 1000 models use ISO-639-2 codes to identify languages, the second group use a combination of ISO-639-5 codes and ISO-639-2 codes. Examples Since Marian models are smaller than many other translation models available in the library, they can be useful for fine-tuning experiments and integration tests. Fine-tune on GPU Fine-tune on GPU with pytorch-lightning Multilingual Models All model names use the following format: Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-{src}-{tgt}: If a model can output multiple languages, and you should specify a language code by prepending the desired output language to the src_text. You can see a models’s supported language codes in its model ca…

MegatronBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MegatronBERT model was proposed in Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism by Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper and Bryan Catanzaro. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent work in language modeling demonstrates that training large transformer models advances the state of the art in Natural Language Processing applications. However, very large models can be quite difficult to train due to memory constraints. In this work, we present our techniques for training very large transformer models and implement a simple, efficient intra-layer model parallel approach that enables training transformer models with billions of parameters. Our approach does not require a new compiler or library changes, is orthogonal and complimentary to pipeline model parallelism, and can be fully implemented with the insertion of a few communication operations in native PyTorch. We illustrate this approach by converging transformer based models up to 8.3 billion parameters using 512 GPUs. We sustain 15.1 PetaFLOPs across the entire application with 76% scaling efficiency when compared to a strong single GPU baseline that sustains 39 TeraFLOPs, which is 30% of peak FLOPs. To demonstrate that large language models can further advance the state of the art (SOTA), we train an 8.3 billion parameter transformer language model similar to GPT-2 and a 3.9 billion parameter model similar to BERT. We show that careful attention to the placement of layer normalization in BERT-like models is critical to achieving increased performance as the model size grows. Using the GPT-2 model we achieve SOTA results on the WikiText103 (10.8 compared to SOTA perplexity of 15.8) and LAMBADA (66.5% compared to SOTA accuracy of 63.2%) datasets. Our BERT model achieves SOTA results on the RACE dataset (90.9% compared to SOTA accuracy of 89.4%).

MegatronGPT2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MegatronGPT2 model was proposed in Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism by Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper and Bryan Catanzaro. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent work in language modeling demonstrates that training large transformer models advances the state of the art in Natural Language Processing applications. However, very large models can be quite difficult to train due to memory constraints. In this work, we present our techniques for training very large transformer models and implement a simple, efficient intra-layer model parallel approach that enables training transformer models with billions of parameters. Our approach does not require a new compiler or library changes, is orthogonal and complimentary to pipeline model parallelism, and can be fully implemented with the insertion of a few communication operations in native PyTorch. We illustrate this approach by converging transformer based models up to 8.3 billion parameters using 512 GPUs. We sustain 15.1 PetaFLOPs across the entire application with 76% scaling efficiency when compared to a strong single GPU baseline that sustains 39 TeraFLOPs, which is 30% of peak FLOPs. To demonstrate that large language models can further advance the state of the art (SOTA), we train an 8.3 billion parameter transformer language model similar to GPT-2 and a 3.9 billion parameter model similar to BERT. We show that careful attention to the placement of layer normalization in BERT-like models is critical to achieving increased performance as the model size grows. Using the GPT-2 model we achieve SOTA results on the WikiText103 (10.8 compared to SOTA perplexity of 15.8) and LAMBADA (66.5% compared to SOTA accuracy of 63.2%) datasets. Our BERT model achieves SOTA results on the RACE dataset (90.9% compared to SOTA accuracy of 89.4%).

MobileBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: MobileBERT model was proposed in MobileBERT: a Compact Task-Agnostic BERT for Resource-Limited Devices by Zhiqing Sun, Hongkun Yu, Xiaodan Song, Renjie Liu, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. It’s a bidirectional transformer based on the BERT model, which is compressed and accelerated using several approaches. The abstract from the paper is the following: Natural Language Processing (NLP) has recently achieved great success by using huge pre-trained models with hundreds of millions of parameters. However, these models suffer from heavy model sizes and high latency such that they cannot be deployed to resource-limited mobile devices. In this paper, we propose MobileBERT for compressing and accelerating the popular BERT model. Like the original BERT, MobileBERT is task-agnostic, that is, it can be generically applied to various downstream NLP tasks via simple fine-tuning. Basically, MobileBERT is a thin version of BERT_LARGE, while equipped with bottleneck structures and a carefully designed balance between self-attentions and feed-forward networks. To train MobileBERT, we first train a specially designed teacher model, an inverted-bottleneck incorporated BERT_LARGE model. Then, we conduct knowledge transfer from this teacher to MobileBERT. Empirical studies show that MobileBERT is 4.3x smaller and 5.5x faster than BERT_BASE while achieving competitive results on well-known benchmarks. On the natural language inference tasks of GLUE, MobileBERT achieves a GLUEscore o 77.7 (0.6 lower than BERT_BASE), and 62 ms latency on a Pixel 4 phone. On the SQuAD v1.1/v2.0 question answering task, MobileBERT achieves a dev F1 score of 90.0/79.2 (1.5/2.1 higher than BERT_BASE). Tips: MobileBERT is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left. MobileBERT is similar to BERT and therefore relies on the masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It is therefore efficient at predicting masked tokens and at NLU in general, …

MobileNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: MobileNet
comment: MobileNetV2 is a convolutional neural network architecture that seeks to perform well on mobile devices. It is based on an inverted residual structure where the residual connections are between the bottleneck layers. The intermediate expansion layer uses lightweight depthwise convolutions to filter features as a source of non-linearity. As a whole, the architecture of MobileNetV2 contains the initial fully convolution layer with 32 filters, followed by 19 residual bottleneck layers.

NABoE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Yamada, Ikuya, and Hiroyuki Shindo. "Neural attentive bag-of-entities model for text classification." arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.01259 (2019).
Acronym: NABoE
comment: NABoE is Neural Attentive Bag-of-Entities Model for Text Classification (NABoE) Neural networks have always been the most popular models for NLP tasks and they outperform the more traditional models. Additionally, replacing entities with words while building the knowledge base from the corpus has improved model learning. This means that instead of building vocabulary from the words in a corpus, we build a bag of entities using Entity Linking. Though there has been research on this method of representing the corpus to the model, the NABoE model goes a step further by: + Using a Neural network to detect the entities + Using the attention mechanism to compute the weights on the detected entities (this decides the relevance of the entities for the document in question) Bag_Entitities, text_classification The Neural Attentive Bag of Entities model uses the Wikipedia corpus to detect the associated entities with a word. For example, the word "Apple" can refer to the fruit, the company, and other possible entities. Once all these entities are retrieved, the weight of each entity is calculated using the softmax-based attention function. This gives a smaller subset of entities which are relevant only to that particular document. In the end, the final representation of the word is given by its vectorized embedding combined with the vectorized embedding of the relevant entities associated with the word.

NASNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: NASNet
comment: NASNet refers to Neural Architecture Search Network, a family of models that were designed automatically by learning the model architectures directly on the dataset of interest. Here we consider NASNet-A, the highest performance model that was found for the CIFAR-10 dataset, and then extended to ImageNet 2012 dataset, obtaining state of the art performance on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet 2012. Only the NASNet-A models, and their respective weights, which are suited for ImageNet 2012 are provided.

NASNetLarge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
inherits: NASNet
Acronym: NASNetLarge
comment: NASNet-Large is a convolutional neural network that is trained on more than a million images from the ImageNet database. The network can classify images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. As a result, the network has learned rich feature representations for a wide range of images. The network has an image input size of 331-by-331.

NASNetMobile
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
inherits: NASNet
Acronym: NASNetMobile
comment: NASNet-Mobile is a convolutional neural network that is trained on more than a million images from the ImageNet database. The network can classify images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. As a result, the network has learned rich feature representations for a wide range of images. The network has an image input size of 224-by-224.

OverFeat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: OverFeat
comment: OverFeat is an Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection using Convolutional Networks

Pegasus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Pegasus model was proposed in PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization by Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu on Dec 18, 2019. Pegasus’ pretraining task is intentionally similar to summarization: important sentences are removed/masked from an input document and are generated together as one output sequence from the remaining sentences, similar to an extractive summary. Pegasus achieves SOTA summarization performance on all 12 downstream tasks, as measured by ROUGE and human eval.

PhoBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: PhoBERT model was proposed in PhoBERT: Pre-trained language models for Vietnamese by Dat Quoc Nguyen, Anh Tuan Nguyen. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present PhoBERT with two versions, PhoBERT-base and PhoBERT-large, the first public large-scale monolingual language models pre-trained for Vietnamese. Experimental results show that PhoBERT consistently outperforms the recent best pre-trained multilingual model XLM-R (Conneau et al., 2020) and improves the state-of-the-art in multiple Vietnamese-specific NLP tasks including Part-of-speech tagging, Dependency parsing, Named-entity recognition and Natural language inference.

ProphetNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: ProphetNet model was proposed in ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training, by Yu Yan, Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Dayiheng Liu, Nan Duan, Jiusheng Chen, Ruofei Zhang, Ming Zhou on 13 Jan, 2020. ProphetNet is an encoder-decoder model and can predict n-future tokens for “ngram” language modeling instead of just the next token. The abstract from the paper is the following: In this paper, we present a new sequence-to-sequence pretraining model called ProphetNet, which introduces a novel self-supervised objective named future n-gram prediction and the proposed n-stream self-attention mechanism. Instead of the optimization of one-step ahead prediction in traditional sequence-to-sequence model, the ProphetNet is optimized by n-step ahead prediction which predicts the next n tokens simultaneously based on previous context tokens at each time step. The future n-gram prediction explicitly encourages the model to plan for the future tokens and prevent overfitting on strong local correlations. We pre-train ProphetNet using a base scale dataset (16GB) and a large scale dataset (160GB) respectively. Then we conduct experiments on CNN/DailyMail, Gigaword, and SQuAD 1.1 benchmarks for abstractive summarization and question generation tasks. Experimental results show that ProphetNet achieves new state-of-the-art results on all these datasets compared to the models using the same scale pretraining corpus.

RAG
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Retrieval-augmented generation (“RAG”) models combine the powers of pretrained dense retrieval (DPR) and sequence-to-sequence models. RAG models retrieve documents, pass them to a seq2seq model, then marginalize to generate outputs. The retriever and seq2seq modules are initialized from pretrained models, and fine-tuned jointly, allowing both retrieval and generation to adapt to downstream tasks. It is based on the paper Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks by Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandara Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, Douwe Kiela. The abstract from the paper is the following: Large pre-trained language models have been shown to store factual knowledge in their parameters, and achieve state-of-the-art results when fine-tuned on downstream NLP tasks. However, their ability to access and precisely manipulate knowledge is still limited, and hence on knowledge-intensive tasks, their performance lags behind task-specific architectures. Additionally, providing provenance for their decisions and updating their world knowledge remain open research problems. Pre-trained models with a differentiable access mechanism to explicit nonparametric memory can overcome this issue, but have so far been only investigated for extractive downstream tasks. We explore a general-purpose fine-tuning recipe for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) — models which combine pre-trained parametric and non-parametric memory for language generation. We introduce RAG models where the parametric memory is a pre-trained seq2seq model and the non-parametric memory is a dense vector index of Wikipedia, accessed with a pre-trained neural retriever. We compare two RAG formulations, one which conditions on the same retrieved passages across the whole generated sequence, the other can use different passages per token. We fine-tune and evaluate our models on a wide rang…

Reformer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Reformer model was proposed in the paper Reformer: The Efficient Transformer by Nikita Kitaev, Łukasz Kaiser, Anselm Levskaya. The abstract from the paper is the following: Large Transformer models routinely achieve state-of-the-art results on a number of tasks but training these models can be prohibitively costly, especially on long sequences. We introduce two techniques to improve the efficiency of Transformers. For one, we replace dot-product attention by one that uses locality-sensitive hashing, changing its complexity from O(L^2) to O(Llog(L)), where L is the length of the sequence. Furthermore, we use reversible residual layers instead of the standard residuals, which allows storing activations only once in the training process instead of N times, where N is the number of layers. The resulting model, the Reformer, performs on par with Transformer models while being much more memory-efficient and much faster on long sequences.

RemBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: RemBERT model was proposed in Rethinking Embedding Coupling in Pre-trained Language Models by Hyung Won Chung, Thibault Févry, Henry Tsai, Melvin Johnson, Sebastian Ruder. The abstract from the paper is the following: We re-evaluate the standard practice of sharing weights between input and output embeddings in state-of-the-art pre-trained language models. We show that decoupled embeddings provide increased modeling flexibility, allowing us to significantly improve the efficiency of parameter allocation in the input embedding of multilingual models. By reallocating the input embedding parameters in the Transformer layers, we achieve dramatically better performance on standard natural language understanding tasks with the same number of parameters during fine-tuning. We also show that allocating additional capacity to the output embedding provides benefits to the model that persist through the fine-tuning stage even though the output embedding is discarded after pre-training. Our analysis shows that larger output embeddings prevent the model’s last layers from overspecializing to the pre-training task and encourage Transformer representations to be more general and more transferable to other tasks and languages. Harnessing these findings, we are able to train models that achieve strong performance on the XTREME benchmark without increasing the number of parameters at the fine-tuning stage.

ResNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ResNet
comment: A residual neural network (ResNet) is an artificial neural network (ANN) of a kind that builds on constructs known from pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex.

ResNet50
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Field Imagery
is transformation of: Imagery
is transformation of: Satellite Imagery
Acronym: ResNet50
comment: ResNet-50 is a pretrained Deep Learning model for image classification of the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN, or ConvNet), which is a class of deep neural networks, most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery. ResNet-50 is 50 layers deep and is trained on a million images of 1000 categories from the ImageNet database. Furthermore the model has over 23 million trainable parameters, which indicates a deep architecture that makes it better for image recognition. Using a pretrained model is a highly effective approach, compared if you need to build it from scratch, where you need to collect great amounts of data and train it yourself. Of course, there are other pretrained deep models to use such as AlexNet, GoogleNet or VGG19, but the ResNet-50 is noted for excellent generalization performance with fewer error rates on recognition tasks and is therefore a useful tool to know.

RetinaNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: RetinaNet
comment: RetinaNet is a one-stage object detection model that utilizes a focal loss function to address class imbalance during training. Focal loss applies a modulating term to the cross entropy loss in order to focus learning on hard negative examples. RetinaNet is a single, unified network composed of a backbone network and two task-specific subnetworks. The backbone is responsible for computing a convolutional feature map over an entire input image and is an off-the-self convolutional network. The first subnet performs convolutional object classification on the backbone's output; the second subnet performs convolutional bounding box regression. The two subnetworks feature a simple design that the authors propose specifically for one-stage, dense detection.

RetriBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: RetriBERT model was proposed in the blog post Explain Anything Like I’m Five: A Model for Open Domain Long Form Question Answering. RetriBERT is a small model that uses either a single or pair of BERT encoders with lower-dimension projection for dense semantic indexing of text.

RoBERTa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Liu, Yinhan, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. "Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach." arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019).
Acronym: RoBERTa
comment: Facebook’s RoBERTa is an optimised method for pre-training a self-supervised NLP system built on BERT’s language masking strategy. The model has been trained to predict intentionally hidden sections of text within otherwise unannotated language examples. RoBERTa modifies key hyperparameters in the model BERT allowing it to improve on the masked language modelling objective leading to better downstream task performance. The researchers are also training RoBERTa on more data than BERT and for a more extended amount of time. Researchers used existing unannotated natural language processing data sets as well as public news articles to train the model.

RoFormer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: RoFormer model was proposed in RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding by Jianlin Su and Yu Lu and Shengfeng Pan and Bo Wen and Yunfeng Liu. The abstract from the paper is the following: Position encoding in transformer architecture provides supervision for dependency modeling between elements at different positions in the sequence. We investigate various methods to encode positional information in transformer-based language models and propose a novel implementation named Rotary Position Embedding(RoPE). The proposed RoPE encodes absolute positional information with rotation matrix and naturally incorporates explicit relative position dependency in self-attention formulation. Notably, RoPE comes with valuable properties such as flexibility of being expand to any sequence lengths, decaying inter-token dependency with increasing relative distances, and capability of equipping the linear self-attention with relative position encoding. As a result, the enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding, or RoFormer, achieves superior performance in tasks with long texts. We release the theoretical analysis along with some preliminary experiment results on Chinese data. The undergoing experiment for English benchmark will soon be updated.

SegNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: SegNet
comment: SegNet neural network, developed by Alex Kendall, Vijay Badrinarayanan, and Roberto Cipolla, all from the University of Cambridge, is a convolutional neural network used for semantic pixel wise labeling. This problem is more commonly called semantic segmentation. Networks used for semantic segmentation typically take an RGB image as input data, and have a label which is an n channel image, where n is the number of labels involved. Each channel corresponds to a label, for example cars, road, etc, and each pixel in a certain channel will be 1 or 0 depending on whether that pixel belongs to the label corresponding to that channel. SegNet consists of layers called encoders and decoders. Each encoder applies convolution, batch normalization and a non linearity, then applies max pooling on the result, while storing the index of the value extracted from each window. Decoders are similar to the encoders, the difference is that they don’t have a non linearity, and they upsample their input, using indices stored from the encoding stage. After the final decoder, the output is fed to a softmax classifier which gives the final prediction. The prediction is going to be an n channel image so we have to write a separate function to convert it into an RGB image where we can look at the results qualitatively.

ShuffleNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ShuffleNet
comment: ShuffleNet is an Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices It is introduced as an extremely computation-efficient CNN architecture named ShuffleNet, which is designed specially for mobile devices with very limited computing power (e.g., 10-150 MFLOPs). The new architecture utilizes two new operations, pointwise group convolution and channel shuffle, to greatly reduce computation cost while maintaining accuracy. Experiments on ImageNet classification and MS COCO object detection demonstrate the superior performance of ShuffleNet over other structures, e.g. lower top-1 error (absolute 7.8%) than recent MobileNet on ImageNet classification task, under the computation budget of 40 MFLOPs. On an ARM-based mobile device, ShuffleNet achieves ~13x actual speedup over AlexNet while maintaining comparable accuracy

Speech2Text
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Speech2Text model was proposed in fairseq S2T: Fast Speech-to-Text Modeling with fairseq by Changhan Wang, Yun Tang, Xutai Ma, Anne Wu, Dmytro Okhonko, Juan Pino. It’s a transformer-based seq2seq (encoder-decoder) model designed for end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Speech Translation (ST). It uses a convolutional downsampler to reduce the length of speech inputs by 3/4th before they are fed into the encoder. The model is trained with standard autoregressive cross-entropy loss and generates the transcripts/translations autoregressively. Speech2Text has been fine-tuned on several datasets for ASR and ST: LibriSpeech, CoVoST 2, MuST-C.

Splinter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Splinter model was proposed in Few-Shot Question Answering by Pretraining Span Selection by Ori Ram, Yuval Kirstain, Jonathan Berant, Amir Globerson, Omer Levy. Splinter is an encoder-only transformer (similar to BERT) pretrained using the recurring span selection task on a large corpus comprising Wikipedia and the Toronto Book Corpus. The abstract from the paper is the following: In several question answering benchmarks, pretrained models have reached human parity through fine-tuning on an order of 100,000 annotated questions and answers. We explore the more realistic few-shot setting, where only a few hundred training examples are available, and observe that standard models perform poorly, highlighting the discrepancy between current pretraining objectives and question answering. We propose a new pretraining scheme tailored for question answering: recurring span selection. Given a passage with multiple sets of recurring spans, we mask in each set all recurring spans but one, and ask the model to select the correct span in the passage for each masked span. Masked spans are replaced with a special token, viewed as a question representation, that is later used during fine-tuning to select the answer span. The resulting model obtains surprisingly good results on multiple benchmarks (e.g., 72.7 F1 on SQuAD with only 128 training examples), while maintaining competitive performance in the high-resource setting.

SqueezeBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: SqueezeBERT model was proposed in SqueezeBERT: What can computer vision teach NLP about efficient neural networks? by Forrest N. Iandola, Albert E. Shaw, Ravi Krishna, Kurt W. Keutzer. It’s a bidirectional transformer similar to the BERT model. The key difference between the BERT architecture and the SqueezeBERT architecture is that SqueezeBERT uses grouped convolutions instead of fully-connected layers for the Q, K, V and FFN layers. The abstract from the paper is the following: Humans read and write hundreds of billions of messages every day. Further, due to the availability of large datasets, large computing systems, and better neural network models, natural language processing (NLP) technology has made significant strides in understanding, proofreading, and organizing these messages. Thus, there is a significant opportunity to deploy NLP in myriad applications to help web users, social networks, and businesses. In particular, we consider smartphones and other mobile devices as crucial platforms for deploying NLP models at scale. However, today’s highly-accurate NLP neural network models such as BERT and RoBERTa are extremely computationally expensive, with BERT-base taking 1.7 seconds to classify a text snippet on a Pixel 3 smartphone. In this work, we observe that methods such as grouped convolutions have yielded significant speedups for computer vision networks, but many of these techniques have not been adopted by NLP neural network designers. We demonstrate how to replace several operations in self-attention layers with grouped convolutions, and we use this technique in a novel network architecture called SqueezeBERT, which runs 4.3x faster than BERT-base on the Pixel 3 while achieving competitive accuracy on the GLUE test set. The SqueezeBERT code will be released.

T5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
related to: PyTorch
References: Raffel, Colin, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. "Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer." Journal of Machine Learning Research 21 (2020): 1-67.
Acronym: T5
comment: T5 is a transformer model which aims to provide great flexibility and provide better semantic understanding through the training of multiple tasks at once. Transformer-based language model trained on multiple tasks including summarization, sentiment-analysis, q&a, translation etc. The implementation in this repo is an adaptation of the onnxt5 repo which makes the export and use of T5 with ONNX easier.
comment: T5 library serves primarily as code for reproducing the experiments in Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. In the paper, we demonstrate how to achieve state-of-the-art results on multiple NLP tasks using a text-to-text transformer pre-trained on a large text corpus. The bulk of the code in this repository is used for loading, preprocessing, mixing, and evaluating datasets. It also provides a way to fine-tune the pre-trained models released alongside the publication. The t5 library can be used for future model development by providing useful modules for training and fine-tuning (potentially huge) models on mixtures of text-to-text tasks.
alternative label: T5: Text-To-Text Transfer Transformer

TAPAS
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: TAPAS model was proposed in TAPAS: Weakly Supervised Table Parsing via Pre-training by Jonathan Herzig, Paweł Krzysztof Nowak, Thomas Müller, Francesco Piccinno and Julian Martin Eisenschlos. It’s a BERT-based model specifically designed (and pre-trained) for answering questions about tabular data. Compared to BERT, TAPAS uses relative position embeddings and has 7 token types that encode tabular structure. TAPAS is pre-trained on the masked language modeling (MLM) objective on a large dataset comprising millions of tables from English Wikipedia and corresponding texts. For question answering, TAPAS has 2 heads on top: a cell selection head and an aggregation head, for (optionally) performing aggregations (such as counting or summing) among selected cells. TAPAS has been fine-tuned on several datasets: SQA (Sequential Question Answering by Microsoft), WTQ (Wiki Table Questions by Stanford University) and WikiSQL (by Salesforce). It achieves state-of-the-art on both SQA and WTQ, while having comparable performance to SOTA on WikiSQL, with a much simpler architecture. The abstract from the paper is the following: Answering natural language questions over tables is usually seen as a semantic parsing task. To alleviate the collection cost of full logical forms, one popular approach focuses on weak supervision consisting of denotations instead of logical forms. However, training semantic parsers from weak supervision poses difficulties, and in addition, the generated logical forms are only used as an intermediate step prior to retrieving the denotation. In this paper, we present TAPAS, an approach to question answering over tables without generating logical forms. TAPAS trains from weak supervision, and predicts the denotation by selecting table cells and optionally applying a corresponding aggregation operator to such selection. TAPAS extends BERT’s architecture to encode tables as input, initializes from an effective joint pre-training of text segments and tables crawl…

ToD-BERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ToD-BERT
comment: ToD-BERT is Pre-trained Natural Language Understanding for Task-Oriented Dialogues.

Transformer-XL
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai, Zhilin Yang, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden-states to attend to longer context (memory). This model also uses adaptive softmax inputs and outputs (tied). The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism and a novel positional encoding scheme. Our method not only enables capturing longer-term dependency, but also resolves the context fragmentation problem. As a result, Transformer-XL learns dependency that is 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers, achieves better performance on both short and long sequences, and is up to 1,800+ times faster than vanilla Transformers during evaluation. Notably, we improve the state-of-the-art results of bpc/perplexity to 0.99 on enwiki8, 1.08 on text8, 18.3 on WikiText-103, 21.8 on One Billion Word, and 54.5 on Penn Treebank (without finetuning). When trained only on WikiText-103, Transformer-XL manages to generate reasonably coherent, novel text articles with thousands of tokens.

ULMFiT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ULMFiT
comment: ULMFiT, also known as Universal Language Model Fine-tuning, is an effective transfer learning method which can be used to perform any sort of NLP tasks. The model performs significantly on six text classification tasks, reducing the error by 18-24% on the majority of datasets. Furthermore, the model has only been trained on 100 labelled examples to match the performance of model training from scratch on 100x more data. The creators have open-sourced their pre-trained models and code for developers to use.

VGG
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
related to: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
related to: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
related to: Imagery
related to: Keras
References: Simonyan, Karen, and Andrew Zisserman. "Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition." arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014).
References: https://keras.io/api/applications/vgg/
Acronym: VGG
comment: VGG16 and VGG19 have been introduced in Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large Scale Image Recognition, Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman, 2014, https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556. The network used 3×3 convolutional layers stacked and alternated with max pooling, two 4096 fully-connected layers, followed by a softmax classifier. The 16 and 19 stand for the number of weight layers in the network (columns D and E):

VGG16
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
inherits: VGG
Acronym: VGG16
comment: VGG16 and VGG19 have been introduced in Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large Scale Image Recognition, Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman, 2014, https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556. The network used 3×3 convolutional layers stacked and alternated with max pooling, two 4096 fully-connected layers, followed by a softmax classifier. The 16 and 19 stand for the number of weight layers in the network (columns D and E):

VGG19
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
inherits: VGG
Acronym: VGG19
comment: VGG16 and VGG19 have been introduced in Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large Scale Image Recognition, Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman, 2014, https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556. The network used 3×3 convolutional layers stacked and alternated with max pooling, two 4096 fully-connected layers, followed by a softmax classifier. The 16 and 19 stand for the number of weight layers in the network (columns D and E):

Vision Transformer (ViT)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: Vision Transformer (ViT) model was proposed in An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale by Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, Jakob Uszkoreit, Neil Houlsby. It’s the first paper that successfully trains a Transformer encoder on ImageNet, attaining very good results compared to familiar convolutional architectures. The abstract from the paper is the following: While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple mid-sized or small image recognition benchmarks (ImageNet, CIFAR-100, VTAB, etc.), Vision Transformer (ViT) attains excellent results compared to state-of-the-art convolutional networks while requiring substantially fewer computational resources to train.

VisualBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: VisualBERT model was proposed in VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Language by Liunian Harold Li, Mark Yatskar, Da Yin, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Kai-Wei Chang. VisualBERT is a neural network trained on a variety of (image, text) pairs. The abstract from the paper is the following: We propose VisualBERT, a simple and flexible framework for modeling a broad range of vision-and-language tasks. VisualBERT consists of a stack of Transformer layers that implicitly align elements of an input text and regions in an associated input image with self-attention. We further propose two visually-grounded language model objectives for pre-training VisualBERT on image caption data. Experiments on four vision-and-language tasks including VQA, VCR, NLVR2, and Flickr30K show that VisualBERT outperforms or rivals with state-of-the-art models while being significantly simpler. Further analysis demonstrates that VisualBERT can ground elements of language to image regions without any explicit supervision and is even sensitive to syntactic relationships, tracking, for example, associations between verbs and image regions corresponding to their arguments. Tips: Most of the checkpoints provided work with the VisualBertForPreTraining configuration. Other checkpoints provided are the fine-tuned checkpoints for down-stream tasks - VQA (‘visualbert-vqa’), VCR (‘visualbert-vcr’), NLVR2 (‘visualbert-nlvr2’). Hence, if you are not working on these downstream tasks, it is recommended that you use the pretrained checkpoints. For the VCR task, the authors use a fine-tuned detector for generating visual embeddings, for all the checkpoints. We do not provide the detector and its weights as a part of the package, but it will be available in the research projects, and the states can be loaded directly into the detector provided. Usage: VisualBERT is a multi-modal vision and language model. It can be used for visual question answering, multiple choice, visual reasoning and region-to-phrase …

XLM
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: XLM model was proposed in Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining by Guillaume Lample, Alexis Conneau. It’s a transformer pretrained using one of the following objectives: a causal language modeling (CLM) objective (next token prediction), a masked language modeling (MLM) objective (BERT-like), or a Translation Language Modeling (TLM) object (extension of BERT’s MLM to multiple language inputs) The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent studies have demonstrated the efficiency of generative pretraining for English natural language understanding. In this work, we extend this approach to multiple languages and show the effectiveness of cross-lingual pretraining. We propose two methods to learn cross-lingual language models (XLMs): one unsupervised that only relies on monolingual data, and one supervised that leverages parallel data with a new cross-lingual language model objective. We obtain state-of-the-art results on cross-lingual classification, unsupervised and supervised machine translation. On XNLI, our approach pushes the state of the art by an absolute gain of 4.9% accuracy. On unsupervised machine translation, we obtain 34.3 BLEU on WMT’16 German-English, improving the previous state of the art by more than 9 BLEU. On supervised machine translation, we obtain a new state of the art of 38.5 BLEU on WMT’16 Romanian-English, outperforming the previous best approach by more than 4 BLEU. Our code and pretrained models will be made publicly available.

XLM-ProphetNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: XLM-ProphetNet model was proposed in ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training, by Yu Yan, Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Dayiheng Liu, Nan Duan, Jiusheng Chen, Ruofei Zhang, Ming Zhou on 13 Jan, 2020. XLM-ProphetNet is an encoder-decoder model and can predict n-future tokens for “ngram” language modeling instead of just the next token. Its architecture is identical to ProhpetNet, but the model was trained on the multi-lingual “wiki100” Wikipedia dump. The abstract from the paper is the following: In this paper, we present a new sequence-to-sequence pretraining model called ProphetNet, which introduces a novel self-supervised objective named future n-gram prediction and the proposed n-stream self-attention mechanism. Instead of the optimization of one-step ahead prediction in traditional sequence-to-sequence model, the ProphetNet is optimized by n-step ahead prediction which predicts the next n tokens simultaneously based on previous context tokens at each time step. The future n-gram prediction explicitly encourages the model to plan for the future tokens and prevent overfitting on strong local correlations. We pre-train ProphetNet using a base scale dataset (16GB) and a large scale dataset (160GB) respectively. Then we conduct experiments on CNN/DailyMail, Gigaword, and SQuAD 1.1 benchmarks for abstractive summarization and question generation tasks. Experimental results show that ProphetNet achieves new state-of-the-art results on all these datasets compared to the models using the same scale pretraining corpus.

XLM-RoBERTa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: XLM-RoBERTa model was proposed in Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale by Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov. It is based on Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It is a large multi-lingual language model, trained on 2.5TB of filtered CommonCrawl data. The abstract from the paper is the following: This paper shows that pretraining multilingual language models at scale leads to significant performance gains for a wide range of cross-lingual transfer tasks. We train a Transformer-based masked language model on one hundred languages, using more than two terabytes of filtered CommonCrawl data. Our model, dubbed XLM-R, significantly outperforms multilingual BERT (mBERT) on a variety of cross-lingual benchmarks, including +13.8% average accuracy on XNLI, +12.3% average F1 score on MLQA, and +2.1% average F1 score on NER. XLM-R performs particularly well on low-resource languages, improving 11.8% in XNLI accuracy for Swahili and 9.2% for Urdu over the previous XLM model. We also present a detailed empirical evaluation of the key factors that are required to achieve these gains, including the trade-offs between (1) positive transfer and capacity dilution and (2) the performance of high and low resource languages at scale. Finally, we show, for the first time, the possibility of multilingual modeling without sacrificing per-language performance; XLM-Ris very competitive with strong monolingual models on the GLUE and XNLI benchmarks. We will make XLM-R code, data, and models publicly available.

XLNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Yang, Zhilin, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Quoc V. Le. "XLNet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding." arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.08237 (2019).
Acronym: XLNet
comment: XLNet is an unsupervised language representation learning method based on a novel generalized permutation language modeling objective. Additionally, XLNet employs Transformer-XL as the backbone model, exhibiting excellent performance for language tasks involving long context. Overall, XLNet achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) results on various downstream language tasks including question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.

XLSR-Wav2Vec2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: XLSR-Wav2Vec2 model was proposed in Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning For Speech Recognition by Alexis Conneau, Alexei Baevski, Ronan Collobert, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Michael Auli. The abstract from the paper is the following: This paper presents XLSR which learns cross-lingual speech representations by pretraining a single model from the raw waveform of speech in multiple languages. We build on wav2vec 2.0 which is trained by solving a contrastive task over masked latent speech representations and jointly learns a quantization of the latents shared across languages. The resulting model is fine-tuned on labeled data and experiments show that cross-lingual pretraining significantly outperforms monolingual pretraining. On the CommonVoice benchmark, XLSR shows a relative phoneme error rate reduction of 72% compared to the best known results. On BABEL, our approach improves word error rate by 16% relative compared to a comparable system. Our approach enables a single multilingual speech recognition model which is competitive to strong individual models. Analysis shows that the latent discrete speech representations are shared across languages with increased sharing for related languages. We hope to catalyze research in low-resource speech understanding by releasing XLSR-53, a large model pretrained in 53 languages.

Xception
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: Xception
comment: Xception Model is proposed by Francois Chollet. Xception is an extension of the inception Architecture which replaces the standard Inception modules with depthwise Separable Convolutions.

YOLOv2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
related to: Keras
References: Redmon, Joseph, and Ali Farhadi. "YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 7263-7271. 2017.
Acronym: YOLOv2
comment: YOLO is an ultra popular object detection framework for deep learning applications. This repository contains implementations of YOLOv2 in Keras. While the developers have tested the framework on all sorts of object images – like kangaroo detection, self-driving car, red blood cell detection, etc., they have released the pretrained model for raccoon detection.

YOLOv3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
inherits: YOLOv2
related to: Keras
Acronym: YOLOv3
comment: YOLO vesion 3 is an ultra popular object detection framework for deep learning applications. This repository contains implementations of YOLOv2 in Keras. While the developers have tested the framework on all sorts of object images – like kangaroo detection, self-driving car, red blood cell detection, etc., they have released the pretrained model for raccoon detection.

ZFNet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
Acronym: ZFNet
comment: NASNet refers to Neural Architecture Search Network, a family of models that were designed automatically by learning the model architectures directly on the dataset of interest.

fastText
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
References: Bojanowski, Piotr, Edouard Grave, Armand Joulin, and Tomas Mikolov. "Enriching word vectors with subword information." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (2017): 135-146.
References: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fastText
Acronym: fastText
comment: fastText is a library for efficient learning of word representations and sentence classification.

herBERT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pretrained Model
comment: herBERT model was proposed in KLEJ: Comprehensive Benchmark for Polish Language Understanding by Piotr Rybak, Robert Mroczkowski, Janusz Tracz, and Ireneusz Gawlik. It is a BERT-based Language Model trained on Polish Corpora using only MLM objective with dynamic masking of whole words. The abstract from the paper is the following: In recent years, a series of Transformer-based models unlocked major improvements in general natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. Such a fast pace of research would not be possible without general NLU benchmarks, which allow for a fair comparison of the proposed methods. However, such benchmarks are available only for a handful of languages. To alleviate this issue, we introduce a comprehensive multi-task benchmark for the Polish language understanding, accompanied by an online leaderboard. It consists of a diverse set of tasks, adopted from existing datasets for named entity recognition, question-answering, textual entailment, and others. We also introduce a new sentiment analysis task for the e-commerce domain, named Allegro Reviews (AR). To ensure a common evaluation scheme and promote models that generalize to different NLU tasks, the benchmark includes datasets from varying domains and applications. Additionally, we release HerBERT, a Transformer-based model trained specifically for the Polish language, which has the best average performance and obtains the best results for three out of nine tasks. Finally, we provide an extensive evaluation, including several standard baselines and recently proposed, multilingual Transformer-based models.

Propineb (Antrocol)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pesticides
See Also: Propineb, a contact fungicide with broad spectrum activity against various diseases of rice, chilli, grapes, potato and other vegetables and fruits. Propineb is a polymeric zinc-containing dithiocarbamate. Due to the release of zinc, the application of Antracol results in greening effect on the crop and subsequent improvement in quality of produce.

Pseudomonas Putida
type: NamedIndividual
type: Virus
comment: Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, saprotrophic soil bacterium. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida was taxonomically confirmed to be a Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) and placed, along with several other species, in the P. putida group, to which it lends its name.[1] However, a recent phylogenomic analysis [2] of 494 complete genomes from the entire Pseudomonas genus clearly showed that the genomes that were named as P. putida did not form a monophyletic clade, but were dispersed and formed a wider evolutionary group (the putida group) that included other species as well, such as Pseudomonas alkylphenolia, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas parafulva, Pseudomonas entomophila, Pseudomonas mosselii, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. A variety of P. putida, called multiplasmid hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas, is the first patented organism in the world. Because it is a living organism, the patent was disputed and brought before the United States Supreme Court in the historic court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, which the inventor, Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, won. It demonstrates a very diverse metabolism, including the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene.[3] This ability has been put to use in bioremediation, or the use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. Use of P. putida is preferable to some other Pseudomonas species capable of such degradation, as it is a safe species of bacteria, unlike P. aeruginosa, for example, which is an opportunistic human pathogen.

Pseudomonas atrofaciens
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bacterial
label: Pseudomonas syringae
label: Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens

Puccinia Graminis Tritici
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

Puccinia Recondita
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

Puccinia Striiformis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus

Puerto Rico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PR
agricultural land: 1,900 km2
agricultural land: 1,900 sq. km
area: 9,104 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PR
climate: tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
coordinate: 18°27′N 66°6′W
density: 350.8/km2 (908.6/sq mi)
density: 438/km²
elevation: 4,390 ft (1,340 m)
latitude: -66.1
latitude: -66.58363
longitude: 18.198626
longitude: 18.45
population: 3,285,874
population: 3,994,259 (2007)
comment: Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles southeast of Miami, Florida.

PyCaret
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: PyCaret is an open source, low-code machine learning library in Python that allows you to go from preparing your data to deploying your model within minutes in your choice of notebook environment.

PyNLPl
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: PyNLPl
comment: PyNLPl Python library for NLP contains modules for both standard and less common NLP tasks. Its use case ranges from basic functions like extracting n-grams and frequency lists to building simple language models. In addition, PyNLPl comes with an entire library for working with FoLiA XML. It works on Python 2.7 and Python 3. Find in-depth information on common functions, data types, experiments, formats, language models, search algorithms and more

PyTorch
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
Acronym: PyTorch
comment: PyTorch is An open source machine learning framework that accelerates the path from research prototyping to production deployment.

Pyrenophora graminea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
comment: Pyrenophora graminea is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of barley that once caused significant crop yield losses in many areas of the world.

Qatar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:QA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:QA
agricultural land: 660 km2
agricultural land: 660 sq. km
area: 11,437 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:QA
climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
coordinate: 25°30′N 51°15′E
density: 176/km2 (455.8/sq mi)
density: 74/km²
latitude: 51.25
latitude: 51.592407
longitude: 25.365366
longitude: 25.5
population: 1,541,130 (10/2008)
population: 2,795,484
comment: Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain.

Quinalphos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Insecticide
used by: Coffee
used by: Rice
used by: Wheat
comment: Quinalphos is an organothiophosphate chemical chiefly used as a pesticide. It is a reddish-brown liquid. The chemical formula is C12H15N2O3PS, and IUPAC name O,O-diethyl O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate. Quinalphos is classified as a yellow label (highly toxic) pesticide in India, and is widely used in the following crops: wheat, rice, coffee, sugarcane, and cotton.

Radish
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop

Ragweed
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weeds

Rangeland
type: NamedIndividual
type: LandUse

Rapid Growth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon

Rapid Insight Veera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: Rapid Insight products enable users to turn their raw data into actionable information. The company's analytic software simplifies the extraction and analysis of data, enabling clients ranging from small businesses to Fortune 500 companies to fully utilize their information for data-driven decision making.

RapidMiner
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: RapidMiner is a data science software platform developed by the company of the same name that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning, deep learning, text mining, and predictive analytics. It is used for business and commercial applications as well as for research, education, training, rapid prototyping, and application development and supports all steps of the machine learning process including data preparation, results visualization, model validation and optimization.

Red Yellow Podzolic
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Sandy soil - are light, warm, dry and tend to be acidic and low in nutrients. Sandy soils are often known as light soils due to their high proportion of sand and little clay (clay weighs more than sand). These soils have quick water drainage and are easy to work with. They are quicker to warm up in spring than clay soils but tend to dry out in summer and suffer from low nutrients that are washed away by rain. The addition of organic matter can help give plants an additional boost of nutrients by improving the nutrient and water holding capacity of the soil.

Reproduction
type: NamedIndividual
type: Plant Phenomenon
comment: Reproduction is the production of new offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur.

Reunion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:RE
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:RE
area: 2,512 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:RE
coordinate: 21°06′52″S 55°31′57″E
density: 319/km²
density: 340/km2 (890/sq mi)
latitude: 55.532063
latitude: 55.5325
longitude: -21.11444
longitude: -21.114532
population: 802,000 (1/2008)
population: 858,450
comment: Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately 550 km east of the island of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of the island of Mauritius. As of January 2021, it had a population of 858,450.
comment: Réunion is an overseas department and region of the French Republic and an Indian Ocean island in East Africa, approximately 550 km east of the island of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of the island of Mauritius. As of January 2020, it had a population of 859,959.
alternative label: Réunion

Rhizobia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Bacterial
comment: Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation, rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In general, they are gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods. Rhizobia are a "group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules". Rhizobia are found in the soil and after infection, produce nodules in the legume where they fix nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere turning it into a more readily useful form of nitrogen. From here, the nitrogen is exported from the nodules and used for growth in the legume. Once the legume dies, the nodule breaks down and releases the rhizobia back into the soil where they can live individually or reinfect a new legume host.

Rich Organic Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

Ripening stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 8: Ripening 83 Early dough 85 Soft dough: grain content soft but dry. Fingernail impression not held 87 Hard dough: grain content solid. Fingernail impression held 89 Fully ripe: grain hard, difficult to divide with thumbnail
label: Stage 8: Ripening

River
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

River Bank
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Romania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:RO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:RO
agricultural land: 139,820 km2
agricultural land: 139,820 sq. km
area: 238,391 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:RO
climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
coordinate: 46°N 25°E
density: 81.1/km2 (210.0/sq mi)
density: 93/km²
latitude: 24.978283
latitude: 25.0
longitude: 45.941868
longitude: 46.0
population: 19,317,984
population: 22,246,862 (2008)
comment: Romania is a country at the confluence of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2, with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe, and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest; other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
comment: Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It shares land borders with Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east and has its opening to the Black Sea. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres, Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union, having approximately 19.3 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest. Other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.

Room Temperature
type: NamedIndividual
type: Temperature

Rosemary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Vegetable
harvesting: Rosemary can be harvested as soon as the plant is established in the the ground and has reached a suitable size. Branches are harvested by cutting the terminal growth (25–30 cm/9.8–11.8 in) before they become woody. Rosemary can be harvested several times in one season but it is important to allow the plant to recover and replace growth before the next harvest.
maintenance: Rosemary is very prone to root rot and should therefore be planted in a well-draining soil and watered sparingly. Allow the soil to dry before watering, generally watering once every 1–2 weeks is sufficient but watering should be adjusted to suit climatic conditions. Plants will benefit from the regular addition of a balanced fertilizer. A layer of mulch will protect the plants over winter.
propagation: Rosemary can be propagated from seed, cuttings, or by air layering. Seeds germinate slowly, emerging after 3–4 weeks, and have a low germination rate so vegetative propagation is preferred. Cuttings should be taken from healthy, vigorous plants by taking a clipping about 7.6 cm (3 in) in length from the end of a branch. The leaves should be removed from the lower half of the cutting before planting in light textured potting media to root. The cutting should be watered regularly and kept moist, but not wet while they root. The new plants will be ready for transplanting after approximately 8 weeks. after hardening, transplants should be planted 45 cm (18 in) apart allowing 1.2 m (4 ft) between rows.
requirements: Rosemary is suited to both temperate and subtropical areas with most varieties growing optimally at temperatures between 6 and 24°C (39–75°F) in a well-draining loamy soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Rosemary plants require at least 6 hours of sun every day, direct sunlight being best. Rosemary can survive mild winters but will not tolerate temperatures that are regularly below -3°C (26.6°F). Established rosemary is very drought resistant.
uses: Rosemary leaves can be used fresh or dried as a herb in cooking or in salads. The leaves and flowers can be used to extract rosemary oil which is used as a seasoning or as a scent in soaps and household products.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/rosemary/infos
comment: Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, is an erect, bushy evergreen shrub in the family Lamiaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a herb. The rosemary plant is usually erect in growth habit and possess branched woody stems with tufts of leaves. The leaves are opposite and usually bladelike and glossy green. The plant produces clusters of 5–10 blue, purple or pink flowers on short lateral branches and small oval fruit. Rosemary plants can reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in height and can be productive for many years (up to 30 if conditions are favorable for its growth). Rosemary originates from the Mediterranean.

Russia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:RU
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:RU
agricultural land: 2.15 million km2
agricultural land: 2.15 million sq. km
area: 17,075,400 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:RU
climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
coordinate: 60°N 90°E
density: 8.3/km²
density: 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi)
latitude: 105.318756
latitude: 90.0
longitude: 60.0
longitude: 61.52401
population: 142,008,838 (2008)
population: 146,171,015 (including Crimea) 143,759,445 (excluding Crimea)
comment: Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17 million square kilometres, and encompassing more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land area. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations. It has a population of 146.2 million; and is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the nation's second-largest city and cultural centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; they speak Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.
comment: Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world; covering over 17,125,191 square kilometres, consisting of more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, extending to eleven time zones, and has bordering sixteen sovereign nations. Russia has a population of 146.7 million; and is the ninth-most populous country, as well as the most populous country in Europe. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city and the country's cultural centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; speaking Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.
label: Russian Federation

Rwanda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:RW
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:RW
agricultural land: 19,200 km2
agricultural land: 19,200 sq. km
area: 26,798 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:RW
climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
coordinate: 1°57′S 29°52′E
density: 343/km²
density: 470/km2 (1,217.3/sq mi)
latitude: 29.867
latitude: 29.876375
longitude: -1.94708
longitude: -1.95
population: 10,186,063 (4/2008)
population: 12,374,397
comment: Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley, where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country. 1 million live in the capital and largest city Kigali.
comment: Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley, where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. One of the smallest countries on the African mainland, its capital city is Kigali. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country.

Saint Helena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SH
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SH
agricultural land: 110 km2
agricultural land: 110 sq. km
area: 420 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SH
climate: Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
coordinate: 15°56′S 05°43′W
density: 13.4/km2 (34.7/sq mi)
elevation: 6,765 ft (2,062 m)
latitude: -10.029991
latitude: -5.717
longitude: -15.933
longitude: -24.127476
population: 4,255 (2/2008)
population: 5,633
comment: Saint Helena is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a remote volcanic tropical island lying some 1,950 kilometres west of the coast of southwestern Africa, and 4,000 kilometres east of Rio de Janeiro on the South American coast. It is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territories of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
comment: Saint Helena is a British possession located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island lying some 1,950 kilometres west of the coast of southwestern Africa, and 4,000 kilometres east of Rio de Janeiro on the South American coast. It is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN
area: 261 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KN
coordinate: 17°20′N 62°45′W
density: 164/km2 (424.8/sq mi)
density: 164/km²
latitude: -62.706413
latitude: -62.75
longitude: 17.25773
longitude: 17.333
population: 42,696 (2005)
population: 52,441
comment: Saint Kitts and Nevis, officially known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, is an island country in the West Indies. Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Elizabeth II as Queen and head of state. It is the only federation in the Caribbean.

Saint Lucia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LC
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC
area: 620 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LC
coordinate: 13°53′00″N 60°58′00″W
density: 298/km²
density: 299.4/km2 (775.4/sq mi)
latitude: -60.96667
latitude: -60.974174
longitude: 13.88333
longitude: 13.904011
population: 160,765 (2005)
population: 184,401
comment: Saint Lucia is an island country in the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The island was previously called Iyonola, the name given to the island by the native Arawaks and later, Hewanorra, the name given by the native Caribs, two separate Amerindian peoples. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 and reported a population of 165,595 in the 2010 census. Its capital is Castries.
comment: Saint Lucia is an island country in the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The island was previously called Iyonola, the name given to the island by the native Arawaks, and later Hewanorra, the name given by the native Caribs, two separate Amerindian peoples. Part of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 and reported a population of 165,595 in the 2010 census. Its capital is Castries. Soufrière was colonized by the French and was the original capital of the island.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:PM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:PM
area: 242 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:PM
coordinate: 46°49′30″N 56°16′30″W
density: 25/km2 (64.7/sq mi)
density: 25/km²
elevation: 240 m (790 ft)
latitude: -56.275
latitude: -56.289013
longitude: 46.825
longitude: 46.949776
population: 5,997
population: 6,125 (1/2006)
comment: Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the North-western Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the only remaining part of New France in North America to retain French sovereignty, appellate jurisdiction and mineral rights. Its residents are French citizens; the collectivity is a full member of the National Assembly and participates in senatorial and presidential elections. It covers 242 square kilometres of land and shores and has a population of 6,008 as of the March 2016 census.
comment: Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the only remaining vestige of French sovereignty in North America. Its residents are French citizens; the collectivity is a full member of the National Assembly and participates in senatorial and presidential elections. It covers 242 km2 of land and shores and has a population of 6,008 as of the March 2016 census.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: North America
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:VC
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:VC
area: 389 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:VC
coordinate: 13°15′N 61°12′W
density: 307/km2 (795.1/sq mi)
density: 307/km²
latitude: -61.2
latitude: -61.286568
longitude: 12.954002
longitude: 13.25
population: 110,211
population: 120,000 (2008)
comment: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island country in the Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
comment: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, also often known simply as Saint Vincent, is an island country in the Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.

Salt Sieving
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Samoa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:WS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:WS
agricultural land: 350 km2
agricultural land: 350 sq. km
area: 2,831 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:WS
climate: tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)
coordinate: 13°35′S 172°20′W
density: 65/km²
density: 70/km2 (181.3/sq mi)
latitude: -172.10396
latitude: -172.333
longitude: -13.583
longitude: -13.74787
population: 188,540 (2008)
population: 202,506
comment: Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands, two smaller, inhabited islands, and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands . The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan Islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a Samoan language and Samoan cultural identity.

San Marino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SM
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SM
agricultural land: 10 km2
agricultural land: 10 sq. km
area: 61.2 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SM
climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
coordinate: 43°56′N 12°26′E
density: 489/km²
density: 520/km2 (1,346.8/sq mi)
latitude: 12.433
latitude: 12.459873
longitude: 43.933
longitude: 43.942947
population: 29,973 (2008)
population: 33,600
comment: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a microstate in Southern Europe completely enclosed by Italy.
comment: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a small state in Southern Europe enclaved by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino covers a land area of just over 61 km2, and has a population of 33,562.

Sand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
comment: Sand or sandy soil is formed by the smallest or fine particles of weathering rocks. This soil is known as the poorest type of soil for agriculture and growing plants as they have very low nutritional value and poor water holding capacity.
definition: Clay <= 10 Sand >= 86 Silt <= 14

Sandy Clay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 35 and Clay <= 55 Sand >=45 and Sand <= 65 Silt <= 20

Sandy Clay Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 20 and Clay <= 35 Sand >=45 and Sand <= 80 Silt <= 28

Sandy Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay <= 20 Sand >= 50 and Sand <= 70 Silt <= 50

Sandy Loamy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

Sandy Soils
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Sandy soil - are light, warm, dry and tend to be acidic and low in nutrients. Sandy soils are often known as light soils due to their high proportion of sand and little clay (clay weighs more than sand). These soils have quick water drainage and are easy to work with. They are quicker to warm up in spring than clay soils but tend to dry out in summer and suffer from low nutrients that are washed away by rain. The addition of organic matter can help give plants an additional boost of nutrients by improving the nutrient and water holding capacity of the soil.

Sao Tome and Principe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ST
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ST
agricultural land: 487 km2
agricultural land: 487 sq. km
area: 964 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ST
climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
coordinate: 1°N 7°E
density: 171/km²
density: 199.7/km2 (517.2/sq mi)
latitude: 6.968272
latitude: 7.0
longitude: 0.843659
longitude: 1.0
population: 157,000 (2005)
population: 211,028
comment: São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, about 140 km apart and about 250 and 225 km off the northwestern coast of Gabon.

Sarocladium oryzae
type: NamedIndividual
type: Pathogen
comment: Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) is a plant pathogen causing the sheath rot disease of rice. In culture it produces 0.3–0.627 micrograms of helvolic acid and 0.9–4.8 micrograms of cerulenin per milliliter of culture medium.

Saudi Arabia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Middle East
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SA
agricultural land: 1.73 million km2
agricultural land: 1.73 million sq. km
area: 2,149,690 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SA
climate: harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
coordinate: 24°N 45°E
density: 11/km²
density: 15/km2 (38.8/sq mi)
latitude: 45.0
latitude: 45.08114
longitude: 24.0
longitude: 24.126614
population: 27,601,038 (2007)
population: 34,218,169
comment: Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia constituting the vast majority of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2, Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world, the fifth-largest in Asia, and the 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south; it is separated from Egypt and Israel in the north-west by the Gulf of Aqaba. Saudi Arabia is the only country with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe and mountains. As of October 2018, the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world. Saudi Arabia also has one of the world's youngest populations, with approximately 50 percent of its population of 34.2 million being under 25 years old.
comment: Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia. It spans the vast majority of the Arabian Peninsula, with a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 . Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East, and the second-largest country in the Arab world. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south; it is separated from Egypt and Israel in the north-west by the Gulf of Aqaba. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe and mountains. Its capital and largest city is Riyadh, with Mecca and Medina serving as important cultural and religious centers.

Scikit-learn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
has algorithm: Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
has algorithm: Decision Tree (DT)
has algorithm: Factor Analysis (FA)
has algorithm: Fast Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis (FastICA)
has algorithm: Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)
has algorithm: Incremental Principal Components Analysis (IPCA)
has algorithm: K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN)
has algorithm: Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA)
has algorithm: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)
has algorithm: Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP)
has algorithm: Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
has algorithm: Random Forest (RF)
has algorithm: Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
has algorithm: Stochastic Gradient Descent Regression (SGDR)
has algorithm: Support Vector Machine (SVM)
has algorithm: Support Vector Regression (SVR)
has algorithm: Sparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA)
has algorithm: Regression
References: Pedregosa et al., Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python, JMLR 12, pp. 2825-2830, 2011.
comment: Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
comment: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant pathogenic fungus and can cause a disease called white mold if conditions are conducive. S. sclerotiorum can also be known as cottony rot, watery soft rot, stem rot, drop, crown rot and blossom blight. A key characteristic of this pathogen is its ability to produce black resting structures known as sclerotia and white fuzzy growths of mycelium on the plant it infects. These sclerotia give rise to a fruiting body in the spring that produces spores in a sac which is why fungi in this class are called sac fungi (Ascomycetes). This pathogen can occur on many continents and has a wide host range of plants. When S. sclerotiorum is onset in the field by favorable environmental conditions, losses can be great and control measures should be considered.
alternative label: S. sclerotiorum

Scotland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166: GB-SCT
area: 77,933 km² (30,090 sq mi)
density: 67.5/km2 (174.8/sq mi)
population: 5,463,300

Seedling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: Seedling is a stage of the young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed.

Semi-arid Climate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Climate Type
comment: A semi-arid climate or steppe climate is the climate of a region that receives precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give rise to different biomes.

Senegal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SN
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SN
agricultural land: 95,050 km2
agricultural land: 95,050 sq. km
area: 196,723 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SN
climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
coordinate: 14°40′N 17°25′W
density: 59/km²
density: 68.7/km2 (177.9/sq mi)
latitude: -14.445561
latitude: -17.417
longitude: 14.499454
longitude: 14.667
population: 11,658,000 (2005)
population: 15,854,323
comment: Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar.

Senescence stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 9: Senescence 92 Over-ripe: grain very hard, cannot be dented by thumbnail 93 Grains loosening in day-time 97 Plant dead and collapsing 99 Harvested product
alternative label: Stage 9: Senescence

Sentinel-1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: With the objectives of Land and Ocean monitoring, Sentinel-1 will be composed of two polar-orbiting satellites operating day and night, and will perform Radar imaging, enabling them to acquire imagery regardless of the weather. The first Sentinel-1 satellite was launched in April 2014.

Sentinel-2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission comprises a constellation of two polar-orbiting satellites placed in the same sun-synchronous orbit, phased at 180° to each other. It aims at monitoring variability in land surface conditions, and its wide swath width (290 km) and high revisit time (10 days at the equator with one satellite, and 5 days with 2 satellites under cloud-free conditions which results in 2-3 days at mid-latitudes) will support monitoring of Earth's surface changes. The coverage limits are from between latitudes 56° south and 84° north.

Sentinel-3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: The primary objective of Sentinel-3 is marine observation, and it will study sea-surface topography, sea and land surface temperature, ocean and land colour. Composed of three satellites, the mission's primary instrument is a radar altimeter, but the polar-orbiting satellites will carry multiple instruments, including optical imagers.

Sentinel-4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: Sentinel-4 is dedicated to air quality monitoring. The Sentinel-4 UVN instrument is a spectrometer carried aboard Meteosat Third Generation satellites, operated by EUMETSAT. The mission aims to provide continuous monitoring of the composition of the Earth's atmosphere at high temporal and spatial resolution and the data will be used to support monitoring and forecasting over Europe.

Sentinel-5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: Sentinel-5 is dedicated to air quality monitoring. The Sentinel-5 UVNS instrument is a spectrometer carried aboard the MetOp Second Generation satellites. The mission aims to provide continuous monitoring of the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. It provides wide-swath, global coverage data to monitor air quality around the world.

Sentinel-5P
type: NamedIndividual
type: Satellite
comment: A precursor satellite mission, Sentinel-5P aims to fill in the data gap and provide data continuity between the retirement of the Envisat satellite and NASA's Aura mission and the launch of Sentinel-5. The main objective of the Sentinel-5P mission is to perform atmospheric measurements, with high spatio-temporal resolution, relating to air quality, climate forcing, ozone and UV radiation. The satellite was successfully launched on 13 October 2017 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in Russia.

September
type: NamedIndividual
type: Month Of Year

Leptosphaeria nodorum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
label: Seotiria Nodorum
label: Septoria Nodorum Blotch

Mycosphaerella graminicola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Fungus
label: Septoria Tritici
label: Septoria Tritici Blotch @fr

Serbia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:RS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:RS
agricultural land: 50,610 km2
agricultural land: 50,610 sq. km
area: 88,361 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:RS
climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
coordinate: 44°N 21°E
density: 115/km²
density: 89/km2 (230.5/sq mi)
latitude: 21.0
longitude: 44.0
population: 6,926,705 (excluding Kosovo)
population: 7,395,000 (2008)
comment: Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade, a quarter of the total population of Serbia.
comment: Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade.

Serious Damage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Health

Severely-infected Trees
type: NamedIndividual
type: State
is state of: Crop Disease
is state of: Transformation CropDisease Tier4

Seychelles
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SC
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SC
agricultural land: 30 km2
agricultural land: 30 sq. km
area: 451 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SC
climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
coordinate: 4°35′S 55°40′E
density: 178/km²
density: 214.5/km2 (555.6/sq mi)
latitude: 51.239353
latitude: 55.667
longitude: -4.583
longitude: -6.952612
population: 82, 247 (2008)
population: 98,462
comment: Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. It consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago to the east. Its estimated population of 98,462 is the smallest population of any sovereign African country.
comment: Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. The country consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; as well as Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago to the east. With a population of roughly 98,462, it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country.

Sierra Leone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SL
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SL
agricultural land: 34,350 km2
agricultural land: 34,350 sq. km
area: 71,740 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SL
climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
coordinate: 08°30′00″N 12°06′00″W
density: 112/km2 (290.1/sq mi)
density: 83/km²
latitude: -11.795934
latitude: -12.1
longitude: 8.464561
longitude: 8.5
population: 6,294,774
population: 8,059,155
comment: Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests, a total area of 71,740 km2 and a population of 7,092,113 as of the 2015 census. The capital and largest city is Freetown. The country is divided into five administrative regions which are subdivided into sixteen districts. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliament and a directly elected president. Sierra Leone is a Muslim majority country at approximately 78%, though with a politically influential Christian minority at about 21%. Muslims and Christians interact very well together and religious violence is extremely rare in the country. All the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially national holidays in the country.
comment: Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests, a total area of 71,740 km2 and a population of 7,092,113 as of the 2015 census. The capital and largest city is Freetown. The country is divided into five administrative regions which are subdivided into sixteen districts. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliament and a directly elected president. Sierra Leone is a Muslim-majority country at approximately 78%, though with an influential Christian minority at about 21%. Muslims and Christians in Sierra Leone are extremely tolerant of each other, and all the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially national holidays in the country.

Silt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
comment: Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water (also known as a suspended load) and soil in a body of water such as a river.
definition: Clay <= 12 Sand <= 20 Silt>= 88

Silty Clay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 40 and Clay <= 60 Sand <= 20 Silt>= 40 and Silt <= 60

Silty Clay Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay >= 27 and Clay <= 40 Sand <= 20 Silt>= 40 and Silt <= 73

Silt Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Texture
definition: Clay <= 27 Sand >= 20 and Sand <= 50 Silt>= 74 and Silt <= 88

Silty Soil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type
comment: Silt soil - are light and moisture retentive soils with a high fertility rating. As silt soils compromise of medium sized particles they are well drained and hold moisture well. As the particles are fine, they can be easily compacted and are prone to washing away with rain. By adding organic matter, the silt particles can be bound into more stable clumps.

Singapore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SG
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SG
agricultural land: 7.3 km2
agricultural land: 7.3 sq. km
area: 707.1 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SG
climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
coordinate: 1°17′N 103°50′E
density: 6,489/km²
density: 7,804/km2 (20,212.3/sq mi)
latitude: 103.83268
latitude: 103.833
longitude: 1.283
longitude: 1.311341
population: 4,839,400 (2008)
population: 5,685,800
comment: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Straits of Malacca to the west, the Riau Islands to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the second greatest population density in the world. The country has almost 5.7 million residents, 61% of whom are Singaporean citizens. There are four official languages of Singapore: English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. English is the lingua franca. Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution, and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
comment: Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Straits of Malacca to the west, the Riau Islands to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the second greatest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognizing the need to respect cultural identities, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca. Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.

Sinkhole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline, is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.

Sisense
type: NamedIndividual
type: Toolkit
comment: Sisense is a business analytics software company with offices in New York City, San Francisco, Tel Aviv, London, Melbourne, Tokyo, and Scottsdale, Arizona.

Slight Damage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Health

Slightly Infested
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop Injure

Sloping Land
type: NamedIndividual
type: Topography

Slovakia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SK
agricultural land: 19,297 km2
agricultural land: 19,297 sq. km
area: 49,035 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SK
climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
coordinate: 48°40′N 19°30′E
density: 111/km2 (287.5/sq mi)
density: 111/km²
latitude: 19.5
latitude: 19.699694
longitude: 48.667
longitude: 48.672577
population: 5,379,455 (2001)
population: 5,464,060
comment: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the southwest, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres, with a population of over 5.4 million. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, while the second largest city is Košice.
comment: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres, with a population of over 5.4 million. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, and the second-largest city is Košice.

Slovenia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SI
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SI
agricultural land: 4,585 km2
agricultural land: 4,585 sq. km
area: 20,273 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SI
climate: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
coordinate: 46°07′N 14°49′E
density: 103/km2 (266.8/sq mi)
density: 99.6/km²
latitude: 14.817
latitude: 14.992997
longitude: 46.117
longitude: 46.149204
population: 2,039,399 (2008)
population: 2,108,977
comment: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested, covers 20,271 square kilometers, and has a population of 2.1 million, of which 500,000 live in the capital and largest city Ljubljana. Slovenes form the vast majority of the country's population, while Serbs are the largest minority. Slovene, a South Slavic language, is the official language. Slovenia has a predominantly continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps. A sub-mediterranean climate reaches to the northern extensions of the Dinaric Alps that traverse the country in a NW-SE direction. The Julian Alps in the northwest have an alpine climate. Continental climate is increasingly more pronounced towards the Pannonian Plain in the Northwest. The nation's capital and largest city—Ljubljana—is situated at roughly the centre of the country.
comment: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country located in Central Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia covers 20,271 square kilometers and has a population of 2.111 million. One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union, United Nations, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana.

Snow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Weather Phenomena
comment: Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.

Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Chemical Fertilizer
comment: Sodium nitrate is a white deliquescent solid very soluble in water. It is a readily available source of the nitrate anion (NO3−), which is useful in several reactions carried out on industrial scales for the production of fertilizers, pyrotechnics and smoke bombs, glass and pottery enamels, food preservatives (esp. meats), and solid rocket propellant. It has been mined extensively for these purposes.
definition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_nitrate

Soft Dough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: For Sorghum plants, the tree reaches the soft dough stage when the grain can be crushed between the thumb and index finger but no longer contains a milky liquid. At this stage, starch is rapidly accumulating, 50 percent of the grain's final weight has been achieved, and the whole plant moisture is approximately 65 to 68 percent. Stress at this time can significantly lower yield. By the end of the stage, the grain has colored, and the sorghum is ready to harvest as silage. The soft dough stage will last seven to 10 days or until the grain can no longer be crushed between the thumb and index finger.

Soil Cracking
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Failure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Flow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Fragmentation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Hydrophobicity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Loam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Type

Soil Moisture Hysteresis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Moisture Redistribution
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Oxygen Deficiency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Rupture
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Strain Hardening
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil Water
type: NamedIndividual
type: Environment
comment: Soil water is the medium from which all plant nutrients are assimilated by plants. Soil water, sometimes referred to as the soil solution, contains dissolved organic and inorganic substances and transports dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, to the plant roots for absorption.

Soil Water Repellency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Soil Phenomena

Soil pH meter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Device
related to: Soil pH
comment: Soil pH meter is used to estimate soil pH

Solar Flare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Planetary Phenomena
comment: A solar flare is a sudden flash of increased brightness on the Sun, usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group. Powerful flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a coronal mass ejection. Even the most powerful flares are barely detectable in the total solar irradiance (the "solar constant"). Flares are closely associated with the ejection of plasmas and particles through the Sun's corona into outer space; flares also copiously emit radio waves. If the ejection is in the direction of the Earth, particles associated with this disturbance can penetrate into the upper atmosphere (the ionosphere) and cause bright auroras, and may even disrupt long range radio communication. It usually takes days for the solar plasma ejecta to reach Earth.

Solomon Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Oceania
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SB
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SB
agricultural land: 910 km2
agricultural land: 910 sq. km
area: 28,896 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SB
climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
coordinate: 8°S 159°E
density: 17/km²
density: 18.1/km2 (46.9/sq mi)
latitude: 159.0
latitude: 162.17606
longitude: -8.0
longitude: -8.685098
population: 552,438 (2005)
population: 652,857
comment: Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu. It has a land area of 28,400 square kilometres, and a population of 652,858. Its capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands, but excludes outlying islands, such as the Santa Cruz Islands and Rennell and Bellona.
comment: The Solomon Islands are a sovereign state consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu. It has a land area of 28,400 square kilometres, and a population of 652,858. Its capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands, but excludes outlying islands, such as the Santa Cruz Islands and Rennell and Bellona.

Somalia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:SO
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SO
agricultural land: 441,290 km2
agricultural land: 441,290 sq. km
area: 637,661 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:SO
climate: principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
coordinate: 10°N 49°E
density: 13/km²
density: 19.31/km2 (50.0/sq mi)
latitude: 46.200832
latitude: 49.0
longitude: 10.0
longitude: 5.161575
population: 15,893,219
population: 9,558,666 (2008)
comment: Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the Northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
comment: Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the Northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Somalia has an estimated population of around 15 million, of which over 2 million live in the capital and largest city Mogadishu, and has been described as Africa's most culturally homogeneous country. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis, who have historically inhabited the country's north. Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the south. The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic. Most people in the country are Muslims, the majority of them Sunni.

Sorghum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Cereal
type: Crop
has growth stage: Booting stage
has growth stage: Five-leaf Stage
has growth stage: Flag-leaf Stage
has growth stage: Flowering
has growth stage: Hard Dough
has growth stage: Maturity
has growth stage: Seeding
has growth stage: Soft Dough
has growth stage: ThreeLeaf
comment: Sorghum is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe.

South America
type: NamedIndividual
type: Continent
has country: Argentina
has country: Bolivia
has country: Brazil
has country: Chile
has country: Colombia
has country: Ecuador
has country: Falkland Islands
has country: Guyana
has country: Paraguay
has country: Peru
has country: Suriname
has country: Uruguay
has country: Venezuela

South Africa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
has climate: TemperateClimate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ZA
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ZA
agricultural land: 963,740 km2
agricultural land: 963,740 sq. km
area: 1,221,037 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ZA
climate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
coordinate: 30°S 25°E
density: 39/km²
density: 42.4/km2 (109.8/sq mi)
latitude: 25.0
latitude: 27.229242
longitude: -30.0
longitude: -34.552773
population: 47,900,000 (2008)
population: 60,142,978
comment: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 59 million people, it is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres . South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of Black African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry.
comment: South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 60 million people, it is the world's 23rd-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres . South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of Black African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European, Asian, and Multiracial ancestry.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: South America
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GS
agricultural land: 17,560 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:GS
climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
coordinate: 54°17′00″S 36°30′00″W
density: 0.005/km²
latitude: -36.5
longitude: -54.28333
population: 20 (2006)
comment: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia Island and a chain of smaller islands known as the South Sandwich Islands. South Georgia is 165 kilometres long and 35 kilometres wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about 700 kilometres southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is 3,903 km2 . The Falkland Islands are about 1,300 kilometres west from its nearest point.

South Korea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:KR
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR
area: 100,032 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:KR
coordinate: 36°N 128°E
density: 493/km²
density: 507/km2 (1,313.1/sq mi)
latitude: 128.0
latitude: 128.48161
longitude: 35.859276
longitude: 36.0
population: 49,044,790
population: 51,709,098
comment: South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and sharing a land border with North Korea. 25 million people, around half of the country's population of more than 51 million people, live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the world.
comment: South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and sharing a land border with North Korea. About 25 million people, around half of the country's population of 51 million, live in the Seoul Capital Area.

South Sudan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Africa
ISO code: ISO 3166-1: SS
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:SS
area: 619,745 km2
area: ISO 3166-2:SS
coordinate: 8°N 30°E
density: 13.33/km2 (34.5/sq mi)
latitude: 30.0
longitude: 8.0
population: 12,778,250
comment: South Sudan, officially known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Ethiopia, to the north by Sudan, to the west by the Central African Republic, to the southwest by Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by Uganda and to the southeast by Kenya.
comment: South Sudan, officially known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in east/central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Ethiopia, to the north by Sudan, to the west by the Central African Republic, to the southwest by Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by Uganda and to the southeast by Kenya. It has a population of 11.06 million, of which 525,953 live in the capital and largest city Juba.

Sowing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
comment: Sowing is the process of planting. An area or object that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed area.

Soybean Mosaic Virus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Virus
comment: Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a member of the plant virus genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae). It infects mainly plants belonging to the family Fabaceae but has also been found infecting other economically important crops. SMV is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean productions areas of the world. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins.

Spain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Europe
has climate: Marine Climate
has climate: Dry summer climate
has climate: Semi-arid Climate
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:ES
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES
agricultural land: 275,342.5 km2
agricultural land: 275,342.5 sq. km
area: 504,030 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:ES
climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
coordinate: 40°N 4°W
density: 90/km²
density: 94/km2 (243.5/sq mi)
latitude: -4.0
latitude: -6.916349
longitude: 35.713898
longitude: 40.0
population: 46,157,822 (2008)
population: 47,450,795
comment: Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagos: the Canary Islands off the coast of North Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country . Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean respectively.
comment: Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and across the Strait of Gibraltar. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula, and its insular territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, several small islands in the Alboran Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish territory also includes the African semi-exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñon de Vélez across the Strait of Gibraltar. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north by France, Andorra and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.

Anthocyanin Content Index (ACI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Crop Stress
References: A.K. van den berg, T.D. Perkins, "Non-destructive estimation of anthocyanin content in autumn sugar maple leaves", Hortic. Sci., 40 (2005), pp. 685-686
References: Carter, Gregory A., William G. Cibula, and Richard L. Miller. "Narrow-band Reflectance Imagery Compared with ThermalImagery for Early Detection of Plant Stress." Journal of plant physiology 148.5 (1996): 515-522.
Acronym: ACI
comment: Anthocyanin Content Index (ACI) estimate Anths content from reflectance from sugar maple leaves.
definition: ACI = Green/NIR

Aerosol Free Vegetation Index (AFVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: AFVI
comment: Aerosol Free Vegetation Index (AFVI)

Adjust Green Degree Vegetation Index (AGVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: A. A. Gitelson, M. N. Merzlyak, and O. B. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves," Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2001.
Acronym: AGVI
definition: AGVI = GVI − (1 + 0.018GVI) YVI − NSI / 2

Aphid-index (AI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Crop Pest
Acronym: AI
comment: Aphid-index (AI)
definition: AI = (R730 − R419)/(R730 + R419)−0.5R736

Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Carotenoid
References: A.A. Gitelson, M.N. Merzlyak, O.B. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves", Photochemistry and Photobiology, 74 (1) (2001), pp. 38-45
Acronym: ARI
comment: Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) estimate Anths content from reflectance changes in the green region at leaf level
definition: ARI = (R550)^(-1) - (R700)^(-1)

Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 (ARI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Carotenoid
References: A.A. Gitelson, M.N. Merzlyak, O.B. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves", Photochemistry and Photobiology, 74 (1) (2001), pp. 38-45
Acronym: ARI2
comment: Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 (ARI2) estimate Anths content from reflectance changes in the green region at leaf level
definition: ARI2 = R800 x ARI

Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kaufman YJ, Tanre D (1992), "Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) for EOS-MODIS". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30: 261–270.
Acronym: ARVI
definition: ARVI = (NIR - (2 * Red) + Blue) / (NIR + (2 * Red) + Blue) NIR = [781:1399]

Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index 2 (ARVI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kaufman, Yoram J., and Didier Tanre. "Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) for EOS-MODIS." IEEE transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30.2 (1992): 261-270.
Acronym: ARVI2
definition: ARVI2 = −0.18 + 1.17((NIR−RED) / (NIR+RED))

Adjusted Soil Brightness Index (ASBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Soil
Acronym: ASBI
definition: ASBI = 2.0 * YVI

Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Elmer, Perkin. "FT-IR Spectroscopy Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)." Technical note 27, no. 11 (2005).
Acronym: ATR
comment: Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a sampling technique used in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy which enables samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without further preparation.

Ajusted Transformed Soil-Ajusted VI (ATSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Baret, Fred, and Gerard Guyot. "Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment." Remote sensing of environment 35.2-3 (1991): 161-173.
Acronym: ATSAVI

Area of the absorption feature (Area)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Area
comment: Continuous removal features: The area of the absorption feature that is the product of DEP and WID
definition: Area = In the range of 550–750 nm

Band Depth (BD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: O. Mutanga, A.K. Skidmore, "Hyperspectral band depth analysis for a better estimation of grass biomass (Cenchrus ciliaris) measured under controlled laboratory conditions", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5 (2) (2004), pp. 87-96
Acronym: BD

Band Depth Ratios (BDR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: O. Mutanga, A.K. Skidmore, "Hyperspectral band depth analysis for a better estimation of grass biomass (Cenchrus ciliaris) measured under controlled laboratory conditions", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5 (2) (2004), pp. 87-96
Acronym: BDR

Blue/Green Index (BGI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: BGI
definition: BGI = R400/R550

Band Depth Normalized to Band Area (BNA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: O. Mutanga, A.K. Skidmore, "Hyperspectral band depth analysis for a better estimation of grass biomass (Cenchrus ciliaris) measured under controlled laboratory conditions", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5 (2) (2004), pp. 87-96
Acronym: BNA
comment: Band Depth Normalized to Band Area (BNA)

Blue Blue-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (BNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Yang, Chenghai, et al. "Airborne hyperspectral imagery and yield monitor data for mapping cotton yield variability." Precision Agriculture 5.5 (2004): 445-461.
Acronym: BNDVI

Blue/Red Index (BRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: BRI
definition: BRI1=R400/R690

Blue-Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (BWDRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: BWDRVI

Band 1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band1

Band 10
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band10

Band 11
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band11

Band 12
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band12

Band 2
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band2

Band 3
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band3

Band 4
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band4

Band 5
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band5

Band 6
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band6

Band 7
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band7

Band 8
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band8

Band 8a
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band8a

Band 9
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Band9

Band operation-Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (Band Math-ROC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Xing Xu, Yun Zhao, "A Band Math-ROC operation for early differentiation between Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea in oilseed rape", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 118, October 2015, pages 116-123, Elsevier B.V.
Acronym: Band Math-ROC

Blue Band (B/Blue)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Bn
definition: Bn = B/(R + G + B)

Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: CAI
comment: Cellulose absorption index (CAI) as a function of the amount of residue for mixed scenes of varying amounts of each crop residue and tree litter, shown for each of the three soils.
definition: CAI = 0.5 × (R2031 –R2211)–R2101

Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (CARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Kim, M.S., Daughtry, C.S.T., Chappelle, E.W., McMurtrey, J.E. 1994. "The use of high spectral resolution bands for estimating absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR)". In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing. France. Val d’Isere. pp. 299-306.
Acronym: CARI
definition: CARI = (|(a670 + R670 + b)|/(a2 + 1)1/2) — (R700/R670) a = (R700 - R550)/150, b = R550 - (a — 550)

Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index 2 (CARI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kim, Moon Sung. The Use of Narrow Spectral Bands for Improving Remote Sensing Estimations of Fractionally Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation. Diss. 1994.
Acronym: CARI2
definition: CARI2 = ((|(a⋅R670 + R670]+b)| / (a2+1)^0.5) (R700 / R670) a = (R700 - R550) / 150, b = R550 - a*R550

Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Fitzgerald, G.; Rodriguez, D.; O’Leary, G. Measuring and predicting canopy nitrogen nutrition in wheat using a spectral index—The canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI). Field Crops Res. 2010, 116, 318–324.
Acronym: CCCI
comment: Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) is a two-dimensional remote sensing index, derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE). The index employs a Near InfraRed (NIR) spectral band between 670 and 790 nm, which makes it perfect for Nitrogen content monitoring, as it can only be detected in 3 wavelengths: 670, 720, and 790 nm. A large number of studies have proven that CCCI is a robust canopy nutrition control measure that enhances the process of precise fertilizer application.
definition: CCCI = ( (NIR−rededge) / (NIR+rededge)) / ((NIR−Red) / (NIR+Red) )

Chlorophyll Index (CI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: CIgreen
definition: CI = NIR/Green - 1

ChlorophyII Index-Green (CIG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CIG
definition: CIG = NIR / (Green - 1)

Color Infrared (CIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CIR

Red Edge Chlorophyll Index (CIrededge)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CIRE

Red edge chlorophyll index (CIRE1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: A A Gitelson, Y Gritz, M N Merzlyak, Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves, Journal of Plant Physiology, 160 (2003), pp. 271-282
Acronym: CIRE1
definition: CIRE1 = NIR / RE–1

Color Index for Vegetation Extraction (CIVE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kataoka, T., Kaneko, T., Okamoto, H., Hata, S., 2003. "Crop growth estimation system using machine vision." In: Proceedings of IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM), vol. 2, pp. 1079–1083
Acronym: CIVE
definition: CIVE = 0.441 ∗ Rn − 0.811 ∗ Gn + 0.385 ∗ Bn + 18.78

ChlorophyII Index-Green (CIgreen)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Clgreen

Chlorophyll Index RedEdge (CIrededge)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CIrededge

Chlorophyll Index RedEdge 710 (CIrededge710)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CIrededge710
definition: CIrededge710 = R750/R710 −1

Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CRI
definition: CRI = 1 /R505:515 - 1 / R535:565

Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2 (CRI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CRI2

Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI550)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Carotenoid
References: Gitelson, Anatoly A., et al. "Non-destructive and remote sensing techniques for estimation of vegetation status." Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Precision Agriculture, pp. 205-210, Montpelier, France, 2001.
Acronym: CRI550
definition: CRI = 1/ R510 - 1 / R550

Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI700)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gitelson, Anatoly A., et al. "Non-destructive and remote sensing techniques for estimation of vegetation status." Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Precision Agriculture, pp. 205-210, Montpelier, France, 2001.
Acronym: CRI700
comment: Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI700) is sufficient to estimate total Cars content in plant leaves
definition: CRI700 = 1/R510 - 1/R700

Carter Stress Index 1 (CSI1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: CSI1
definition: CSI1 = R695 / R420

Carter Stress Index 2 (CSI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: CSI2
definition: CSI2 = R695 / R760

Carter Index (CTR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: G.A. Carter, W.G. Cibula, T.R. Dell, "Spectral reflectance characteristics and digital imagery of a pine needle blight in the southeastern United States", Can. J. Forest Res., 26 (1996), pp. 402-407
Acronym: CTR
definition: CRT = R695/R760

Carter Index 2 (CTR2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: CTR-2
definition: CTR-2 = (R695/R760)

Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Vincini, M., Frazzi, E., & D’Alessio, P. (2007). Comparison of narrow-band and broad-band vegetation indexes for canopy chlorophyll density estimation in sugar beet. In J. V. Staford (Ed.), Precision agriculture ‘07: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (pp. 189–196).
Acronym: CVI
definition: CVI = NIR x Red / Green − 1

Chlorophyll Index (ChI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Chl

Chl Stress Index 1 (Chl SI-1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: J.J. Read, L. Tarpley, J.M. Mckinion, K.R. Ready, "Narrow-band reflectance ratios for remote estimation of nitrogen status in cotton", J. Environ. Qual., 31 (2002), pp. 1442-1452
Acronym: Chl SI-1
definition: Chl SI-1 = (R415/R695)

Chl Stress Index 2 (Chl SI-2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: D. Zhao, K.R. Reddy, V.G. Kakani, J.J. Read, S. Koti, "Selection of optimum reflectance ratios for estimating leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations of field-grown cotton", Agron J., 97 (2005), pp. 89-98
Acronym: Chl SI-2
definition: ChlSI-2 = (R708/R915)

Chl Stress Index 3 (Chl SI-3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: ChlSI-3 = (R551/R915)
References: D. Zhao, K.R. Reddy, V.G. Kakani, J.J. Read, S. Koti, "Selection of optimum reflectance ratios for estimating leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations of field-grown cotton", Agron J., 97 (2005), pp. 89-98
Acronym: ChlSI-3

Chlorophyll Index a (ChIa)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Chla
definition: Chla = (13.95 R665 - 6.80 R649) × V / (W×1000) where V is the volume of the extraction solution (ml) and W is the weight of the leaf sample (g).

Chlorophyll Index b (ChIb)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Chlb
definition: Chla = (24.96 R649 - 7.32 R665) × V / (W×1000) where V is the volume of the extraction solution (ml) and W is the weight of the leaf sample (g).

Double-peak Canopy Nitrogen Index (DCNI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Nitrogen (N)
References: Chen P.F., Haboudane D., Tremblay N., Wang J.H., Vigneault P., Li B.G. New spectral indicator assessing the efficiency of crop nitrogen treatment in corn and wheat. Remote Sens. Environ. 2010;114:1987–1997.
Acronym: DCNI
definition: DCNI = ((R720 − R700)/(R700 − R670))/(R720 − R670 + 0.03)

Disease Ratio Index (DRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: DRI
definition: DRI = R2022 / R529

Damage Sensitive Spectral Index (DSSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: DSSI

Damage sensitive Spectral Index-2 (DSSI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: DSSI2
definition: DSSI2 = (R747 − R901 − R537 − R572)/(R747 − R901) + (R537-R572)
definition: M. Mirik, G.J. Michels, S.K. Mirik, N.C. Elliot, R. Bowling, "Hyperspectral spectrometry as a means to differentiate un-infested and infested winter wheat by Greenbug (Hemiptera: Aphididae)", J. Econ. Entomol., 61 (2006), pp. 319-346

Difference Vegetation Index (DVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Tucker, C. "Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment 8 (1979): 127–150.
Acronym: DVI
comment: Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) distinguishes between soil and vegetation, but it does not account for the difference between reflectance and radiance caused by atmospheric effects or shadows.
definition: DVI = NIR - RED

Disease-Water Stress Index (DWSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Apan, A.; Held, A.; Phinn, S.; Markley, J. Detecting sugarcane ‘orange rust’ disease using EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2004, 25, 489–498.
Acronym: DWSI
definition: DWSI = R1660/R550

Derivative within Blue Edge (Db)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Db
comment: Derivative features: Maximum value of 1st derivative within blue edge
definition: Blue edge covers 490–530 nm. Db = maximum value of 1st order derivatives within the blue edge of 35 bands

Depth of the spectral feature (Dep)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Dep
comment: Continuous removal features: The depth of the feature minimum relative to the hull
definition: In the range of 550–750 nm

Derivative within Red Edge (Dr)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Dr
comment: Derivative features: Maximum value of 1st derivative within red edge
definition: Red edge covers 670–737 nm. Dy = maximum value of 1st order derivatives within the red edge of 61 bands

Derivative within Yellow Edge (Dy)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Dy
comment: Derivative features: Maximum value of 1st derivative within yellow edge
definition: Yellow edge covers 550–582 nm. Dy = maximum value of 1st order derivatives within the yellow edge of 28 bands

Excess-Blue Index (EBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: M.R. Golzarian, R.a. Frick, "Classification of images of wheat, ryegrass and brome grass species at early growth stages using principal component analysis", Plant Meth., 7 (1) (2011), p. 28
Acronym: EBI
definition: EBI = (Bn − Gn) ∗ (Bn − Rn)

Excess-Green Index (EGI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: M.R. Golzarian, R.a. Frick, "Classification of images of wheat, ryegrass and brome grass species at early growth stages using principal component analysis", Plant Meth., 7 (1) (2011), p. 28
Acronym: EGI
definition: EGI = (Gn − Rn) ∗ (Gn − Bn)

Enhanced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ENDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Strong, Conor J., Niall G. Burnside, and Dan Llewellyn. "The potential of small-Unmanned Aircraft Systems for the rapid detection of threatened unimproved grassland communities using an Enhanced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index." PloS one 12, no. 10 (2017): e0186193.
Acronym: ENDVI

Excess-Red Index (ERI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: M.R. Golzarian, R.a. Frick, "Classification of images of wheat, ryegrass and brome grass species at early growth stages using principal component analysis", Plant Meth., 7 (1) (2011), p. 28
Acronym: ERI
definition: ERI = (Rn − Gn) ∗ (Rn − Bn)

Extended Spectral Angle Mapping (ESAM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: ESAM
comment: Extended spectral angle mapping (ESAM)

Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Liu HQ, Huete AR (1995), "A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 33: 457–465.
Acronym: EVI
comment: Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) is an 'optimized' vegetation index designed to enhance the vegetation signal with improved sensitivity in high biomass regions and improved vegetation monitoring through a de-coupling of the canopy background signal and a reduction in atmosphere influences.
definition: EVI = 2,5 * ((NIR - Red) / ((NIR) + (C1 * Red) - (C2 * Blue) + L))

Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Jiang, Z., Huete, A. R., Didan, K., & Miura, T. (2008). Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(10), 3833–3845.
Acronym: EVI2
comment: Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2) improved sensitivity to high biomass while minimising soil and atmosphere infuence
definition: EVI2 = 2.5 * [ (NIR - R) / (NIR + 2.4*R + 1) ]

Excess Green (ExG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: D.M. Woebbecke, G.E. Meyer, K. Von Bargen, D.A. Mortensen, "Plant species identification, size, and enumeration using machine vision techniques on near-binary images", Optics in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 1836, SPIE (1992), pp. 208-219
Acronym: ExG
definition: ExG = 2 ∗ Gn − Rn − Bn

Excess Green Red (ExGR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: G.E. Meyer, J.A.C. Neto, "Verification of color vegetation indices for automated crop imaging applications", Comp. Electron. Agricult., 63 (2) (2008), pp. 282-293
Acronym: ExGR
definition: ExGR = ExG − ExR

Excess Red (ExR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: G.E. Meyer, T. Mehta, M.F. Kocher, D.A. Mortensen, A. Samal, "Textural imaging and discriminant analysis for distinguishing weeds for spot spraying", Trans. ASAE, 41 (4) (1998), pp. 1189-1197
Acronym: ExR
definition: ExR = 1.4 ∗ Rn − Gn

Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: FAPAR
comment: Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR, sometimes also noted fAPAR or fPAR) is the fraction of the incoming solar radiation in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a photosynthetic organism, typically describing the light absorption across an integrated plant canopy. This biophysical variable is directly related to the primary productivity of photosynthesis and some models use it to estimate the assimilation of carbon dioxide in vegetation. FAPAR can be derived from space measurements in the solar spectral range and a number of state of the art algorithms have been proposed to estimate this important environmental variable. FAPAR can also be used as an indicator of the state and evolution of the vegetation cover; with this function, it advantageously replaces the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), provided it is itself properly estimated. Currently, there are some remote sensing products of FAPAR, such as AVHRR and MODIS.

Forest index (FI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: W. Ye, X. Li, X. Chen, G. Zhang, "A Spectral Index for Highlighting Forest Cover From Remotely Sensed Imagery", International Society for Optics and Photonics., Beijing (2014)
Acronym: FI

Greenness Above Bare Soil (GABS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: GABS
definition: GABS = (GVI - 0.09178 SBI + 5.558959)

Green Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (GARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gitelson, Anatoly A., Yoram J. Kaufman, and Mark N. Merzlyak. "Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS." Remote sensing of Environment 58.3 (1996): 289-298.
Acronym: GARI
definition: GARI = [NIR−(Green−(Blue−Red))] / [NIR−(Green+(Blue−Red))]

Green Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (GARVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: GARVI = (NIR - (B3 - B1 - B5)) / (NIR - (B3 + B1 - B5)) which, B1 is the reflectance of the BLUE band (432–453 nm), B3 is the reflectance of the GREEN band (542–578 nm), B5 is the reflectance of the vegetation red edge band at (697–712 nm) .
Acronym: GARVI

Green minus Blue (GB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: D. Woebbecke, G.E. Meyer, K. Von Bargen, D.A. Mortensen, "Color indices for weed identification under various soil, residue, and lighting conditions", Trans. ASAE, 38 (1) (1995), pp. 259-269
Acronym: GB
definition: GB = Gn − Bn

Green Blue Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (GBNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: GBNDVI
definition: GBNDVI = (NIR−G−B)/(NIR+G+B).

Green Chlorophyll Index (GCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gitelson, A., Y. Gritz, and M. Merzlyak. "Relationships Between Leaf Chlorophyll Content and Spectral Reflectance and Algorithms for Non-Destructive Chlorophyll Assessment in Higher Plant Leaves." Journal of Plant Physiology 160 (2003): 271-282.
Acronym: GCI
definition: GCI = (NIR / Green) - 1

Green Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (GCVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: GCVI = NIR/GREEN − 1
References: Gitelson, A.A., Vina, A., Arkebauer, T.J., Rundquist, D.C., Keydan, G., Leavitt, B., 2003. "Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leaf biomass in maize canopies.", Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (5)
Acronym: GCVI

Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Sripada, R., et al. "Determining In-Season Nitrogen Requirements for Corn Using Aerial Color-Infrared Photography." Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2005.
Acronym: GDVI
comment: Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI) was originally designed with color-infrared photography to predict nitrogren requirements for corn.
definition: GDVI = NIR - Green

Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Pinty, B., and M. Verstraete, "GEMI: a Non-Linear Index to Monitor Global Vegetation From Satellites". Vegetation 101 (1992): 15-20.
Acronym: GEMI
comment: Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI) is a non-linear vegetation index, which is used for global environmental monitoring from satellite imagery and attempts to correct for atmospheric effects. It is similar to NDVI but is less sensitive to atmospheric effects. It is affected by bare soil; therefore, it is not recommended for use in areas of sparse or moderately dense vegetation. To compare observations under varying atmospheric and illumination conditions
definition: GEMI = eta(1 - 0.25 * eta) - (Red-0.125) / (1-Red) Where: eta = ( 2(NIR^2 - Red^2) + 1.5*NIR + 0.5*Red) / ( NIR + Red + 0.5)

Generalized soil adjusted vegetation index (GESAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gilabert MA, Gonzalez-Piqueras J, Garcia-Haro FJ, Melia J (2002), "A generalized soil-adjusted vegetation index". Remote Sensing of Environment 82: 303–310.
Acronym: GESAVI
definition: GESAVI = (NIR–aR–b)/(R+Z)

Greenness Index (GI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: GI
definition: GI = ((2.0 x Green) - (Red + Blue)) / ((2.0 x Green) + Red + Blue)

Green Leaf Index (GLI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Louhaichi, M., M. Borman, and D. Johnson. "Spatially Located Platform and Aerial Photography for Documentation of Grazing Impacts on Wheat." Geocarto International 16, No. 1 (2001): 65-70.
Acronym: GLI
comment: Green Leaf Index (GLI) was originally designed for use with a digital RGB camera to measure wheat cover, where the red, green, and blue digital numbers (DNs) range from 0 to 255.
definition: GLI = ((Green-Red) + (Green-Blue)) / ((2 * Green) + Red + Blue)

Gitelson and Merzlyak (GM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Chlorophyll
References: A.A. Gitelson, M.N. Merzlyak, "Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves", Int. J. Remote Sens., 18 (1997), pp. 2691-2697
Acronym: GM
comment: Gitelson and Merzlyak (GM) is created to measure the chlorophyll content in vegetation leaves
definition: GM = R750/R700

Gitelson and Merzylak 1 (GM1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gitelson, A. & Merzlyak, N. (1996b). Signature analysis of leaf reflectance spectra: algorithm development for remote sensing of chlorophyll. Journal of Plant Physiology, 148, 494–500.
References: Gitelson, A., & Merzlyak, N. (1997). Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18(12), 2691–2697.
Acronym: GM1
comment: Gitelson and Merzylak 1 (GM1) and GM2 were created to measure the chlorophyll content in vegetation leaves
definition: GM1 = R750/R550

Gitelson and Merzylak 2 (GM2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gitelson, A. & Merzlyak, N. (1996b). Signature analysis of leaf reflectance spectra: algorithm development for remote sensing of chlorophyll. Journal of Plant Physiology, 148, 494–500.
References: Gitelson, A., & Merzlyak, N. (1997). Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18(12), 2691–2697.
Acronym: GM2
comment: Gitelson and Merzylak 2 (GM2) and GM1 were created to measure the chlorophyll content in vegetation leaves
definition: GM2 = R750/R700

Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
related to: Chlorophyll
References: A.A. Gitelson, Y. Kaufman, M.N. Merzlyak, "Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS", Remote sensing of Environment, 58 (3) (1996), pp. 289-298
Acronym: GNDVI
comment: Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) is similar to NDVI except that it measures the green spectrum from 540 to 570 nm instead of the red spectrum. This index is more sensitive to chlorophyll concentration than NDVI.
definition: GNDVI = (NIR - Green)/(NIR + Green)

Green Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GOSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Sripada, R., et al. "Determining In-Season Nitrogen Requirements for Corn Using Aerial Color-Infrared Photography." Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2005.
Acronym: GOSAVI
comment: Green Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GOSAVI) was originally designed with color-infrared photography to predict nitrogren requirements for corn. It is similar to OSAVI, but it substitutes the green band for red.
definition: GOSAVI = (NIR-Green) / (NIR+Green+0.16)

Green Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GRDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: GRDVI

Green Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GRNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: GRNDVI

Green Ratio Vegetation Index (GRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Sripada, R., et al. "Aerial Color Infrared Photography for Determining Early In-season Nitrogen Requirements in Corn." Agronomy Journal 98 (2006): 968-977.
Acronym: GRVI
comment: Green Ratio Vegetation Index (GRVI) is sensitive to photosynthetic rates in forest canopies, as green and red reflectances are strongly influenced by changes in leaf pigments.
definition: GRVI = NIR/Green

Green Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Soil
related to: Vegetation
Acronym: GSAVI
definition: GSAVI = [(NIR−Green) / (NIR + Green+L) ] * (1+L)

Green Triangle Vegetation Index (GTVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: GTVI
definition: GTVI = (NDVI + 0.5) / (NDVI + 0.5) * (NDVI)^1/2 +0.5)

Green Vegetation Index (GVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kauth, R., and G. Thomas. "The Tasselled Cap-A Graphic Description of the Spectral-Temporal Development of Agricultural Crops as Seen By Landsat" In Proceedings of the LARS 1976 Symposium of Machine Processing of Remotely-Sensed Data, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, pp. 4B41-4B51.
Acronym: GVI
comment: Green Vegetation Index (GVI) minimizes the effects of background soil while emphasizing green vegetation. It uses global coefficients that weigh the pixel values to generate new transformed bands. It is also known as the Landsat TM Tasseled Cap green vegetation index. Values range from -1 to 1. GVI was originally designed for use with Landsat TM, but it will also work with the corresponding bands of Landsat ETM+ and Landsat 8.
definition: GVI = (-0.2848 * TM1) + (-0.2435*TM2) + (-0.5436 * TM2) + (0.7234 * TM4) + (0.0840 * TM5)+ (0.1800 * TM7) or GVI = (-0.283MSS4 - 0.660MSS5 + 0.577MSS6 + 0.388MSS7) The NDVI can be noted as NDVI(MSS6) or NDVI(MSS7) according to the spectral band used (MSS6 or MSS7).

Green Band (G/Green)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Gn
definition: Gn = Green/(Red + Green + Blue)

Grassland Index (GrassI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
References: Bareth G, Bolten A, Hollberg J, Aasen H, Burkhart A, Schellberg J, 2015. "Feasibility study of using non-calibrated UAV-based RGB imagery for grassland monitoring: case study at the Rengen Long-term Grassland Experiment (RGE), Germany." Proc. DGPF annual conference’15, Cologne, Germany, 55–62.
Acronym: Grassl

Gray Light (Gray)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Gray
definition: Gray = 0.2898 ∗ Rn + 0.5870 ∗ Gn + 0.1140 ∗ Bn

Health-Index (HI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
Acronym: HI
comment: Health-Index (HI)
definition: HI = (R739 − R402)/(R739 + R402)−0.5R403

Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Crippen, R. "Calculating the Vegetation Index Faster." Remote Sensing of Environment 34 (1990): 71-73.
Acronym: IPVI
comment: Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI) is functionally the same as NDVI, but it is computationally faster. Values range from 0 to 1.
definition: IPVI = NIR / (NIR + Red)

Leaf Area Index (LAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Boegh, E., H. Soegaard, N. Broge, C. Hasager, N. Jensen, K. Schelde, and A. Thomsen. "Airborne Multi-spectral Data for Quantifying Leaf Area Index, Nitrogen Concentration and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Agriculture." Remote Sensing of Environment 81, no. 2-3 (2002): 179-193.
Acronym: LAI
comment: Leaf Area Index (LAI) is defined as the total one-sided leaf area per ground surfacearea. This index is used to estimate foliage cover and to forecast crop growth and yield. It is a measure of the canopy photosynthetic area. LAI is often usedas an indicator of growth stage and crop biomass. LAI measurements have also440been demonstrated to show correlations with canopy micro-climate and evap-otranspiration traits. .
definition: LAI = (3.618 * EVI - 0.118) Where EVI is the Enhanced Vegetation Index value.

Leaf Chlorophyll Content (LCC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Haboudane, D.; Miller, J.R.; Tremblay, N.; Zarco-Tejada, P.J.; Dextraze, L. Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 2002, 81, 416–426.
Acronym: LCC
comment: Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is an important physiological indicator of the actual health status of individual plants. An accurate estimation of LCC can therefore provide valuable information for precision field management.
definition: LCC = Chla + Chlb

Leaf Chlorophyll Index (LCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: LCI
definition: LCI = (R850−R710) / (R850 + R680)

Leaf Hopper Index (LHI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
References: M. Prabhakar, Y.G. Prasad, M. Thirupathi, G. Sreedevi, B. Dharajothi, B. Venkateswarlu, "Use of ground based hyperspectral remote sensing for detection of stress in cotton caused by leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 79 (2011), pp. 189-198
Acronym: LHI

Leaf Nitrogen Concentration (LNC)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
predicts: Nitrogen (N)
Acronym: LNC
definition: LNC(%) = 0.14∗M1(fd496) + 0.14∗M2(fd499) + 0.11∗M3(fd689) + 0.29∗M4(fd797) + 0.32∗M5(fd882)

Land Surface Water Index (LSWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: LSWI = (NIR − SWIR1)/(NIR + SWIR1)
References: Xiao, X., Boles, S., Liu, J., Zhuang, D., Liu, M., 2002. "Characterization of forest types in Northeastern China, using multi-temporal SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor data." Remote Sens. Environ. 82 (2), 335–348
Acronym: LSWI

Leaf Water Content Index (LWCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Hunt Jr, E. Raymond; Rock, Barrett N. "Detection of changes in leaf water content using Near- and Middle-Infrared reflectances", 1989
Acronym: LWCI
definition: LWCI = log(1-(NIR-MIDIR))-log(1-(NIR-MIDIR)).

Wavelength at Db (Lb)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Lb
comment: Derivative features: Lb is wavelength position at Db
definition: Lb is wavelength position at Db

LogR
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: LogR

Wavelength at Dr (Lr)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Lr
comment: Derivative features: Lr is wavelength position at Dr
definition: Lr is wavelength position at Dr

Wavelength at Dy (Ly)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Ly
comment: Derivative features: Ly is wavelength position at Dy
definition: Ly is wavelength position at Dy

Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index (MAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Zhu, Gaolong; Ju, Weimin; Chen, J. M.; Liu, Yibo (2015), "Formulas of several commonly used vegetation indices". PLOS ONE. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102560.t001
Acronym: MAVI
definition: MAVI = (NIR–R)/(NIR+R+SWIR)

Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: C.S. Daughtry, C.L. Walthall, M.S. Kim, E.B. de Colstoun, J.E. McMurtrey, "Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance", Remote Sensing of Environment, 74 (2) (2000), pp. 229-239
Acronym: MCARI
definition: [(R700 - R670) - 0.2(R700 - R550)]/(R700/R670)

Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index 1 (MCARI1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MCARI1

Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index 2 (MCARI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: C. Wu, Z. Niu, Q. Tang, W. Huang, "Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: modeling and validation", Agric. For. Meteorol., 148 (2008), pp. 1230-1241
Acronym: MCARI2
definition: MCARI2 = [(R750 - R705) - 0.2(R750 - R550)]/(R750/R705)

Moment Distance Index (MDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MDI

Maximum Difference Water Index (MDWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
Acronym: MDWI

Modified Green Red Vegetation Index (MGRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: MGRVI = (Green^2 - Red^2) / Green^2 + Red^2)
References: Bendig, J.; Yu, K.; Aasen, H.; Bolten, A.; Bennertz, S.; Broscheit, J.; Gnyp, M.L.; Bareth, G. "Combining uav-based plant height from crop surface models, visible, and near infrared vegetation indices for biomass monitoring in barley." Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2015, 39, 79–87.
Acronym: MGRVI

Modified Green Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MGSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MGSAVI

Modified Non-Linear Index (MNLI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Yang, Z., P. Willis, and R. Mueller. "Impact of Band-Ratio Enhanced AWIFS Image to Crop Classification Accuracy." Proceedings of the Pecora 17 Remote Sensing Symposium (2008), Denver, CO.
Acronym: MNLI
comment: Modified Non-Linear Index (MNLI) is an enhancement to the Non-Linear Index (NLI) that incorporates the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) to account for the soil background. ENVI uses a canopy background adjustment factor (L) value of 0.5.
definition: MNLI = (NIR^2 - Red) * (1+L) / (NIR^2+Red+L)

Modified Red Simple Ratio Index (MRSRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: MRSRI = (R750−R445)/(R705−R445)
Acronym: MRSRI

Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Qi J, Chehbouni A, Huete AR, Kerr YH, Sorooshian S (1994), "A modified soil adjusted vegetation index". Remote Sensing of Environment 48: 119–126.
Acronym: MSAVI
definition: MSAVI = (2NIR+1–((2NIR+1)^2–8(NIR–Red))^0.5)/2

Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 1 (MSAVI1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MSAVI1

Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2 (MSAVI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Qi, J., A. Chehbouni, A. Huete, Y. Kerr, and S. Sorooshian. "A Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index." Remote Sensing of Environment 48 (1994): 119-126.
Acronym: MSAVI2
comment: Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2 (MSAVI2) is a simpler version of the MSAVI index proposed by Qi, et al (1994), which improves upon the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). It reduces soil noise and increases the dynamic range of the vegetation signal. MSAVI2 is based on an inductive method that does not use a constant L value (as with SAVI) to highlight healthy vegetation.
definition: MSAVI2 = (2*NIR+1 - ((2*NIR+1)^2 -8(NIR-Red))^1/2 )/2

Moisture Stress Index (MSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Welikhe P, Quansah JE, Fall S, Elhenney WMc (2017), "Estimation of Soil Moisture Percentage Using LANDSAT-based Moisture Stress Index". J Remote Sensing & GIS 6: 200. doi: 10.4172/2469-4134.1000200
Acronym: MSI
comment: Moisture Stress Index (MSI) is used for canopy stress analysis, productivity prediction and biophysical modeling.
definition: MSI = R1600 / R820

Mealybug Stress Index-1 (MSI-1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: MSI-1 = (R550 + R768 + R1454) − [R1454/(R550 + R768)]
References: Prabhakar, Mathyam, et al. "Hyperspectral indices for assessing damage by the solenopsis mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in cotton." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 97 (2013): 61-70.
Acronym: MSI-3

Mealybug Stress Index-2 (MSI-2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: MSI-2 = (R550 + R768) − (R1454 + R674)/(R550 + R768) + (R1454 + R674)
References: Prabhakar, Mathyam, et al. "Hyperspectral indices for assessing damage by the solenopsis mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in cotton." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 97 (2013): 61-70.
Acronym: MSI-2

Mealybug Stress Index-3 (MSI-3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: MSI-3 = (R550 − R674)/(R550 + R674)
References: Prabhakar, Mathyam, et al. "Hyperspectral indices for assessing damage by the solenopsis mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in cotton." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 97 (2013): 61-70.
Acronym: MSI-3

MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Dash, Jadunandan, and P. J. Curran. "The MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index." International Journal of Remote Sensing, (2004): 5403-5413.
Acronym: MTCI
definition: MTCI = (R754−R709) / (R709 −R681)

Modified Triangular Vegetation Index (MTVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MTVI
comment: Modified Triangular Vegetation Index (MTVI)
definition: MTVI = 1.2[1.2(1.2(R761-R581) - 2.5(R651-R581)]

Modified Triangular Vegetation Index 1 (MTVI1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MTVI1

Modified Triangular Vegetation Index (MTVI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Nitrogen (N)
References: Haboudane D., Miller J.R., Pattey E., Zarco-Tejada P.J., Strachan I.B. Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004;90:337–352.
Acronym: MTVI2
definition: MTVI2 = 1.5(1.2(R800 − R550) − 2.5(R670 − R550))/sqrt((2R800 + 1)^2 − (6R800 − 5sqrt(R670)) − 0.5)

Modified Triangular Vegetation Index 3 (MTVI3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: MTVI3

Normalized Band Depth Index (NBDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
References: O. Mutanga, A.K. Skidmore, "Hyperspectral band depth analysis for a better estimation of grass biomass (Cenchrus ciliaris) measured under controlled laboratory conditions", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5 (2) (2004), pp. 87-96
Acronym: NBDI

Narrow-Band Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NBNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: P.S. Thenkabail, R.B. Smith, E. De Pauw, "Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop characteristics", Remote Sensing of Environment, 71 (2) (2000), pp. 158-182
Acronym: NBNDVI
definition: NBNDVI = (R850 - R680)/(R850 + R680)

Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NBR
definition: NBR = (NIR - SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)

Dry Bare-Soil Index (NBSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Satellite Imagery
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Soil
References: A. Rasul, H. Balzter, G. Ibrahim, H. Hameed, J. Wheeler, B. Adamu, et al., "Applying built-up and bare-soil indices from Landsat 8 to cities in dry climates", Land, 7 (2018), p. 81
Acronym: NBSI

Normalised Difference Index (ND705)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: ND705

Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Y. Zha, J. Gao, S. Ni, "Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery", Int. J. Remote Sens., 24 (2003), pp. 583-594
Acronym: NDBI

Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBUI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Y. Zha, J. Gao, S. Ni, "Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery", Int. J. Remote Sens., 24 (2003), pp. 583-594
Acronym: NDBUI

Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: NDCI = (R762 − R527)/(R762 + R527)
References: A. Marshak, Y. Knyazikhin, A.B. Davis, W.J. Wiscombe, P., P., "Cloud-vegetation interaction: use of normalized difference cloud index for estimation of cloud optical thickness", Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (2000), pp. 1695-1698
Acronym: NDCI

Normalized Difference Greenness Vgetation Index (NDGI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Romero, M., Luo, Y., Su, B., & Fuentes, S. (2018). "Vineyard water status estimation using multispectral imagery from an UAV platform and machine learning algorithms for irrigation scheduling management." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 147, 109–117.
Acronym: NDGI

Normalised Difference Index (NDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Crop Imagery
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Stajnko et al., D. Stajnko, M. Lakota, M. Hocevar, "Estimation of number and diameter of apple fruits in an orchard during the growing season by thermal imaging", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 42 (2004), pp. 31-34
Acronym: NDI
definition: NDI = (Green - Red) / (Green + Red)

Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDII

Normalized Difference Moisture Index-1 (NDMI-1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDMI1
definition: NDMI1 = 860 –(R1640 –R2130) / 860 + (R1640 –R2130)

Normalized Difference Moisture Index-2 (NDMI-2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDMI2
definition: NDMI2 = (R2200 –R1100)/(R2200 + R1100)

Normalized Difference Red-edge Index (NDRE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Nitrogen (N)
Acronym: NDRE
comment: Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) index which estimates leaf chlorophyll content was most useful in characterizing the leaf area dynamics/senescence patterns of contrasting genotypes.
definition: NDRE = (R790 - R720) / (R790 + R720)

Normalized Difference Red-edge Index 1 (NDRE1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDRE1

Normalized Difference Red-edge Index 2 (NDRE2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: E.M. Barnes, T.R. Clarke, S.E. Richards, P.D. Colaizzi, J. Haberland, M. Kostrzewski, P. Waller, C. Choi, E. Riley, T. Thompson, R.J. Lascano, H. Li, M.S. Moran, "Coincident Detection of Crop Water Stress, Nitrogen Status, and Canopy Density Using Ground-Based Multispectral Data", In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Bloomington, MN, USA (Vol. 1619).
Acronym: NDRE2
definition: NDRE2 = (Band7 - Band5) / (Band7 + Band5) defined for Sentinel-2 bands

Normalized Difference Red-edge Index 3 (NDRE3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: G. Navarro, I. Caballero, G. Silva, P.-C. Parra, Á. Vázquez, R. Caldeira, "Evaluation of forest fire on Madeira Island using sentinel-2A MSI imagery", Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 58 (2017), pp. 97-106
Acronym: NDRE3
Acronym: NDRE3 = (Band8A - Band7) / (Band8A + Band7) Definition for Sentinel-2 bands

Normalized Difference Red-edge Index (NDREI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDREI
comment: Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) index which estimates leaf chlorophyll content was most useful in characterizing the leaf area dynamics/senescence patterns of contrasting genotypes.

Normalized Difference Structural Index (NDSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: L. Vescovo, G. Wohlfahrt, M. Balzarolo, S. Pilloni, M. Sottocornola, M. Rodeghiero, D. Gianelle, "New spectral vegetation indices based on the near-infrared shoulder wavelengths for remote detection of grassland phytomass", Int. J. Remote Sens., 33 (7) (2012), pp. 2178-2195
Acronym: NDSI

Normalized Difference Tillage Index (NDTI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDTI
definition: NDTI = (R1650 –R2215)/(R1650 + R2215)

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
References: Rouse et al., J.W. Rouse, R.H. Haas, J.A. Schell, D.W. "Deering Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS", Proc. Third ERTS Symposium, 1 (1973), pp. 48-62
Acronym: NDVI
comment: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyze remote sensing measurements, often from a space platform, assessing whether or not the target being observed contains live green vegetation.
definition: NDVI = (IR-R)/(IR+R) = (R800 − R680)/(R800 + R680)

Normalized Difference 750/705 Chl NDI (NDVI705)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NDVI705
definition: NDVI705 = (R750 −R705) / (R750 + R705)

Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Gao. "NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space." 1996.
Acronym: NDWI
comment: Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is formulated by Gao combining reflectance of NIR and SWIR is more common and has wider range of application. It can be used for exploring water content at single leaf level as well as canopy/satellite level
definition: NDWI = (Green - NIR) / (Green + NIR) NDWI = (NIR - SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)

Normalized Difference Yellowness Index (NDYI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Yield
Acronym: NDYI
definition: NDYI = (Red - Green) / (Red + Green)

Normalized Green Red Diference Index (NGRDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NGRDI

Near-Infrared Index (NIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NIR

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NIRS
comment: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm).

Non-linear Vegetation Index (NLI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: N.S. Goel, W. Qi, "Influences of canopy architecture on relationships between various vegetation indices and LAI and FPAR: A computer simulation", Remote Sensing Reviews, 10 (4) (1994), pp. 309-347
Acronym: NLI
comment: Non-linear Vegetation Index (NLI) assumes that the relationship between many vegetation indices and surface biophysical parameters is non-linear. It linearizes relationships with surface parameters that tend to be non-linear.
definition: NLI = (NIR^2 - Red)/(NIR^2 + Red)

Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll Index (NPCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
related to: Nitrogen (N)
References: Aparicio, N., et al. "Effect of sensor view angle on the assessment of agronomic traits by ground level hyper-spectral reflectance measurements in durum wheat under contrasting Mediterranean conditions." International Journal of Remote Sensing 25.6 (2004): 1131-1152.
Acronym: NPCI
definition: NPCI = (R680 - R430) / (R680 + R430)

Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll Index 2 (NPCI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: J. Penuelas, J. Gamon, A. Fredeen, J. Merino, C. Field, "Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen-and water-limited sunflower leaves", Rem. Sens. Environ., 48 (1994), pp. 135-146
Acronym: NPCI2
definition: NPCI2 = (R680 - R430) / (R680 + R430)

Normalized Phaeophytinization Index (NPQ)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NPQ
definition: NPQ = (R415 –R435)/(R415 + R435)

Nitrogen Reflectance Index (NRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Nitrogen (N)
References: I. Filella, L. Serrano, J. Serra, J. Penuelas, "Evaluating wheat nitrogen status with canopy reflectance indices and discriminant analysis", Crop Science, 35 (5) (1995), pp. 1400-1405
Acronym: NRI
definition: NRI = (R570 - R670)/(R570 + R670)

Nitrogen Stress Index 1 (NSI-1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: D. Zhao, K.R. Reddy, V.G. Kakani, J.J. Read, S. Koti, "Selection of optimum reflectance ratios for estimating leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations of field-grown cotton", Agron J., 97 (2005), pp. 89-98
Acronym: NSI-1
definition: NSI1 = (R415/R710)

Nitrogen Stress Index 2 (NSI-2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: D. Zhao, K.R. Reddy, V.G. Kakani, J.J. Read, S. Koti, "Selection of optimum reflectance ratios for estimating leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations of field-grown cotton", Agron J., 97 (2005), pp. 89-98
Acronym: NSI-2
definition: NSI2 = (R517/R413)

NIR Shoulder Region Index (NSRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NSRI

Normalised Vegetation Index (NVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: NVI = (R777 − R747)/R673
Acronym: NVI

Water Stress and Canopy Temperature (NWI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
Acronym: NWI2
definition: Babar, M. A., Reynolds, M. P., Van Ginkel, M., Klatt, A. R., Raun, W. R., & Stone, M. L. (2006). Spectral refectance to estimate genetic variation for in-season biomass, leaf chlorophyll, and canopy temperature in wheat. Crop Science, 46(3), 1046–1057.
definition: NWI2 = (R970−R850) / (R970+R850)

Normalized Water Index -3 (NWI-3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NWI-3
definition: NWI-3 = (R970 –R880)/(R970+R880)

N_1645_1715
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Phosphorus (P)
related to: Potassium (K)
References: Pimstein, A., Karnieli, A., Bansal, S. K., & Bonfild, D. J. (2011). Exploring remotely sensed technologies for monitoring wheat potassium and phosphorus using field spectroscopy. Field Crops Research, 121, 125–135.
definition: N_1645_1715 = (R1645 - R1715)/(R1645 + R1715)

N_870_1450
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Phosphorus (P)
related to: Potassium (K)
References: Pimstein, A., Karnieli, A., Bansal, S. K., & Bonfild, D. J. (2011). Exploring remotely sensed technologies for monitoring wheat potassium and phosphorus using field spectroscopy. Field Crops Research, 121, 125–135.
definition: N_870_1450 = (R870 - R1450)/(R870 + R1450)

Normalized G (NormR1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NormR1

Normalized NIR (NormR2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NormR2

Normalized R (NormR3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NormR3

Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Rondeaux G, Steven M, Baret F (1996), "Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment", 55: 95–107.
Acronym: OSAVI
definition: OSAVI = (NIR–Red)/(NIR+Red+Yellow)

Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2 (OSAVI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: C. Wu, Z. Niu, Q. Tang, W. Huang, Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: modeling and validation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148 (2008), pp. 1230-1241
Acronym: OSAVI2
definition: OSAVI2 = (1+0.6)*(R750-R705) / (R750+R705-0.16)

Plant Biochemical Index (PBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PBI
definition: PBI = Band8 / Band 3 defined for Sentinel-2 bands

Powdery Mildew Index (PMI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PMI
comment: Powdery Mildew Index (PMI)
definition: PMI = (R400 – R735)/(R400 + R735)−0.5R403

Pan NDVI (PNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PNDVI

Plant Pigment Ratio (PPR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Pigment
References: Metternicht, G. (2003). Vegetation indices derived from high-resolution airborne videography for precision crop management. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(14), 2855–2877
Acronym: PPR
definition: PPR = (R550−R450) / (R550+R450)

Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: J.A. Gamon, J. Penuelas, C.B. Field, "A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency", Remote Sensing of Environment, 41 (1) (1992), pp. 35-44
Acronym: PRI
definition: PRI = (R531 - R570)/(R531 + R570)

Pigment Specific Normalized Difference-a (PSNDa)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PSNDa
definition: PSNDa = (R800 –R680)/(R800 + R680)

Pigment Specific Normalized Difference-b (PSNDb)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PSNDb
definition: PSNDb = (R800 –R635)/(R800 + R635)

Pigment Specific Normalized Difference-c (PSNDc)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PSNDc
definition: PSNDa = (R800 –R470)/(R800 + R470)

Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Crop Stress
References: M.N. Merzlyak, A.A. Gitelson, O.B. Chivkunova, V.Y. Rakitin, "Non-destructive optical detection of pigment changes during leaf senescence and fruit ripening", Physiologia Plantarum, 106 (1) (1999), pp. 135-141
Acronym: PSRI
definition: PSRI = (R680 - R500)/R750

Pigments Specific Simple Ratio (PSSR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: PSSR = R800 / R635
References: A.A. Gitelson, N.M. Merzlyak, B.O. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves", Photochemistry and Photobiology, 74 (1) (2001), pp. 38-45
Acronym: PSSR

Pigment Specifc Simple Ratio (PSSRa)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Blackburn, G. A. (1998). Spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations: A test using senescent tree leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(4), 657–675.
Acronym: PSSRa
definition: PSSRa = R800 / R680

Pigment Specifc Simple Ratio (PSSRb)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Blackburn, G. A. (1998). Spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations: A test using senescent tree leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(4), 657–675.
Acronym: PSSRb

Pigment Specifc Simple Ratio (PSSRc)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: PSSRc
definition: PSSRc = (R800/R470)

Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Richardson AJ, Wiegand CL (1977), "Distinguishing vegetation from soil background information". Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 43: 1541–1552.
Acronym: PVI
definition: PVI = (NIR-aR-b)/(a^2+1)^1/2

Plant Water Index (PWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
Acronym: PWI

P_1080_1460
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Phosphorus (P)
References: G. R. Mahajan, R. N. Sahoo, R. N. Pandey, V. K. Gupta, Dinesh Kumar,Using hyperspectral remote sensing techniques to monitor nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and potassium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),Precision Agriculture, Volume 15, pages 499–522 (2014) , Springer

P_670_1092
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Phosphorus (P)

P_670_1260
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Phosphorus (P)

Physiological Reflectance Index (PhRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: J.A. Gamon, J. Penuelas, C.B. Field, "A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency", Remote Sensing of Environment, 41 (1) (1992), pp. 35-44
Acronym: PhRI
definition: PhRI = (R550 - R531)/(R550 + R531)

Ratio Analysis of Reflectance Spectra (RARS)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: E.W. Chappelle, M.S. Kim, M.M. Iii, "Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (rars): an algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybean leaves", Remote Sens. Environ., 39 (1992), pp. 239-247
Acronym: RARS
comment: Ratio Analysis of Reflectance Spectra (RARS) estimates carotenoid pigment contents in foliage.
definition: RARS = R760/R500

Ratio Analysis of Refectance Spectral Chlorophyll-a (RARSa)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Chappelle, E. W., Kim, M. S., & McMurtrey, J. E. (1992). "Ration analysis of refectance spectra (RARS) - An algorithm for the remote estimation concentration of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoid soybean leaves". Remote Sensing of Environment, 39(3), 239–247.
Acronym: RARSa
definition: RARSa = R675 / R700

Ratio Analysis of Refectance Spectral Chlorophyll-b (RARSb)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Chappelle, E. W., Kim, M. S., & McMurtrey, J. E. (1992). "Ration analysis of refectance spectra (RARS) - An algorithm for the remote estimation concentration of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoid soybean leaves". Remote Sensing of Environment, 39(3), 239–247.
Acronym: RARSb
definition: RARSa = R675 / (R700 × R650)

Range Action Verification Index (RAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RAVI

Red Blue Index (RBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: M.R. Golzarian, R.a. Frick, "Classification of images of wheat, ryegrass and brome grass species at early growth stages using principal component analysis", Plant Meth., 7 (1) (2011), p. 28
Acronym: RBI
definition: RBI = (Rn − Bn)/(Rn + Bn)

Red-Blue NDVI (RBNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RBNDVI

Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index (RCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: CI
comment: Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index (RCI) is a narrow band in the vegetation reflectance spectrum between the transition of red to near infra-red. The total chlorophyll content is linearly correlated with the difference between the reciprocal reflectance of green/ red-edge bands and the NIR band.
definition: CI_rededge = (NIR/Red_edge) − 1

Ratio Drought Index (RDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Drought
References: J.E. Pinder, K.W. McLeod, "Indications of Relative Drought Stress in Longleaf Pine From Thematic Mapper Data", 65 (1999), pp. 495-501
Acronym: RDI
definition: RDI = Band12 / Band8A defined for Sentinel-2 bands

Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RNDVI

RedEdge (RE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RE
definition: RE = RedEdge band

Red-Edge Difference Vegetation Index (REDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: REDVI

Red-Edge Infection Point (REIP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Guyot, G., Baret, F., 1988. Utilisation de la haute résolution spectrale pour suivre l’état des 494 couverts végétaux. In: Proceedings of the 4th International colloquium on spectral signatures of 495 objects in remote sensing. ESA SP-287, Assois, France, pp. 279–286.
Acronym: REIP
definition: REIP = 700 + 40 × (NIR670 / 2 + NIR780 / 2 −NIR700) / (NIR740−NIR700)

Red-Edge Optimized SAVI (REOSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SEOSAVI

Red-Edge Eosition (REP)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: REP
comment: The red-edge represents the abrupt reflectance change in 680-740 nm range of vegetation spectra, which is caused by the combined effects of strong chlorophyll absorption in the red wavelengths and high reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths due to the leaf internal scattering.
definition: REP = 700 + 40 x (Rre - R700) / (R740 - R700)

Red-Edge Position Determination (REPD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: REPD

Red-Edge Renormalized Different Vegetation Index (RERDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RERDVI

Red-Edge Renormalized Vegetation Index (RERVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RERVI

Red-Edge Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RESAVI

Red Edge Triangular Vegetation Index (RETVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Chen, P., Tremblay, N., Wang, J., & Vigneault, P., (2009). "New spectral index for corn greenbiomass estimation." In Q. Tong & D. Li (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes. Sichuan. China. May 25–29 2009. (pp. 507–514).
Acronym: RETVI
definition: RETVI = 100 (R750−R730) − 10(R750−R550) √(R700 / R670)

Red-Edge Vegetation Stress Index (REVSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Crop Stress
References: Merton, R., Huntington, J., 1999. "Early simulation of the ARIES-1 satellite sensor for multi-temporal vegetation research derived from AVIRIS". In: Summaries of the Eight JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop. Pasadena, CA: JPL, Publication. pp. 299-307.
Acronym: REVSI
definition: REVSI = [(R712 + R752)/2] - R732

Red-Edge Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (REWDRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: REWDRVI

Reflectance of Green band (RG)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Referred to RSR of Landsat-5 TM
Acronym: RG
comment: Within the range from 520 to 600 nm

Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (NGRDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: NGRDI

Red Green Blue Vegetation Index (RGBVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: RGBVI = (Green^2 - Red*Blue) / Green^2 + Red*Blue)
References: Bendig, J.; Yu, K.; Aasen, H.; Bolten, A.; Bennertz, S.; Broscheit, J.; Gnyp, M.L.; Bareth, G. "Combining uav-based plant height from crop surface models, visible, and near infrared vegetation indices for biomass monitoring in barley." Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2015, 39, 79–87.
Acronym: RGBVI

Red/Green Index (RGI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RGI
definition: RGI = R690/R550

Red Green Ratio Index (RGR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RGR
definition: RGR = Rred / Rgreen

Red Green Ratio Index (RGRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RGRI

Redness Index (RI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Escadafal, R. and Huete, A. R. (1991) Étude des propriétés spectrales des sols arides appliquée à l'amélioration des indices de végétation obtenus par télédétection. CR Acad. Sci. Paris 312 (2):1385-1391.
Acronym: RI
definition: RI = (Red - Green) / (Red + Green)

Reciprocal of Moisture Stress Index (RMSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Crop Stress
related to: Soil Moisture
Acronym: RMSI

Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: J. Roujean, F. Breon, "Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements", Remote Sensing of Environment, 51 (3) (1995), pp. 375-384
Acronym: RNDVI
comment: Sensitive to photosynthetically active radiation and biophysical parameters
definition: RNDVI = (RNIR - RR)/(RNIR + RR)0.5

Reflectance of near-infrared band (RNIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Referred to RSR of Landsat-5 TM
Acronym: RNIR
comment: Within the range from 760 to 960 nm

Rot Index (ROTI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: ROTI
definition: ROTI = R1175/(R1982 + R691)

Reflectance of Red band (RR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Referred to RSR of Landsat-5 TM
Acronym: RR
comment: Within the range from 620 to 690 nm

Spectral RRI1
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RRI1

Reduced Simple Ratio (RSR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Brown LJ, Chen JM, Leblanc SG, Cihlar J (2000), "A shortwave infrared correction to the simple ratio: an image and model analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment" 71: 16–25.
Acronym: RSR
definition: RSR = SR×(SWIRmax–SWIR)/(SWIRmax–SWIRmin)

Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: RVI
comment: Simple Ratio (SR) or Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) is simply the reflectance in the NIR band divided by the reflectance in the red band.
definition: RVI = SR = NIR/Red

Ratio Vegetation Structure Index (RVSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
Acronym: RVSI
comment: Ratio Vegetation Structure Index (RVSI)
definition: RVSI = [(R712 + R752)/2]−R732

Red Band (R/Red)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Rn
definition: Rn = Red / (Red + Green + Blue)

Stem Area Index (SAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SAI

Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kruse, F. A., Lefkoff, A. B., Boardman, J. W., Heidebrecht, K. B., Shapiro, A. T., Barloon, P. J., et al. (1993). The spectral image-processing system (SIPS)-interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 44(2–3), 145–163.
Acronym: SAM
comment: Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM) determines spectral similarity between two spectra by treating them as vectors in a space with dimensionality equal to the number of bands (nb) (Kruse et al. 1993). A simplified explanation of this can be given by considering a reference spectrum and a test spectrum from two-band data represented on a two dimensional plot as two points

Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Soil
References: Baret, F.; Guyot, G.; Major, D, "TSAVI: a vegetation index which minimizes soil brightness effects on LAI and APAR estimation", Proceedings of 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing and IGARSS, 1989
Acronym: SARVI
definition: SARVI = (1+L) [(800nm-(Red - y(Blue-Red))) / (800nm + -(Red - y(Blue-Red))+L)]

Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Biomass
related to: Soil
Acronym: SAVI
comment: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) empirically derived NDVI products have been shown to be unstable, varying with soil colour, soil moisture, and saturation effects from high density vegetation. In an attempt to improve NDVI, Huete developed a vegetation index that accounted for the differential red and near-infrared extinction through the vegetation canopy. The index is a transformation technique that minimizes soil brightness influences from spectral vegetation indices involving red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. The L-value is based on the amount of green vegetative cover. L is a default of 0.5, which means, generally, areas of moderate green vegetative cover. SAVI is sensitive to biophysical parameters
definition: SAVI = ((NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red + L)) x (1 + L)

Soil Brightness Index (SBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Soil
References: Kauth, R., and G. Thomas. "The Tasselled Cap-A Graphic Description of the Spectral-Temporal Development of Agricultural Crops as Seen By Landsat" In Proceedings of the LARS 1976 Symposium of Machine Processing of Remotely-Sensed Data, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, pp. 4B41-4B51.
Acronym: SBI
definition: SBI = (0.332MSS4 + 0.603MSS5 + O.675MSS6 + 0.262MSS7) The NDVI can be noted as NDVI(MSS6) or NDVI(MSS7) according to the spectral band used (MSS6 or MSS7).

Simplified Canopy ChlorophyII Content Index
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: T. Raper, J. Varco, "Canopy-scale wavelength and vegetative index sensitivities to cotton growth parameters and nitrogen status", Precision Agric., 16 (1) (2015), pp. 62-76
Acronym: SCCCI
definition: SCCCI = NDREI/NDVI

Simple Difference (SD)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SD
definition: SD=NIR−R.

Sum of 1st Derivative values within Blue edge (SDb)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SDb
comment: Derivative features: Defined by sum of 1st order derivative values of 35 bands within the blue edge
definition: SDb = Sum of 1st order derivative values of 35 bands within the blue edge

Sum of 1st Derivative values within Red edge (SDr)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SDr
comment: Derivative features: Defined by sum of 1st order derivative values of 61 bands within the red edge
definition: SDr = Sum of 1st order derivative values of 61 bands within the red edge

Sum of 1st Derivative values within Yellow edge (SDy)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SDy
comment: Derivative features: Defined by sum of 1st order derivative values of 28 bands within the yellow edge
definition: SDy = Sum of 1st order derivative values of 28 bands within the yellow edge

Stress Index (SI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: SI = ρ693 / ρ759
References: Vidal, A., F. Pinglo, H. Durand, C. Devaux-Rox, and A. Maillet. 1994. “Evaluation of a Temporal Fire Risk Index in Mediterranean Forests from NOAA Thermal IR.” Remote Sensing of the Environment 49: 296–303.
Acronym: SI

Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Mohammed, G.H.; Colombo, R.; Middleton, E.M.; Rascher, U.; van der Tol, C.; Nedbal, L.; Goulas, Y.; Pérez-Priego, O.; Damm, A.; Meroni, M.; et al. "Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in vegetation: 50 years of progress". Remote sens. Environ. 2019, 231, 111177
Acronym: SIF

Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Pigment
Acronym: SIPI
comment: Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI) improved pigment index to avoid structural disturbances
definition: SIPI = (NIR - Blue) / (NIR - Red)

Spectral Polygon Vegetation Index (SPVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SPVI

Simple Ratio (SR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: F. Baret, G. Guyot, "Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment", Remote Sensing of Environment, 35 (2-3) (1991), pp. 161-173
Acronym: SR
comment: Simple Ratio (SR) is a ratio of (1) the wavelength with highest reflectance for vegetation and (2) the wavelength of the deepest chlorophyll absorption. The simple equation is easy to understand and is effective over a wide range of conditions. As with the NDVI, it can saturate in dense vegetation when LAI becomes very high. Structural-related index minimising pigment infuence
definition: SR = NIR/Red

Simple Ratio 1 (SR1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SR1

Spectral Reflectance Indices (SRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Prasad, Bishwajit. Spectral reflectance indices in wheat breeding. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.
Acronym: SRI
comment: Spectral reflectance indices (SRI) are one of the several indirect selection tools that have been reported to be associated with many physiological processes of different crop species.

Simple Ratio Pigment Index (SRPI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Penuelas J., Gamon J.A., Fredeen A.L., Merino J., Field C.B. Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen- and water-limited sunflower leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 1994;48:135–146.
Acronym: SRPI
definition: SRPI = R430/R680

Simple Ratio Vegetation Index (SRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Zhao, D., Reddy, K. R., Kakani, V. G., Read, J. J., & Koti, S. (2007). "Canopy reflectance in cotton for growth assessment and lint yield prediction". European Journal of Agronomy, 26(3), 335–344.
Acronym: SRVI

Simple Ratio Water Index (SRWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Rallo, G., Minacapilli, M., Ciraolo, G., & Provenzano, G. (2014). "Detecting crop water status in mature olive groves using vegetation spectral measurements." Biosystems Engineering, 128, 52–68.
References: Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Rueda, C. A., & Ustin, S. L. (2003). "Water content estimation in vegetation with MODIS reflectance data and model inversion methods." Remote Sensing of Environment, 85(1), 109–124.
Acronym: SRWI
definition: SRWI = R858 / R1240 or SRWI = R680 / R1240

Shortwave Infrared (SWIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: SWIR
comment: Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) is of the band combination meant to monitor drainage and soil patterns, stages of crop growth, and vegetation studies in general.

Shortwave Infrared Water Index (SWWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Y. Inoue, S. Morinaga, M. Shibayama, "Non-destructive estimation of water status of intact crop leaves based on spectral reflectance measurements", Japanese J. Crop Sci., 62 (1993), pp. 462-469
Acronym: SWWI
definition: SWWI = (R850 –R1650)/(R850 + R1650)

S_660_1080
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Sulphur (S)
References: G. R. Mahajan, R. N. Sahoo, R. N. Pandey, V. K. Gupta, Dinesh Kumar,Using hyperspectral remote sensing techniques to monitor nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and potassium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),Precision Agriculture, Volume 15, pages 499–522 (2014) , Springer
definition: S_660_1080 = (R1080 - R660) / (R1080 + R660)

S_660_1260
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: G. R. Mahajan, R. N. Sahoo, R. N. Pandey, V. K. Gupta, Dinesh Kumar,Using hyperspectral remote sensing techniques to monitor nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and potassium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),Precision Agriculture, Volume 15, pages 499–522 (2014) , Springer
definition: S_660_1260 = (R1260 - R660) / (R1260 + R660)

S_670_1090
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Sulphur (S)

Tea Anthracnose Normalized Index (TANI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Tea
References: Yuan, Lin, et al. "Detection of anthracnose in tea plants based on hyperspectral imaging." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 167 (2019): 105039.
Acronym: TANI
comment: Tea Anthracnose Normalized Index (TANI)

Tea Anthracnose Ratio Index (TARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Tea
References: Yuan, Lin, et al. "Detection of anthracnose in tea plants based on hyperspectral imaging." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 167 (2019): 105039.
Acronym: TARI
comment: Tea Anthracnose Ratio Index (TARI)

Three-Band Water Index (TBWI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: TBWI
definition: TBWI = (R973 - R1720) / R1447

Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption and Reflectance Index (TCARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: D. Haboudane, J.R. Miller, E. Pattery, P.J. Zarco-Tejad, I.B. Strachan, "Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture", Remote Sensing Environment, 90 (3) (2004), pp. 337-352
Acronym: TCARI
definition: TCARI = 3[(R700 - R670) - 0.2(R700 - R550)(R700/R670)]

Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption and Reflectance Index 2 (TCARI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: TCARI2

Triangular Chlorophyll Index (TCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Hunt Jr, E. Raymond, et al. "Remote sensing leaf chlorophyll content using a visible band index." Agronomy journal 103.4 (2011): 1090-1099.
Acronym: TCI
definition: TCI = 1.2(R700−R550) −1.5(R670 − R550)⋅(R700 / R670)^(1/2)

Transformed Diference Vegetation Index (TDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Bannari, A., Asalhi, H., & Teillet, P. M. 2002. Transformed diference vegetation index (TDVI) for vegetation cover mapping. In IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, (Vol. 5, pp. 3053–3055).
Acronym: TDVI
comment: Transformed Diference Vegetation Index (TDVI) is a structural-related index minimising pig- ment infuence
definition: TDVI = 1.5 ∗[ (NIR − R) ∕ sqrt(NIR^2 + R + 0.5) ]

Triangular Greenness Index (TGI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Hunt, E., C. Daughtry, J. Eitel, and D. Long. "Remote Sensing Leaf Chlorophyll Content Using a Visible Band Index." Agronomy Journal 103, No. 4 (2011): 1090-1099.
Acronym: TGI
comment: Triangular Greenness Index (TGI) approximates the area of a triangle bounding a leaf reflectance spectrum, where the vertices are in the red, green, and blue wavelengths. The Lambda (L) terms represent the center wavelengths of the respective bands. The Rho (R) terms represent the pixel values of those bands. The original TGI equation (Hunt et al, 2011) used 670 nm, 550 nm, and 480 nm for the red, green, and blue wavelength centers, with a 10 nm band width. The following figure shows an ENVI spectral profile of a pixel that represents healthy, green vegetation. It shows the triangle bounding the vegetation spectrum.
definition: TGI = ((Lred-Lblue)(Rred-Rgreen) - (Lred-Lgreen)(Rred-Rblue)) / 2

Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: TNDVI
comment: Transformed Normal Difference Vegetation index (TNDVI) is used to transform multi-spectral data into a single image band.
definition: TNDVI = Sqrt ((NIR-red/NIR+red) + 0.5).

Total Reflection (TR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: TR

Transformed soil adjusted vegetation index (TSAVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: TSAVI
definition: TSAVI = a(NIR-aR-b)/(R+a(NIR-b)+X(1+a^2))

Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: TVDI

Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: N.H. Broge, E. Leblanc, "Comparing prediction power and stability of broadband and hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimation of green leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll density", Remote Sensing of Environment, 76 (2) (2001), pp. 156-172
Acronym: TVI
definition: TVI = 0.5[120(R750 - R550) - 200(R670 - R550)]

Ultraviolet (UV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: UV
definition: UV : 350–399.9nm

Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Gitelson, A., et al. "Vegetation and Soil Lines in Visible Spectral Space: A Concept and Technique for Remote Estimation of Vegetation Fraction. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23 (2002): 2537−2562.
Acronym: VARI
comment: Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) is based on the ARVI and is used to estimate the fraction of vegetation in a scene with low sensitivity to atmospheric effects.
definition: VARI = (Green-Red) / (Green + Red - Blue)

Vertex Component Analysis (VCA)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: VCA
comment: Vertex Component Analysis (VCA) is a linear unmixing method, aiming at estimating the number of reference endmembers, their spectral signatures and their abundance fractions.

Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Liu, W.T., Kogan, F.N.,: Monitoring regional drought using the Vegetation Condition Index. In: International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1996, Vol. 17, 2761- 2782
Acronym: VCI
See Also: VCI = (NDVIj−NDVImin) / (NDVImax−NDVImin) * 100

Vegetation Fraction (VF)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: VF = (R550−R670) / (R550+R670)
References: Gitelson, A. A., R. Stark, U. Grits, D. Rundquist, Y. Kaufman, and D. Derry. 2002a. “Vegetation and Soil Lines in Visible Spectral Space: A Concept and Technique for Remote Estimation of Vegetation Fraction.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 23: 2537–2562.
Acronym: VF

Vegetation Index (VI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: VI
comment: A Vegetation Index (VI) is a spectral transformation of two or more bands designed to enhance the contribution of vegetation properties and allow reliable spatial and temporal inter-comparisons of terrestrial photosynthetic activity and canopy structural variations.

Green Vegetation Index (VIGreen)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: A.A. Gitelson, Y.J. Kaufman, R. Stark, D. Rundquist, "Novel algorithms for remote estimation of vegetation fraction", Rem. Sens. Environ., 80 (2002), pp. 76-87
Acronym: VIGreen
comment: Green Vegetation Index (VIGreen)
definition: VIGreen=R761-R651R761+R651

Visible Near Infrared Reflectance (VNIR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Bilgili, A. Volkan, et al. "Visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for assessment of soil properties in a semi-arid area of Turkey." Journal of Arid Environments 74.2 (2010): 229-238.
Acronym: VNIR
comment: Visible Near Infrared Reflectance (VNIR) spectroscopy shows promise as a low-cost method that can be used to substitute or complement traditional soil characterization methods.

VNR
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Pearson, R.L., Miller, L.D., 1972. Remote mapping of standing crop biomass for estimation of the productivity of the shortgrass prairie, Pawnee National Grasslands, Colorado. In: Proc. 8th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, vol. 2, pp. 1355–1379.
Acronym: VNR
definition: VNR = R / (NIR + R)

Vogelmann Red Edge Index (VOG1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Vogelmann JE, Rock BN, Moss DM. 1993. Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14:1563– 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169308953986.
Acronym: VOG1
definition: VOG1 = R740 / R720

Vogelmann Red Edge Index (VOG2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Vogelmann JE, Rock BN, Moss DM. 1993. Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14:1563– 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169308953986.
Acronym: VOG2
definition: VOG2 = (R734–R747) / (R715–R720)

Vogelmann Red Edge Index (VOG3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Vogelmann JE, Rock BN, Moss DM. 1993. Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14:1563– 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169308953986.
Acronym: VOG3
definition: VOG3 = (R734–R747) / (R715–R726)

Vegetation Red Edge (VRE)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: VRE

Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: VTCI
comment: Vegetation Temperature Condition Index
comment: Vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI)

Violet Light (VL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: VL

Water Balance Index 1 (WABI1)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Rapaport, T., Hochberg, U., Shoshany, M., Karnieli, A., & Rachmilevitch, S. (2015). "Combining leaf physiology, hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares-regression (PLS-R) for grapevine water status assessment". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 109, 88–97.
Acronym: WABI1
definition: WABI1 = (R1490−R531)/(R1490+R531)

Water Balance Index 2 (WABI2)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Rapaport, T., Hochberg, U., Shoshany, M., Karnieli, A., & Rachmilevitch, S. (2015). "Combining leaf physiology, hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares-regression (PLS-R) for grapevine water status assessment". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 109, 88–97.
Acronym: WABI2
definition: WABI2 = (R1500−R538)/(R1500+R538)

Water Balance Index 3 (WABI3)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Rapaport, T., Hochberg, U., Shoshany, M., Karnieli, A., & Rachmilevitch, S. (2015). "Combining leaf physiology, hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares-regression (PLS-R) for grapevine water status assessment". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 109, 88–97.
Acronym: WABI3
definition: WABI3 = (R1485−R550)/(R1485+R550)

Wavebands (WB)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: WB

Water Band Index (WBI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: Claudio HC, Cheng YF, Fuentes DA, Gamon JA, Luo HY, Oechel W, Qiu HL, Rahman AF, Sims DA (2006) Monitoring drought effects on vegetation water content and fluxes in chaparral with the 970 nm water band index. Remote Sens Environ 103:304–311
Acronym: WBI
definition: WBI = R900/R970

Wide Dynamic Range VI (WDRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: A.A. Gitelson, "Wide dynamic range vegetation index for remote quantification of biophysical characteristics of vegetation", J. Plant Physiol., 161 (2004), pp. 165-173
Acronym: WDRVI
comment: Wide Dynamic Range VI (WDRVI) is similar to NDVI, but it uses a weighting coefficient (a) to reduce the disparity between the contributions of the near-infrared and red signals to the NDVI. The WDRVI is particularly effective in scenes that have moderate-to-high vegetation density when NDVI exceeds 0.6. NDVI tends to level off when vegetation fraction and leaf area index (LAI) increase, whereas the WDRVI is more sensitive to a wider range of vegetation. The weighting coefficient (alpha) can range from 0.1 to 0.2. ENVI uses a value of 0.2, as recommended by Henebry, Viña, and Gitelson (2004). To apply a different weighting coefficient value, use the Band Math tool. Estimate LAI, vegetation cover, biomass; Better than NDVI
definition: WDRVI = (alpha * NIR - Red) / (alpha * NIR + Red)

Weighted Difference Vegetation Index (WDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Clevers JPW (1989) The applications of a weighted infrared-red vegetation index for estimating leaf area index by correcting for soil moisture. Remote Sensing of Environment 29: 25–37.
Acronym: WDVI
definition: WDVI = NIR-aR

Water Index (WI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
References: R.A. Naidu, E.M. Perry, F.J. Pierce, T. Mekuria, "The potential of spectral reflectance technique for the detection of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 in two red-berried wine grape cultivars", Comput. Electron. Agric., 66 (2009), pp. 38-45
Acronym: WI
definition: WI = R900/R970

Wavelength (WL)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: WL

Weighted Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (WNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: WNDVI

Water Vapour (WV)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
Acronym: WV

Wavelength width at half DEP (Wid)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: Wid
comment: Continuous removal features: The full wavelength width at half DEP (nm)
definition: In the range of 550–750 nm

Yellowness Index (YI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Acronym: YI
comment: Yellowness Index (YI) is a number calculated from spectrophotometric data that describes the change in color of a test sample from clear or white to yellow. This test is most commonly used to evaluate color changes in a material caused by real or simulated outdoor exposure.
definition: YI = 100(1-Blue/Green) where B and G are respectively amber blue (B) and green (G) colorimeter readings.

Yellow rust index (YRI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Crop Disease
References: Huang W., Guan Q., Luo J., Zhang J., Zhao J., Liang D., Huang L., Zhang D. New Optimized Spectral Indices for Identifying and Monitoring Winter Wheat Diseases. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 2014;7:2516–2524. doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2294961.
Acronym: YRI
comment: Yellow rust index (YRI)
definition: YRI = (R515 – R698)/(R515 + R698)−0.5R738

Yellow Vegetation Index (YVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Kauth, R., and G. Thomas. "The Tasselled Cap-A Graphic Description of the Spectral-Temporal Development of Agricultural Crops as Seen By Landsat" In Proceedings of the LARS 1976 Symposium of Machine Processing of Remotely-Sensed Data, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, pp. 4B41-4B51.
Acronym: YVI
definition: YVI = (-0.899MSS4 + 0.428MSS5 + 0.076MSS6 - 0.041MSS7) The NDVI can be noted as NDVI(MSS6) or NDVI(MSS7) according to the spectral band used (MSS6 or MSS7).

Zarco-Tejada & Miller (ZTM)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
References: Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Miller, J. R., Mohammed, G. H., Noland, T. L., & Sampson, P. H. (2001). Scaling-up and model inversion methods with narrow-band optical indices for chlorophyll content estimation in closed forest canopies with hyper-spectral data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(7), 1491–1507.
Acronym: ZTM
definition: ZTM = R750 / R710

Zygielbaum Water Stress Index (ZWSI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Water
Identifier: ZWSI = R720/R520
Acronym: ZWSI

Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Integral (MCAI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
related to: Chlorophyll
Acronym: MCAI

modified Normalized Difference index (mND)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: D.A. Sims, J.A. Gamon, "Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages", Rem. Sens. Environ., 81 (2002), pp. 337-354
Acronym: mND
definition: mND = (R750 - R705) / (R750 + R705 + 2R445)

Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MNDVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: Nemani R, Pierce L, Running S, Band L (1993), "Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: sensitivity to remotely sensed leaf area index estimates". International Journal of Remote Sensing 14: 2519–2534.
Acronym: MNDVI
definition: MNDVI = NDVI×(SWIRmax–SWIR)/(SWIRmax–SWIRmin)

Modified Simple Ratio (MSR)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
inherits: Simple Ratio (SR)
is transformation of: Spectral Image
References: J.M. Chen, "Evaluation of vegetation indices and a modified simple ratio for boreal applications", Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 22 (3) (1996), pp. 229-242
Acronym: MSR
definition: MSR = (RNIR/RR - 1)/((RNIR/RR)^0.5 + 1)

mixed WDRVI (mWDRVI)
type: NamedIndividual
type: Spectral Vegetation Indices
is transformation of: Spectral Image
Identifier: mWDRVI = NDVI if NDVI ≤0.6 else WDRVI
Acronym: mWDRVI

Spring
type: NamedIndividual
type: Season

Sri Lanka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Country
belongs to: Asia
ISO code: ISO 3166-1:LK
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK
agricultural land: 26,200 km2
agricultural land: 26,200 sq. km
area: 65,610 km²
area: ISO 3166-2:LK
climate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
coordinate: 7°N 81°E
density: 319/km²
density: 334/km2 (865.1/sq mi)
latitude: 80.7671
latitude: 81.0
longitude: 7.0
longitude: 7.874093
population: 21,128,773 (2008)
population: 21,919,000
comment: Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and southeast of the Arabian Sea; it is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, but shares a maritime border with India. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and financial centre.
comment: Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean southwest of the Bay of Bengal and southeast of the Arabian Sea. Sri Lanka has been called “the pearl of the Indian ocean” because of its shape and location. It is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and centre of commerce.

Stable Growth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
alternative label: Stable growth stage (SGS)

Stem Elongation stage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Growth Stage
related to: Wheat
comment: Stage 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development
comment: Stage 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development 30 Beginning of stem elongation: pseudostem and tillers erect, first internode begins to elongate, top of inflorescence at least 1 cm above tillering node 31 First node at least 1 cm above tillering node 32 Node 2 at least 2 cm above node 1 33 Node 3 at least 2 cm above node 2 3 . Stages continuous till . . . 37 Flag leaf just visible, still rolled 39 Flag leaf stage: flag leaf fully unrolled, ligule just visible

Strawberry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Crop
type: Fruit Tree
harvesting: Fruit should be harvested regularly (every other day) when it is being produced by picking the berry along with the cap and 0.5 in of stem. remove the berries by pinching the stem. Harvest only fully ripe strawberries as they will not ripen further after harvest.
maintenance: Begin preparing the strawberry bed as early as possible in the Spring when the soil becomes workable. Prepare the soil for planting by adding organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure. Plant the strawberry transplants 38-60 cm (15-24 in) apart depending on variety and allow 90-120 cm (36-48 in) between rows. Be careful to plant so that the crown of the plant (the point from which the leaves emerge) is at the soil surface. If planted too deep, the plants may rot and if planted too shallow the plants may not take root. After planting, water the plants thoroughly. In the first growing season after planting, the plants should not be allowed to produce fruit in order for the plants to concentrate their energy of vegetative growth. Pinch off any flowers as they are produced. Fruit can be harvested in the year after planting. When the desired density of plants is reached cut off any runners or cultivate with a hoe. Weeds should also be removed from the strawberry bed regularly. Strawberry plants also require adequate moisture and should receive 2.5-3.8 cm (1-1.5 in) of water per week either from rainfall or irrigation if needed. Strawberries will benefit from the addition of mulch which helps to conserve soil moisture and protects the plants from late frosts in Spring. If frost is forecast after planting the plants should be protected with row covers or other suitable material. Plants can also be protected with sprinkler irrigation. Row covers can also be used to protect the fruit from birds when fruiting.
propagation: It is generally considered to be more difficult to start strawberry plants from seed than it is to work with young plants. Depending on the variety of strawberry you have chosen, it may be necessary to cold treat your seeds before germination. This can be achieved by simply placing them in the freezer for 2-4 weeks before sowing. Strawberry seeds should be sown in trays containing a good quality, sterile seed starting mix. Sow the seeds to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in) and keep the soil moist (but not wet) while the seeds germinate. Seeds should germinate in 2-3 weeks. When the seedlings reach 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in) in height, thin the seedlings if they are too close together and repot or transplant to the garden when they have 3 leaves. If planting outside be sure to harden the seedlings off before you put them in the ground. Runners Strawberries produce offspring on a sideshoot known as a “runnerâ€. Runners can be removed from the mother plant and relocated. Simply plant the runners to the desired final spacing in a bed prepared similarly to planting seeds.
requirements: Strawberries grow very well in cool temperate climates, at temperatures below 30oC (86oF)and require at least 8 hours of sunlight per day. They can be grown successfully in a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to silty clay but will grow best in a deep, well draining loam rich in organic matter. The optimum pH for their growth is between 5.5 and 6.5. If drainage is poor then it is recommended to plant strawberry on beds raised by a minimum of 15-20 cm (6-8 in).
uses: Strawberries are consumed as a fresh fruit or can be used to produce jams, jellies or preserves.
References: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/strawberry/infos
comment: Strawberry is the name given to several plant species in the genus Fragaria, including Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Fragaria grandiflora, Fragaria magna, Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria ananassa (or Fragaria x ananassa) which are grown for their edible fruit. Strawberry is an herbaceous perennial in the family Rosaceae. The plant has a short stem and trifoliate leaves which form a crown. close to the ground. The leaves display a variety of characteristic depending on the species, some are evergreen whereas some have leaves that will die and fall off in winter. The plant produces flower stalks from the crown and the the flowers are white in color. The fruit of the plant is red and fleshy with small seeds on the outside. Strawberry can grow 20-25 cm (8-10 in) in height and has an economic life of 2-4 years before the plants are replaced. Strawberry may also be referred to as garden strawberry and the plant is grown in most northern temperate regions of the world. The first domestic hybrids were created in Europe.

Strong Gale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Strong Wind
type: NamedIndividual
type: Wind Type

Canillo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-02
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-02
coordinate: 42°34′00″N 1°36′00″E
density: 42.12/km2 (109.1/sq mi)
elevation: 1,526 m (5,007 ft)
latitude: 1.6
longitude: 42.56667
population: 4,826
comment: Canillo is one of the parishes of Andorra. Canillo is also the name of the main town of the parish. The parish is considered the religious center of Andorra with the Sanctuary and Chapel of Our Lady of Meritxell, patron saint of Andorra, and contains one of the best-preserved romanesque churches in the Pyrenees, Sant Joan de Caselles. It has a population of 4,826, as of 2011. Despite having a tourist vocation, the parish of Canillo still retains many livestock and agricultural traits.

Encamp
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-03
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-03
coordinate: 42°32′10″N 1°34′58″E
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
elevation: 1,238 m (4,062 ft)
latitude: 1.58278
longitude: 42.53611
population: 13,521
comment: Encamp is one of the parishes of Andorra, located on the Valira d'Orient river. It is also the name of the main town in the parish. Other settlements include Vila, El Pas de la Casa, Grau Roig, el Tremat, la Mosquera and Les Bons. As of 2004, it has about 11,800 inhabitants. The centre of the municipality lies 1,300 metres above sea level. The highest mountain in the parish is Pic dels Pessons .

La Massana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-04
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-04
coordinate: 42°32′40″N 1°30′52″E
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
elevation: 2,942 m (9,652 ft)
latitude: 1.51444
longitude: 42.54444
population: 10,359
comment: La Massana is one of the seven parishes of the Principality of Andorra. It is located in the northwest of the country. La Massana is also the name of the main town of the parish. The name Massana derives from the Latin name mattianam for a variety of apple. Other settlements in the parish are Pal, Arinsal, Erts, Sispony, Anyós, L'Aldosa de la Massana, Puiol del Pui, Escàs, Els Plans, Mas de Ribafeta, Xixerella and Pui.

Ordino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-05
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-05
coordinate: 42°33′18″N 1°31′59″E
density: 57.15/km2 (148.0/sq mi)
elevation: 1,300 m (4,300 ft)
latitude: 1.53306
longitude: 42.555
population: 4,858
comment: Ordino is the most northerly parish in the Principality of Andorra. It's mostly the main area of Valira del Nord or Valira d'Ordino river valley. Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish. Other settlements in the parish are El Serrat, Ansalonga, Sornàs, La Cortinada, Llorts, Segudet, Arans, Les Salines and Arcalís. It is home to the Sorteny National Park, the largest nature area of Andorra. It has a population of 4,858, as of 2017. The town preserves a vast medieval center, mainly linked to the culture of the country.

Sant Julia de Loria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-06
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-06
coordinate: 42°27′54″N 1°29′28″E
density: 150.93/km2 (390.9/sq mi)
elevation: 908 m (2,979 ft)
latitude: 1.49111
longitude: 42.465
population: 9,207
comment: Sant Julià de Lòria is one of the parishes of Andorra, in the far south of that country. It is also the name of the main town of the parish, which at 908 m is the lowest settlement in Andorra. Other settlements in the parish include Bixessarri, Aixàs, Aixovall, Certers, Llumeneres, Nagol, Aixirivall, Auvinyà, Juberri, Fontaneda, and Canòlic. It is bordered by Andorra la Vella in the north, Escaldes-Engordany in the northeast and Catalonia, Spain in the south, east, west, northwest, southwest and southeast.
alternative label: Sant Julià de Lòria

Andorra la Vella
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-07
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-07
coordinate: 42°30′N 01°30′E
density: 762.8/km²
elevation: 1,023 m (3,356 ft)
latitude: 1.5
longitude: 42.5
population: 22,256
comment: Andorra la Vella is the capital of the Principality of Andorra. It is located high in the east Pyrenees, between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital.

Escaldes-Engordany
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Andorra
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AD-08
area: ISO 3166-2:AD-08
coordinate: 42°30′32″N 1°32′27″E
density: 479.83/km2 (1,242.8/sq mi)
latitude: 1.54083
longitude: 42.50889
population: 14,395
comment: Escaldes-Engordany is one of the 7 parishes of Andorra. The Escaldes-Engordany parish was founded on 14 June 1978 and has the second largest population after Andorra la Vella. The parish is composed of the areas of les Escaldes, Engordany, Els Vilars d'Engordany, Engolasters, and El Fener. As of 2014 it has a population of 13,634. Notable events include the town's annual jazz festival. It borders four parishes: Encamp to the north and northeast, Sant Julià de Lòria in the southwest, Andorra la Vella in the west, La Massana in the northwest. Also borders Catalonia, Spain in the east, south and southeast.

Ajman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-AJ
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-AJ
coordinate: 25°25′N 55°30′E
latitude: 55.5
longitude: 25.417
population: 504,846
comment: The Emirate of Ajman is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. It became an emirate of the UAE on December 2, 1971. It has an area of 259 square kilometers, which makes it the smallest of the emirates in terms of area, while its population of approximately 504,846 according to the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Center in 2017 that makes it the fourth most populous emirate in the country. It is named after the city of Ajman, which is its seat of government. The main landmass of the emirate is bordered on the north, east, and south by the Emirate of Sharjah.

Abu Zaby
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-AZ
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-AZ
coordinate: 23°30′N 54°30′E
density: 35.7/km2 (92/sq mi)
latitude: 54.5
longitude: 23.5
population: 2,784,490
comment: The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is one of seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates . It is by far the largest emirate by area, accounting for approximately 87 percent of the total land area of the federation. Abu Dhabi also has the second-largest population of the seven emirates. In June 2011 this was estimated to be 2,120,700 people, of which 439,100 people were Emirati citizens. The city of Abu Dhabi, after which the emirate is named, is both the capital of the emirate and federation.

Dubayy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-DU
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-DU
coordinate: 23°30′N 54°30′E
density: 408.18/km²
latitude: 54.5
longitude: 23.5
population: 4,177,059
comment: The Emirate of Dubai is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

Al Fujayrah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-FU
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-FU
coordinate: 25°16′N 56°20′E
latitude: 56.333
longitude: 25.267
population: 6th
comment: The Emirate of Fujairah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. The only of the seven with a coastline solely on the Gulf of Oman and none on the Persian Gulf, its capital is Fujairah.

Ras al Khaymah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-RK
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-RK
coordinate: 25°47′N 55°57′E
latitude: 55.95
longitude: 25.783
population: 345,000
comment: Ras Al Khaimah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates . The city of Ras Al Khaimah, sometimes simply abbreviated to RAK or RAK City, is the capital of the emirate and home to most of the emirate's residents. It is linked to the Islamic trading port of Julfar.

Ash Shariqah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-SH
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-SH
coordinate: 25°21′27″N 55°23′27″E
latitude: 55.39083
longitude: 25.3575
population: 2,374,132
comment: The Emirate of Sharjah is one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates, which covers 2,590 square kilometres and has a population of over 1,400,000 . It comprises the capital city of Sharjah, after which it is named, and other minor towns and exclaves such as Kalba', Al Dhaid, Dibba Al-Hisn and Khor Fakkan.

Umm al Qaywayn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Arab Emirates
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AE-UQ
area: ISO 3166-2:AE-UQ
coordinate: 25°33′12″N 55°32′51″E
latitude: 55.5475
longitude: 25.55333
population: 44,411
comment: Umm Al Quwain is the capital and largest city of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain in the United Arab Emirates.

Balkh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-BAL
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-BAL
coordinate: 36°45′N 67°0′E
density: 95/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 67.0
longitude: 36.75
population: 1,543,464
comment: Balkh is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country. It is divided into 15 districts and has a population of about 1,509,183, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a Persian-speaking society. The city of Mazar-i-Sharif serves as the capital of the province. The Mazar-e Sharif International Airport and Camp Marmal sit on the eastern edge of Mazar-i-Sharif.

Bamian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-BAM
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-BAM
coordinate: 34°45′N 67°15′E
density: 28/km2 (72/sq mi)
latitude: 67.25
longitude: 34.75
population: 504,312
comment: Bamyan Province is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central highlands of the country. Its terrain is mountainous or semi-mountainous, at the western end of the Hindu Kush mountains concurrent with the Himalayas. The province is divided into eight districts, with the town of Bamyan serving as its capital. The province has a population of about 495,557 and borders Samangan to the north, Baghlan, Parwan and Wardak to the east, Ghazni and Daykundi to the south, and Ghor and Sar-e Pol to the west. It is the largest province in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan, and is the cultural capital of the Hazara ethnic group that predominates in the area.

Badghis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-BDG
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-BDG
coordinate: 35°0′N 63°45′E
density: 24/km2 (63/sq mi)
latitude: 63.75
longitude: 35.0
population: 559,297
comment: Bādghīs is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northwest of the country, on the border with Turkmenistan. It is considered to be one of the country's most underdeveloped provinces. The capital is Qala i Naw, while the most populous city and district is Bala Murghab. The ruins of the medieval city of Marw al-Rudh, the historical capital of the medieval region of Gharjistan, are located in the province near the modern city of Bala Murghab.

Badakhshan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-BDS
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-BDS
coordinate: 38°0′N 71°0′E
density: 24/km2 (63/sq mi)
latitude: 71.0
longitude: 38.0
population: 1,072,785
comment: Badakhshan Province is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the farthest north-eastern part of the country between Tajikistan and Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan region. It shares a 91-kilometer border with China.

Baghlan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-BGL
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-BGL
coordinate: 36°N 69°E
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 69.0
longitude: 36.0
population: 1,033,760
comment: Baghlan is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. As of 2020, the province has a population of about 1,014,634.

Daykondi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-DAY
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-DAY
coordinate: 33°45′N 66°15′E
density: 49.4/km²
latitude: 66.25
longitude: 33.75
population: 525,529
comment: Daykundi, also spelled as Daikundi, Daikondi or Dai Kundi, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central part of the country. It has a population of about 516,504, which is a Hazara Province.

Farah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-FRA
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-FRA
coordinate: 32°30′N 63°30′E
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: 63.5
longitude: 32.5
population: 573,146
comment: Farah is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country next to Iran. It is a spacious and sparsely populated province, divided into eleven districts and contains hundreds of villages. It has a population of about 563,026, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural tribal society. The Farah Airport is located near the city of Farah, which serves as the capital of the province. Farah is linked with Iran via the Iranian border town of Mahirud.

Faryab
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-FYB
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-FYB
coordinate: 36°15′N 64°50′E
density: 54/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 64.833
longitude: 36.25
population: 1,129,528
comment: Faryab is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, which is located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. It has a population of about 1,109,223, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. The province encompasses 15 districts and over 1,000 villages. The capital of Faryab province is Maymana. It also borders Jowzjan Province, Sar-e Pol Province, Ghor Province and Badghis Province.

Ghazni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-GHA
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-GHA
coordinate: 33°30′N 68°00′E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 68.0
longitude: 33.5
population: 1,386,764
comment: Ghazni is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in southeastern Afghanistan. The province contains 19 districts, encompassing over a thousand villages and roughly 1.3 million people, making it the 5th most populous province. The city of Ghazni serves as the capital. It lies on the important Kabul–Kandahar Highway, and has historically functioned as an important trade center. The Ghazni Airport is located next to the city of Ghazni and provides limited domestic flights to Afghanistan's capital, Kabul.

Ghowr
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-GHO
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-GHO
coordinate: 34°N 65°E
density: 21/km2 (55/sq mi)
latitude: 65.0
longitude: 34.0
population: 777,882
comment: Ghōr, also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan, towards the north-west. The province contains eleven districts, encompassing hundreds of villages, and approximately 764,472 settled people. Firuzkoh, serves as the capital of the province.

Helmand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-HEL
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-HEL
coordinate: 31°00′N 64°00′E
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: 64.0
longitude: 31.0
population: 1,472,162
comment: Helmand, also known as Hillmand, in ancient times, as Hermand and Hethumand, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, in the south of the country. It is the largest province by area, covering 58,584 square kilometres area. The province contains 13 districts, encompassing over 1,000 villages, and roughly 1,446,230 settled people. Lashkargah serves as the provincial capital.

Herat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-HER
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-HER
coordinate: 34°00′N 62°00′E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 62.0
longitude: 34.0
population: 2,187,169
comment: Herat is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north-western part of the country. Together with Badghis, Farah, and Ghor provinces, it makes up the north-western region of Afghanistan. Its primary city and administrative capital is Herat City. The province of Herat is divided into about 17 districts and contains over 1,000 villages. It has a population of about 2,187,169, making it the second most populated province in Afghanistan behind Kabul Province. The population is multi-ethnic but largely Persian-speaking.

Jowzjan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-JOW
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-JOW
coordinate: 36°45′N 66°00′E
density: 52/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 66.0
longitude: 36.75
population: 613,481
comment: Jowzjan, sometimes spelled as Jawzjan or Jozjan, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. The province is divided into 11 districts and contains hundreds of villages. It has a population of about 613,481, which is multi-ethnic and mostly agriculturalists. Sheberghan is the capital of Jozjan province.

Kabul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-KAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-KAB
coordinate: 34°00′N 69°00′E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
latitude: 69.0
longitude: 34.0
population: 5,385,526
comment: Kabul, situated in the east of the country, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital of the province is Kabul city, which is also Afghanistan's capital and largest city. The population of the Kabul Province is over 5 million people as of 2020, of which over 85 percent live in urban areas. The current governor of the province is Muhammad Yaqub Haidari.

Kandahar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-KAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-KAN
coordinate: 31°00′N 65°30′E
density: 26/km2 (68/sq mi)
latitude: 65.5
longitude: 31.0
population: 1,431,876
comment: Kandahār is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country, sharing a border with Balochistan, Pakistan to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city, which is located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar.

Kapisa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-KAP
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-KAP
coordinate: 35°00′N 69°42′E
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: 69.7
longitude: 35.0
population: 496,840
comment: Kapisa is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Located in the north-east of the country. The population of Kapisa is estimated to be 496,840, although there has never been an official estimate. The province covers an area of 1,842 km2 making it the smallest province in the country, however it is the most densely populated province apart from Kabul Province. It borders Panjshir Province to the north, Laghman Province to the east, Kabul Province to the south and Parwan Province to the west. Mahmud-i-Raqi is the provincial capital, while the most populous city and district of Kapisa is Nijrab.

Kondoz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-KDZ
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-KDZ
coordinate: 36°48′N 68°48′E
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: 68.8
longitude: 36.8
population: 1,136,677
comment: Kunduz or Qunduz is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northern part of the country next to Tajikistan. The population of the province is around 1,136,677, which is mostly a tribal society; it is one of Afghanistan's most ethnically diverse provinces with many different ethnicities in large numbers living there. The city of Kunduz serves as the capital of the province. It borders the provinces of Takhar, Baghlan, Samangan and Balkh, as well as the Khatlon Region of Tajikistan. The Kunduz Airport is located next to the provincial capital.

Khowst
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-KHO
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-KHO
coordinate: 33°24′N 69°54′E
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: 69.9
longitude: 33.4
population: 647,730
comment: Khost is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. To the east, Khost Province is bordered by North Waziristan and Kurram in Pakistan. Khost Province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past, and the larger region surrounding Khost is still called Loya Paktia .

Konar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-KNR
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-KNR
coordinate: 35°00′N 71°12′E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 71.2
longitude: 35.0
population: 508,224
comment: Kunar is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital is Asadabad. Its population is estimated to be 508,224.

Laghman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-LAG
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-LAG
coordinate: 34°40′N 70°12′E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 70.2
longitude: 34.66
population: 502,148
comment: Laghman is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. It has a population of about 502,148, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The city of Mihtarlam serves as the capital of the province. In some historical texts the name is written as "Lamghan" or as "Lamghanat".

Lowgar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-LOW
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-LOW
coordinate: 34°00′N 69°12′E
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 69.2
longitude: 34.0
population: 442,037
comment: Logar is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan located in the eastern section of the country. It is divided into seven districts and contains hundreds of villages. Puli Alam is the capital of the province.

Nangrahar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-NAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-NAN
coordinate: 34°15′N 70°30′E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: 70.5
longitude: 34.25
population: 1,735,531
comment: Nangarhār also called Nangrahar or Ningrahar, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country and bordering Logar, Kabul, Laghman and Kunar provinces as well as an international border with Pakistan. It is divided into twenty-two districts and has a population of about 1,735,531, the third highest of the country's 34 provinces. The city of Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province.

Nimruz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-NIM
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-NIM
coordinate: 31°00′N 62°30′E
density: 4.3/km2 (11/sq mi)
latitude: 62.5
longitude: 31.0
population: 186,963
comment: Nimruz or Nimroz is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country. It lies to the east of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and north of Balochistan, Pakistan, also bordering the Afghan provinces of Farah and Helmand. It has a population of about 186,963 people. The province is divided into five districts, encompassing about 649 villages.

Nurestan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-NUR
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-NUR
coordinate: 35°15′N 70°45′E
density: 18/km2 (47/sq mi)
latitude: 70.75
longitude: 35.25
population: 166,676
comment: Nuristan also spelled Nurestan or Nooristan, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. It is divided into seven districts and is Afghanistan's least populous province, with a population of about 167,000, Parun serves as the provincial capital. Nuristan is bordered on the south by Laghman and Kunar provinces, on the north by Badakhshan province, on the west by Panjshir province.

Oruzgan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-ORU
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-ORU
coordinate: 32°48′N 66°00′E
latitude: 66.0
longitude: 32.8
population: 443,804
comment: Uruzgan, also spelled as Urozgan or Oruzgan, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Uruzgan is located in the center of the country. The population is 443,804, and the province is mostly a tribal society. Tarinkot serves as the capital of the province.

Panjshir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-PAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-PAN
coordinate: 35°24′N 70°00′E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 70.0
longitude: 35.4
population: 172,895
comment: Panjshir is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. The province is divided into eightdistricts and contains 512 villages. As of 2021, the population of Panjshir province was about 173,000. Bazarak serves as the provincial capital.

Parwan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-PAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-PAR
coordinate: 35°00′N 69°00′E
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: 69.0
longitude: 35.0
population: 751,040
comment: Parwān, also spelled Parvān, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 751,000. The province is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The province is divided into ten districts. The town of Charikar serves as the provincial capital. The province is located north of Kabul Province and south of Baghlan Province, west of Panjshir Province and Kapisa Province, and east of Wardak Province and Bamyan Province.

Paktia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-PIA
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-PIA
coordinate: 33°36′N 69°30′E
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 69.5
longitude: 33.6
population: 622,831
comment: Paktia is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the east of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktia Province is divided into 15 districts and has a population of roughly 623,000, which is mostly a tribal society living in rural areas. Pashtuns make up the majority of the population but smaller number of Tajiks are also found. Gardez is the provincial capital.

Paktika
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-PKA
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-PKA
coordinate: 32°30′N 68°48′E
density: 41/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 68.8
longitude: 32.5
population: 789,079
comment: Paktika is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktika has a population of about 789,000, mostly ethnic Pashtuns. The town of Sharana serves as the provincial capital, while the most populous city is Urgun.

Samangan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-SAM
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-SAM
coordinate: 36°00′00″N 67°40′00″E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 67.898994
longitude: 35.935036
population: 438,235
comment: Samangan is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located north of the Hindu Kush mountains in the central part of the country. The province covers 11,218 square kilometres and is surrounded by Sar-e Pol Province in the west, Balkh in the north, Baghlan in the east, and Bamyan in the south.

Sar-e Pol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-SAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-SAR
coordinate: 35°36′N 66°18′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 66.3
longitude: 35.6
population: 632,182
comment: Sar-e Pol, also spelled Sari Pul, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country. It borders Jowzjan and Balkh to the west and north, Ghor to the south, and Samangan to the east. The province is divided into 7 districts and contains 896 villages. It has a population of about 632,000, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. The province was created in 1988, with the support of northern Afghan politician Sayed Nasim Mihanparast. The city of Sar-e Pol serves as the provincial capital.

Takhar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-TAK
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-TAK
coordinate: 36°42′N 69°48′E
density: 90/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 69.8
longitude: 36.7
population: 1,113,173
comment: Takhar is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeast of the country next to Tajikistan. It is surrounded by Badakhshan in the east, Panjshir in the south, and Baghlan and Kunduz in the west. The city of Taloqan serves as its capital.

Wardak
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-WAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-WAR
coordinate: 34°24′N 68°24′E
density: 68/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 68.4
longitude: 34.4
population: 671,817
comment: Maidan Wardak Province, also called Maidan Wardag or Wardak, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central region of Afghanistan. It is divided into eight districts and has a population of approximately 671,817. The capital of the province is Maidan Shar, while the most populous district in the province is Saydabad District.

Zabol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Afghanistan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AF-ZAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AF-ZAB
coordinate: 32°06′N 67°06′E
density: 23/km2 (58/sq mi)
latitude: 67.1
longitude: 32.1
population: 391,150
comment: Zabul is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the south of the country. It has a mostly rural population of about 391,000. Zabul became an independent province from neighbouring Kandahar in 1963. Historically, it was part of the Zabulistan region. Qalat serves as the capital of the province.

St. George
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-03
coordinate: 17°07′N 61°48′W
latitude: -61.8
longitude: 17.117
population: 8,817
comment: Saint George is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located on the island of Antigua. It had a population of 8,055 in 2011.

St. John
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-04
area: ISO 3166-2:AG-04
coordinate: 17°7′N 61°50′W
latitude: -61.833
longitude: 17.117
population: 56,737
comment: Saint John is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located on the island of Antigua. It had a population of 51,737 in 2011.

St. Mary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-05
coordinate: 17°02′N 61°53′W
latitude: -61.883
longitude: 17.033
population: 8,141
comment: Saint Mary is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. It had a population of 7,341 in 2011.

St. Paul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-06
coordinate: 17°01′N 61°47′W
latitude: -61.783
longitude: 17.017
population: 9,004
comment: Saint Paul is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located in the central−southern area of Antigua island. It had a population of 9,004 in 2018.

St. Peter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-07
coordinate: 17°06′N 61°46′W
latitude: -61.767
longitude: 17.1
population: 5,706
comment: Saint Peter is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located on northeastern Antigua island. It had a population of 5,325 in 2011.

St. Philip
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-08
coordinate: 17°05′N 61°42′W
latitude: -61.7
longitude: 17.083
population: 3,689
comment: Saint Philip is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, on northeastern Antigua island. It had a population of 3,347 in 2011.

Barbuda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-10
area: ISO 3166-2:AG-10
coordinate: 17°36′N 61°47′W
density: 8.2/km2 (21.2/sq mi)
latitude: -61.783
longitude: 17.6
population: 1,325
comment: Barbuda is a small island located in the eastern Caribbean forming part of the sovereign Commonwealth nation of Antigua and Barbuda. It is located north of the island of Antigua and is part of the Leeward Islands of the West Indies. Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence on 1 November 1981 as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations. The island is a popular tourist destination because of its moderate climate and coastline.

Redonda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Antigua and Barbuda
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AG-11
coordinate: 16°56′18″N 62°20′42″W
elevation: 296 m (971 ft)
latitude: -62.345
longitude: 16.93833
population: Uninhabited
comment: Redonda is an uninhabited Caribbean island that is a part of Antigua and Barbuda, in the Leeward Islands, West Indies. The island is about 1.6 kilometres long, 0.5 kilometres wide, and is 296 metres high at its highest point.

Anguillita
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°09′29.3″N 63°10′32.6″W
latitude: -63.17572
longitude: 18.158138
comment: Anguillita is a small, uninhabited rocky island off the western tip of, and part of the country of Anguilla, located in the Caribbean. It's the dependency's southernmost point, located at coordinates 18°9' N, 63°11' W. Its average elevation is inverted compared to most, at -89 feet below sea level.

Dog Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°16′42″N 63°15′12″W
latitude: -63.25333
longitude: 18.27833
comment: Dog Island is an uninhabitated small island of 207 ha located approximately 13 km to the north-west of Anguilla. It is low and rocky, with three small cays off the west and north coasts. The coastline is characterised by low cliffs alternating with sandy beaches. Large ponds lie inside two of the beaches. Dog Island lies west of the Prickley Pear Cays.

Prickly Pear Cays
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°16′00″N 63°11′00″W
latitude: -63.18333
longitude: 18.26667
population: 0 (2010)
comment: The Prickly Pear Cays, sometimes spelt as Prickley Pear Cays, are a small pair of uninhabited islands about six miles from Road Bay, Anguilla, in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean. They are divided by a narrow boat channel between Prickly Pear East and Prickly Pear West. Prickly Pear Cays were classified as 'wildlands' by the "Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Programme" . In addition, Prickly Pear Cays are one of six marine protected areas of Anguilla.

Scrub Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°17′15″N 62°56′50″W
latitude: -62.94722
longitude: 18.2875
comment: Scrub Island is an 8 km2 island lying off the eastern tip of the main island of Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is easily reached by boat. Privately owned, the remains of an abandoned air field still exist. There are several abandoned houses on the island, mainly due to damage from hurricanes. There is no electricity or plumbing.

Seal Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°16′N 63°09′W
latitude: -63.15
longitude: 18.267
comment: Seal Island is a small island off the northwest coast of Anguilla. It is located some two kilometres to the east of the Prickly Pear Cays at 18° 16' N, 63° 9' W, and lies at the centre of the Seal island Reef System Marine Park.

Sombrero
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°35′21″N 63°25′31″W
latitude: -63.42528
longitude: 18.58917
comment: Sombrero, also known as Hat Island, is part of the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla and is the northernmost island of the Lesser Antilles. It lies 54 km north-west of Anguilla across the Dog and Prickly Pear Passage. The distance to Dog Island, the next nearest island of Anguilla, is 38 kilometres .

Sandy Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Anguilla
coordinate: 18°12′45.35″N 63°7′5.92″W
latitude: -63.118313
longitude: 18.212597
comment: Sandy Island is an island in Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory, and is part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea.

Berat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-BR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-BR
coordinate: 40°40′N 19°57′E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 19.95
longitude: 40.667
population: 128,410
comment: Berat District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 128,410 in 2001, and an area of 915 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the city of Berat. Another large population centre in this district was Ura Vajgurore. Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipalities of Berat, Dimal, Poliçan and Kuçovë .

Bulqize
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-BU
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-BU
coordinate: 41°28′N 20°21′E
density: 60/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 20.35
longitude: 41.467
population: 42,985
comment: Bulqizë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 42,985 in 2001, and an area of 718 km2 . Located in the east of the country, its capital was the town of Bulqizë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Bulqizë, which is part of Dibër County.
alternative label: Bulqizë

Diber
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-DI
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-DI
coordinate: 41°43′N 20°21′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: 20.35
longitude: 41.717
population: 86,144
comment: Dibër District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 86,144 in 2001, and an area of 761 km2 . It is in the northeast of the country, and its capital was Peshkopi. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Dibër, which is part of Dibër County.
alternative label: Dibër

Delvine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-DL
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-DL
coordinate: 39°58′N 20°4′E
density: 30/km2 (77/sq mi)
latitude: 20.067
longitude: 39.967
population: 10,859
comment: Delvinë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 10,859 in 2001, and an area of 367 km2 . Its population included a substantial Greek community. The district is in the south of the country, and its capital was the town of Delvinë. Its territory is now part of Vlorë County: the municipalities of Delvinë and Finiq .
alternative label: Delvinë

Durres
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-DR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-DR
coordinate: 41°24′N 19°31′E
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 19.517
longitude: 41.4
population: 182,988
comment: Durrës District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 182,988 in 2001, and an area of 455 km2 . The district seat was the city of Durrës. Its territory is now part of Durrës County: the municipalities of Durrës and Shijak.
alternative label: Durrës

Devoll
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-DV
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-DV
coordinate: 40°38′N 20°59′E
latitude: 20.983
longitude: 40.633
population: 26,716
comment: Devoll is a municipality in Korçë County, southeastern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Bilisht, Hoçisht, Miras, Progër and Qendër Bilisht. The seat of the municipality is the town of Bilisht. The total population is 26,716, in a total area of 458 km2 . It derives its name from the Devoll river flowing through the valley. The busy border point Kapshticë/Krystallopigi connects Devoll with the Greek regional units of Florina and Kastoria to the east and southeast. Devoll borders the municipalities of Kolonjë to the southwest, Korçë to the west, Maliq to the northwest and Pustec to the north.

Elbasan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-EL
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-EL
coordinate: 41°3′N 20°4′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 20.067
longitude: 41.05
population: 224,974
comment: Elbasan District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 224,974 in 2001, and an area of 1,290 km2 It was in the centre of the country, and its capital was the city of Elbasan. Its territory is now part of Elbasan County: the municipalities of Elbasan, Belsh and Cërrik.

Kolonje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-ER
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-ER
coordinate: 40°18′N 20°38′E
latitude: 20.633
longitude: 40.3
population: 11,070
comment: Kolonjë is a municipality in Korçë County, southeastern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Barmash, Çlirim, Ersekë, Leskovik, Mollas, Novoselë, Qendër Ersekë and Qendër Leskovik. The seat of the municipality is the town Ersekë. The total population is 11,070, in a total area of 865 km2 . It is an ethnographic region.
alternative label: Kolonjë

Fier
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-FR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-FR
coordinate: 40°42′N 19°32′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 19.533
longitude: 40.7
population: 200,154
comment: Fier District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 200,154 in 2001, and an area of 850 km2 . It is in the south-west of the country, and its capital was the city of Fier. Its territory is now part of Fier County: the municipalities of Fier, Patos and Roskovec.

Gjirokaster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-GJ
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-GJ
coordinate: 40°4′N 20°12′E
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 20.2
longitude: 40.067
population: 55,991
comment: Gjirokastër District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 55,991 in 2001, and an area of 1,137 km2 . It contained a large Greek ethnic minority. It is in the south of the country, and its capital was the city of Gjirokastër. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Gjirokastër, Dropull and Libohovë.
alternative label: Gjirokastër

Gramsh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-GR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-GR
coordinate: 40°50′N 20°15′E
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 20.25
longitude: 40.833
population: 35,723
comment: Gramsh District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 35,723 in 2001, and an area of 695 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Gramsh. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Gramsh, which is part of Elbasan County.

Has
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-HA
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-HA
coordinate: 42°11′N 20°23′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 20.383
longitude: 42.183
population: 19,842
comment: Has District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 19,842 in 2001, and an area of 374 km2 . It is in the north-east of the country, and its capital was Krumë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Has, which is part of Kukës County.

Kavaje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-KA
coordinate: 41°8′N 19°36′E
density: 190/km2 (500/sq mi)
latitude: 19.6
longitude: 41.133
population: 78,179
comment: The District of Kavajë was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. Centrally located in the Western Lowlands region of Albania, it covered an area of 401 km2 . In consisted of 2 municipalities and 8 communes, with the communes containing a total of 64 villages. Its population at the 2001 census was 78,179 inhabitants.
alternative label: Kavajë

Kurbin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-KB
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-KB
coordinate: 41°37′N 19°42′E
density: 230/km2 (600/sq mi)
latitude: 19.7
longitude: 41.617
population: 54,519
comment: Kurbin District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 54,519 in 2001, and an area of 235 km2 . It is in the west of the country, and its capital was the town of Laç. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Kurbin, which is part of Lezhë County.

Kucove
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-KC
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-KC
coordinate: 40°49′N 19°54′E
density: 320/km2 (820/sq mi)
latitude: 19.9
longitude: 40.817
population: 35,571
comment: Kuçovë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 35,571 in 2001, and an area of 112 km2, making it the smallest district of Albania. It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the former municipality of Kuçovë . Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipality of Kuçovë .
alternative label: Kuçovë

Korce
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-KO
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-KO
coordinate: 40°39′N 20°39′E
density: 82/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 20.65
longitude: 40.65
population: 143,499
comment: Korçë District, was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 143,499 in 2001, and an area of 1,752 km2 . Its capital was the city of Korçë. Its territory is now part of Korçë County: the municipalities of Korçë, Maliq and Pustec.
alternative label: Korçë

Kruje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-KR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-KR
coordinate: 41°29′N 19°44′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 19.733
longitude: 41.483
population: 64,357
comment: Krujë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 64,357 in 2001, and an area of 372 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Krujë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Krujë, which is part of Durrës County.
alternative label: Krujë

Kukes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-KU
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-KU
coordinate: 41°58′N 20°25′E
density: 67/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 20.417
longitude: 41.967
population: 64,054
comment: Kukës District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 64,054 in 2001, and an area of 956 km2 . The town of Kukës was where the district's administrative headquarters were located. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Kukës, which is part of Kukës County.
alternative label: Kukës

Librazhd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-LB
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-LB
coordinate: 41°11′N 20°24′E
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 20.4
longitude: 41.183
population: 72,520
comment: Librazhd District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 72,520 in 2001, and an area of 1,102 km2 . It was formed as an administrative unit in 1958. It is in the east of the country, and its capital and administrative center was the town of Librazhd. The area of the former district includes most of the regions of the ethnographic region. Its territory is now part of Elbasan County: the municipalities of Librazhd and Prrenjas.

Lezhe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-LE
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-LE
coordinate: 41°49′N 19°41′E
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: 19.683
longitude: 41.817
population: 68,218
comment: Lezhë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 68,218 in 2001, and an area of 479 km2 . It is in the north-west of the country, and its capital was the city of Lezhë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Lezhë, which is part of Lezhë County.
alternative label: Lezhë

Lushnje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-LU
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-LU
coordinate: 40°56′N 19°37′E
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: 19.617
longitude: 40.933
population: 144,351
comment: Lushnjë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 144,351 in 2001, and an area of 712 km2 . It was in the west of the country and 80 km south of Tirana, and its capital was the city of Lushnjë. Its territory is now part of Fier County: the municipalities of Lushnjë and Divjakë.
alternative label: Lushnjë

Mallakaster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-MK
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-MK
coordinate: 40°34′N 19°45′E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 19.75
longitude: 40.567
population: 39,881
comment: Mallakastër District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 39,881 in 2001, and an area of 325 km2 . It is in the south of the country, and its capital was the town of Ballsh. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Mallakastër, which is part of Fier County.
alternative label: Mallakastër

Malesi e Madhe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-MM
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-MM
coordinate: 42°21′N 19°35′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 19.583
longitude: 42.35
population: 36,770
comment: Malësi e Madhe District, commonly known as Malësia, was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 36,770 in 2001, and an area of 897 km2 . It is in the north of the country, and its capital was the town of Koplik. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Malësi e Madhe, which is part of Shkodër County.
alternative label: Malësi e Madhe

Mirdite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-MR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-MR
coordinate: 41°48′N 19°59′E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 19.983
longitude: 41.8
population: 37,055
comment: Mirditë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 37,055 in 2001, and an area of 867 km2 . It is in the north of the country, and its capital was the town of Rrëshen. The district was located within the wider region of Mirdita, whose territory is synonymous with the historic Albanian tribe of the same name. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Mirditë, which is part of Lezhë County.
alternative label: Mirditë

Mat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-MT
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-MT
coordinate: 41°34′N 20°1′E
density: 60/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 20.017
longitude: 41.567
population: 61,906
comment: Mat District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 61,906 in 2001, and an area of 1,028 km2 . It was named after the river Mat, which flows through the district. Its capital was the town of Burrel. Its territory is now part of Dibër County: the municipalities of Mat and Klos.

Pogradec
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-PG
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-PG
coordinate: 40°55′N 20°35′E
density: 98/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 20.583
longitude: 40.917
population: 70,900
comment: Pogradec District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 70,900 in 2001, and an area of 725 km2 . It is in the east of the country, and its capital was the city of Pogradec. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Pogradec, which is part of Korçë County.

Peqin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-PQ
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-PQ
coordinate: 41°3′N 19°47′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 19.783
longitude: 41.05
population: 32,920
comment: Peqin District' was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 32,920 in 2001, and an area of 191 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Peqin. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Peqin, which is part of Elbasan County.

Permet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-PR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-PR
coordinate: 40°16′N 20°19′E
density: 28/km2 (72/sq mi)
latitude: 20.317
longitude: 40.267
population: 25,837
comment: Përmet District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 25,837 in 2001, and an area of 929 km2 . Its area has an Aromanian minority. It is in the south-east of the country, and its capital was the town of Përmet. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Përmet and Këlcyrë.
alternative label: Përmet

Puke
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-PU
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-PU
coordinate: 42°4′N 19°59′E
density: 33/km2 (86/sq mi)
latitude: 19.983
longitude: 42.067
population: 34,454
comment: Pukë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 34,454 in 2001, and an area of 1,034 km2 . It is located in the north of the country and its capital was the town of Pukë. Its territory is now part of Shkodër County: the municipalities of Fushë-Arrëz and Pukë.
alternative label: Pukë

Shkoder
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-SH
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-SH
coordinate: 42°5′N 19°38′E
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 19.633
longitude: 42.083
population: 185,794
comment: Shkodër District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 185,794 in 2001, and an area of 1,631 km2 . It is in the north of the country, and its capital was the city of Shkodër. Its territory is now part of Shkodër County: the municipalities of Shkodër and Vau i Dejës.
alternative label: Shkodër

Skrapar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-SK
coordinate: 40°33′N 20°15′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 20.25
longitude: 40.55
population: 29,874
comment: Skrapar District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 29,874 in 2001, and an area of 775 km2 . It was in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Çorovodë. Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipalities of Skrapar and Poliçan .

Sarande
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-SR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-SR
coordinate: 39°49′N 20°7′E
density: 48/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 20.117
longitude: 39.817
population: 35,235
comment: Sarandë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 35,235 in 2001, and an area of 730 km2 . The centre of the district was the city of Sarandë. Other places included Konispol, Ksamil, Çukë, Vrinë and Butrint . Its territory is now part of Vlorë County: the municipalities of Sarandë, Konispol, Finiq and Himara .
alternative label: Sarandë

Tepelene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-TE
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-TE
coordinate: 40°20′N 19°57′E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 19.95
longitude: 40.333
population: 32,465
comment: Tepelenë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 32,465 in 2001, and an area of 817 km2 . It was in the south of Albania, and its capital was the city of Tepelenë. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Tepelenë and Memaliaj.
alternative label: Tepelenë

Tropoje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-TP
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-TP
coordinate: 42°23′N 20°3′E
density: 27/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: 20.05
longitude: 42.383
population: 28,154
comment: Tropojë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 28,154 in 2001, and an area of 1,043 km2 . It was in the north of the country, and its capital was the town of Bajram Curri. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Tropojë, which is part of Kukës County. The area is known for its massive chestnuts forests and the river Valbonë, as well a rich folk culture.
alternative label: Tropojë

Tirane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-TR
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-TR
coordinate: 41°18′N 19°53′E
density: 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 19.883
longitude: 41.3
population: 523,150
comment: Tirana District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 523,150 in 2001, and an area of 1,193 km2 . Its territory is now part of Tirana County: the municipalities of Tirana, Kamëz and Vorë.
alternative label: Tiranë

Vlore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Albania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AL-VL
area: ISO 3166-2:AL-VL
coordinate: 40°21′N 19°37′E
density: 92/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 19.617
longitude: 40.35
population: 147,267
comment: Vlorë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 147,267 in 2001, and an area of 1,609 km2 . It is in the south-west of the country, and its capital was the city of Vlorë. Its territory is now part of Vlorë County: the municipalities of Vlorë, Selenicë and Himara . Its population included a Greek minority.
alternative label: Vlorë

Aragatsotn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-AG
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-AG
coordinate: 40°25′N 44°10′E
density: 45.8/km²
latitude: 44.167
longitude: 40.417
population: 132,925
comment: Aragatsotn is a province of Armenia. It is located in the western part of the country. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Ashtarak. The National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia reported its population was 132,925 in the 2011 census.

Ararat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-AR
coordinate: 39°55′N 44°43′E
density: 126.1/km²
latitude: 44.717
longitude: 39.917
population: 260,367
comment: Ararat, is a province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is the town of Artashat.

Armavir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-AV
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-AV
coordinate: 40°09′N 44°03′E
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
latitude: 44.05
longitude: 40.15
population: 265,770
comment: Armavir, is a province in the western part of Armenia. Located in the Ararat plain dominated by Mount Ararat from the south and Mount Aragats from the north, the province's capital is the town of Armavir while the largest city is Vagharshapat . The province shares a 72 km -long border with Turkey to the south and west.

Gegharkunik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-GR
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-GR
coordinate: 40°25′N 45°12′E
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 45.2
longitude: 40.417
population: 235,075
comment: Gegharkunik, is a province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is the town of Gavar.

Kotayk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-KT
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-KT
coordinate: 40°25′N 44°45′E
density: 114.9/km²
latitude: 44.75
longitude: 40.417
population: 254,397
comment: Kotayk, is a province of Armenia. It is located at the central part of the country. Its capital is Hrazdan and the largest city is Abovyan. It is named after the Kotayk canton of the historic Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia.

Lori
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-LO
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-LO
coordinate: 40°55′N 44°30′E
density: 66.8/km²
latitude: 44.5
longitude: 40.917
population: 235,537
comment: Lori, is a province of Armenia. It is located in the north of the country, bordering Georgia. Vanadzor is the capital and largest city of the province. Other important towns include Stepanavan, Alaverdi, and Spitak. It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries and the well-preserved Akhtala monastery, where Armenians, Georgians, and Greeks make an annual pilgrimage on September 20–21.

Shirak
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-SH
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-SH
coordinate: 40°50′N 43°55′E
density: 96.0/km²
latitude: 43.917
longitude: 40.833
population: 251,941
comment: Shirak, is a province of Armenia. It is located in the north-west of the country, bordering Turkey in the west and Georgia in the north. Its capital and largest city is Gyumri. It is as much semi-desert as it is mountain meadow or high alpine. In the south, the high steppes merge into mountain terrain, being verdant green in the spring, with hues of reddish brown in the summer. The province is served by the Shirak International Airport of Gyumri.

Syunik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-SU
coordinate: 39°15′N 46°15′E
density: 29.8/km²
elevation: 3,904 m (12,808 ft)
latitude: 46.25
longitude: 39.25
population: 141,771
comment: Syunik is the southernmost province of Armenia. It is bordered by the Vayots Dzor Province to the north, Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic exclave to the west, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran to the south. Its capital and largest city is the town of Kapan. The Statistical Committee of Armenia reported its population was 141,771 in the 2011 census, down from 152,684 at the 2001 census.

Tavush
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-TV
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-TV
coordinate: 40°53′N 45°8′E
density: 39.1/km²
latitude: 45.133
longitude: 40.883
population: 128,609
comment: Tavush, is a province of Armenia. It is located at the northeast of Armenia and bordered by Georgia from the north and Azerbaijan from the east. It is domestically bordered by the Gegharkunik Province from the south, Kotayk Province from the southwest and Lori Province from west. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Ijevan.

Vayots Dzor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-VD
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-VD
coordinate: 39°45′N 45°30′E
density: 22.1/km²
latitude: 45.5
longitude: 39.75
population: 58,324
comment: Vayots Dzor is a province of Armenia. It lies at the southeastern end of the country, bordering the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan to the west and the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan to the east. It covers an area of 2,308 km2 . With a population of only 53,230, it is the most sparsely populated province in the country. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Yeghegnadzor.

Yerevan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Armenia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AM-ER
area: ISO 3166-2:AM-ER
coordinate: 40°10′53″N 44°30′52″E
density: 4,824/km2 (12,490/sq mi)
elevation: 1,390 m (4,560 ft)
latitude: 44.51444
longitude: 40.18139
population: 1,060,138
comment: Yerevan is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the fourteenth in the history of Armenia and the seventh located in or around the Ararat plain. The city also serves as the seat of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese; the largest diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church and one of the oldest dioceses in the world.

Bengo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-BGO
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-BGO
coordinate: 8°47′S 13°59′E
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: 13.983
longitude: -8.783
population: 356,641
comment: Bengo is a province of Angola. Its capital is Caxito. It has an area of 31,371 square kilometres, and its population at the 2014 Census was 356,641. The province had been created in 1980 by dividing the original province Luanda into Bengo and the then smaller province Luanda.

Benguela
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-BGU
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-BGU
coordinate: 12°40′S 14°1′E
density: 56/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 14.017
longitude: -12.667
population: 2,231,385
comment: Benguela is a province of Angola, situated in the west of the country. It lies on the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the provinces of Cuanza Sul, Namibe, Huila, and Huambo. The province has an area of 39,826 square kilometres and its capital is Benguela. According to the 2014 census, there were 2,231,385 inhabitants in the province. The current governor of Benguela is Isaac dos Anjos.

Bie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-BIE
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-BIE
coordinate: 12°31′S 17°34′E
density: 21/km2 (54/sq mi)
latitude: 17.567
longitude: -12.517
population: 1,455,255
comment: Bié is a province of Angola located on the Bié Plateau in central part of country. Its capital is Kuito, which was called Silva Porto until independence from Portugal in 1975. The province has an area of 70,314 square kilometres and a population of 1,455,255 in 2014. The current governor of Bié is José Amaro Tati.
alternative label: Bié

Cabinda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-CAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-CAB
coordinate: 4°56′03″S 12°24′19″E
latitude: 12.40528
longitude: -4.93417
population: 824,143
comment: Cabinda is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by several political organizations in the territory. The capital city is also called Cabinda, known locally as Tchiowa. The province is divided into four municipalities—Belize, Buco-Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo.

Cuando Cubango
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-CCU
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-CCU
coordinate: 16°5′S 19°30′E
density: 2.7/km2 (6.9/sq mi)
latitude: 19.5
longitude: -16.083
population: 534,002
comment: Cuando Cubango is a province of Angola and it has an area of 199,049 km2 and a population of 534,002 in 2014. Menongue is the capital of the province. The governor of the province is Júlio Marcelino Vieira Bessa since July 2019.

Cunene
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-CNN
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-CNN
coordinate: 16°42′S 16°3′E
latitude: 16.05
longitude: -16.7
population: 990,087
comment: Cunene is a province of Angola. It has an area of 87,342 km² and a population of 990,087 in 2014.

Cuanza Norte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-CNO
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-CNO
coordinate: 9°1′S 15°4′E
density: 18/km2 (48/sq mi)
latitude: 15.067
longitude: -9.017
population: 443,386
comment: Coordinates: 9°1′S 15°4′E﻿ / ﻿9.017°S 15.067°E﻿ / -9.017; 15.067 The Cuanza Norte Province is province of Angola. N'dalatando is the capital and the province has an area of 24,110 km² and a population of 443,386. Manuel Pedro Pacavira was born here and is a former provincial governor. The 1,400 meter long Capanda Dam is located in this province. Cuanza Norte lies on the northern bank of the Cuanza River. It had been a territory of Ngola Kingdom. In 1914, Norton de Matos created District of Cuanza which was divided into Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul Provinces in 1917.

Cuanza Sul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-CUS
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-CUS
coordinate: 10°38′S 14°30′E
density: 34/km2 (88/sq mi)
latitude: 14.5
longitude: -10.633
population: 1,881,873
comment: Cuanza Sul Province is a province of Angola. It has an area of 55,660 square kilometres and a population of 1,881,873. Sumbe is the capital of the province. Don Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa Coutinho founded the province in 1769 as Novo Redondo.

Huambo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-HUA
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-HUA
coordinate: 12°30′S 15°40′E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 15.667
longitude: -12.5
population: 2,019,555
comment: Huambo is a province of Angola. With an area of 34,270 km2, it is one of the geographically smaller provinces, situated in the Central Region approximately 450 km south east of the capital, Luanda.

Huila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-HUI
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-HUI
coordinate: 14°15′S 14°50′E
density: 32/km2 (82/sq mi)
latitude: 14.833
longitude: -14.25
population: 2,497,422
comment: Huíla is a province of Angola. It has an area of 79,023 square kilometres and a population of 2,497,422 . Lubango is the capital of the province. Basket-making is a significant industry in the province; many make baskets out of reeds.
alternative label: Huíla

Lunda Norte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-LNO
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-LNO
coordinate: 8°17′S 19°36′E
density: 8.3/km2 (22/sq mi)
latitude: 19.6
longitude: -8.283
population: 862,566
comment: Lunda Norte is a province of Angola. It has an area of 103,760 km² and a population of 862,566. Angola's first President, Agostino Neto, made Lucapa the provincial capital after independence, but the capital was later moved to Dundo. The province borders the Democratic Republic of Congo in the northeast and Lunda Sul in the south. The province is rich in gold and diamonds, but remains vastly underdeveloped and impoverished. UNITA used the money generated from the sale of diamonds to fund war efforts. Cuango River valley, the richest diamond area of Angola is located in the province. Mining is done by notable companies like DeBeers and Endiama. The Lunda province whose capital was Saurimo was created by the Portuguese colonial empire on July 13, 1895. It was divided into Lunda-Sul and Lunda-Norte subdivisions through a constitution act in 1978 by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola government. Iron and manganese mining are also important economic activities. It is well known for its sculptures. The most notable one is The Thinker, a sculpture of a man holding his head. It is rich in terms of flora and fauna.

Lunda Sul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-LSU
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-LSU
coordinate: 10°19′S 20°49′E
density: 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: 20.817
longitude: -10.317
population: 537,587
comment: Lunda Sul is a province of Angola. It has an area of 77,637 km² and a 2014 census population of 537,587. Saurimo is the capital of the province.

Luanda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-LUA
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-LUA
coordinate: 8°58′59″S 13°16′59″E
density: 370/km2 (960/sq mi)
latitude: 13.283
longitude: -8.983
population: 6,945,386
comment: Luanda is a province of Angola. It covers an area of 18,835 sq.km, and had a population of 6,945,386 at the Census of 16 May 2014. The latest official estimate is 8,247,688.

Malanje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-MAL
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-MAL
coordinate: 9°32′00″S 16°21′00″E
density: 10/km2 (26/sq mi)
latitude: 16.35
longitude: -9.53333
population: 986,363
comment: Malanje is a province of Angola. It has an area of 97,602 km² and a 2014 census population of 986,363. Malanje is the capital of the province.

Moxico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-MOX
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-MOX
coordinate: 12°S 20°E
density: 3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi)
latitude: 20.0
longitude: -12.0
population: 758,568
comment: Moxico or Moshiko is the largest province of Angola. It has an area of 223,023 square kilometres, and covers 18% of the landmass of Angola. The province has a population of 758,568 and a population density of approximately 3.4 residents per km², making it one of the most sparsely populated areas of Angola. The population of the province is in flux; displaced residents have slowly returned to Moxico since the end of the Angolan Civil War in 2002. The war left Moxico as one of the most landmine-contaminated places in the world. The governor of the province is Gonçalves Manuel Muandumba.

Namibe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-NAM
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-NAM
coordinate: 15°11′43″S 12°09′03″E
density: 8.7/km2 (22/sq mi)
latitude: 12.15083
longitude: -15.19528
population: 495,326
comment: Namibe Province is a province of Angola. Under Portuguese rule it was the Moçâmedes District. It has an area of 57,091 km² and had a 2014 census population of 495,326. The port and city of Moçâmedes is the capital of the province with a population of 250,000 in 2014. Iona National Park lies within the province.

Uige
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-UIG
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-UIG
coordinate: 7°37′S 15°03′E
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: 15.05
longitude: -7.617
population: 1,483,118
comment: Uíge, one of the eighteen Provinces of Angola, is located in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is of the same name.
alternative label: Uíge

Zaire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Angola
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AO-ZAI
area: ISO 3166-2:AO-ZAI
coordinate: 6°16′S 14°14′E
density: 15/km2 (40/sq mi)
latitude: 14.233
longitude: -6.267
population: 594,428
comment: Zaire is one of the 18 provinces of Angola. It occupies 40,130 square kilometres in the north west of the country and had a population of 594,428 inhabitants in 2014. It is bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Democratic Republic of Congo, on the east by the Uíge Province, and on the south by the Bengo Province.

Salta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-A
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-A
coordinate: 24°47′S 65°25′W
density: 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: -65.417
longitude: -24.783
population: 1,214,441
comment: Salta is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Catamarca. It also surrounds Jujuy. To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile.

Buenos Aires Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-B
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-B
coordinate: 33°42′S 61°00′W
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -61.0
longitude: -33.7
population: 15,625,084
comment: Buenos Aires, officially the Buenos Aires Province, is the largest and most populous Argentine province. It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the country, which used to be part of the province and the province's capital until it was federalized in 1880. Since then, in spite of bearing the same name, the province does not include Buenos Aires proper, though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The capital of the province is the city of La Plata, founded in 1882.

Capital Federal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-C
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-C
coordinate: 34°36′12″S 58°22′54″W
elevation: 25 m (82 ft)
latitude: -58.38167
longitude: -34.60333
population: 16,407,443 (2009)
comment: Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and largest city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South America's southeastern coast. "Buenos Aires" can be translated as "fair winds" or "good airs", but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century, by the use of the original name "Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre", named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia, Italy.

San Luis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-D
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-D
coordinate: 33°18′S 66°21′W
density: 5.6/km2 (15/sq mi)
latitude: -66.35
longitude: -33.3
population: 432,310
comment: San Luis is a province of Argentina located near the geographical center of the country . Neighboring provinces are, from the north clockwise, La Rioja, Córdoba, La Pampa, Mendoza and San Juan.

Entre Rios
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-E
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-E
coordinate: 32°02′52″S 60°16′52″W
density: 16/km2 (41/sq mi)
latitude: -60.281
longitude: -32.0477
population: 1,235,994
comment: Entre Ríos is a central province of Argentina, located in the Mesopotamia region. It borders the provinces of Buenos Aires, Corrientes and Santa Fe, and Uruguay in the east.
alternative label: Entre Ríos

La Rioja
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-F
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-F
coordinate: 29°26′S 66°51′W
density: 3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi)
latitude: -66.85
longitude: -29.433
population: 333,642
comment: La Rioja is a province of Argentina located in the west of the country. The landscape of the province consist of a series of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges and agricultural valleys in between. It is in one of these valleys that the capital of the province, the city of la La Rioja, lies. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis and San Juan. The dinosaur Riojasaurus is named after the province.

Santiago del Estero
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-G
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-G
coordinate: 27°47′S 64°16′W
density: 6.4/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: -64.267
longitude: -27.783
population: 874,006
comment: Santiago del Estero, also known simply as Santiago, is a province in the north of Argentina. Neighbouring provinces, clockwise from the north, are Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán.

Chaco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-H
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-H
coordinate: 27°27′05″S 58°59′12″W
density: 11/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: -58.98667
longitude: -27.45139
population: 1,055,259
comment: Chaco, officially the Province of Chaco, is one of the 23 provinces in Argentina. Its capital and largest city, is Resistencia. It is located in the north-east of the country.

San Juan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-J
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-J
coordinate: 30°52′S 68°59′W
density: 7.6/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: -68.98
longitude: -30.87
population: 681,055
comment: San Juan Province is a province of Argentina, located in the western part of the country. Neighbouring provinces are, moving clockwise from the north, La Rioja, San Luis and Mendoza. It borders with Chile to the west.

Catamarca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-K
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-K
coordinate: 28°28′S 65°47′W
density: 3.6/km2 (9.3/sq mi)
latitude: -65.783
longitude: -28.467
population: 367,828
comment: Catamarca is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. The province had a population of 334,568 as per the 2001 census, and covers an area of 102,602 km2. Its literacy rate is 95.5%. Neighbouring provinces are : Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and La Rioja. To the west it borders the country of Chile.

La Pampa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-L
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-L
coordinate: 36°37′S 64°17′W
density: 3.8/km2 (9.8/sq mi)
latitude: -64.283
longitude: -36.617
population: 543,184
comment: La Pampa is a sparsely populated province of Argentina, located in the Pampas in the center of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén and Mendoza.

Mendoza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-M
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-M
coordinate: 32°53′25″S 68°50′50″W
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: -68.84722
longitude: -32.89028
population: 1,738,929
comment: Mendoza, officially Province of Mendoza, is a province of Argentina, in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders San Juan to the north, La Pampa and Neuquén to the south, San Luis to the east, and the republic of Chile to the west; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range. Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza.

Misiones
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-N
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-N
coordinate: 26°55′S 54°31′W
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
latitude: -54.52
longitude: -26.92
population: 1,101,593
comment: Misiones is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina, located in the northeastern corner of the country in the Mesopotamia region. It is surrounded by Paraguay to the northwest, Brazil to the north, east and south, and Corrientes Province of Argentina to the southwest.

Formosa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-P
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-P
coordinate: 26°11′00″S 58°10′30″W
density: 7.4/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: -58.175
longitude: -26.18333
population: 530,162
comment: Formosa Province is a province in northeastern Argentina, part of the Gran Chaco Region. Formosa's northeast end touches Asunción, Paraguay, and the province borders the provinces of Chaco and Salta to its south and west, respectively. The capital is Formosa.

Neuquen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-Q
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-Q
coordinate: 38°57′06″S 68°04′28″W
density: 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi)
latitude: -68.07444
longitude: -38.95167
population: 551,266
comment: Neuquén is a province of Argentina, located in the west of the country, at the northern end of Patagonia. It borders Mendoza Province to the north, Rio Negro Province to the southeast, and Chile to the west. It also meets La Pampa Province at its northeast corner.
alternative label: Neuquén

Rio Negro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-R
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-R
coordinate: 40°48′S 63°00′W
density: 3.1/km2 (8.1/sq mi)
latitude: -63.0
longitude: -40.8
population: 638,645
comment: Río Negro is a province of Argentina, located at the northern edge of Patagonia. Neighboring provinces are from the south clockwise Chubut, Neuquén, Mendoza, La Pampa and Buenos Aires. To the east lies the Atlantic Ocean.
alternative label: Río Negro

Santa Fe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-S
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-S
coordinate: 33°43′22″S 62°14′46″W
density: 24/km2 (62/sq mi)
elevation: 20 m (70 ft)
latitude: -62.246
longitude: -33.7227
population: 3,194,537
comment: The Province of Santa Fe is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santiago del Estero. Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region.

Tucuman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-T
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-T
coordinate: 26°56′S 65°20′W
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -65.34
longitude: -26.94
population: 1,448,188
comment: Tucumán is the most densely populated, and the second-smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina.
alternative label: Tucumán

Chubut
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-U
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-U
coordinate: 43°18′S 65°06′W
density: 2.3/km2 (5.9/sq mi)
latitude: -65.1
longitude: -43.3
population: 509,108
comment: Chubut Spanish: Provincia del Chubut; is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south, the 46th parallel south, the Andes range to the west, and the Atlantic ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning "transparent," their description of the Chubut River.

Tierra del Fuego
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-V
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-V
coordinate: 54°21′43″S 67°38′17″W
density: 6.0/km2 (15/sq mi)
latitude: -67.638
longitude: -54.362
population: 127,205
comment: Tierra del Fuego is the southernmost, smallest, and least populous Argentine province.

Corrientes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-W
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-W
coordinate: 28°40′S 57°38′W
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: -57.63
longitude: -28.66
population: 992,595
comment: Corrientes, officially the Province of Corrientes is a province in northeast Argentina, in the Mesopotamia region. It is surrounded by : Paraguay, the province of Misiones, Brazil, Uruguay, and the provinces of Entre Rios, Santa Fe and Chaco.

Cordoba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-X
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-X
coordinate: 31°25′S 64°11′W
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
latitude: -64.183
longitude: -31.417
population: 3,308,876
comment: Córdoba is a province of Argentina, located in the center of the country. Its neighboring provinces are Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, San Luis, La Rioja, and Catamarca. Together with Santa Fe and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economic and political association known as the Center Region.
alternative label: Córdoba

Jujuy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-Y
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-Y
coordinate: 23°45′S 65°30′W
density: 13/km2 (33/sq mi)
latitude: -65.5
longitude: -23.75
population: 673,307
comment: Jujuy is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. The only neighbouring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south.

Santa Cruz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Argentina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AR-Z
area: ISO 3166-2:AR-Z
coordinate: 48°37′S 70°01′W
density: 1.1/km2 (2.9/sq mi)
latitude: -70.01
longitude: -48.62
population: 273,964
comment: Santa Cruz Province is a province of Argentina, located in the southern part of the country, in Patagonia. It borders Chubut Province to the north, and Chile to the west and south, with an Atlantic coast on its east. Santa Cruz is the second-largest province of the country, and the least densely populated in mainland Argentina.

Lealataua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 5,103 (2010)
comment: Lealataua County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.

Fofo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa

Leasina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 1,807 (2010)
comment: Leasina County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.

Tualatai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 3,561 (2010)
comment: Tuālā-tai County is one of the five counties that make up the Western District of American Samoa.

Tualauta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 20,858 (2010)
comment: Tuālāuta County is a county in the Western District in American Samoa. It is the largest and also the most populated county in American Samoa. The county is represented by two seats in the Senate and two seats in House of Representatives in the American Samoa Legislature. 'Ili'ili is the principal place in Tualauta County, a county which consists of 'Ili'ili, Vaitogi, Saleauau, Tafuna, Pavaia'i, and Faleniu.

Itu‘au
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 4,676 (2010)
comment: Itūʻau County is a county in the Eastern District in American Samoa. The official name is Itūʻau ma Nofo, however, it is commonly known as just Itūʻau. It is divided into northern and southern parts by the highest part of the Tutuila's central mountain range. It is peculiar in that it had no county chief. In Nu'uuli in the south, power was divided between village high chief Savusa and the Four Chiefly Houses of the Soliai, Tago, Levu, and Alega. In Fagasā in the north, leadership was shared by the Tupuola and the Alo. The physical division of the county by mountains combined with the lack of a high chief made the county a battleground in ancient times.

Ma‘oputasi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
coordinate: 14°16′46″S 170°42′02″W
density: 600/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
elevation: 2,142 ft (653 m)
latitude: -170.70056
longitude: -14.27944
population: 10,299
comment: Maʻopūtasi County is located in the Eastern District of Tutuila Island in American Samoa. Maʻopūtasi County comprises the capital of Pago Pago and its harbor, as well as surrounding villages. It was home to 11,695 residents as of 2000. Maʻopūtasi County is 6.69 square miles The county has a 7.42-mile shoreline which includes Pago Pago Bay.

Vaifanua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 2,545 (2010)
comment: Vaifanua and Sua counties are both ruled by the Le’iato family, one branch of which lives in Fagaitua, the principal place of Sua County. Another lives in Sa'ilele near Aoa, which is the principal place of Vaifanua County. These two Le’iato family branches, along with two orators from each, conduct the affairs of government for the two counties.

Sua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 3,323 (2010)
comment: Suʻa County is a county in the Eastern District in American Samoa. Su'a County contains the villages of Afono, Fagaitua, Falefa, Lauli'i, Masefau, Masausi and Sailele. The county had a population of 3,323 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. According to the Constitution of American Samoa, Sua County is represented by two senatorial seats in the American Samoa Senate.

Saole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 2,187 (2010)
comment: Saʻole County is a county in the Eastern District in American Samoa. The county consists of Aunu'u Island together with its foothold upon Tutuila Island, Ālōfau and Āmouli.

Ofu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 176 (2010)
comment: Ofu County is a county in the Manu'a District in American Samoa. It was the result of the subdivision of the prior Luanuu County in two, with the other newly created county being Olosega, first reported on the 1930 U.S. Census. It is now contiguous with its only village, Ofu.

Olosega
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
latitude: -172.43591
longitude: -13.645987
population: 177 (2010)
comment: Olosega County is a county in the Manu'a District in American Samoa. It was the result of the subdivision of the prior Luanuu County in two, with the other newly created county being Ofu, first reported on the 1930 U.S. Census. It contains the two villages of Olosega and Sili.

Tau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 358 (2010)
comment: Ta'u County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920. Its population zenith was in 1950, with 771 residents. It has since declined to its lowest point since the census began recording, just 358 residents. Manu'a District as a whole has similarly declined in population since that time.
alternative label: Ta‘ū

Faleasao
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 162 (2010)
comment: Faleāsao County is a county in the Manu'a District in American Samoa. The county is contiguous with its only village, also named Faleasao.

Fitiuta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: American Samoa
population: 270 (2010)
comment: Fiti'uta County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.

Burgenland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-1
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-1
coordinate: 47°30′N 16°25′E
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 16.417
longitude: 47.5
population: 294,466
comment: Burgenland is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria. It consists of two statutory cities and seven rural districts, with a total of 171 municipalities. It is 166 km long from north to south but much narrower from west to east . The region is part of the Centrope Project.

Karnten
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-2
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-2
coordinate: 46°45′40″N 13°49′08″E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 13.819
longitude: 46.761
population: 561,390
comment: Carinthia is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Situated within the Eastern Alps, it is noted for its mountains and lakes. The main language is German. Its regional dialects belong to the Southern Bavarian group. Carinthian Slovene dialects, forms of a South Slavic language that predominated in the southeastern part of the region up to the first half of the 20th century, are now spoken by a small minority in the area.
alternative label: Kärnten

Niederosterreich
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-3
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-3
coordinate: 48°20′N 15°45′E
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 15.75
longitude: 48.333
population: 1,684,623
comment: Lower Austria is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Since 1986, the capital of Lower Austria has been Sankt Pölten, replacing Vienna which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km2 and a population of 1.685 million people, Lower Austria is the second most populous federal state . Other large cities are Amstetten, Krems an der Donau and Wiener Neustadt.
alternative label: Niederösterreich

Oberosterreich
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-4
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-4
coordinate: 48°15′00″N 14°00′00″E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 13.870429
longitude: 48.116917
population: 1,490,392
comment: Upper Austria is one of the nine states or Länder of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,982 km2 and 1.49 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and the third-largest by population.
alternative label: Oberösterreich

Salzburg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-5
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-5
coordinate: 47°46′01″N 13°21′51″E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 13.364131
longitude: 47.76706
population: 558,410
comment: Salzburg is a state of Austria. It is officially named Land Salzburg, colloquially Salzburgerland, to distinguish it from its eponymous capital Salzburg city and as such is the only state to be named after its capital . By its centuries-long history as an independent Prince-Bishopric, Salzburg's tradition differs from the other Austrian lands.

Steiermark
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-6
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-6
coordinate: 47°15′N 15°10′E
density: 76/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 15.167
longitude: 47.25
population: 1,246,576
comment: Styria is a state in the southeast of Austria. With an area of 16,401 km2, Styria is the second largest state of Austria, after Lower Austria. Styria is bordered to the south by Slovenia, and clockwise, from the southwest, by the Austrian states of Carinthia, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Burgenland. The state capital is Graz.

Tirol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-7
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-7
coordinate: 47°16′N 11°24′E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 11.4
longitude: 47.27
population: 757,852
comment: Tyrol is a state in western Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical Princely County of Tyrol. It is a constituent part of the present-day Euroregion Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino . The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck.

Vorarlberg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-8
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-8
coordinate: 47°14′37″N 9°53′38″E
density: 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: 9.89389
longitude: 47.24361
population: 397,094
comment: Vorarlberg is the westernmost state of Austria. It has the second-smallest geographical area after Vienna and, although it has the second-smallest population, it also has the second-highest population density . It borders on three countries: Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. The only Austrian state that shares a border with Vorarlberg is Tyrol, to the east.

Wien
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Austria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AT-9
area: ISO 3166-2:AT-9
coordinate: 48°12′N 16°22′E
density: 4,326.1/km2 (11,205/sq mi)
elevation: 151–542m (495–1,778 ft)
latitude: 16.367
longitude: 48.2
population: Urban 1,911,191 Metro 2,600,000
comment: Vienna is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants, and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.

Australian Capital Territory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-ACT
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-ACT
coordinate: 35°18′29″S 149°07′28″E
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
elevation: 1,912 m (6,273 ft)
latitude: 149.12444
longitude: -35.30806
population: 431,484
comment: The Australian Capital Territory, known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938, is a landlocked federal territory of Australia containing the national capital Canberra and some surrounding townships. It is located in southeastern Australian mainland as an enclave completely within the state of New South Wales. Founded after Federation as the seat of government for the new nation, all important institutions of the Australian Government are headquartered in the territory.

Jervis Bay Territory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-JBT
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-JBT
coordinate: 35°18′29″S 149°07′28″E
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
elevation: 1,912 m (6,273 ft)
latitude: 149.12444
longitude: -35.30806
population: 431,484
comment: The Australian Capital Territory, known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938, is a landlocked federal territory of Australia containing the national capital Canberra and some surrounding townships. It is located in southeastern Australian mainland as an enclave completely within the state of New South Wales. Founded after Federation as the seat of government for the new nation, all important institutions of the Australian Government are headquartered in the territory.

New South Wales
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-NSW
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-NSW
coordinate: 32°S 147°E
density: 10/km2 (26/sq mi)
elevation: 2,228 m (7,310 ft)
latitude: 147.0
longitude: -32.0
population: 8,166,369
comment: New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In June 2020, the population of New South Wales was over 8.1 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.3 million, live in the Greater Sydney area. The demonym for inhabitants of New South Wales is New South Welshmen.

Northern Territory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-NT
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-NT
coordinate: 20°S 133°E
density: 0.17/km2 (0.45/sq mi)
elevation: 1,531 m (5,023 ft)
latitude: 133.0
longitude: -20.0
population: 246,561
comment: The Northern Territory is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, and Queensland to the east . To the north, the territory looks out to the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria, including Western New Guinea and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago.

Queensland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-QLD
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-QLD
coordinate: 20°00′00″S 145°00′00″E
density: 2.8/km2 (7.3/sq mi)
elevation: 1,622 m (5,322 ft)
latitude: 145.774
longitude: -19.7061
population: 5,184,847
comment: Queensland is a state situated in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous Australian state. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean. To its north is the Torres Strait, separating the Australian mainland from Papua New Guinea. With an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres, Queensland is the world's sixth-largest sub-national entity, and is larger than all but 15 countries. Due to its size, Queensland's geographical features and climates are diverse, including tropical rainforests, rivers, coral reefs, mountain ranges and sandy beaches in its tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, as well as deserts and savanna in the semi-arid and desert climatic regions of its interior.

South Australia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-SA
coordinate: 30°S 135°E
density: 1.7/km2 (4.4/sq mi)
elevation: 1,435 m (4,708 ft)
latitude: 135.0
longitude: -30.0
population: 1,770,591
comment: South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and fifth largest by population. It has a total of 1.77 million people, and its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia, after Western Australia, with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital, Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the second largest centre, has a population of 28,684.

Tasmania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-TAS
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-TAS
coordinate: 42°S 147°E
density: 6.0/km2 (15/sq mi)
elevation: 1,617 m (5,305 ft)
latitude: 147.0
longitude: -42.0
population: 541,071
comment: Tasmania, abbreviated as Tas, is an island state of Australia. It is located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, separated from it by the Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 1000 islands. The state had about 541,000 residents as of September 2020. The state capital and largest city is Hobart, with around 40 percent of the population living in the Greater Hobart area.

Victoria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-VIC
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-VIC
coordinate: 37°S 144°E
density: 28/km2 (73/sq mi)
elevation: 1,986 m (6,516 ft)
latitude: 144.0
longitude: -37.0
population: 6,680,648
comment: Victoria is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state with a land area of 227,444 km2 and the most densely populated state in Australia . Victoria is bordered with New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south, the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the north-east and the semi-arid north-west.

Western Australia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Australia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AU-WA
area: ISO 3166-2:AU-WA
coordinate: 26°S 121°E
density: 1.0/km2 (2.6/sq mi)
elevation: 1,249 m (4,098 ft)
latitude: 121.0
longitude: -26.0
population: 2,667,130
comment: Western Australia is a state occupying the western 32.9 percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres, and the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. As of 2017, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants – around 11 percent of the national total – of whom the vast majority live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.

oli Bayramli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AB
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AB
coordinate: 39°55′55″N 48°55′13″E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
elevation: 12 m (42 ft)
latitude: 48.92028
longitude: 39.93194
population: 87,400
comment: Shirvan is a city in Azerbaijan, located on the Kura River. It was called Zubovka until 1938 and Alibayramli until 2008. From 1938 to 1954, Shirvan possessed the status of a village. It obtained the status of a city of Republican level on January 4, 1963. The territory of the Shirvan is 72.7 km2, and the population is 87,400 according to the 2020 census. Population density is 1226 persons per 1 km2. The city also includes the settlement of Hajigarahmanly and Bairamly. 98.5% of the population are Azerbaijani, while others - Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Turks, and other natives.

Abseron
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ABS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ABS
coordinate: 40°27′26″N 49°44′18″E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 49.738346
longitude: 40.457184
population: 214,100
comment: Absheron District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Absheron Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khizi, Gobustan, Baku, Hajigabul, Salyan, and the city of Sumgait. Its capital and largest city is Khirdalan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 214,100. Although the district shares the same name as the Absheron Peninsula, the area covered by the district is not conterminous, being further west and mostly inland.
alternative label: AbSeron

Agstafa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGA
coordinate: 41°07′08″N 45°27′14″E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 45.45389
longitude: 41.11889
population: 88,500
comment: Agstafa District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qazakh, Tovuz, as well as the Kakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Agstafa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 88,500.
alternative label: Ağstafa

Agcabodi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGC
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGC
coordinate: 40°3′10″N 47°27′41″E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 47.46139
longitude: 40.05278
population: 136,800
comment: Aghjabadi District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Agdam, Barda, Zardab, Beylagan, and Fuzuli. Its capital and largest city is Aghjabadi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 136,800.
alternative label: Ağcabodi

Agdam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGM
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGM
coordinate: 39°59′01″N 46°55′43″E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 46.92861
longitude: 39.98361
population: 204,000
comment: Agdam District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Kalbajar, Tartar, Khojavend, Aghjabadi, and Barda. Its capital is Agdam, however since the city is completely ruined following its Armenian occupation, the current de facto capital is Quzanlı until Agdam is rebuilt. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 204,000.
alternative label: Ağdam

Agdas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGS
coordinate: 40°38′N 47°28′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 47.467
longitude: 40.633
population: 111,100
comment: Agdash District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Yevlakh, Shaki, Oghuz, Qabala, Goychay, Ujar, Zardab, and Barda. Its capital and largest city is Agdash. As of 2020, the district had a population of 111,100.
alternative label: AğdaS

Agsu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGU
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AGU
coordinate: 40°34′10″N 48°24′00″E
density: 79/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 48.3999
longitude: 40.5694
population: 81,000
comment: Agsu District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Ismayilli, Shamakhi, Kurdamir, and Hajigabul. Its capital and largest city is Agsu. As of 2020, the district had a population of 81,00.
alternative label: Ağsu

Astara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AST
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-AST
coordinate: 38°30′N 48°40′E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 48.667
longitude: 38.5
population: 109,700
comment: Astara District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lankaran, Lerik, as well as the Ardabil and Gilan provinces of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Astara. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,700.

Baki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BA
coordinate: 40°23′43″N 49°52′56″E
density: 7,830.76/km²
elevation: −28 m (−92 ft)
latitude: 49.88222
longitude: 40.39528
population: 2,293,100
comment: Baku is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located 28 metres below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Baku lies on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, alongside the Bay of Baku. At the beginning of 2009, Baku's urban population was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25% of all inhabitants of the country live in Baku's metropolitan area. Baku is the sole metropolis in Azerbaijan.

Babok
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BAB
coordinate: 39°09′N 45°26′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 45.433
longitude: 39.15
population: 76,200
comment: Babek District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Shahbuz, Kangarli, Nakhchivan city, as well as the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Babek. As of 2020, the district had a population of 76,200.

Balakon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BAL
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BAL
coordinate: 41°43′N 46°24′E
density: 110/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 46.4
longitude: 41.717
population: 99,100
comment: Balakan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the district of Zagatala, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Balakan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 99,100.

Bordo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BAR
coordinate: 40°22′00″N 47°07′00″E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: 47.1167
longitude: 40.3667
population: 157,500
comment: Barda District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the center of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Tartar, Agdam, Aghjabadi, Zardab, Agdash, and Yevlakh. Its capital and largest city is Barda. As of 2020, the district had a population of 157,500.

Beyloqan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BEY
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BEY
coordinate: 39°46′N 47°37′E
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 47.617
longitude: 39.767
population: 99,500
comment: Beylagan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Fuzuli, Aghjabadi, Zardab, Imishli, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Beylagan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 99,500.

Bilosuvar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BIL
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-BIL
coordinate: 39°27′N 48°32′E
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 48.533
longitude: 39.45
population: 105,100
comment: Bilasuvar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Imishli, Saatly, Sabirabad, Salyan, Neftchala, Jalilabad, and Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Bilasuvar. As of 2020, the district had a population of 105,100.

Cobrayil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-CAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-CAB
coordinate: 39°18′N 47°00′E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 47.0
longitude: 39.3
population: 81,700
comment: Jabrayil District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Fuzuli, Qubadli, Zangilan, and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Colilabab
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-CAL
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-CAL
coordinate: 39°12′N 48°18′E
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: 48.3
longitude: 39.2
population: 225,300
comment: Jalilabad District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Masally, Yardimli, Bilasuvar, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Jalilabad. As of 2020, the district had a population of 225,300.

Julfa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-CUL
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-CUL
coordinate: 38°57′36″N 45°37′48″E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 45.63
longitude: 38.96
population: 47,000
comment: Julfa District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Ordubad, Babek, Shahbuz, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Julfa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 47,000.

Daskoson
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-DAS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-DAS
coordinate: 40°31′05″N 46°04′58″E
density: 34/km2 (87/sq mi)
latitude: 46.08278
longitude: 40.51806
population: 35,400
comment: Dashkasan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goygol, Kalbajar, Gadabay, Shamkir, Goygol, and the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Dashkasan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 35,400.
alternative label: DaSkoson

Dovoci
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-DAV
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-DAV
coordinate: 41°12′41″N 48°59′10″E
density: 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
elevation: 33 m (108 ft)
latitude: 48.98611
longitude: 41.21139
population: 23,248
comment: Known as Davachi until 2010, Shabran received city status in 1961. The name of Shabran comes from an historic medieval town of the same name that was a port some 15km further north.
alternative label: Dovoçi

Fuzuli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-FUZ
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-FUZ
coordinate: 39°36′01″N 47°08′35″E
density: 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 47.1431
longitude: 39.6003
population: 133,800
comment: Fuzuli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Aghjabadi, Beylagan, Jabrayil, and the Ardabil Province of Iran.
alternative label: Füzuli

Gonco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GA
coordinate: 40°40′58″N 46°21′38″E
density: 3,100/km2 (7,900/sq mi)
elevation: 408 m (1,339 ft)
latitude: 46.36056
longitude: 40.68278
population: 335,600
comment: Ganja is Azerbaijan's third largest city, with a population of around 335,600.

Godoboy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GAD
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GAD
coordinate: 40°33′56″N 45°48′58″E
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 45.8161
longitude: 40.5656
population: 109,900
comment: Gadabay District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Dashkasan, Shamkir, Tovuz, and the Gegharkunik and Tavush provinces of Armenia. The Artsvashen exclave of Armenia is surrounded by the Gadabay District and is de facto controlled by Azerbaijan, administrated as part of Goranboy District. Its capital and largest city is Gadabay. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,900.

Goranboy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GOR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GOR
coordinate: 40°36′27″N 46°47′33″E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 46.792618
longitude: 40.60762
population: 105,000
comment: Goranboy District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Tartar, Yevlakh, Samukh, and Goygol. Its capital and largest city is Goranboy. As of 2020, the district had a population of 105,000.

Goycay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GOY
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GOY
coordinate: 40°39′11″N 47°44′26″E
density: 160/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: 47.7406
longitude: 40.6531
population: 121,700
comment: Goychay District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Agdash, Qabala, Ismayilli, Kurdamir, and Ujar. Its capital and largest city is Goychay. As of 2020, the district had a population of 121,700. It is famous for its pomegranate growing industry, and for its pomegranate festival.
alternative label: Göyçay

Haciqabul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-HAC
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-HAC
coordinate: 40°02′17″N 48°56′13″E
latitude: 48.93704
longitude: 40.038
population: 77 027
comment: Hajigabul District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kurdamir, Agsu, Shamakhi, Gobustan, Absheron, Baku, Salyan, Sabirabad and the city of Shirvan. Its capital and largest city is Hajigabul. As of 2020, the district had a population of 76,600.

Imisli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-IMI
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-IMI
coordinate: 39°52′09″N 48°03′36″E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 48.06
longitude: 39.8692
population: 131,400
comment: Imishli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Beylagan, Zardab, Kurdamir, Sabirabad, Saatly, Bilasuvar, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Imishli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 131,400.
alternative label: İmiSli

Ismayilli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ISM
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ISM
coordinate: 40°51′11″N 48°23′35″E
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 48.3931
longitude: 40.8531
population: 87,400
comment: Ismayilli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qabala, Quba, Goychay, Kurdamir, Agsu, Shamakhi, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Ismayilli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 87,400. It is believed that this district was named after a highly respected elder and philanthropist in the community, Ismayil Baghiyev.
alternative label: İsmayilli

Kolbocor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-KAL
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-KAL
coordinate: 40°06′24″N 46°02′18″E
density: 31/km2 (80/sq mi)
latitude: 46.0383
longitude: 40.1067
population: 94,100
comment: Kalbajar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojaly, Agdam, Tartar, Goranboy, Goygol, Dashkasan, as well as the Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Kalbajar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 94,100.

Kurdomir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-KUR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-KUR
coordinate: 40°20′24″N 48°09′36″E
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 48.16
longitude: 40.34
population: 117,900
comment: Kurdamir district is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Zardab, Ujar, Goychay, Ismayilli, Agsu, Hajigabul, Sabirabad, and Imishli. Its capital and largest city is Kurdamir. As of 2020, the district had a population of 117,900.
alternative label: Kürdomir

Lonkoran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LA
coordinate: 38°45′13″N 48°51′04″E
latitude: 48.85111
longitude: 38.75361
population: 52,952
comment: Lankaran District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Astara, Lerik, Masally, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Lankaran, although the city is technically not part of the district and is subordinate to the Republic. As of 2020, the district had a population of 230,200.

Lacin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LAC
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LAC
coordinate: 39°38′0″N 46°33′0″E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 46.55
longitude: 39.63333
population: 78,600
comment: Lachin District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Khojaly, Shusha, Khojavend, Qubadli, and the Syunik Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Lachin. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 78,600.
alternative label: Laçin

Lonkoran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LAN
coordinate: 38°45′00″N 48°51′00″E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 48.85
longitude: 38.75
population: 230,200
comment: Lankaran District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Astara, Lerik, Masally, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Lankaran, although the city is technically not part of the district and is subordinate to the Republic. As of 2020, the district had a population of 230,200.

Lerik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LER
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-LER
coordinate: 38°47′00″N 48°25′00″E
density: 79/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 48.41667
longitude: 38.78333
population: 85,800
comment: Lerik District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Yardimli, Masally, Lankaran, Astara and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Lerik. As of 2020, the district had a population of 85,800. It is located between the Talysh Mountains and the agricultural plain of the Lankaran Lowland.

Masalli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-MAS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-MAS
coordinate: 39°02′N 48°39′E
density: 320/km2 (820/sq mi)
latitude: 48.65
longitude: 39.033
population: 227,700
comment: Masally District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lankaran, Lerik, Yardimli, Jalilabad, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Masally. As of 2020, the district had a population of 227,700.

Mingocevir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-MI
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-MI
coordinate: 40°46′12″N 47°02′56″E
density: 820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
elevation: 545 m (1,788 ft)
latitude: 47.04889
longitude: 40.77
population: 106,048
comment: Mingachevir is the fourth-largest city in Azerbaijan with a population of about 106,000. It's often called the "city of lights" because of its hydroelectric power station on the Kur River, which splits the city in half.
alternative label: Mingoçevir

Naftalan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-NA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-NA
coordinate: 40°30′24″N 46°49′30″E
latitude: 46.825
longitude: 40.50667
population: 10,200
comment: Naftalan is a city in Azerbaijan, surrounded by the district of Goranboy. It's located on an agricultural plain near the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The word naftalan also means a petroleum product that can be obtained there. It is the centre of a unique petroleum industry, with a grade of oil referred to as "Naftalan".

Neftcala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-NEF
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-NEF
coordinate: 39°21′N 49°15′E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 49.25
longitude: 39.35
population: 88,900
comment: Neftchala District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Jalilabad, Bilasuvar, Salyan, Lankaran, and Masally. Its capital and largest city is Neftchala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 88,900.
alternative label: Neftçala

Oguz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-OGU
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-OGU
coordinate: 41°04′15″N 47°27′30″E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 47.458332
longitude: 41.07083
population: 44,700
comment: Oghuz District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shaki, Qabala, Agdash, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Oghuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 44,700.
alternative label: Oğuz

Ordubad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ORD
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ORD
coordinate: 38°54′N 46°02′E
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 46.033
longitude: 38.9
population: 50,200
comment: Ordubad District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Julfa, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Ordubad. As of 2020, the district had a population of 50,200.

Qobolo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QAB
coordinate: 40°58′53″N 47°50′45″E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 47.84583
longitude: 40.98139
population: 107,800
comment: Qabala District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Oghuz, Shaki, Agdash, Goychay, Ismayilli, Quba, Qusar, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Qabala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 107,800.

Qax
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QAX
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QAX
coordinate: 41°25′00″N 46°55′00″E
density: 38/km2 (99/sq mi)
latitude: 46.9167
longitude: 41.4167
population: 57,200
comment: Qakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Zagatala, Shaki, Samukh, Yevlakh, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Qakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 57,200.

Qazax
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QAZ
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QAZ
coordinate: 41°10′00″N 45°10′00″E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
population: 98,400
comment: Qazakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the district of Agstafa, and the Tavush Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Qazakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 98,400.

Quba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QBA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QBA
coordinate: 41°22′12″N 48°30′00″E
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 48.5
longitude: 41.37
population: 173,400
comment: Quba District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qusar, Qabala, Ismayilli, Shamakhi, Shabran, and Khachmaz. Its capital and largest city is Quba. As of 2020, the district had a population of 173,400.

Qubadli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QBI
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QBI
coordinate: 39°16′N 46°32′E
density: 52/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 46.533
longitude: 39.267
population: 41,600
comment: Qubadli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojavend, Jabrayil, Zangilan, and the Syunik Province of Armenia.

Qobustan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QOB
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QOB
coordinate: 40°32′06″N 48°55′16″E
density: 35/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: 48.92111
longitude: 40.535
population: 47,400
comment: Gobustan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shamakhi, Khizi, Absheron, and Hajigabul. Its capital and largest city is Gobustan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 47,400.

Qusar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QUS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-QUS
coordinate: 41°25′N 48°26′E
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 48.433
longitude: 41.417
population: 99,000
comment: Qusar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Quba, Qabala, Khachmaz, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Qusar. As of 2020, the district had a population of 99,00.

soki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SA
coordinate: 41°11′31″N 47°10′14″E
density: 7,600/km2 (20,000/sq mi)
elevation: 700 m (2,300 ft)
latitude: 47.17056
longitude: 41.19194
population: 68,400
comment: Shaki is a city in northwestern Azerbaijan, surrounded by the district of the same name. It is located on the southern part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, 240 km from Baku. As of 2020, it has a population of 68,400. The center of the city and the Palace of Shaki Khans were inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019 because of its unique architecture and its history as an important trading center along the Silk Road.
alternative label: Soki

Sabirabad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAB
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAB
coordinate: 40°0′N 48°36′E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 48.6
longitude: 40.0
population: 178,800
comment: Sabirabad District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Saatly, Imishli, Kurdamir, Hajigabul, Salyan, Bilasuvar, and the city of Shirvan. Its capital and largest city is Sabirabad. As of 2020, the district had a population of 178,800.

Sodorok
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAD
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAD
coordinate: 39°42′N 44°54′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 44.9
longitude: 39.7
population: 16,100
comment: Sadarak District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Sharur, as well as the Iğdır Province of Turkey, Ararat Province of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital is Heydarabad and largest settlement is Sadarak. As of 2020, the district had a population of 16,100.

sahbuz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAH
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAH
coordinate: 39°29′N 45°40′E
density: 30/km2 (78/sq mi)
latitude: 45.667
longitude: 39.483
population: 25,300
comment: Shahbuz District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Babek, and the Syunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Shahbuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 25,300.
alternative label: Sahbuz

Soki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAK
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAK
coordinate: 41°06′N 47°00′E
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 47.0
longitude: 41.1
population: 188,100
comment: Shaki District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qakh, Oghuz, Agdash, Yevlakh, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Shaki, even though the city is subordinate to the Republic. As of 2020, the district had a population of 188,100.

Salyan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAL
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAL
coordinate: 39°35′36.9″N 48°58′33.5″E
density: 87/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 48.97597
longitude: 39.593582
population: 139,900
comment: Salyan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Bilasuvar, Sabirabad, Hajigabul, Baku, Neftchala, and the city of Shirvan. Its capital and largest city is Salyan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 139,900.

sorur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAR
coordinate: 39°33′N 45°04′E
density: 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: 45.067
longitude: 39.55
population: 117,600
comment: Sharur District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Kangarli, Sadarak, as well as the Vayots Dzor and Ararat provinces of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Sharur. As of 2020, the district had a population of 117,600.
alternative label: Sorur

Saatli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAT
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SAT
coordinate: 39°55′51″N 48°22′10″E
density: 92/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 48.36944
longitude: 39.93083
population: 109,100
comment: Saatly District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Imishli, Sabirabad, and Bilasuvar. Its capital and largest city is Saatly. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,100.

Siyozon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SIY
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SIY
coordinate: 40°59′N 49°11′E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 49.183
longitude: 40.983
population: 42,600
comment: Siyazan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shabran, Khizi, and the exclaves of Quba. Its capital and largest city is Siyazan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 42,600.

somkir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SKR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SKR
coordinate: 40°49′57″N 46°1′35″E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 46.02639
longitude: 40.8325
population: 219,500
comment: Shamkir District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Gadabay, Tovuz, Samukh, Goygol, and Dashkasan. Its capital and largest city is Shamkir. As of 2020, the district had a population of 219,500.
alternative label: Somkir

Sumqayit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SM
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SM
coordinate: 40°35′23″N 49°40′07″E
density: 4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi)
elevation: 26 m (85 ft)
latitude: 49.66861
longitude: 40.58972
population: 358,675
comment: Sumgait is the second-largest city in Azerbaijan, located near the Caspian Sea, about 31 kilometres away from the capital, Baku. The city has a population of around 345,300, making it the second-largest city in Azerbaijan after the capital Baku.

samaxi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SMI
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SMI
coordinate: 40°38′N 48°40′E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 48.667
longitude: 40.633
population: 106,400
comment: Shamakhi District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Quba, Khizi, Gobustan, Hajigabul, Agsu, and Ismayilli. Its capital and largest city is Shamakhi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 106,400.
alternative label: Samaxi

Samux
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SMX
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SMX
coordinate: 40°49′57″N 46°30′35″E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 46.50972
longitude: 40.8325
population: 58,800
comment: Samukh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goranboy, Goygol, Shamkir, Tovuz, Qakh, Yevlakh, city of Ganja and the Kakheti region of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Samukh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 58,800.

SuSa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SS
coordinate: 39°45.5′N 46°44.9′E
elevation: 1,800 m (5,900 ft)
latitude: 46.7483
longitude: 39.7583
population: 4,064
comment: Shusha District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Lachin, and Khojavend. Its capital and largest city is Shusha. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 34,700.

SuSa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SUS
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SUS
coordinate: 39°45′N 46°45′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: 46.75
longitude: 39.75
population: 34,700
comment: Shusha District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Lachin, and Khojavend. Its capital and largest city is Shusha. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 34,700.

Tortor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-TAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-TAR
coordinate: 40°20′N 46°55′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 46.917
longitude: 40.333
population: 104,700
comment: Tartar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Goranboy, Yevlakh, Barda, and Agdam. Its capital and largest city is Tartar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 104,700.

Tovuz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-TOV
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-TOV
coordinate: 40°59′32″N 45°37′44″E
density: 91/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 45.6289
longitude: 40.9922
population: 177,200
comment: Tovuz District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Gadabay, Shamkir, Samukh, Agstafa, as well as the Tavush Province of Armenia and Kakheti region of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Tovuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 177,200. A major train line runs through the center, stopping at Tovuz Station.

Ucar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-UCA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-UCA
coordinate: 40°30′N 47°39′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 47.65
longitude: 40.5
population: 89,500
comment: Ujar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Agdash, Goychay, Kurdamir, and Zardab. Its capital and largest city is Ujar. As of 2020, the district had a population of 89,500.

Xankondi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XA
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XA
coordinate: 39°48′55″N 46°45′7″E
density: 1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
elevation: 813 m (2,667 ft)
latitude: 46.75194
longitude: 39.81528
population: 55,200
comment: Stepanakert, or Khankendi, is the de facto capital and the largest city of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, though internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.

Xacmaz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XAC
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XAC
coordinate: 41°28′N 48°48′E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 48.8
longitude: 41.467
population: 179,800
comment: Khachmaz District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qusar, Quba, Shabran, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Khachmaz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 179,800.
alternative label: Xaçmaz

Xanlar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XAN
coordinate: 40°35′13″N 46°18′57″E
elevation: 697 m (2,287 ft)
latitude: 46.31583
longitude: 40.58694
population: 37,280
comment: Goygol is a city, municipality and the capital of the Goygol District in northwestern Azerbaijan. It's around 10 km south of Azerbaijan's second-largest city, Ganja. The city of Goygol has a population of 37,200 . The municipality includes the city of Goygol and the village of Qızılqaya.

Xocali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XCI
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XCI
coordinate: 39°54′N 46°47′E
density: 29/km2 (75/sq mi)
latitude: 46.783
longitude: 39.9
population: 28,800
comment: Khojaly District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Shusha, Agdam and Khojavend. Its capital and largest city is Khojaly. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 28,800.

Xizi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XIZ
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XIZ
coordinate: 40°54′N 49°04′E
density: 10/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: 49.067
longitude: 40.9
population: 17,100
comment: Khizi District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Absheron Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Siyazan, Shabran, Quba, Shamakhi, Gobustan, and Absheron. Its capital and largest city is Khizi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 17,100, making it the least populated district of Azerbaijan.

Xocavond
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XVD
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-XVD
coordinate: 40°02′N 47°25′E
density: 30/km2 (78/sq mi)
latitude: 47.417
longitude: 40.033
population: 44,100
comment: Khojavend District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Shusha, Khojaly, Agdam, Aghjabadi, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, and Qubadli. Its capital and largest city is Khojavend, however since the city is under Russian peacekeeping control, the current de facto capital is the town of Hadrut. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 44,100.

Yardimli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-YAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-YAR
coordinate: 38°55′14″N 48°14′14″E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 48.23722
longitude: 38.92056
population: 68,000
comment: Yardimli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Jalilabad, Masally, Lerik, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Yardimli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 68,000.

Yevlax
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-YE
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-YE
coordinate: 40°37′02″N 47°09′00″E
density: 47,000/km2 (120,000/sq mi)
elevation: 17 m (56 ft)
latitude: 47.15
longitude: 40.61722
population: 69,798
comment: Yevlakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qakh, Shaki, Agdash, Barda, Tartar, Goranboy, and Samukh. Its capital and largest city is Yevlakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,700.

Yevlax
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-YEV
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-YEV
coordinate: 40°40′N 47°00′E
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 47.0
longitude: 40.667
population: 129,700
comment: Yevlakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qakh, Shaki, Agdash, Barda, Tartar, Goranboy, and Samukh. Its capital and largest city is Yevlakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,700.

Zongilan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ZAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ZAN
coordinate: 39°03′56″N 46°41′49″E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 46.6969
longitude: 39.0656
population: 45,200
comment: Zangilan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qubadli, Jabrayil and the Syunik Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Zangilan. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 45,200.

Zaqatala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ZAQ
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ZAQ
coordinate: 41°35′N 46°45′E
density: 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 46.75
longitude: 41.583
population: 129,800
comment: Zagatala District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Balakan, Qakh, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Zagatala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,800.

Zordab
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ZAR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-ZAR
coordinate: 40°13′06″N 47°42′30″E
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 47.70833
longitude: 40.21833
population: 59,300
comment: Zardab District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Agdash, Ujar, Kurdamir, Imishli, Beylagan, Aghjabadi, and Barda. Its capital and largest city is Zardab. As of 2020, the district had a population of 59,300.

Naxçıvan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-NV
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-NV
coordinate: 39°12′58″N 45°24′38″E
elevation: 873 m (2,864 ft)
latitude: 45.41056
longitude: 39.21611
population: 94,500
comment: Nakhchivan is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, located 450 km west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m above sea level.

Sirvan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SR
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SR
coordinate: 39°55′55″N 48°55′13″E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
elevation: 12 m (42 ft)
latitude: 48.92028
longitude: 39.93194
population: 87,400
comment: Shirvan is a city in Azerbaijan, located on the Kura River. It was called Zubovka until 1938 and Alibayramli until 2008. From 1938 to 1954, Shirvan possessed the status of a village. It obtained the status of a city of Republican level on January 4, 1963. The territory of the Shirvan is 72.7 km2, and the population is 87,400 according to the 2020 census. Population density is 1226 persons per 1 km2. The city also includes the settlement of Hajigarahmanly and Bairamly. 98.5% of the population are Azerbaijani, while others - Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Turks, and other natives.
alternative label: Şirvan

Goygol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GYG
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-GYG
coordinate: 40°35′N 46°18′E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 46.3
longitude: 40.583
population: 64,600
comment: Goygol District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goranboy, Kalbajar, Dashkasan, Shamkir, Samukh, and the city of Ganja. Its capital and largest city is Goygol. As of 2020, the district had a population of 64,600.
alternative label: Göygöl

Kengerli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-KAN
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-KAN
coordinate: 39°23′N 45°06′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 45.1
longitude: 39.383
population: 32,700
comment: Kangarli District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Babek, Sharur, Nakhchivan city, as well as the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital is Givrag, while the largest settlement is Khok. As of 2020, the district had a population of 32,700.
alternative label: Kǝngǝrli

Sabran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Azerbaijan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SBN
area: ISO 3166-2:AZ-SBN
coordinate: 41°12′N 49°00′E
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 49.0
longitude: 41.2
population: 59,900
comment: Shabran District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khachmaz, Quba, Khizi and Siyazan. Its capital and largest city is Shabran. As of 2020, the district had a population of 59,900.
alternative label: Şabran

Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bosnia and Herzegovina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BA-BIH
area: ISO 3166-2:BA-BIH
coordinate: 43°52′N 18°25′E
density: 91/km2 (235.7/sq mi)
latitude: 18.417
longitude: 43.867
population: 2,219,220
comment: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two entities that compose the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 10 autonomous cantons with their own governments and legislatures.

Republika Srpska
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bosnia and Herzegovina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BA-SRP
area: ISO 3166-2:BA-SRP
coordinate: 44°45′N 17°19′E
density: 53/km2 (137.3/sq mi)
latitude: 17.317
longitude: 44.75
population: 1,218,107d
comment: Republika Srpska is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the north and east of the country. Its largest city and administrative centre is Banja Luka, lying on the Vrbas river.

Brcko distrikt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bosnia and Herzegovina
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BA-BRC
area: ISO 3166-2:BA-BRC
coordinate: 44°52′0″N 18°47′0″E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 18.78333
longitude: 44.86667
population: 83,516
comment: Brčko District officially the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a self-governing administrative unit in north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
alternative label: Brčko distrikt

Saint Andrew
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-02
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-02
coordinate: 13°14′N 59°34′W
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: -59.567
longitude: 13.233
population: 5,139
comment: Saint Andrew is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It is situated in the northern area in the country.

Christ Church
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-01
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-01
coordinate: 13°05′N 59°32′W
density: 950/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: -59.533
longitude: 13.083
population: 54,336
comment: The parish of Christ Church is one of eleven historic political divisions of Barbados. It has a land area of 57 km2 and is found at the southern end of the island. Christ Church has survived by name as one of the original six parishes created in 1629 by Governor Sir William Tufton.

Saint Peter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-09
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-09
coordinate: 13°15′N 59°37′W
density: 330/km2 (860/sq mi)
latitude: -59.617
longitude: 13.25
population: 11,300
comment: The Parish of Saint Peter is one of eleven parishes in the Caribbean island country of Barbados. It is named after the Christian Apostle and patron saint, Saint Peter. It is located in the north of Barbados, and is the only parish besides Saint Lucy that extends from the east coast to the west.

Saint George
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-03
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-03
coordinate: 13°08′N 59°32′W
density: 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: -59.533
longitude: 13.133
population: 19,767
comment: The parish of Saint George is located in the interior of Barbados. It is one of two land-locked parishes, the other being Saint Thomas to the north. A prominent landmark in the parish is Gun Hill Signal Station – one of the few remaining signal stations, dating back to 1818.

Saint John
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-05
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-05
coordinate: 13°10′N 59°29′W
density: 260/km2 (680/sq mi)
latitude: -59.483
longitude: 13.167
population: 8,963
comment: The parish of Saint John is a parish of Barbados on the eastern side of the island. It is home to one of its secondary schools, The Lodge School. The parish is the home of many districts such as Ashford and Kendal. It is home to the St. John's Parish Church, which has a scenic view of the Atlantic Ocean from its perch near Hackleton's Cliff, which overlooks the East Coast of the island. In its southeastern corner, the shoreline turns northward, forming the small Conset Bay.

Saint Lucy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-07
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-07
coordinate: 13°18′N 59°37′W
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: -59.617
longitude: 13.3
population: 9,758
comment: The parish of Saint Lucy is the northernmost area in the country of Barbados. Saint Lucy is the only parish of Barbados out of the eleven to be named after a female patron saint, Saint Lucy of Syracuse. Saint Lucy's shape also resembles a peninsula, surrounded on three sides by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, east and west. The Harrison Point Lighthouse is located in Harrisons, Saint Lucy between Great Head and Norse's Bay, also in Saint Lucy. To the south lies the neighbouring Parish of Saint Peter.

Saint Michael
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-08
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-08
coordinate: 13°07′05″N 59°36′11″W
density: 2,300/km2 (5,900/sq mi)
latitude: -59.60306
longitude: 13.11806
population: 88,529
comment: The parish of St. Michael is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It has a land area of 39 km2 and is found at the southwest portion of the island. Saint Michael has survived by name as one of the original six parishes created in 1629 by Governor Sir William Tufton.

Saint Joseph
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-06
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-06
coordinate: 13°12′N 59°32′W
density: 250/km2 (660/sq mi)
latitude: -59.533
longitude: 13.2
population: 6,620
comment: The parish of Saint Joseph is a parish of Barbados on the eastern side of the island. The parish is home to two of the more notable botanic gardens in the country - Flower Forest and Andromeda Gardens. Parts of St. Joseph are also referred to as the Scotland District, a reference to the appearance of the landscape.

Saint Philip
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-10
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-10
coordinate: 13°07′N 59°28′W
density: 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: -59.467
longitude: 13.117
population: 30,662
comment: Saint Philip is a parish of Barbados at the easternmost end of the island. Saint Philip’s Parish Church was built as the Anglican parish church in 1640.

Saint James
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-04
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-04
coordinate: 13°13′N 59°37′W
density: 920/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
latitude: -59.617
longitude: 13.217
population: 28,498
comment: The parish of Saint James is an area located in the western central part of the country of Barbados. Increasingly St. James is becoming known as the playground of the rich and famous, and a haven for sun-starved tourists.

Saint Thomas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Barbados
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BB-11
area: ISO 3166-2:BB-11
coordinate: 13°11′N 59°35′W
density: 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: -59.583
longitude: 13.183
population: 14,249
comment: The parish of Saint Thomas is found in the centre of Barbados. It is one of only two landlocked parishes in the island, the other being Saint George to the south.

Bandarban
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-01
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-01
coordinate: 21°48′N 92°24′E
density: 87/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 92.4
longitude: 21.8
population: 388,335
comment: Bandarban, is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division. It is one of the three hill districts of Bangladesh and a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the others being Rangamati District and Khagrachhari District. Bandarban city is the headquarters of the Bandarban district. Bandarban district is not only the most remote district of the country, but also the least populous . There is an army contingent at Bandarban Cantonment.

Barguna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-02
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-02
coordinate: 22°09′03″N 90°07′35″E
density: 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 90.1264
longitude: 22.1508
population: 892,781
comment: Barguna is a district in the division of Barisal, Bangladesh. It is situated in the southern part of Bangladesh. Barguna subdivision was established in 1969 and promoted to district on 28 February 1984.

Bogra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-03
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-03
coordinate: 24°47′N 89°21′E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
latitude: 89.35
longitude: 24.78
population: 3,400,874
comment: Bogra District, officially known as Bogura District, is a northern district of Bangladesh, in the Rajshahi Division. It is called the gateway to North Bengal. Bogra is an industrial city where many small and mid-sized industries are sited. Bogra district was a part of the ancient Pundravardhana territory and the ruins of Mahasthangarh, the ancient capital of Pundravardhana, are located north of Bogra.

Brahmanbaria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-04
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-04
coordinate: 23°59′N 91°07′E
density: 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
latitude: 91.117
longitude: 23.983
population: 2,840,498
comment: Brahmanbaria is a district in eastern Bangladesh located in the Chittagong Division. Geographically, it is mostly farmland and is topographically part of the Gangetic Plain. It is bounded by the districts of Kishoreganj and Habiganj to the north, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj to the west, Comilla to the south, and the Indian state of Tripura to its east.

Bagerhat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-05
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-05
coordinate: 22°40′00″N 89°48′00″E
density: 370/km2 (970/sq mi)
elevation: 2 m (7 ft)
latitude: 89.8
longitude: 22.66667
population: 1,476,090
comment: Bagerhat District is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.

Barisal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-06
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-06
coordinate: 22°48′N 90°22′E
density: 830/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
latitude: 90.37
longitude: 22.8
population: 2,324,310
comment: Barisal District, officially spelled Barishal District from April 2018, is a district in south-central Bangladesh, formerly called Bakerganj district, established in 1797. Its headquarters are in the city of Barisal, which is also the headquarters of Barisal Division.

Bhola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-07
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-07
coordinate: 22°41′24″N 90°39′09″E
density: 520/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 90.6525
longitude: 22.69
population: 1,776,795
comment: Bhola District is an administrative district in south-central Bangladesh, which includes Bhola Island, the largest island of Bangladesh. It is located in the Barisal Division and has an area of 3737.21 km2. It is bounded by Lakshmipur and Barisal District to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the south, by Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts, the Meghna river and Shahbazpur Channel to the east, and by Patuakhali District and the Tetulia river to the west. About 400 million cubic feet natural gas has been found at Kachia in Bhola which is being used to run a power station.

Comilla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-08
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-08
coordinate: 23°16′N 91°07′E
density: 1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)
latitude: 91.12
longitude: 23.27
population: 5,387,288
comment: Comilla District, officially known as Cumilla District, is a district of Bangladesh located about 100 kilometres south east of Dhaka. Comilla is bordered by Brahmanbaria and Narayanganj districts to the north, Noakhali and Feni districts to the south, Tripura of India to the east and Munshiganj and Chandpur districts to the west. Comilla district is located in the southeastern part of Bangladesh.

Chandpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-09
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-09
coordinate: 23°12′50″N 90°38′10″E
density: 1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
latitude: 90.6361
longitude: 23.2139
population: 2,416,018
comment: Chandpur is a district located in Bangladesh's Chittagong Division. It was a part of Comilla District until 1984.

Chittagong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-10
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-10
coordinate: 22°20′15″N 91°50′20″E
density: 1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
latitude: 91.8389
longitude: 22.3375
population: 7,616,352
comment: Chittagong District, officially known as Chattogram District, is a district located in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The port city of Chittagong, second largest city in Bangladesh, is located in this district.

Coxs Bazar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-11
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-11
coordinate: 21°15′N 91°35′E
density: 920/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
latitude: 91.59
longitude: 21.25
population: 2,289,990
comment: Cox's Bazar is a district in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh. It is named after Cox's Bazar town. It is located 150 kilometres south of Chittagong. Cox's Bazar is also known by the name Panowa . Another old name was Palongkee. The modern Cox's Bazar derives its name from Captain Hiram Cox, an army officer who served in British India. It is one of the fishing ports of Bangladesh. At Cox's Bazar is one of the world's longest natural sea beaches .

Chuadanga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-12
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-12
coordinate: 23°36′N 88°42′E
density: 960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: 88.7
longitude: 23.6
population: 1,129,015
comment: Chuadanga, is a district of the western Khulna Division of Bangladesh. This was the first capital of Bangladesh .

Dhaka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-13
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-13
coordinate: 23°47′N 90°18′E
density: 8,200/km2 (21,300/sq mi)
latitude: 90.3
longitude: 23.79
population: 12,043,977
comment: Dhaka District is a district in central Bangladesh, and is the densest district in the nation. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and rests on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River which flows from the Turag to the southern part of the district. While Dhaka occupies only about a fifth of the area of Dhaka district, it is the economic, political and cultural centre of the district and the country as a whole. Dhaka District consists with Dhaka, Keraniganj, Nababganj, Dohar, Savar and Dhamrai upazila. Dhaka District is an administrative entity, and like many other cities it does not cover the modern conurbation which is Greater Dhaka, which has spilled into neighbouring districts, nor does the conurbation cover the whole district, as there are rural areas within the district.

Dinajpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-14
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-14
coordinate: 25°38′N 88°39′E
density: 870/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
latitude: 88.65
longitude: 25.63
population: 2,990,128
comment: Dinajpur district is a district in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Dinajpur is the largest district among all sixteen northern districts of Bangladesh.

Faridpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-15
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-15
coordinate: 23°30′N 89°50′E
density: 827.17/km²
elevation: 12 m (39 ft)
latitude: 89.83
longitude: 23.5
population: 1,912,969
comment: Faridpur is a district in south-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. It is bounded by the Padma River to its northeast. The district is named after the municipality of Faridpur. Historically, the town was known as Fatehabad. It was also called Haveli Mahal Fatehabad.

Feni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-16
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-16
coordinate: 23°00′N 91°24′E
density: 1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
latitude: 91.4
longitude: 23.0
population: 1,437,371
comment: Feni is a district located in the South-Eastern part of Bangladesh. It was a part of the Greater Noakhali. It is an Administrative division of Chittagong . As of 2015, the district's estimated population stood at 1,437,371, making it the ninth-most populous district in Chittagong Division. Feni was the part of Greater Noakhali. The administrative hub of the district is in Feni City, which also serves as the headquarters of Feni Sadar Upazila in the central section of the district. The original name of the district was Shamshernagar, which served as a mahakuma under the district of Noakhali until 15 February 1984. The district consists of six sub-districts: Sonagazi, Fulgazi, Parshuram, Daganbhuiyan, Chhagalnaiya and Feni Sadar.

Gopalganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-17
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-17
coordinate: 23°12′N 89°48′E
density: 800/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
latitude: 89.8
longitude: 23.2
population: 1,172,415
comment: Gopalganj is a district in the Dhaka Division of Bangladesh. The district has about 1,172,415 civilians and its surface area is 1,490 km2. The main city of the district is also called Gopalganj. It stands on the bank of the Madhumati river and located at 23°00’47.67" N 89°49’21.41". It is bounded by Faridpur district on the North, Pirojpur and Bagerhat district on the South, Madaripur & Barisal district on the East and Narail district on the West.

Gazipur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-18
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-18
coordinate: 24°00′N 90°26′E
density: 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
latitude: 90.43
longitude: 24.0
population: 3,403,912
comment: Gazipur is a district in central Bangladesh, part of the Dhaka Division. It has an area of 1741.53 km2. It is the home district of Tajuddin Ahmad, the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh and has been a prominent centre of battles and movements throughout history. Gazipur is home to the Bishwa Ijtema, the second-largest annual Muslim gathering in the world with over 5 million attendees. There are many facilities available in this district as it contains numerous universities, colleges, the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Bhawal National Park as well as the country's only business park - the Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City.

Gaibandha
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-19
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-19
coordinate: 25°15′N 89°30′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: 89.5
longitude: 25.25
population: 2,430,627
comment: Gaibandha is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. Gaibandha subdivision was established in 1875. Gaibandha was previously known as Bhabanigonj. The name was changed from Bhabanigonj to Gaibandha in 1875. Gaibandha was established as a district on 15 February 1984. Gaibandha is the administrative headquarter and largest urban centre of this district.

Habiganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-20
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-20
coordinate: 24°22′30″N 91°25′00″E
density: 666.52/km²
latitude: 91.4167
longitude: 24.375
population: 1,757,331 (1991)
comment: Habiganj, formerly known as Habibganj, is a district in north-eastern Bangladesh, located in the Sylhet Division. It was established as a district in 1984 as a successor to its subdivision status since 1867. It is named after its headquarters, the town of Habiganj.

Jamalpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-21
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-21
coordinate: 24°55′N 89°58′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: 89.96
longitude: 24.92
population: 2,292,674
comment: Jamalpur is a district in Bangladesh, part of the Mymensingh Division. It was established in 1978.

Jessore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-22
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-22
coordinate: 23°05′00″N 89°10′00″E
density: 946.67/km²
elevation: 7 m (23 ft)
latitude: 89.21223
longitude: 23.15335
population: 2,764,547
comment: Jessore District, officially spelled Jashore District from April 2018, is a district in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. It is bordered by India to the west, Khulna District and Satkhira District to the south, Khulna and Narail to the east, and Jhenaidah District and Magura District to the north. Jessore is the capital of the district.

Jhenaidah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-23
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-23
coordinate: 23°32′N 89°00′E
density: 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
latitude: 89.0
longitude: 23.54
population: 2,052,000
comment: Jhenaidah is a district in southwestern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division. It has an area of 1,964.77 km2 . It is bordered by Kushtia District to the north, Jessore District and West Bengal, India to the south, Rajbari District and Magura District to the east, and Chuadanga District and West Bengal, India to the west. The largest city and headquarter of this district is Jhenaidah. At the beginning of the British rule Jhenaidah was a police outpost and was turned into a thana in 1793. The Jhenaidah Sub division was established in 1862 and was turned into a district in 1984.

Jaipurhat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-24
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-24
coordinate: 25°06′N 89°02′E
density: 950/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: 89.03
longitude: 25.1
population: 913,768
comment: Joypurhat is a district in the northern part of Bangladesh. It is part of Rajshahi Division.

Jhalakati
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-25
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-25
coordinate: 22°38′35″N 90°12′00″E
density: 900/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: 90.2
longitude: 22.6431
population: 682,669
comment: Jhalokati, widely written as Jhalokathi is a district in southern Bangladesh. It is located in the Barisal Division and covers an area of 758.06 km2 It is bounded by Barisal district to the north and east, Barguna district and the Bishkhali river in the south, Lohagara Upazila and Pirojpur district to the west. Annual average temperatures: maximum 33.3 °C, minimum 12.1 °C; annual rainfall 2506 mm. The main rivers in this district are Bishkhali, Dhanshiri, Gabkhan, Sugandha, Jangalia, Bamanda and Bajitpur. "পেয়ারা আর শীতলপাটি, এই নিয়ে ঝালকাঠি" "" is the official moto of the district.

Kishoreganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-26
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-26
coordinate: 24°26′N 90°47′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: 90.783
longitude: 24.433
population: 3,028,706
comment: Kishoreganj is a district in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh. Earlier it was a Mohkuma under the Mymensingh district. Greater Mymensingh, the largest district on the Indian subcontinent, was separated by 6 Mohkuma as Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Tangail, Sherpur, Jamalpur, and Netrokona . The district Kishoreganj consists of 8 municipalities, 13 upazilas, 105 union parishads, 39 wards, 145 mahallas, 946 mouzas and 1775 villages.

Khulna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-27
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-27
coordinate: 22°21′N 89°18′E
density: 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 89.3
longitude: 22.35
population: 2,318,527
comment: Khulna District is a district of Bangladesh. It is located in the Khulna Division. It is bordered on the north by the Jessore District and the Narail District, on the south by the Bay of Bengal, on the east by the Bagerhat District, and on the west by the Satkhira District.

Kurigram
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-28
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-28
coordinate: 25°45′N 89°40′E
density: 920/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
latitude: 89.66
longitude: 25.75
population: 2,069,273
comment: Kurigram District is a district of Bangladesh in the Rangpur Division. The district is locted in northern Bangladesh along the country's border with India. Under Indian rule, the area was organized as a mahakuma and was not established as a district until 1984.

Khagrachari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-29
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-29
coordinate: 23°02′30″N 91°59′40″E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: 91.9944
longitude: 23.0417
population: 613,917
comment: Khagrachari is a district in Chittagong Division, South eastern Bangladesh. It included under Chittagong Hill Tracts region.

Kushtia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-30
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-30
coordinate: 23°55′11″N 89°13′12″E
density: 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
latitude: 89.22003
longitude: 23.919855
population: 2,366,811
comment: Kushtia is a district in the Khulna administrative division of western Bangladesh. Kushtia has existed as a separate district since the partition of India. Prior to that, Kushtia was a part of Nadia District under Bengal Province of British India. Kushtia is the birthplace of many historical figures including Mir Mosharraf Hossain, Bagha Jatin and Lalon Fakir . Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore lived his early life at Shelaidaha.

Lakshmipur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-31
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-31
coordinate: 22°57′00″N 90°49′30″E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
latitude: 90.825
longitude: 22.95
population: 1,729,188
comment: Lakshmipur (Bengali: লক্ষ্মীপুর, romanized: Lokkhipur, also spelt Laxmipur, with an area of 1455.96 km2, is a district of Bangladesh. It is bordered by Chandpur to the north, Bhola and Noakhali districts to the south, Noakhali to the east, and Barisal and Bhola districts to the west.

Lalmonirhat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-32
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-32
coordinate: 26°00′N 89°15′E
density: 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
latitude: 89.25
longitude: 26.0
population: 1,256,099
comment: Lalmonirhat is a district, situated at the northern border of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. Lalmonirhat mahakuma was established as a district on 1 February 1984. It is bordered to the north by Kochbihar and Jalpaiguri of West Bengal, to the south by Rangpur, to the east by Kurigram and to the west by Nilphamari. The international border line of Lalmonirhat district is 281.6 km long.

Manikganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-33
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-33
coordinate: 23°51′N 90°01′E
density: 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
latitude: 90.01
longitude: 23.85
population: 1,392,867
comment: Manikganj is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.

Mymensingh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-34
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-34
coordinate: 24°38′3″N 90°16′4″E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
latitude: 90.26778
longitude: 24.63417
population: 5,210,272
comment: Mymensingh is a district in Mymensingh Division, Bangladesh, and is bordered on the north by Meghalaya, a state of India and the Garo Hills, on the south by Gazipur District, on the east by the districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj, and on the west by the districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and Tangail. Mymensingh town is the district headquarters.

Munshiganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-35
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-35
coordinate: 23°28′N 90°32′E
density: 1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
latitude: 90.54
longitude: 23.46
population: 1,445,660
comment: Munshiganj, also historically known as Bikrampur, is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division and borders Dhaka District.

Madaripur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-36
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-36
coordinate: 23°10′N 90°06′E
density: 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
latitude: 90.1
longitude: 23.17
population: 1,165,952
comment: Madaripur, being a part of the Dhaka Division, is a district in central Bangladesh.

Magura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-37
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-37
coordinate: 23°24′N 89°24′E
density: 880/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: 89.4
longitude: 23.4
population: 918,419
comment: Magura is a district in south-western Bangladesh, situated 176 kilometers from Dhaka. It is a part of the Khulna Division. The main mode of transportation is by bus, and no train transport is available.

Moulvibazar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-38
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-38
coordinate: 24°30′00″N 91°50′00″E
density: 690/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: 91.77
longitude: 24.48
population: 1,919,062
comment: Moulvibazar also spelled Maulvibazar, Moulavibazar, and Maulavibazar, is the southeastern district of Sylhet Division in northeastern Bangladesh, named after the town of Moulvibazar. It is bordered by the Indian states of Tripura and Assam to the south and east, respectively; and by the Bangladeshi districts of Habiganj to the west and Sylhet to the north.

Meherpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-39
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-39
coordinate: 23°45′N 88°42′E
density: 920/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
latitude: 88.7
longitude: 23.75
population: 655,392
comment: Meherpur is the northwestern district of Khulna Division in southwestern Bangladesh. It is bordered by the Indian state of West Bengal to the west, and by the Bangladeshi districts of Kushtia and Chuadanga to the east. The district has an area of 716.08 square kilometres .

Narayanganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-40
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-40
coordinate: 23°36′N 90°30′E
density: 4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
latitude: 90.5
longitude: 23.6
population: 2,948,217
comment: Narayanganj District is a district in central Bangladesh which is a part of the Dhaka Division. It is home to the ancient city of Sonargaon and is one of the oldest industrial districts in the country. The district lies on the banks of the Shitalakshya River and the Meghna River. It is an industrial hub and plays an important part in the country's jute trade, plant processing and sector. It is nicknamed the "Dundee of Bangladesh" due to the presence of many jute mills.

Netrakona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-41
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-41
coordinate: 24°53′N 90°44′E
density: 800/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
latitude: 90.73
longitude: 24.88
population: 2,229,642
comment: The headquarters of Netrokona District was located at the bend of the Mogra River and was called Natorkona. Many people believe that over a period of time Natorkona became Netrakona.

Narsingdi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-42
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-42
coordinate: 23°55′N 90°44′E
density: 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi)
latitude: 90.73
longitude: 23.92
population: 2,224,944
comment: Narsingdi District is a district in central Bangladesh. It is located 50 km north-east of Dhaka, capital city of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. The district is famous for its textile craft industry. Narsingdi is bordered by Kishoreganj in the north and north-east, Brahmanbaria in the east and south-east, Comilla in the south and south-east, Narayanganj in the south and south-west and Gazipur in the west.

Narail
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-43
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-43
coordinate: 23°08′N 89°30′E
density: 695.82/km²
latitude: 89.5
longitude: 23.13
population: 721,668
comment: Narail is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Khulna Division.

Natore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-44
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-44
coordinate: 24°25′N 88°56′E
density: 900/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: 88.93
longitude: 24.41
population: 1,706,673
comment: Natore is a district of Rajshahi Division located in northern Bangladesh. It borders the metropolitan city of Rajshahi, and used to be part of Rajshahi district.

Nawabganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-45
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-45
coordinate: 24°44′N 88°12′E
density: 970/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: 88.2
longitude: 24.73
population: 1,647,521
comment: Chapainawabganj is located on the north-western part of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division and known for its special tone of local dialect. Initially, it was a sub-division of Malda district. In 1947, it was severed from Malda and was given to East Pakistan as a sub-division of Rajshahi district. It became a separate district of Bangladesh in 1984. The north and west part of Chapai Nawabganj is bounded by Malda and Murshidabad district of India, east is by Naogaon District, and south-east is by Rajshahi District.

Nilphamari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-46
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-46
coordinate: 25°57′N 88°57′E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
latitude: 88.95
longitude: 25.95
population: 1,907,497
comment: Nilphamari is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. It is about 400 kilometres to the northwest of the capital Dhaka. It has an area of 1,547 square kilometres . Nilphamari is bounded by Rangpur and Lalmonirhat in east, Rangpur and Dinajpur in south, Dinajpur and Panchagarh in west, Cooch Behar of India in north. There are many rivers in Nilphamari including the Tista, Buritista, Isamoti, Jamuneshwari, Dhum, Kumlai, Charalkata, Sorbomongola, Salki, Chikli and Deonai.

Noakhali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-47
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-47
coordinate: 22°42′N 91°06′E
density: 740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: 91.1
longitude: 22.7
population: 3,109,078
comment: Noakhali, historically known as Bhulua, is a district in southeastern Bangladesh, located in the Chittagong Division. It was established as district in 1821, and officially named Noakhali in 1868. Its headquarters lie in the town of Maijdee, making Noakhali the only district of Bangladesh that isn't named after its town name.

Naogaon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-48
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-48
coordinate: 24°54′N 88°45′E
density: 760/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
latitude: 88.75
longitude: 24.9
population: 2,600,157
comment: Naogaon is a district in northern Bangladesh, part of the Rajshahi Division. It is named after its headquarters, the city of Naogaon in Naogaon Sadar Upazila.

Pabna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-49
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-49
coordinate: 26°20′00″N 88°34′00″E
density: 1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
elevation: 8 m (26 ft)
latitude: 89.24413
longitude: 24.00658
population: 3,011,180
comment: Pabna District is a district in central Bangladesh. It is an economically important district in Bangladesh. Its administrative capital is the eponymous Pabna town.

Pirojpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-50
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-50
coordinate: 22°35′N 89°58′E
density: 870/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: 89.97
longitude: 22.58
population: 1,113,257
comment: Pirojpur is a district in southern-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Barisal Division.

Patuakhali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-51
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-51
coordinate: 22°21′15″N 90°19′05″E
density: 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 90.3181
longitude: 22.3542
population: 1,535,854
comment: Patuakhali is a district in South-central Bangladesh in the Barisal Division. This district is the main entrance for the beach of Kuakata.

Panchagarh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-52
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-52
coordinate: 26°12′N 88°20′E
density: 700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: 88.34
longitude: 26.2
population: 987,644
comment: Panchagarh is a district of the Rangpur division in Northern Bangladesh. Panchagarh is the northernmost district of Bangladesh. It lies between 26º00' and 26º38' north latitudes and between 88º19' and 88º49' east longitudes. It was established as a district on 1 February 1984.

Rajbari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-53
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-53
coordinate: 23°42′N 89°30′E
density: 940/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
latitude: 89.5
longitude: 23.7
population: 1,049,778
comment: Rajbari is a district in central Bangladesh, located in the Dhaka Division. It is a part of the Greater Faridpur subregion of Bengal due to the historical, linguistic and cultural identities of its inhabitants.

Rajshahi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-54
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-54
coordinate: 24°24′N 88°30′E
density: 939.96/km²
latitude: 88.5
longitude: 24.4
population: 2,262,483 (1991)
comment: Rajshahi District is a district in mid-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division. The metropolitan city of Rajshahi is in Rajshahi District.

Rangpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-55
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-55
coordinate: 25°44′N 89°15′E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
latitude: 89.25
longitude: 25.733
population: 2,996,336
comment: Rangpur is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.

Rangamati
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-56
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-56
coordinate: 22°38′N 92°12′E
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
elevation: 17 m (56 ft)
latitude: 92.2
longitude: 22.633
population: 595,979
comment: Rangamati Hill District, is a district in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division and the town of Rangamati serves as the headquarters of the district. By area, Rangamati is the largest district of the country.

Sherpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-57
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-57
coordinate: 25°00′N 90°00′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: 90.0
longitude: 25.0
population: 1,542,610
comment: Sherpur is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of Mymensingh Division. Sherpur district was a sub-division of Jamalpur District before 1984. It was upgraded to a district on February 22, 1984. Sherpur City is located about 197–199 kilometres north of Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh.

Satkhira
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-58
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-58
coordinate: 22°21′N 89°05′E
density: 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 89.08
longitude: 22.35
population: 2,079,884
comment: Satkhira is a district in southwestern Bangladesh and is part of Khulna Division. It lies along the border with West Bengal, India. It is on the bank of the Arpangachhia River. The largest city and headquarter of this district is Satkhira.

Sirajganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-59
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-59
coordinate: 24°20′N 89°37′E
density: 1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
elevation: 7 m (23 ft)
latitude: 89.62
longitude: 24.33
population: 3,220,814
comment: Sirajganj is a district in north-central Bangladesh, located in the Rajshahi Division.

Sylhet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-60
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-60
coordinate: 24°53′N 91°52′E
density: 736.24/km²
latitude: 91.867
longitude: 24.883
population: 3,957,000
comment: Sylhet, located in north-east Bangladesh, is the divisional capital and one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.

Sunamganj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-61
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-61
coordinate: 25°01′51″N 91°24′14″E
density: 670/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
latitude: 91.40376
longitude: 25.030869
population: 2,467,968
comment: Sunamganj is a district located in north-eastern Bangladesh within the Sylhet Division.

Shariatpur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-62
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-62
coordinate: 23°12.5′N 90°21′E
density: 980/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: 90.35
longitude: 23.2083
population: 1,155,824
comment: Shariatpur is a district in the Dhaka Division of central Bangladesh. It is bounded by Munshiganj district on the north, Barisal district on the south, Chandpur district on the east, Madaripur district on the west. Water bodies Main rivers: Padma, Meghna, Palong and Jayanti. Of the six upazilas of the district Bhedarganj Upazila is the largest and Damudya Upazila is the smallest .

Tangail
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-63
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-63
coordinate: 24°18′N 90°00′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
latitude: 90.0
longitude: 24.3
population: 3,605,083
comment: Tangail formerly Tangail Upzilla of Greater Mymensingh district is a district in the central region of Bangladesh. It is the largest district of Dhaka division by area and second largest by population . The population of Tangail zila is about 3.8 million and its area is 3,414.28 square kilometres . The main city of the district is Tangail. It is surrounded by Jamalpur District on the north, the Dhaka and Manikganj Districts on the south, the Mymensingh and Gazipur on the east, and the Sirajganj on the west.

Thakurgaon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bangladesh
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BD-64
area: ISO 3166-2:BD-64
coordinate: 25°57′N 88°15′E
density: 780/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
latitude: 88.25
longitude: 25.95
population: 1,390,042
comment: Thakurgaon is a district in the north-western side of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west. It was established as a mahakuma in 1860 consisting of 6 thanas named Thakurgaon sadar, Baliadangi, Pirganj, Ranishankail, Haripur and Ruhia. In 1947, it was re-established as a mahakuma including 3 thanas of Jalpaiguri and a thana of kochbihar of India. In 1981, Atoari was included in the new Panchagarh district and the area was shrunk in just 5 thanas. It was then established as a district on 1 February 1984.

Brussels
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-BRU
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-BRU
coordinate: 50°51′N 4°21′E
density: 7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi)
elevation: 13 m (43 ft)
latitude: 4.35
longitude: 50.85
population: 1,208,542
comment: Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region. Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita. It covers 162 km2, a relatively small area compared to the two other regions, and has a population of over 1.2 million. The five times larger metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium. It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent, Antwerp, Leuven and Walloon Brabant, home to over 5 million people.

Antwerpen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-VAN
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-VAN
coordinate: 51°13′N 04°25′E
density: 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
latitude: 4.417
longitude: 51.217
population: 1,857,986
comment: Antwerp Province is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium. It borders on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands to the north and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders. Its capital is Antwerp, which includes the Port of Antwerp, the second-largest seaport in Europe. It has an area of 2,876 km2, and with over 1.85 million inhabitants as of January 2019, is the country's most populous province. The province consists of three arrondissements: Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout. The eastern part of the province comprises the main part of the Campine region.

Vlaams Brabant
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-VBR
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-VBR
coordinate: 50°55′N 04°35′E
density: 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 4.583
longitude: 50.917
population: 1,146,175
comment: Flemish Brabant is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders. Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region. Its capital is Leuven. It has an area of 2,118 km2 which is divided into two administrative districts containing 65 municipalities. As of January 2019, Flemish Brabant has a population of 1,146,175.

Limburg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-VLI
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-VLI
coordinate: 50°36′N 5°56′E
density: 360/km2 (930/sq mi)
latitude: 5.933
longitude: 50.6
population: 874,048
comment: Limburg is a province in Belgium. It is the easternmost of the five Dutch-speaking provinces that together form the Region of Flanders, one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium.

Oost-Vlaanderen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-VOV
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-VOV
coordinate: 51°00′N 03°45′E
density: 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: 3.75
longitude: 51.0
population: 1,515,064
comment: East Flanders is a province of Belgium. It borders the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent.

West-Vlaanderen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-VWV
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-VWV
coordinate: 51°00′N 03°00′E
density: 370/km2 (970/sq mi)
latitude: 3.0
longitude: 51.0
population: 1,195,796
comment: West Flanders is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, in Belgium. It is the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest. It has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west. Its capital is Bruges . Other important cities are Kortrijk in the south and Ostend on the coast, Roeselare and Ypres . The province has an area of 3,197 km2 which is divided into eight administrative districts containing 64 municipalities. As of January 2019, West Flanders has a population of 1,195,796.

Brabant Wallon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-WBR
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-WBR
coordinate: 50°40′N 04°35′E
density: 370/km2 (950/sq mi)
latitude: 4.583
longitude: 50.667
population: 403,599
comment: Walloon Brabant is a province of Wallonia and Belgium. It borders on the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut . Its capital and largest city is Wavre.

Hainaut
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-WHT
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-WHT
coordinate: 50°30′N 3°55′E
density: 350/km2 (910/sq mi)
latitude: 3.92
longitude: 50.5
population: 1,344,241
comment: Hainaut, historically also known as Heynowes in English, is a province of Wallonia and Belgium.

Liege
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-WLG
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-WLG
coordinate: 50°38′N 05°34′E
density: 290/km2 (740/sq mi)
latitude: 5.567
longitude: 50.633
population: 1,106,992
comment: Liège is the easternmost province of Wallonia and Belgium.
alternative label: Liège

Luxembourg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-WLX
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-WLX
coordinate: 49°55′N 5°25′E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 5.42
longitude: 49.92
population: 284,638
comment: Luxembourg, also called Belgian Luxembourg, is the southernmost province of Wallonia and of Belgium. It borders on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north. Its capital and largest city is Arlon, in the south-east of the province.

Namur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belgium
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BE-WNA
area: ISO 3166-2:BE-WNA
coordinate: 50°28′N 04°51′E
density: 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: 4.85
longitude: 50.467
population: 494,325
comment: Namur is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes. Its capital and largest city is the city of Namur. As of January 2019, the province of Namur has population of 494,325.

Boucle du Mouhoun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-01
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-01
coordinate: 12°30′N 3°30′W
density: 56/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -3.5
longitude: 12.5
population: 1,898,133
comment: Boucle du Mouhoun is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had a population of 1,898,133 in 2019. It is the 4th most populous region in Burkina Faso, and contains 9.26% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Dédougou. Six provinces make up the Boucle du Mouhoun region—Balé, Banwa, Kossi, Mouhoun, Nayala, and Sourou.

Cascades
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-02
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-02
coordinate: 10°15′N 4°30′W
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -4.5
longitude: 10.25
population: 812,062
comment: Cascades is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The population of Cascades was 812,062 in 2019. It is the second least populous region in Burkina Faso and contains 3.96% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Banfora. Two provinces, Comoé and Léraba, make up the region. The Cascades de Karfiguéla give the region its name.

Centre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-03
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-03
coordinate: 12°20′N 1°30′W
density: 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
latitude: -1.5
longitude: 12.333
population: 3,032,668
comment: Centre is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre was 1,523,980 in 2006 and increased by 40.2% in 5 years to 2,136,581 in 2011 . It is the most populous and urbanised region in Burkina Faso; in 2006 11.1% of Burkina's population lived in Centre. The region's capital is Ouagadougou, which also serves as the national capital. Centre region consists of only one province, Kadiogo.

Centre-Est
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-04
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-04
coordinate: 11°30′N 0°15′W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -0.25
longitude: 11.5
population: 1,578,075
comment: Centre-Est is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Est was 1,578,075 in 2019. The region's capital is Tenkodogo. Three provinces—Boulgou, Koulpélogo, and Kouritenga, make up the region.

Centre-Nord
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-05
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-05
coordinate: 13°15′N 1°0′W
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 13.25
population: 1,872,126
comment: Centre-Nord is one of thirteen administrative regions of Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in Africa. The population of Centre-Nord in 2019 was 1,872,126. The region's capital is Kaya. Three provinces—Bam, Namentenga, and Sanmatenga, make up the region.

Centre-Ouest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-06
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-06
coordinate: 11°45′N 2°15′W
density: 76/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -2.25
longitude: 11.75
population: 1,659,339
comment: Centre-Ouest is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Ouest was 1,659,339 in 2019. The region's capital is Koudougou. Four provinces make up the region.

Centre-Sud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-07
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-07
coordinate: 11°30′N 1°10′W
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -1.167
longitude: 11.5
population: 788,341
comment: Centre-Sud is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Sud was 638,379 in 2006 and was estimated at 722,631 in 2011. The region's capital is Manga. Three provinces-Bazèga, Nahouri, and Zoundwéogo, make up the region.

Est
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-08
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-08
coordinate: 12°0′N 1°0′W
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 12.0
population: 1,941,505
comment: Est is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Fada N'gourma. Five provinces make up the region—Gnagna, Gourma, Komondjari, Kompienga, and Tapoa.

Hauts-Bassins
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-09
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-09
coordinate: 11°15′N 4°30′W
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -4.5
longitude: 11.25
population: 2,238,375
comment: Hauts-Bassins is one of Burkina Faso's thirteen administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Bobo Dioulasso. Three provinces make up the region—Houet, Kénédougou, and Tuy.

Nord
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-10
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-10
coordinate: 13°15′N 2°15′W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -2.25
longitude: 13.25
population: 1,720,908
comment: Nord is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The population of Nord was 1,720,908 in 2019. The region's capital is Ouahigouya. Four provinces make up the region—Loroum, Passoré, Yatenga, and Zondoma.

Plateau-Central
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-11
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-11
coordinate: 12°25′N 1°0′W
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 12.417
population: 977,510
comment: Plateau-Central is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had an population of 977,510 in 2019. The region's capital is Ziniaré. Three provinces make up the region—Ganzourgou, Kourwéogo, and Oubritenga.

Sahel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-12
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-12
coordinate: 14°15′N 00°45′W
density: 31/km2 (80/sq mi)
latitude: -0.75
longitude: 14.25
population: 1,094,907
comment: Sahel is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Dori. Four provinces make up the region—Oudalan, Séno, Soum, and Yagha.

Sud-Ouest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-13
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-13
coordinate: 10°30′N 3°15′W
density: 54/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -3.25
longitude: 10.5
population: 874,030
comment: Sud-Ouest is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on July 2, 2001 and had a population of 874,030 in 2019. It covers an area of 16,153 km2. The region's capital is Gaoua. Four provinces make up the region—Bougouriba, Ioba, Noumbiel, and Poni.

Bale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAL
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAL
coordinate: 11°42′N 3°10′W
density: 65/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -3.167
longitude: 11.7
population: 297,367
comment: Balé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Boucle du Mouhoun Region with Boromo as capital. Its area is 4,596 km2, and had a population of 297,367 in 2019. The province is known for its Deux Balé Forest, populated by savannah elephant herds. Boromo, the provincial capital, is located on the main road from Ouagadougou to Bobo-Dioulasso. In June 2007, the Canadian mining company, Semafo, open the third gold mine in the country in Mana in the province, with an investment of about $116 million.
alternative label: Balé

Bam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAM
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAM
coordinate: 13°19′32″N 1°31′40″W
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -1.52778
longitude: 13.32556
population: 473,955
comment: Bam is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso. It is located in Centre-Nord Region and the capital of Bam is Kongoussi. In 2019 it has a population of 473,955. It is a rural province with 420,314 of its residents living in the countryside; only 53,641 live in urban areas. There are 229,786 men living in Bam Province and 244,169 women.

Banwa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAN
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAN
coordinate: 12°10′N 4°10′W
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -4.167
longitude: 12.167
population: 345,749
comment: Banwa is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Banwa is Solenzo. In 2019 it had a population of 345,749.

Bazega
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAZ
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BAZ
coordinate: 12°04′01″N 1°20′12″W
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -1.33667
longitude: 12.06694
population: 280,793
comment: Bazèga is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Sud Region. The capital of Bazèga is Kombissiri. Bazèga had a population of 238,202 in 2006 and in 2011 it was estimated to be 263,603.

Bougouriba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BGR
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BGR
coordinate: 10°50′N 3°25′W
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -3.417
longitude: 10.833
population: 153,606
comment: Bougouriba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Sud-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population of Bougouriba was 153,606. The capital of Bougouriba is Diébougou. The 127 km2 Bontioli Reserve is located in the province.

Boulgou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BLG
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BLG
coordinate: 11°30′N 0°30′W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -0.5
longitude: 11.5
population: 736,559
comment: Boulgou is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Est Region. The capital of Boulgou is Tenkodogo. The population of Boulgou in 2019 was 736,559.

Boulkiemde
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-BLK
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-BLK
coordinate: 12°15′N 2°22′W
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: -2.367
longitude: 12.25
population: 689,184
comment: Boulkiemdé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Ouest Region. The capital of Boulkiemdé is Koudougou. The population of Boulkiemdé was 498,008 in 2006 and 567,680 in 2011.

Comoe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-COM
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-COM
coordinate: 10°38′N 4°45′W
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -4.75
longitude: 10.633
population: 632,695
comment: Comoé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Cascades Region. The capital of Comoé is Banfora. The population of Comoé was 632,695 in 2019.

Ganzourgou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-GAN
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-GAN
coordinate: 12°14′17″N 0°47′08″W
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -0.78556
longitude: 12.23806
population: 481,794
comment: Ganzourgou is a province of Burkina Faso and is in Plateau-Central Region. The capital of Ganzourgou is Zorgho, which is along the road between Ouagadougou and Niamey, Niger. Other important localities in the province are Mogtédo and Méguet. The population of Ganzourgou in 2019 was 481,794.

Gnagna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-GNA
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-GNA
coordinate: 12°58′17″N 0°08′37″W
density: 80/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -0.1436
longitude: 12.9714
population: 675,897
comment: Gnagna is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, and is in Est Region. The capital of Gnagna is Bogandé. The population of Gnagna in 2019 was 675,897.

Gourma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-GOU
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-GOU
coordinate: 12°05′N 0°30′W
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -0.5
longitude: 12.083
population: 437,242
comment: Gourma is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Est Region. The capital of Gourma is Fada N'gourma. The population of Gourma was 437,242 in 2019.

Houet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-HOU
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-HOU
coordinate: 11°20′N 4°15′W
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: -4.25
longitude: 11.333
population: 1,509,377
comment: Houet is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. The capital of Houet is Bobo-Dioulasso. In 2019 the province has a population of 1,509,377

Ioba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-IOB
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-IOB
coordinate: 11°05′N 3°05′W
density: 82/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -3.083
longitude: 11.083
population: 265,876
comment: Ioba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sud-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population was 265,876. The capital of Ioba is Dano.

Kadiogo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KAD
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KAD
coordinate: 12°20′N 1°30′W
density: 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
latitude: -1.5
longitude: 12.333
population: 3,032,668
comment: Kadiogo is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre Region. Its area is of 2,805 km², containing six departments and a population of 3,032,668 . Its capital is also the State capital, Ouagadougou. It features the central plateau of the country. It is highly urbanized and is the most densely populated province.

Kenedougou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KEN
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KEN
coordinate: 11°25′N 5°00′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -5.0
longitude: 11.417
population: 399,836
comment: Kénédougou is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. The 2019 census reported a population of 399,836.

Komondjari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KMD
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KMD
coordinate: 12°40′N 0°40′E
density: 21/km2 (54/sq mi)
latitude: 0.667
longitude: 12.667
population: 105,584
comment: Komondjari is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Est Region. Its capital is Gayéri.

Kompienga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KMP
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KMP
coordinate: 11°25′N 0°55′E
density: 17/km2 (44/sq mi)
latitude: 0.917
longitude: 11.417
population: 117,672
comment: The capital of Kompienga is Pama. The province also borders the country of Togo. The Kompienga Dam located in the province is the country's first hydro-electric dam and is responsible for much of Ouagadougou's electricity supply.

Kossi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOS
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOS
coordinate: 12°44′N 3°51′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -3.85
longitude: 12.733
population: 355,655
comment: The Province de la Kossi lies in the western part of Burkina Faso and stretches to the border with Mali. It is in the Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Kossi is the town of Nouna, which has a mayor and high commissioner. The next largest town in Kossi is Djibasso, the last major town on the road from Nouna that heads west into Mali.

Koulpelogo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOP
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOP
coordinate: 11°25′N 0°10′E
density: 68/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 0.167
longitude: 11.417
population: 361,586
comment: Koulpélogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Est Region. The population in 2019 was 361,586.

Kouritenga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOT
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOT
coordinate: 12°11′N 0°26′W
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
latitude: -0.433
longitude: 12.183
population: 479,930
comment: Kouritenga is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Est Region. In 2019 the province had a population of 479,930. Its capital is Koupéla.

Kourweogo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOW
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-KOW
coordinate: 12°35′N 1°48′W
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -1.8
longitude: 12.583
population: 181,202
comment: Kourwéogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Plateau-Central Region. It has a population of 181,202 .

Leraba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-LER
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-LER
coordinate: 10°40′N 5°12′W
density: 57/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -5.2
longitude: 10.667
population: 179,367
comment: Its capital is Sindou. Its highest point is Mount Tenakourou with an elevation of 747 metres .

Loroum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-LOR
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-LOR
coordinate: 13°46′N 2°04′W
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -2.067
longitude: 13.767
population: 198,178
comment: Loroum is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. Its capital is Titao.

Mouhoun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-MOU
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-MOU
coordinate: 12°27′N 3°28′W
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -3.467
longitude: 12.45
population: 391,325
comment: Mouhoun is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Mouhoun is Dédougou.

Namentenga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-NAO
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-NAO
coordinate: 11°15′N 1°15′W
density: 52/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -1.25
longitude: 11.25
population: 195,608
comment: Nahouri is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in the Centre-Sud administrative region. In 2019 the population was 195,608. Its capital is Pô.

Nahouri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-NAM
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-NAM
coordinate: 13°15′N 0°35′W
density: 79/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -0.583
longitude: 13.25
population: 512,529

Nayala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-NAY
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-NAY
coordinate: 12°38′N 4°25′W
density: 57/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -4.417
longitude: 12.633
population: 223,090
comment: In 2011 the province had 20 health and social promotion centers, 3 doctors and 72 nurses.

Noumbiel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-NOU
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-NOU
coordinate: 9°50′N 3°00′W
density: 36/km2 (94/sq mi)
latitude: -3.0
longitude: 9.833
population: 98,883

Oubritenga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-OUB
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-OUB
coordinate: 12°35′N 1°25′W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -1.417
longitude: 12.583
population: 314,514

Oudalan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-OUD
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-OUD
coordinate: 14°27′N 0°14′W
density: 16/km2 (42/sq mi)
latitude: -0.233
longitude: 14.45
population: 158,146
comment: Oudalan is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sahel Region. Its capital is Gorom-Gorom. The 2019 census reported 158,146 people living in the province.

Passore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-PAS
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-PAS
coordinate: 12°57′N 2°16′W
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: -2.267
longitude: 12.95
population: 457,781
comment: Passoré is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. Its capital is Yako.

Poni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-PON
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-PON
coordinate: 12°19′N 2°28′E
density: 48/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 2.467
longitude: 12.317
population: 355,665
comment: Poni Province is home to Burkina Faso's first UNESCO World Heritage site, the Ruins of Loropéni, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2009.

Sanguie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-SNG
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-SNG
coordinate: 12°19′N 2°28′E
density: 76/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 2.467
longitude: 12.317
population: 391,520
comment: Sanguié is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population was 391,520. Its capital is Réo.

Sanmatenga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-SMT
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-SMT
coordinate: 13°15′N 1°05′W
density: 95/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -1.083
longitude: 13.25
population: 885,642

Seno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-SEN
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-SEN
coordinate: 14°02′N 0°02′W
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -0.033
longitude: 14.033
population: 404,104
comment: Séno is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sahel Region. The name of the province comes from the Fulfulde seeno, for "sandy plain."

Sissili
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-SIS
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-SIS
coordinate: 11°20′N 2°15′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 2.25
longitude: 11.333
population: 336,972
comment: Sissili is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. In 2006 the population was 212,628 and in 2011 the population was 240,830, an increase of 13.3%.

Soum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-SOM
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-SOM
coordinate: 14°06′N 1°38′W
density: 30/km2 (77/sq mi)
latitude: -1.633
longitude: 14.1
population: 363,633

Sourou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-SOR
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-SOR
coordinate: 13°04′N 3°04′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -3.067
longitude: 13.067
population: 284,947
comment: In 2011 the province had 27 health and social promotion centers, 5 doctors and 89 nurses.

Tapoa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-TAP
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-TAP
coordinate: 12°05′N 1°48′E
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 1.8
longitude: 12.083
population: 605,110
comment: Tapoa is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso. It is located in the Est Region. Its capital is Diapaga.

Tuy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-TUI
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-TUI
coordinate: 11°25′N 3°25′W
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -3.417
longitude: 11.417
population: 329,162
comment: Tuy is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. Its capital is Houndé.

Yagha
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-YAG
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-YAG
coordinate: 13°25′N 0°35′E
density: 26/km2 (68/sq mi)
latitude: 0.583
longitude: 13.417
population: 169,024
comment: In February 2020, 24 civilians were killed and three were kidnapped near a Protestant church in Pansi, Yagha Province.

Yatenga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-YAT
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-YAT
coordinate: 13°35′N 2°25′W
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: -2.417
longitude: 13.583
population: 824,994
comment: Yatenga is one of the provinces of Burkina Faso, located in the Nord Region of the country. In modern Yatenga, the most prominent city is Ouahigouya . This city served as the capital of the kingdom of Yatenga, a powerful kingdom out of the many Mossi kingdoms, but its influence decreased in the century following French colonisation. The city is famed today for being home to the Naba's compound and the tomb of Naba Kango.

Ziro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-ZIR
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-ZIR
coordinate: 11°35′N 1°55′W
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -1.917
longitude: 11.583
population: 241,663
comment: Ziro is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. It has an area of 5,139 square kilometres . The provincial capital is the town of Sapouy.

Zondoma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-ZON
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-ZON
coordinate: 13°10′N 2°10′W
density: 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -2.167
longitude: 13.167
population: 239,955
comment: Zondoma is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. In 2019 the population was 239,955. Its capital is Gourcy.

Zoundweogo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burkina Faso
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BF-ZOU
area: ISO 3166-2:BF-ZOU
coordinate: 11°40′N 1°04′W
density: 87/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -1.067
longitude: 11.667
population: 311,940
comment: Zoundwéogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Sud Region. In 2019 the population of Zoundwéogo was 311,940. Its capital is Manga.

Blagoevgrad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-01
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-01
coordinate: 41°45′N 23°15′E
density: 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
elevation: 555 m (1,821 ft)
latitude: 23.25
longitude: 41.75
population: 323,552
comment: Blagoevgrad Province, also known as Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia, is a province of southwestern Bulgaria. It borders four other Bulgarian provinces to the north and east, the Greek region of Macedonia to the south, and North Macedonia to the west. The province has 14 municipalities with 12 towns. Its principal city is Blagoevgrad, while other significant towns include Bansko, Gotse Delchev, Melnik, Petrich, Razlog, Sandanski, and Simitli.

Burgas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-02
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-02
coordinate: 42°30′N 27°15′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
elevation: 84 m (276 ft)
latitude: 27.25
longitude: 42.5
population: 409,018
comment: Burgas Province is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, including southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. The province is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Burgas - the fourth biggest town in the country. It is the largest province by area, embracing a territory of 7,748.1 km2 that is divided into 13 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 422,319 inhabitants.

Varna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-03
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-03
coordinate: 43°13′N 27°28′E
density: 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: 27.467
longitude: 43.217
population: 511,200
comment: Varna Province, formerly known as Varna okrug, is a province in eastern Bulgaria, one of the 28 Bulgarian provinces. It comprises 12 municipalities with a population of 494,216 inhabitants as of April 2016. The province is named after its administrative centre, Varna.

Veliko Tarnovo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-04
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-04
coordinate: 43°19′N 25°33′E
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 25.55
longitude: 43.317
population: 258,494
comment: Veliko Tarnovo is a province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. Its capital city, Veliko Tarnovo, is of historical significance as it is known as the capital of the Bulgarian Empire. The province is divided into 10 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 275,395 inhabitants.

Vidin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-05
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-05
coordinate: 43°48′N 22°41′E
density: 33/km2 (86/sq mi)
latitude: 22.683
longitude: 43.8
population: 101,018
comment: Vidin Province is the northwesternmost province of Bulgaria. It borders Serbia to the west and Romania to the northeast. Its administrative centre is the city of Vidin on the Danube river. The area is divided into 11 municipalities. As of December 2009, the province has a population of 108,067 inhabitants.

Vratsa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-06
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-06
coordinate: 43°31′N 23°36′E
latitude: 23.6
longitude: 43.517
population: 170 367
comment: Vratsa Province is a Bulgarian province located in the northwestern part of the country, between Danube river in the north and Stara Planina mountain in the south. It is named after its main town - Vratsa. As of 2016, the province has a population of 170 367 inhabitants, on territory of 3,619.7 km2 .

Gabrovo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-07
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-07
coordinate: 42°55′N 25°15′E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 25.25
longitude: 42.917
population: 122,702
comment: Gabrovo Province is a small province lying at the geographical centre of Bulgaria. It is named after its main town - Gabrovo. In 2009 the total population of the area is 130,001.

Dobrich
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-08
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-08
coordinate: 43°35′N 28°0′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
elevation: 172 m (564 ft)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: 43.583
population: 186,016
comment: Dobrich Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Southern Dobruja geographical region. It is bounded on east by the Black Sea, on south by Varna Province, on west by Šumen and Silistra provinces, on the north by Romania. It is divided into 8 municipalities. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 186,016. The province was part of Romania between 1913 and 1940.

Kardzhali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-09
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-09
coordinate: 41°39′N 25°22′E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 25.367
longitude: 41.65
population: 152,808
comment: Kardzhali District is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3209.1 km2 in area. Its main city is Kardzhali.

Kyustendil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-10
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-10
coordinate: 42°15′N 23°0′E
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 23.0
longitude: 42.25
population: 136,686
comment: Kyustendil Province is a province in southwestern Bulgaria, extending over an area of 3,084.3 km2, and with a population of 163,889. It borders on the provinces of Sofia, Pernik, and Blagoevgrad; to the west, its limits coincide with the state borders between Bulgaria and North Macedonia, and between Bulgaria and the Republic of Serbia. The administrative center of the Province is Kyustendil.

Lovech
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-11
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-11
coordinate: 43°0′N 24°30′E
density: 34/km2 (89/sq mi)
latitude: 24.5
longitude: 43.0
population: 141,422
comment: Lovech Province is one of the 28 provinces of Bulgaria, lying at the northern centre of the country. It is named after its main city - Lovech. As of December 2009, the population of the area is 151,153.

Montana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-12
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-12
coordinate: 43°36′N 23°11′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 23.183
longitude: 43.6
population: 148,098
comment: Montana Province is a province in northwestern Bulgaria, bordering Serbia in the southwest and Romania in the north. It spreads its area between the Danube river and the Balkan Mountains. As of February 2011, the province has a population of 148,098 inhabitants, on territory of 3,635.5 km2 . It was named after its administrative centre the city of Montana.

Pazardzhik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-13
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-13
coordinate: 42°5′N 24°15′E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 24.25
longitude: 42.083
population: 275,548
comment: Pazardzhik Province is a province in Southern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Pazardzhik. The territory is 4,456.9 km2 that is divided into 12 municipalities with a total population of 275,548 inhabitants, as of February 2011.

Pernik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-14
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-14
coordinate: 42°35′N 23°0′E
density: 56/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 23.0
longitude: 42.583
population: 133,530
comment: Pernik Province is a province in western Bulgaria, neighbouring Serbia. Its main city is Pernik, and other municipalities are Breznik, Kovachevtsi, Radomir, Tran, and Zemen.

Pleven
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-15
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-15
coordinate: 43°25′N 24°40′E
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 24.667
longitude: 43.417
population: 269,752
comment: Pleven Province is a province located in central northern Bulgaria, bordering the Danube river, Romania and the Bulgarian provinces of Vratsa, Veliko Tarnovo and Lovech. It is divided into 11 subdivisions, called municipalities, that embrace a territory of 4,653.32 km2 with a population, as of February 2011, of 269 752 inhabitants. The province's capital is the city of Pleven.

Plovdiv
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-16
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-16
coordinate: 42°10′N 24°45′E
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 24.75
longitude: 42.167
population: 683,027
comment: Plovdiv Province is a province in central southern Bulgaria. It comprises 18 municipalities on a territory of 5,972.9 km2 with a population, as of February 2011, of 683,027 inhabitants. The province is named after its administrative and industrial centre — the city of Plovdiv.

Razgrad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-17
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-17
coordinate: 43°30′N 26°35′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 26.583
longitude: 43.5
population: 125,190
comment: Razgrad Province is a province in Northeastern Bulgaria, geographically part of the Ludogorie region. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the town of Razgrad. As of December 2009, the Province has a total population of 132,740 inhabitants on a territory of 2,639.7 km2 that is divided into 7 municipalities.

Ruse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-18
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-18
coordinate: 43°45′N 26°0′E
density: 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 43.75
population: 235,252
comment: Ruse Province is a province in northern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Ruse, neighbouring Romania via the Danube. It is divided into 8 municipalities with a total population, as of February 2011, of 235,252 inhabitants.

Silistra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-19
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-19
coordinate: 43°55′N 27°10′E
latitude: 27.167
longitude: 43.917
population: 119 474
comment: Silistra Province is a province of Bulgaria, named after its main city - Silistra. It is divided into seven municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 127,659. The province is part of Southern Dobrudja, which was part of Romania until 1940.

Sliven
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-20
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-20
coordinate: 42°10′N 24°45′E
latitude: 24.75
longitude: 42.167
population: 197 473
comment: Sliven Province is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre — the city of Sliven. It embraces a territory of 3,544.1 km2 that is divided into four municipalities, with a total population, as of December 2009, of 204,887.

Smolyan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-21
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-21
coordinate: 41°40′N 24°35′E
density: 38/km2 (99/sq mi)
latitude: 24.583
longitude: 41.667
population: 121,572
comment: Smolyan Province is a province in Southern-central Bulgaria, located in the Rhodope Mountains, neighbouring Greece to the south. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre—the city of Smolyan. The province embraces a territory of 3,192.8 km2 . that is divided into 10 municipalities with a total population of 124,795 inhabitants, as of December 2009.

Sofia Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-22
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-22
coordinate: 42°41′00″N 23°19′00″E
density: 990/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
latitude: 23.323828
longitude: 42.710545
population: 1,325,429
comment: Sofia City Province is a province of Bulgaria. Its administrative center is the city of Sofia, the capital of the country.

Sofia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-23
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-23
coordinate: 42°40′N 23°40′E
density: 35/km2 (91/sq mi)
latitude: 23.667
longitude: 42.667
population: 247,489
comment: Sofia Province is a province of Bulgaria. The province does not include Sofia in its territories, but Sofia remains its administrative center. The province borders on the provinces of Pernik, Kyustendil, Blagoevgrad, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Lovech, Vratsa, Montana and "Sofia City Province", and borders with Serbia to the northwest.

Stara Zagora
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-24
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-24
coordinate: 42°25′N 25°30′E
density: 65/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 25.5
longitude: 42.417
population: 333,265
comment: Stara Zagora, formerly known as the Stara Zagora okrug, is a province of south-central Bulgaria. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre—the city of Stara Zagora—the sixth-biggest town in the country. The province embraces a territory of 5,151.1 km2 that is divided into 11 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 350,925 inhabitants.

Targovishte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-25
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-25
coordinate: 43°15′N 26°30′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 26.5
longitude: 43.25
population: 120,818
comment: Targovishte Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Targovishte. As of December 2009, it has a population of 129,675 inhabitants.

Haskovo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-26
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-26
coordinate: 41°50′N 25°55′E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 25.917
longitude: 41.833
population: 246,238
comment: Haskovo Province is a province in southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece and Turkey to the southeast, comprising parts of the Thracian valley along the river Maritsa. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Haskovo. The province embraces a territory of 5,533.3 km2 that is divided into 11 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 256,408 inhabitants.

Shumen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-27
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-27
coordinate: 43°15′N 27°0′E
latitude: 27.0
longitude: 43.25
population: 180 528
comment: Shumen Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria named after its main city Shumen. It is divided into 10 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 194,090 inhabitants.

Yambol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bulgaria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BG-28
area: ISO 3166-2:BG-28
coordinate: 42°25′N 26°31′E
latitude: 26.517
longitude: 42.417
population: 131 447
comment: Yambol is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, neighbouring Turkey to the south. It is named after its main city Yambol, while other towns include Straldzha, Bolyarovo and Elhovo. The province embraces a territory of 3,355.5 km2 that is divided into 5 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 138,429 inhabitants.

Al Asimah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahrain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BH-13
area: ISO 3166-2:BH-13
coordinate: 26°14′10″N 50°34′59″E
density: 5,927/km2 (15,350/sq mi)
latitude: 50.58306
longitude: 26.23611
population: 534,939
comment: The Capital Governorate is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. The governorate includes Manama, the capital of Bahrain. It is the most populous administrative region in the country, with a population of over half million people in 2020.
alternative label: Al ‘Āşimah

Al Janubiyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahrain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BH-14
coordinate: 25°55′12″N 50°33′00″E
latitude: 50.55
longitude: 25.92
population: 101,456
comment: The Southern Governorate has the largest area of the four governorates of Bahrain, and the smallest population . It includes parts of Bahrain's old municipalities – Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, and Juzur Hawar . It is the least populated of the regions on Bahrain.
alternative label: Al Janūbīyah

Al Muharraq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahrain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BH-15
area: ISO 3166-2:BH-15
coordinate: 26°15′N 50°37′E
latitude: 50.617
longitude: 26.25
population: 189,114
comment: The Muharraq Governorate is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. It is now co-extensive with the municipality of Al Muharraq and with Muharraq Island together with outlying islets. It includes the former municipality of Al Hadd at the southern end of that island.
alternative label: Al Muḩarraq

Ash Shamaliyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahrain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BH-17
area: ISO 3166-2:BH-17
coordinate: 26°07′N 50°29′E
latitude: 50.483
longitude: 26.117
population: 276,949
comment: The Northern Governorate is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah, Jidd Haffs and Madinat Hamad.
alternative label: Ash Shamālīyah

Bubanza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-BB
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-BB
coordinate: 3°9′5″S 29°22′28″E
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 29.37444
longitude: -3.15139
population: 338,023

Bujumbura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-BJ
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-BJ
coordinate: 3°22′44″S 29°25′36″E
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 29.42667
longitude: -3.37889
population: 730,000
comment: Bujumbura Rural Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Former President of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira was born here.

Bururi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-BR
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-BR
coordinate: 3°53′49″S 29°34′40″E
density: 230/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 29.57778
longitude: -3.89694
population: 574,013
comment: Bururi Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It was formerly Burundi's largest province until the communes of Burambi, Buyengero and Rumonge were transferred to the province of Rumonge when it was created in 2015.

Cankuzo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-CA
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-CA
coordinate: 3°12′52″S 30°36′38″E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 30.61056
longitude: -3.21444
population: 228,873
comment: Cankuzo Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Located in the eastern part of the country, the province covers an area of 1,965 km2. The provincial capital is Cankuzo.

Cibitoke
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-CI
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-CI
coordinate: 2°49′35″S 29°10′22″E
density: 280/km2 (730/sq mi)
latitude: 29.17278
longitude: -2.82639
population: 460,435

Gitega
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-GI
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-GI
coordinate: 3°28′10″S 29°57′25″E
latitude: 29.95694
longitude: -3.46944
population: 1.1 Million
comment: Gitega is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Its capital is Gitega, which is also the national capital. It has a population of 725,223 as of 2008 and an area of 1,979 square kilometres .

Kirundo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-KI
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-KI
coordinate: 2°33′7″S 30°5′39″E
density: 370/km2 (960/sq mi)
latitude: 30.09417
longitude: -2.55194
population: 628,256
comment: Kirundo Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. Kirundo has three big lakes: Cohoha, Rweru, and Rwihinda. Lakes Cohoha and Rweru are located in commune Busone, and Lake Rwihinda is in commune Kirundo. Kirundo is the capital city of province Kirundo.

Karuzi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-KR
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-KR
coordinate: 3°7′46″S 30°4′59″E
density: 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
latitude: 30.08306
longitude: -3.12944
population: 436,443
comment: Six mass graves with 6,032 bodies were found by Burundi's Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Karuzi Province in January and February 2020. Some of the victims were identified by clothes and rosaries.

Kayanza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-KY
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-KY
coordinate: 2°55′S 29°37′E
density: 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 29.617
longitude: -2.917
population: 585,412
comment: Kayanza Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Its capital city is also called Kayanza centre.

Makamba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-MA
coordinate: 4°15′51″S 29°49′0″E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 29.81667
longitude: -4.26417
population: 430,899
comment: Makamba Province is the southernmost province of Burundi. The province has a population of 430,899 and covers an area of 1,960 km2. The provincial capital is Makamba. Makamba has six communes, many refugees have returned from Tanzania to this province, especially to the communes of Kayogoro, Nyanza lac, Mabanda and Vugizo. This causes a big problem, because there is not enough land for everybody. It is the most fertile province of Burundi.

Muramvya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-MU
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-MU
coordinate: 3°15′15″S 29°37′43″E
density: 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 29.62861
longitude: -3.25417
population: 292,589
comment: Muramvya Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. The capital city is Muramvya. In 2007 the province was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.

Mwaro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-MW
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-MW
coordinate: 03°30′43″S 29°41′57″E
density: 330/km2 (840/sq mi)
latitude: 29.69917
longitude: -3.51194
population: 273,143
comment: Mwaro Province one of two provinces that were created in 1999 as a result of splitting the Muramvya Province; the other province retained the name of Muramvya.

Muyinga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-MY
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-MY
coordinate: 2°49′25″S 30°19′25″E
density: 340/km2 (890/sq mi)
latitude: 30.32361
longitude: -2.82361
population: 632,409

Ngozi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-NG
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-NG
coordinate: 02°54′30″S 29°49′35.50″E
density: 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 29.826529
longitude: -2.90833
population: 660,717

Rutana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-RT
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-RT
coordinate: 3°52′40″S 30°9′36″E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 30.16
longitude: -3.87778
population: 333,510

Ruyigi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-RY
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-RY
coordinate: 3°31′47″S 30°17′31″E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 30.29194
longitude: -3.52972
population: 400,530

Bujumbura Mairie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-BM
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-BM
coordinate: 3°22′44″S 29°21′39″E
density: 9,600/km2 (25,000/sq mi)
latitude: 29.36083
longitude: -3.37889
population: 1,225,142
comment: Bujumbura Mairie Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It consists entirely of the city of Bujumbura, Burundi's former capital.

Rumonge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Burundi
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BI-RM
area: ISO 3166-2:BI-RM
coordinate: 3°58′S 29°26′E
density: 330/km2 (840/sq mi)
latitude: 29.433
longitude: -3.967
population: 352,026
comment: Rumonge Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It was created on 26 March 2015 by combining the communes of Burambi, Buyengero and Rumonge, previously part of Bururi Province, with the Bugarama and Muhuta communes previously belonging to Bujumbura Rural Province.

Atakora
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-AK
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-AK
coordinate: 10°18′N 1°23′E
density: 38/km2 (97/sq mi)
latitude: 1.383
longitude: 10.3
population: 769,337
comment: Atakora is the northwesternmost department of Benin. Externally it borders Togo to the west and Burkina Faso to the north; internally it borders the departments of Alibori, Borgou and Donga. Major towns in the Atakora include Natitingou and Tanguiéta, and the major tourist areas include the Tata Somba houses, Pendjari National Park, and various waterfalls. The department of Atakora was bifurcated in 1999, with its southern territory removed to form the newly created Donga Department. The capital of Atakora Department is Natitingou; it is after the Atakora Mountains.

Alibori
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-AL
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-AL
coordinate: 11°07′43″N 02°56′13″E
density: 33/km2 (86/sq mi)
latitude: 2.93694
longitude: 11.12861
population: 868,046
comment: Alibori is the largest and northernmost department of Benin. Externally the department borders the countries of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria, and internally the departments of Atakora and Borgou. The department of Alibori was created in 1999 when it was split off from Borgou Department and is named after the Alibori River.

Atlantique
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-AQ
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-AQ
coordinate: 6°40′N 2°15′E
density: 430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 2.25
longitude: 6.667
population: 1,396,548
comment: Atlantique is one of the twelve departments in Benin. The department is located in south-central Benin along the Atlantic coast, between Mono and Kouffo Department in the west, Zou in the north, and Ouémé in the east. The department of Atlantique was bifurcated in 1999 when some of its territories was transferred to the newly formed Littoral Department.

Borgou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-BO
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-BO
coordinate: 9°21′N 2°37′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 2.617
longitude: 9.35
population: 1,202,095
comment: Borgou is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria and the departments of Alibori, Atakora, Collines and Donga. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The department of Borgou was bifurcated in 1999, with its northern territory transferred to the newly created Alibori Department.

Collines
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-CO
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-CO
coordinate: 7°56′00″N 1°58′00″E
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 1.96667
longitude: 7.93333
population: 716,558
comment: Collines is one of the twelve departments of Benin, located in the centre of the country; its name means "hills" in French. The department of Collines was created in 1999 when it was split off from Zou Department. In 2016, the city of Dassa-Zoumé became the department's capital .

Donga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-DO
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-DO
coordinate: 9°42′N 1°40′E
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 1.667
longitude: 9.7
population: 542,605
comment: Donga is one of the twelve departments of Benin; its capital is Djougou, the fourth largest city in the country. The department of Donga was created in 1999 when it was split off from Atakora Department. Donga is subdivided into five communes, each centered at one of the principal towns: Bassila, Copargo, Djougou Rural, Djougou Urban and Ouaké.

Kouffo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-KO
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-KO
coordinate: 6°57′43″N 1°48′06″E
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 1.80167
longitude: 6.96194
population: 741,895
comment: Kouffo or Couffo is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Kouffo borders the country of Togo and the departments of Mono, Zou and Atlantique. Since 2008, the department's capital has been Aplahoué. The department of Kouffo was created in 1999 when it was split off from Mono Department.

Littoral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-LI
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-LI
coordinate: 6°22′N 2°26′E
density: 8,600/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
latitude: 2.433
longitude: 6.367
population: 679,012
comment: Littoral is one of the twelve departments of Benin. At 79 km2, Littoral is the smallest department in the country. Its capital is Cotonou, Benin's largest city. The department was created in 1999 with the splitting up of territories of Atlantique Department.

Mono
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-MO
coordinate: 6°38′N 1°43′E
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 1.717
longitude: 6.633
population: 495,307
comment: Mono is one of the twelve departments of Benin, with its capital at Lokossa. It is named for the Mono River which forms much of the border with Togo. The northern areas of the department were split off to create the newly formed Kouffo Department in 1999. Mono is subdivided into six communes, each centred at one of the principal towns, namely, Athiémè, Bopa, Comè, Grand-Popo, Houéyogbé and Lokossa. It has an area of 1,396 square kilometres .

Oueme
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-OU
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-OU
coordinate: 6°30′N 2°36′E
density: 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
latitude: 2.6
longitude: 6.5
population: 1,096,850
comment: Ouémé is one of the twelve departments of Benin, containing the capital of the country Porto Novo. It is subdivided into nine communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Adjarra, Adjohoun, Aguégués, Akpro-Missérété, Avrankou, Bonou, Dangbo, Porto-Novo and Sèmè-Kpodji. In 1999, the northern section of Ouémé was split off to form the department of Plateau.
alternative label: Ouémé

Plateau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-PL
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-PL
coordinate: 6°58′N 2°41′E
density: 190/km2 (500/sq mi)
latitude: 2.683
longitude: 6.967
population: 624,146
comment: Plateau is one of the twelve departments of Benin. The department of Plateau was created in 1999 with an area of 2,835 square kilometres when it was split off from Ouémé Department. Plateau is subdivided into five communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Adja-Ouèrè, Ifangni, Kétou, Pobè and Sakété.

Zou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Benin
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BJ-ZO
area: ISO 3166-2:BJ-ZO
coordinate: 7°11′N 1°59′E
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: 1.983
longitude: 7.183
population: 851,623
comment: Zou is one of the twelve departments of Benin, named for the Zou River which travels through the department before emptying into the Atlantic in the south of the country. The department of Zou was split in two in 1999, with the northern territory transferred to the newly created Collines Department. The capital of Zou is Abomey. Zou is subdivided into nine communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Abomey, Agbangnizoun, Bohicon, Cové, Djidja, Ouinhi, Za-Kpota, Zangnanado and Zogbodomey.

Belait
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brunei
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BN-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:BN-BE
coordinate: 4°25′N 114°35′E
density: 25/km2 (66/sq mi)
latitude: 114.583
longitude: 4.417
population: 69,062
comment: Belait District, or simply Belait, is the largest as well as the westernmost district in Brunei. It has an area of 2,727 square kilometres and the population of 69,062 as of 2016. The administrative town is Kuala Belait, located at the mouth of the Belait River. The district is commonly associated with the oil and gas industry of the country, mainly concentrated near the town of Seria.

Brunei and Muara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brunei
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BN-BM
area: ISO 3166-2:BN-BM
coordinate: 4°54′N 114°54′E
density: 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: 114.9
longitude: 4.9
population: 289,630
comment: Brunei-Muara District or simply Brunei-Muara is one of the four districts of Brunei. It has the smallest area among the four districts, with 571 square kilometres, yet is the most populous, with 289,630 people as of 2016. Bandar Seri Begawan, the country's capital, is located in this district, which is also de facto the district's capital. It is also home Brunei International Airport, the country's only international airport, as well as Muara Port, the main and only deep-water port in the country. The Brunei River flows within this district and is home to Kampong Ayer, the traditional historic settlement on stilts above the river.

Temburong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brunei
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BN-TE
area: ISO 3166-2:BN-TE
coordinate: 4°35′N 115°10′E
density: 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: 115.167
longitude: 4.583
population: 10,251
comment: Temburong District or simply Temburong is the easternmost district in Brunei. It is an exclave — the land is separated from the rest of the country by Malaysia and Brunei Bay, and accessible from the mainland via the Temburong Bridge. It has a total area of 1,306 km2 . The population was 10,251 in 2016; it the least populous district in the country. Bangar is the district town and administrative centre.

Tutong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brunei
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BN-TU
area: ISO 3166-2:BN-TU
coordinate: 4°35′N 114°40′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 114.667
longitude: 4.583
population: 48,313
comment: Tutong District or simply Tutong is one of the four districts of Brunei. It has an area of 1,166 square kilometres ; the population was 48,313 in 2016. The administrative town is Pekan Tutong. It is home to Tasek Merimbun, the country's largest natural lake.

El Beni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-B
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-B
coordinate: 14°S 65°W
density: 2.0/km2 (5.1/sq mi)
elevation: 155 m (509 ft)
latitude: -65.0
longitude: -14.0
population: 421,196
comment: Beni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second-largest department in the country, covering 213,564 square kilometers, and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842 during the administration of General José Ballivián. Its capital is Trinidad.

Cochabamba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-C
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-C
coordinate: 17°20′S 65°30′W
elevation: 2,574 m (8,445 ft)
latitude: -65.5
longitude: -17.333
population: 1,758,143
comment: Cochabamba, from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the "granary" of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2012 census was 1,758,143. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.

Chuquisaca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-H
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-H
coordinate: 20°00′S 64°25′W
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: -64.417
longitude: -20.0
population: 581,347
comment: Chuquisaca is a department of Bolivia located in the center south. It borders on the departments of Cochabamba, Tarija, Potosí, and Santa Cruz. The departmental capital is Sucre, which is also the constitutional capital of Bolivia.

La Paz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-L
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-L
coordinate: 15°00′S 68°20′W
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
latitude: -68.333
longitude: -15.0
population: 2,706,359
comment: The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres with a 2012 census population of 2,706,359 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with adjacent Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers . Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.

Pando
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-N
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-N
coordinate: 11°11′S 67°11′W
density: 1.7/km2 (4.5/sq mi)
latitude: -67.183
longitude: -11.183
population: 110,436
comment: Pando is a department in the North of Bolivia, with an area of 63,827 square kilometres, in the Amazon Rainforest, adjoining the border with Brazil and Perú. Pando has a population 110,436 . Its capital is the city of Cobija.

Oruro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-O
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-O
coordinate: 18°40′S 67°40′W
density: 9.2/km2 (24/sq mi)
latitude: -67.667
longitude: -18.667
population: 494,178
comment: Oruro is a department in Bolivia, with an area of 53,588 km2 . Its capital is the city of Oruro. According to the 2012 census, the Oruro department had a population of 494,178.

Potosi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-P
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-P
coordinate: 20°40′0″S 66°40′0″W
density: 7.0/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: -66.66667
longitude: -20.66667
population: 823,517
comment: Potosí is a department in southwestern Bolivia. It comprises 118,218 km2 with 823,517 inhabitants . The capital is the city of Potosí. It is mostly a barren, mountainous region with one large plateau to the west, where the largest salt flat in the world, Salar de Uyuni, is located.
alternative label: Potosí

Santa Cruz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-S
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-S
coordinate: 18°25′05″S 62°20′42″W
density: 9.0/km2 (23/sq mi)
latitude: -62.345
longitude: -18.418
population: 3,320,084
comment: Santa Cruz is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia, occupying about one-third of the country's territory. With an area of 370,621 km2, it is slightly smaller than Japan or the US state of Montana. It is located in the eastern part of the country, sharing borders in the north and east with Brazil and with Paraguay in the south.

Tarija
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bolivia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BO-T
area: ISO 3166-2:BO-T
coordinate: 21°35′S 63°50′W
density: 13/km2 (33/sq mi)
latitude: -63.833
longitude: -21.583
population: 482,196
comment: Tarija is a department in Bolivia. It is located in south-eastern Bolivia bordering with Argentina to the south and Paraguay to the east. According to the 2012 census, it has a population of 482,196 inhabitants. It has an area of 37,623 km2 . The city of Tarija is the capital of the department.

Acre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-AC
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-AC
coordinate: 9°S 70°W
density: 5.1/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: -70.0
longitude: -9.0
population: 733,559
comment: Acre is a state located in the west of the North Region of Brazil and the Amazonia Legal. Located in the westernmost part of the country, at a two-hour time difference from Brasília, Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia to the north and northeast, the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast, and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios, Ucayali and Loreto to the south and west.

Alagoas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-AL
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-AL
coordinate: 9°34′S 36°33′W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -36.55
longitude: -9.57
population: 3,120,494
comment: Alagoas is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region. It borders: Pernambuco ; Sergipe ; Bahia ; and the Atlantic Ocean . Its capital is the city of Maceió. It has 1.6% of the Brazilian population and produces only 0.1% of the Brazilian GDP. It is made up of 102 municipalities and its most populous cities are Maceió, Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Índios, Rio Largo, Penedo, União dos Palmares, São Miguel dos Campos, Santana do Ipanema, Delmiro Gouveia, Coruripe, Marechal Deodoro, and Campo Alegre.

Amazonas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-AM
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-AM
coordinate: 5°S 63°W
density: 2.2/km2 (5.7/sq mi)
elevation: 2,995 m (9,827 ft)
latitude: -63.0
longitude: -5.0
population: 3,483,985
comment: Amazonas is a state of Brazil, located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country. It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world, and the largest in South America, being greater than the areas of Uruguay, Paraguay, and Chile combined. Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the third largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland. Entirely in the Western Hemisphere it is the fourth largest in the Western Hemisphere after Greenland, Nunavut and Alaska, being slightly larger than Quebec. It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area, slightly larger than Mongolia. Neighbouring states are Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. It also borders the nations of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela. This includes the Departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia, as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela, and the Loreto Region in Peru.

Amapa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-AP
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-AP
coordinate: 1°N 52°W
density: 4.7/km2 (12/sq mi)
elevation: 681 m (2,234 ft)
latitude: -52.0
longitude: 1.0
population: 669,526
comment: Amapá is a state located in the northern region of Brazil. It is the second least populous state and the eighteenth largest by area. Located in the far northern part of the country, Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Pará to the south and west, and Suriname to the northwest. The capital and largest city is Macapá. The state has 0.4% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Amapá

Bahia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-BA
coordinate: 12°S 41°W
density: 25/km2 (64/sq mi)
latitude: -41.0
longitude: -12.0
population: 14,016,906
comment: Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil and in the northeast of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador, on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, Bahia is now still predominantly a working-class industrial and agricultural state. The state is home to 7% of the Brazilian population and produces 4.2% of the country's GDP.

Ceara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-CE
coordinate: 5°05′S 39°39′W
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -39.65
longitude: -5.08
population: 8,452,381
comment: Ceará, is one of the 27 states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area. It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil. The state capital is the city of Fortaleza, the country's fourth most populous city. The state has 4,3% of the Brazilian population and produces only 2,1% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Ceará

Distrito Federal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-DF
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-DF
coordinate: 15°47′42″S 47°45′28″W
density: 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: -47.75778
longitude: -15.795
population: 2,570,160
comment: The Federal District is one of 27 federative units of Brazil. Located in the Center-West Region, it is the smallest Brazilian federal unit and the only one that has no municipalities, being divided into 31 administrative regions. The federal capital of Brazil, Brasília, which is also the seat of government of the Federal District, is located in its territory.

Espirito Santo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-ES
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-ES
coordinate: 20°16′S 40°17′W
density: 76/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -40.283
longitude: -20.267
population: 3,514,952
comment: Espírito Santo is a state in southeastern Brazil. Its capital is Vitória, and its largest city is Serra. With an extensive coastline, the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions.
alternative label: Espírito Santo

Goias
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-GO
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-GO
coordinate: 15°56′S 50°8′W
density: 18/km2 (46/sq mi)
latitude: -50.133
longitude: -15.933
population: 6,003,788
comment: Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the Center-West region of the country. The name Goiás comes from the name of an indigenous community. The original word seems to have been guaiá, a compound of gua e iá, meaning "the same person" or "people of the same origin." It borders the Federal District and the states of Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The state has 3.3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 2.7% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Goiás

Maranhao
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-MA
coordinate: 6°11′S 45°37′W
density: 20/km2 (51/sq mi)
latitude: -45.617
longitude: -6.183
population: 6,574,789
comment: Maranhão is a state in Brazil. Located in the country's Northeast Region, it has a population of about 7 million and an area of 332,000 km2 . Going clockwise from the north, it borders on the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent inside the common Northeastern Brazilian dialect. Maranhão is described in books such as The Land of the Palm Trees by Gonçalves Dias and Casa de Pensão by Aluísio Azevedo. The state has 3.4% of the Brazilian population and produces only 1.3% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Maranhão

Minas Gerais
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-MG
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-MG
coordinate: 19°49′S 43°57′W
density: 33/km2 (87/sq mi)
latitude: -43.95
longitude: -19.817
population: 19,597,330
comment: Minas Gerais is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product, and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte, is a major urban and finance center in Latin America, and the sixth largest municipality in Brazil, after the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasília and Fortaleza, but its metropolitan area is the third largest in Brazil with just over 5,800,000 inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Nine Brazilian presidents were born in Minas Gerais, the most of any state. The state has 10.1% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 8.7% of the Brazilian GDP.

Mato Grosso do Sul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-MS
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-MS
coordinate: 20°26′34″S 54°38′45″W
density: 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: -54.64583
longitude: -20.44278
population: 2,449,024
comment: Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil. Neighboring Brazilian states are Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay, to the southwest, and Bolivia, to the west. The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising. Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm, sometimes hot, and humid climate, and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River. The state has 1,3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1,5% of the Brazilian GDP.

Mato Grosso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-MT
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-MT
coordinate: 15°34′S 56°04′W
density: 3.4/km2 (8.7/sq mi)
elevation: 902 m (2,959 ft)
latitude: -56.067
longitude: -15.567
population: 3,035,122
comment: Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP.

Para
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-PA
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-PA
coordinate: 5°40′S 52°44′W
density: 6.1/km2 (16/sq mi)
elevation: 748 m (2,454 ft)
latitude: -52.733
longitude: -5.667
population: 7,581,051
comment: Pará is a State of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname, to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city is Belém, which is located at the mouth of the Amazon. The state, which is home to 4.1% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for just 2.2% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Pará

Paraiba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-PB
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-PB
coordinate: 7°10′S 36°50′W
density: 67/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -36.833
longitude: -7.167
population: 3,766,528
comment: Paraíba is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Paraíba is the third most densely populated state of the Northeast; João Pessoa, the sea-bordered state capital, and Campina Grande, in the interior, rank among the fifteen-largest municipalities in the Northeast of Brazil. The state is home to 1.9% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.9% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Paraíba

Pernambuco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-PE
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-PE
coordinate: 8°20′S 37°48′W
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -37.8
longitude: -8.333
population: 8,796,448
comment: Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 9.6 million people as of 2020, it is the seventh-most populous state of Brazil, the sixth-most densely populated and the 19th-largest in area among federative units of the country. Its capital and largest city, Recife, is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. Based on 2019 estimates, the Recife Metropolitan Region is seventh-most populous in the country, and the second-largest in northeastern Brazil. In 2015, the state had 4.6% of the national population and produced 2.8% of the national gross domestic product .

Piaui
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-PI
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-PI
coordinate: 8°14′S 43°6′W
density: 12/km2 (32/sq mi)
latitude: -43.1
longitude: -8.233
population: 3,118,360
comment: Piaui is one of the states of Brazil, located in the country's Northeast Region. The state has 1.6% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.7% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Piauí

Parana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-PR
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-PR
coordinate: 24°0′S 51°0′W
density: 52/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -51.0
longitude: -24.0
population: 10,444,526
comment: Paraná is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones, Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line. It is subdivided into 399 municipalities, and its capital is the city of Curitiba. Other major cities are Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, Cascavel, São José dos Pinhais and Foz do Iguaçu. The state is home to 5,4% of the Brazilian population and has 6,2% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Paraná

Rio de Janeiro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-RJ
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-RJ
coordinate: 22°54′S 43°12′W
density: 383/km2 (990/sq mi)
latitude: -43.2
longitude: -22.9
population: 16,589,780
comment: Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo. The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of the Brazilian GDP.

Rio Grande do Norte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-RN
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-RN
coordinate: 5°44′S 36°33′W
density: 60/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -36.55
longitude: -5.74
population: 3,168,027
comment: Rio Grande do Norte is one of the states of Brazil, located in the northeastern region of the country, occupying the northeasternmost tip of the South American continent. Because of its geographic position, Rio Grande do Norte has a strategic importance. The capital and largest city is Natal. It is the land of the folklorist Luís da Câmara Cascudo. Its 410 km of sand, much sun, coconut palms and lagoons are responsible for the fame of beaches. Rocas Atoll, the only such feature in the Atlantic Ocean, is part of the state. The main economic activity is tourism, followed by the extraction of petroleum, agriculture, fruit growing and extraction of minerals, including considerable production of seasalt, among other economic activities.

Rondonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-RO
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-RO
coordinate: 10°54′S 62°46′W
density: 6.6/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: -62.76
longitude: -10.9
population: 1,562,409
comment: Rondônia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country . To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south and southwest is Bolivia. Rondônia has a population of 1,755,000 as of 2014. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho. The state was named after Cândido Rondon, who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to 0.8% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP.
alternative label: Rondônia

Roraima
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-RR
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-RR
coordinate: 2°3′N 61°24′W
density: 2.01/km2 (5.2/sq mi)
latitude: -61.4
longitude: 2.05
population: 450,479
comment: Roraima is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Located in the country's North Region, it is the northernmost and most geographically and logistically isolated state in Brazil. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast, Amazonas to the south and west, Venezuela to the north and northwest, and Guyana to the east.

Rio Grande do Sul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-RS
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-RS
coordinate: 30°S 53°W
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -53.0
longitude: -30.0
population: 11,422,973
comment: Rio Grande do Sul is a state in the southern region of Brazil. It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area. Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Uruguayan departments of Rocha, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo, Rivera and Artigas to the south and southwest, and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest. The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre. The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil, and the crime rate is relatively low compared to the Brazilian national average. Despite the high standard of living, unemployment is still high in the state, as of 2017. The state has 5.4% of the Brazilian population and it is responsible for 6.6% of the Brazilian GDP.

Santa Catarina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-SC
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-SC
coordinate: 27°15′S 50°20′W
density: 75/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: -50.333
longitude: -27.25
population: 7,164,788
comment: Santa Catarina is a state in the South Region of Brazil. It is the 7th smallest state in total area and the 11th most populous. Additionally, it is the 9th largest settlement, with 295 municipalities. The state, which has 3.4% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 3.8% of the Brazilian GDP.

Sergipe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-SE
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-SE
coordinate: 10°34′S 37°22′W
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -37.36
longitude: -10.56
population: 2,068,017
comment: Sergipe, officially State of Sergipe, is a state of Brazil. Located in the Northeast Region along the Atlantic coast of the country, Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil by geographical area at 21,910 km2, larger only than the Federal District. Sergipe borders Bahia to the south and west and Alagoas to the north. Aracaju is the capital and the largest city in the state. The state has 1,1% of the Brazilian population and produces only 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP.

Sao Paulo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-SP
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-SP
coordinate: 23°32′S 46°38′W
density: 183.46/km2 (475.2/sq mi)
latitude: -46.633
longitude: -23.533
population: 41,262,199
comment: São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus. A major industrial complex, the state has 21.9% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 33.9% of Brazil's GDP. São Paulo also has the second-highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita, the fourth-lowest infant mortality rate, the third-highest life expectancy, and the third-lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil. São Paulo alone is wealthier than Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia combined. São Paulo is also the world's twenty-eighth-most populous sub-national entity and the most populous sub-national entity in the Americas.
alternative label: São Paulo

Tocantins
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Brazil
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BR-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:BR-TO
coordinate: 10°11′S 48°20′W
density: 5.0/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: -48.333
longitude: -10.183
population: 1,383,445
comment: Tocantins is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is the newest state, formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás. Tocantins covers 277,620.91 square kilometres and had an estimated population of 1,496,880 in 2014. Construction of its capital, Palmas, began in 1989; most of the other cities in the state date to the Portuguese colonial period. With the exception of Araguaína there are few other cities with a significant population in the state. The government has invested in a new capital, a major hydropower dam, railroads and related infrastructure to develop this primarily agricultural area. The state has 0.75% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 0.5% of the Brazilian GDP.

Bonaire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BQ-BO
area: ISO 3166-2:BQ-BO
coordinate: 12°11′N 68°15′W
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -68.25
longitude: 12.183
population: 20,104
comment: Bonaire is an island in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. Its capital is Kralendijk, near the ocean on the lee side of the island. Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao form the ABC islands, 80 km off the coast of Venezuela. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, the ABC islands lie outside Hurricane Alley. The islands have an arid climate that attracts visitors seeking warm, sunny weather all year round. Bonaire is a popular snorkeling and scuba diving destination because of its multiple shore diving sites and easy access to the island's fringing reefs.

Saba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BQ-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:BQ-SA
coordinate: 17°37′57″N 63°14′15″W
density: 148/km2 (380/sq mi)
latitude: -63.2375
longitude: 17.6325
population: 1,933
comment: Saba is a Caribbean island which is the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery, which at 887 metres is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the BES islands.

Sint Eustatius
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BQ-SE
area: ISO 3166-2:BQ-SE
coordinate: 17°29′N 62°59′W
density: 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -62.983
longitude: 17.483
population: 3,138
comment: Sint Eustatius, also known locally as Statia, is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality of the Netherlands.

Acklins
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-AK
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-AK
coordinate: 22°21′N 74°1′W
latitude: -74.017
longitude: 22.35
population: 565 (2010)
comment: It is one of a group of islands arranged along a large, shallow lagoon called the Bight of Acklins, of which the largest are Crooked Island in the north and Acklins in the southeast, and the smaller are Long Cay in the northwest, and Castle Island in the south.

Berry Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-BY
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-BY
coordinate: 25°43′N 77°50′W
density: 10/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: -77.833
longitude: 25.717
population: 807
comment: The Berry Islands are a chain of islands and a district of the Bahamas, covering about thirty square miles of the northwestern part of the Out Islands.

Bimini
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-BI
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-BI
coordinate: 25°44′N 79°15′W
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -79.25
longitude: 25.733
population: 1,988
comment: Bimini /ˈbɪmɪniː/ is the westernmost district of the Bahamas and comprises a chain of islands located about 80 kilometres due east of Miami. Bimini is the closest point in the Bahamas to the mainland United States and approximately 210 km west-northwest of Nassau. The population is 1,988 as of the 2010 census.

Black Point
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-BP
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-BP
coordinate: 24°05′N 76°24′W
latitude: -76.4
longitude: 24.083
population: 414
comment: Black Point is one of the districts of the Bahamas. As of 2010, it has a population of 414 and an area of 12.1 km2.

Cat Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-CI
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-CI
coordinate: 24°25′N 75°31′W
density: 3.9/km2 (10/sq mi)
latitude: -75.517
longitude: 24.417
population: 1,522
comment: Cat Island is located in central Bahamas, and is one of its districts. Cat Island also has the nation's highest point, Mount Alvernia . It rises to 206 feet and is topped by a monastery called The Hermitage. This assembly of buildings was erected by the Franciscan "Brother Jerome" .

Central Abaco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-CO
coordinate: 26°26′N 77°08′W
latitude: -77.133
longitude: 26.433
comment: Central Abaco is one of the districts of the Bahamas, in the Abaco Islands. The district contains the largest town in the Abacos, Marsh Harbour, which is the commerce centre for the islands. Some of the more noticeable settlements are:

Central Andros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-CS
coordinate: 24°46′01″N 78°05′46″W
latitude: -78.09611
longitude: 24.76694
population: 662
comment: Central Andros is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on Andros Island. Its current Chief Councillor is Mr. Deon Sweeting. The Member of Parliament for this District is Minister Picewell Forbes.

Central Eleuthera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-CE
coordinate: 25°08′N 76°09′W
latitude: -76.15
longitude: 25.133

City of Freeport
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-FP
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-FP
coordinate: 26°31′43″N 78°41′48″W
density: 48/km2 (125/sq mi)
elevation: 10 m (30 ft)
latitude: -78.69667
longitude: 26.52861
population: 26,914
comment: Freeport is a city, district and free trade zone on the island of Grand Bahama of the northwest Bahamas. In 1955, Wallace Groves, a Virginian financier with lumber interests in Grand Bahama, was granted 20,000 hectares of pineyard with substantial areas of swamp and scrubland by the Bahamian government with a mandate to economically develop the area. Freeport has grown to become the second most populous city in the Bahamas.

Crooked Island and Long Cay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-CK
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-CK
coordinate: 22°45′N 74°13′W
density: 2.2/km2 (5.8/sq mi)
latitude: -74.217
longitude: 22.75
population: 330
comment: Crooked Island is an island and district, part of a group of Bahamian islands defining a large, shallow lagoon called the Bight of Acklins, of which the largest are Crooked Island in the north and Acklins in the south-east, and the smaller are Long Cay in the north-west, and Castle Island in the south.

East Grand Bahama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-EG
coordinate: 26°40′N 78°08′W
latitude: -78.133
longitude: 26.667
comment: East Grand Bahama is a district of the Bahamas, situated on the eastern part of the island of Grand Bahama.

Exuma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-EX
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-EX
coordinate: 25°4′N 77°20′W
density: 28/km2 (72/sq mi)
latitude: -77.333
longitude: 25.067
population: 6,928
comment: The largest of the cays is Great Exuma, which is 37 mi in length and joined to another island, Little Exuma, by a small bridge. The capital and largest town in the district is George Town . It was founded 1793 and located on Great Exuma. Near the town, but on Little Exuma, the Tropic of Cancer runs across Pelican Beach lending it another name: Tropic of Cancer Beach. Its white sand and turquoise waters make it a world-famous destination. The entire island chain is 130 mi long and 72 sq mi in area. Great Exuma island has an area of 61 sq mi while Little Exuma has an area of 11 sq mi .

Grand Cay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-GC
coordinate: 27°13′26″N 78°19′26″W
latitude: -78.3239
longitude: 27.2239
population: 383
comment: Grand Cay is one of the districts of the Bahamas. It is geographically located in the Abaco Islands.

Harbour Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-HI
coordinate: 25°30′N 76°38′W
latitude: -76.633
longitude: 25.5
population: 1,762
comment: Harbour Island is an island and administrative district in the Bahamas and is located off the northeast coast of Eleuthera Island. It has a population of 1,762 .

Hope Town
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-HT
coordinate: 25°4′N 77°20′W
latitude: -77.333
longitude: 25.067
population: 458
comment: Hope Town is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on the Abaco islands as well as a small village on Elbow Cay, located in Abaco. The area had a population of 458 in 2010.

Inagua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-IN
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-IN
coordinate: 21°13′04″N 73°15′05″W
density: 0.54/km2 (1.4/sq mi)
latitude: -73.25139
longitude: 21.21778
population: 913
comment: Inagua is the southernmost district of the Bahamas, comprising the islands of Great Inagua and Little Inagua. The headquarters for the district council are in Matthew Town.

Long Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-LI
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-LI
coordinate: 23°10′35″N 75°05′46″W
density: 5.2/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: -75.096214
longitude: 23.176498
population: 3,094
comment: Long Island is an island in the Bahamas that is split by the Tropic of Cancer. It is one of the Districts of the Bahamas and is known as the most scenic island in the Bahamas. Its capital is Clarence Town. The population of Long Island is 3,094 inhabitants.

Mangrove Cay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-MC
coordinate: 24°10′N 77°47′W
latitude: -77.783
longitude: 24.167
population: 892
comment: Mangrove Cay is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on Andros Island. Its capital is Moxey Town in the north east corner of the island.

Mayaguana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-MG
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-MG
coordinate: 22°23′N 72°57′W
density: 0.99/km2 (2.6/sq mi)
latitude: -72.95
longitude: 22.383
population: 277
comment: Mayaguana is the easternmost island and district of the Bahamas. Its population was 277 in the 2010 census. It has an area of about 280 km2 .

Moores Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-MI
coordinate: 26°18′N 77°33′W
latitude: -77.55
longitude: 26.3
population: 950
comment: Moore's Island is a cay, 28 miles to the west of the main island of Abaco. It is approximately 7 miles long and 3.5 miles wide. It has two settlements, Hard Bargain, which is the capital, and the other settlement is the Bight. The population has been reported as 950.

North Abaco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-NO
coordinate: 26°47′N 77°26′W
latitude: -77.433
longitude: 26.783
population: 9,578
comment: North Abaco is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on the Abaco Islands. It has a population of 9,578 according to the 2010 census.

North Andros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-NS
coordinate: 24°46′01″N 78°05′46″W
latitude: -78.09611
longitude: 24.76694
population: 3,898
comment: North Andros is one of the 31 districts of the Bahamas. It is also the largest district in the country. It has some of the largest settlements on Andros Island and many churches as well. The population is 3,898.

North Eleuthera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-NE
coordinate: 25°28′N 76°41′W
latitude: -76.683
longitude: 25.467
population: 3,247 (2010)
comment: North Eleuthera is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on the island of Eleuthera. It has a population of 3,247.

Ragged Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-RI
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-RI
coordinate: 22°13′N 75°44′W
density: 3.1/km2 (8.1/sq mi)
latitude: -75.733
longitude: 22.217
population: 72
comment: Ragged Island is a small island 23 km2 and district in the southern Bahamas. Ragged Island is part of the Jumentos Cays and Ragged Island Chain. The crescent-shaped chain measures over 180 km in length and includes cays known as Raccoon Cay, Hog Cay and Double-Breasted Cay. On 8 September 2017, Duncan Town took a direct hit from Hurricane Irma.

Rum Cay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-RC
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-RC
coordinate: 23°42′30″N 74°50′00″W
density: 0.68/km2 (1.8/sq mi)
elevation: 37 m (121 ft)
latitude: -74.83333
longitude: 23.70833
population: 53
comment: Rum Cay is an island and district of the Bahamas. It measures 30 square miles in area, it is located at Lat.: N23 42' 30" - Long.: W 74 50' 00". It has many rolling hills that rise to about 120 feet .

San Salvador
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-SS
coordinate: 24°06′N 74°29′W
latitude: -74.483
longitude: 24.1
population: 930
comment: San Salvador Island is an island and district of the Bahamas. It is widely believed that during Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New World, this island was the first land he sighted and visited on 12 October 1492. He named it San Salvador after Christ the Saviour. Columbus's records indicate that the native Lucayan inhabitants of the territory, who called their island Guanahani, were "sweet and gentle".

South Abaco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-SO
coordinate: 26°03′N 77°15′W
latitude: -77.25
longitude: 26.05
population: 7,646 (2010)

South Andros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-SA
coordinate: 25°4′N 77°20′W
latitude: -77.333
longitude: 25.067
population: 3,592
comment: Geographically, South Andros is the southernmost third of the land mass colloquially called Andros, which includes the districts of North Andros, Central Andros, Mangrove Cay and South Andros. In 2010, the district had 3,592 inhabitants.

South Eleuthera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-SE
coordinate: 24°48′N 76°11′W
latitude: -76.183
longitude: 24.8
population: 4,955 (2010)
comment: The district had a population of 4,955 in 2010. Tarpum Bay and Rock Sound are the largest settlements.

Spanish Wells
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-SW
coordinate: 25°32′45″N 76°45′40″W
latitude: -76.76111
longitude: 25.54583
population: 1,551
comment: Spanish Wells is a small town on the island of St. George's Cay 610 m wide by 2,860 m long, located approximately 500 m off the northern tip of Eleuthera island. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 1,551 residents. Spanish Wells is extended, however, by a bridge that links it to neighboring Russell Island, which is 5.8 km long and has become an integral part of the community. Spanish Wells is so small that many residents get around the island using golf carts instead of full-sized cars. Spanish Wells is known for its white powdery beaches, tropical breezes, laid back atmospheres and friendly people.

West Grand Bahama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-WG
coordinate: 25°4′N 77°20′W
latitude: -77.333
longitude: 25.067
comment: West Grand Bahama is one of 31 districts of The Bahamas. The district covers the entire western portion of Grand Bahama island, excluding the city of Freeport, which forms its own district. Communities within West Grand Bahama include the settlements of Mack Town, Hunters, Lewis Yard, Pinder's Point, Eight Mile Rock, Hepburn Town, Bartlett Hill, Hanna Hill, Pine Dale, Martin Town, Russell Town, Jones Town, Sea Grape, Holmes Rock, Bootle Bay and the westernmost settlement of West End.

New Providence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bahamas
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BS-NP
area: ISO 3166-2:BS-NP
coordinate: 25°02′N 77°24′W
elevation: 5 m (16 ft)
latitude: -77.4
longitude: 25.033
population: 274,400 (2016)
comment: New Providence is the most populous island in The Bahamas, containing more than 70% of the total population. It is the location of the national capital city of Nassau, whose boundaries are coincident with the island; it had a population of 246,329 at the 2010 Census; the latest estimate is 274,400. The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World, but the Spanish government showed little interest in developing the island . Nassau, the island's largest city, was formerly known as Charles-town, but it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684. It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott, the most successful Lord Proprietor, in honour of the Prince of Orange-Nassau who became William III of England. The three branches of Bahamian Government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary, are all headquartered on New Providence. New Providence functions as the main commercial hub of The Bahamas. It is also home to more than 400 banks and trust companies, and its hotels and port account for more than two-thirds of the four million-plus tourists who visit The Bahamas annually. Other settlements on New Providence include Grants Town, Bain Town, Fox Hill, Adelaide, Yamacraw, South Beach, Coral Harbour, Lyford Cay, Paradise Island, Sea Breeze, Centreville, The Grove and The Grove, Cable Beach, Delaporte, Gambier, Old Fort Bay, Carmichael Road, and Love Beach.

Bumthang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-33
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-33
coordinate: 27°45′N 90°40′E
density: 6.6/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: 90.667
longitude: 27.75
population: 17,820
comment: Bumthang District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. It is the most historic dzongkhag if the number of ancient temples and sacred sites is counted. Bumthang consists of the four mountain valleys of Ura, Chumey, Tang and Choekhor, although occasionally the entire district is referred to as Bumthang Valley.

Chukha
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-12
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-12
coordinate: 27°0′N 89°30′E
density: 37/km2 (95/sq mi)
latitude: 89.5
longitude: 27.0
population: 68,966
comment: Chukha District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. The major town is Phuentsholing which is the gateway city along the sole road which connects India to western Bhutan . Chukha is the commercial and the financial capital of Bhutan. With Bhutan's oldest hydropower plant, Chukha hydel, and Tala Hydroelectricity Project, the country's largest power plant, Chukha is the dzongkhag which contributes the most to the GDP of the country. Also located in Chukha district are some of the country's oldest industrial companies like the Bhutan Carbide Chemical Limited and the Bhutan Boards Products Limited .

Dagana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-22
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-22
coordinate: 27°0′N 89°55′E
density: 14/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 89.917
longitude: 27.0
population: 24,965
comment: Dagana District is a district located in Bhutan. Most of the district is populated by Dzongkha speakers. However, in the southwest part near the Sarpang District, Nepali is also spoken as a native language.

Gasa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-GA
coordinate: 28°0′N 90°0′E
density: 1.00/km2 (2.6/sq mi)
elevation: 4,500 m (14,800 ft)
latitude: 90.0
longitude: 28.0
population: 3,116
comment: Gasa District or Gasa Dzongkhag is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. The capital of Gasa District is Gasa Dzong near Gasa. It is located in the far north of the county and spans the Middle and High regions of the Tibetan Himalayas. The dominant language of the district is Dzongkha, which is the national language. Related languages, Layakha and Lunanakha, are spoken by semi-nomadic communities in the north of the district. The People's Republic of China claims the northern part of Gasa District.

Haa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-13
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-13
coordinate: 27°15′N 89°10′E
density: 7.2/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 89.167
longitude: 27.25
population: 13,655
comment: Haa District is one of the 20 dzongkhag or districts comprising Bhutan. Per the 2017 census, the population of Haa dzongkhag was 13,655 in 2,952 households making it the second least populated dzongkhag in Bhutan after Gasa. The dominant language of the district is Dzongkha, the national language.

Luentse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-44
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-44
coordinate: 27°40′N 91°0′E
density: 7.4/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 91.0
longitude: 27.667
population: 14,437
comment: Lhuntse District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. It consists of 2506 households. Located in the northeast, Lhuntse is one of the least developed dzhongkhags of Bhutan. There are few roads, the first gas station was opened in September 2005, electricity is not well distributed, and the difficult terrain makes distribution of social welfare problematic. Despite its favourable climate, farming is hindered by the lack of infrastructure.

Mongar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-42
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-42
coordinate: 27°10′N 91°10′E
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
elevation: 1,600 m (5,200 ft)
latitude: 91.167
longitude: 27.167
population: 37,150
comment: Mongar District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. Mongar is the fastest-developing dzongkhag in eastern Bhutan. A regional hospital has been constructed and the region is bustling with many economic activities. Mongar is noted for its lemon grass, a plant that can be used to produce an essential oil. It also has a hydroelectric power-plant on the Kuri Chhu river.

Paro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-11
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-11
coordinate: 27°30′N 89°20′E
density: 36/km2 (93/sq mi)
latitude: 89.333
longitude: 27.5
population: 46,316
comment: Paro District is a district, valley, river and town in Bhutan. It is one of the most historic valleys in Bhutan. Both trade goods and invading Tibetans came over the pass at the head of the valley, giving Paro the closest cultural connection with Tibet of any Bhutanese district. The dominant language in Paro is Dzongkha, the national language.

Pemagatshel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-43
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-43
coordinate: 27°0′N 91°15′E
density: 23/km2 (59/sq mi)
latitude: 91.25
longitude: 27.0
population: 23,632
comment: Pemagatshel District is one of the 20 dzongkhags constituting Bhutan.

Punaka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-23
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-23
coordinate: 27°40′N 89°50′E
density: 26/km2 (67/sq mi)
latitude: 89.833
longitude: 27.667
population: 28,740
comment: Punakha District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It is bordered by Thimphu, Gasa, and Wangdue Phodrang Districts. The dominant language in the district is Dzongkha, the national language.

Samdrup Jongkhar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-45
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-45
coordinate: 26°55′N 91°37′E
density: 19/km2 (48/sq mi)
latitude: 91.617
longitude: 26.917
population: 35,079
comment: Samdrup Jongkhar District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. The dominant languages of the district are Tshangla in the north and west, and Nepali in the east.

Samtse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-14
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-14
coordinate: 27°0′N 89°5′E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 89.083
longitude: 27.0
population: 62,590
comment: Samtse District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.

Sarpang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-31
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-31
coordinate: 26°50′N 90°15′E
density: 24/km2 (61/sq mi)
latitude: 90.25
longitude: 26.833
population: 46,004
comment: Sarpang District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.

Thimphu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-15
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-15
coordinate: 27°35′N 89°35′E
density: 67/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 89.583
longitude: 27.583
population: 138,736
comment: Thimphu District is a dzongkhag of Bhutan. Thimphu is also the capital of Bhutan and the largest city in the whole kingdom.

Trashigang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-41
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-41
coordinate: 27°15′N 91°40′E
density: 15/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 91.667
longitude: 27.25
population: 45,518
comment: Trashigang District is Bhutan's easternmost dzongkhag .

Trashiyangse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-TY
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-TY
coordinate: 27°40′N 91°25′E
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: 91.417
longitude: 27.667
population: 17,300
comment: Trashiyangtse District is one of the twenty dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It was created in 1992 when Trashiyangtse district was split off from Trashigang District. Trashiyangtse covers an area of 1,437.9 square kilometres . At an elevation of 1750–1880 m, Trashi yangtse dzongkhag is rich of culture filled with sacred places blessed by Guru Rimpoche and dwelled by Yangtseps, Tshanglas, Bramis from Tawang, Khengpas from Zhemgang and Kurtoeps from Lhuentse.

Trongsa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-32
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-32
coordinate: 27°20′N 90°25′E
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: 90.417
longitude: 27.333
population: 19,960
comment: Trongsa District is one of the districts of Bhutan. It is the most central district of Bhutan and the geographic centre of Bhutan is located within it at Trongsa Dzong.

Tsirang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-21
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-21
coordinate: 26°55′N 90°5′E
density: 35/km2 (91/sq mi)
latitude: 90.083
longitude: 26.917
population: 22,376
comment: Tsirang District of Bhutan. The administrative center of the district is Damphu.

Wangdue Phodrang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-24
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-24
coordinate: 27°30′N 90°10′E
density: 9.8/km2 (25/sq mi)
latitude: 90.167
longitude: 27.5
population: 42,186
comment: Wangdue Phodrang District is a dzongkhag of central Bhutan. This is also the name of the dzong which dominates the district, and the name of the small market town outside the gates of the dzong—it is the capital of Wangdue Phodrang District). The name is said to have been given by the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal who was searching for the best location for a dzong to prevent incursions from the south. The word "wangdue" means unification of Country, and "Phodrang" means Palace in Dzongkha.

Zhemang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Bhutan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BT-34
area: ISO 3166-2:BT-34
coordinate: 27°0′N 90°45′E
density: 7.3/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 90.75
longitude: 27.0
population: 17,763
comment: Zhemgang District, is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It is bordered by Sarpang, Trongsa, Bumthang, Mongar and Samdrup Jongkhar Districts, and borders Assam in India to the south. Administrative center of the district is Zhemgang.

Central
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-CE
coordinate: 22°00′S 26°00′E
density: 4.3/km2 (11/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: -22.0
population: 638,604
comment: Central is the largest of Botswana's districts in terms of area and population. It encompasses the traditional homeland of the Bamangwato people. Some of the most politically connected Batswana have come from the Central District, including former President Sir Seretse Khama, former President Festus Mogae, and former President Lt. General Seretse Ian Khama. The district borders the Botswanan districts of Chobe in the north, North-West in the northwest, Ghanzi in the west, Kweneng in southwest, Kgatleng in the south and North-East in the northeast, as well as Zimbabwe also in the northeast and South Africa in the southeast .

Ghanzi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-GH
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-GH
coordinate: 22°00′S 22°00′E
density: 0.37/km2 (0.95/sq mi)
latitude: 22.0
longitude: -22.0
population: 43,370
comment: Ghanzi is a district in western Botswana, bordering Namibia in the west and extending east into much of the interior of the country. The district's administrative centre is the town of Ghanzi. Most of the eastern half of Ghanzi makes up the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. The human population at the 2001 census was 43,370, less populous than that of any other district in Botswana. Ghanzi's area is 117,910 km².

Kgalagadi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-KG
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-KG
coordinate: 25°00′S 22°00′E
density: 0.40/km2 (1.0/sq mi)
latitude: 22.0
longitude: -25.0
population: 42,049
comment: Kgalagadi is a district in southwest Botswana, lying along the country's border with Namibia and South Africa. The administrative center is Tsabong. The district of Kgalagadi covers a large part of the Kalahari Desert. It has a total area of 105,200 km² and has a population of 42,000 . More than one-third of the district is covered by the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, which extends into South Africa, and which is a major tourist attraction.

Kgatleng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-KL
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-KL
coordinate: 24°15′S 26°30′E
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: 26.5
longitude: -24.25
population: 91,660
comment: Kgatleng is one of the districts of Botswana, coterminous with the homeland of the Bakgatla people. Its capital is Mochudi, the hometown of protagonist Precious Ramotswe in Alexander McCall Smith's popular The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series. According to the 2001 Census, Kgatleng had a population of 73,507 people.

Kweneng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-KW
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-KW
coordinate: 24°00′S 25°00′E
density: 8.5/km2 (22/sq mi)
latitude: 25.0
longitude: -24.0
population: 304,549
comment: Kweneng is one of the districts of Botswana and is the recent historical homeland of the Bakwena people, the first group in Botswana converted to Christianity by famed missionary David Livingstone. Various landmarks, including Livingstone's Cave, allude to this history. The seat of the district's government is Molepolole, Botswana's most populous village .

North-East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-NE
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-NE
coordinate: 21°5′S 27°30′E
density: 33/km2 (85/sq mi)
latitude: 27.5
longitude: -21.083
population: 167,500
comment: The North-East District is one of the administrative districts of Botswana. Its capital is Francistown. In 2011, North-East had a population of 60,264 people. The district is predominantly occupied by Kalanga-speaking people, the BaKalanga. The district is administered by a district administration and district council, which are responsible for local administration.

North-West
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-NW
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-NW
coordinate: 19°30′S 23°30′E
density: 1.1/km2 (2.8/sq mi)
latitude: 23.5
longitude: -19.5
population: 142,970
comment: The North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana. For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta . It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council. The administrative centre is Maun.

South-East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-SE
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-SE
coordinate: 25°0′S 25°45′E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 25.75
longitude: -25.0
population: 85,014
comment: South-East is one of the districts of Botswana. The capital city of Botswana, Gaborone, is surrounded by this district. The administrative capital for the South-East district is the village of Ramotswa. In the southeast, South-East borders the North West Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders Kgatleng in northeast, Kweneng in northwest, Southern in southwest.

Southern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-SO
coordinate: 25°00′S 25°00′E
density: 6.6/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: 25.0
longitude: -25.0
population: 186,831
comment: Southern is one of the districts of Botswana. The capital of Southern district is Kanye, home to the Bangwaketse and Barolong in Botswana. The Southern district is home to Botswana's second largest beef farmers where there are large privately owned ranges, and several government run beef ranges which provide agricultural support to the local farmers. Maize and sorghum, Botswana's staple crop, are also raised in the area. Southern district is where the third diamond mine of Botswana was found, which buoys Botswana's economic state of prosperity. It was the first district to house the capital city before being moved to Gaborone after independence.

Chobe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-CH
coordinate: 18°30′S 25°00′E
latitude: 25.0
longitude: -18.5
population: 23,347 (2011)
comment: Chobe District is an administrative district in the northern part of Botswana, with the headquarters in Kasane. In 2001 it was merged with Ngamiland, and until 2006 it shared with Ngamiland the North-West District Council as local government. Chobe National Park is in the Chobe District. As of 2011, the total population of the district was 23,347 compared to 18,258 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.49. The total number of workers constituted 12,059 with 6,113 males and 5,947 females, with majority of them working in public administration.

Francistown
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-FR
coordinate: 21°10′25″S 27°30′45″E
elevation: 1,001 m (3,284 ft)
latitude: 27.5125
longitude: -21.17361
population: 100,079
comment: Francistown is the second largest city in Botswana, with a population of about 100,079 and 150,800 inhabitants for its agglomeration at the 2011 census. and often described as the "Capital of the North". It is located in eastern Botswana, about 400 kilometres north-northeast from the capital, Gaborone. Francistown is located at the confluence of the Tati and Inchwe rivers, and near the Shashe River and 90 kilometres from the international border with Zimbabwe. Francistown was the centre of southern Africa's first gold rush and is still surrounded by old and abandoned mines. The City of Francistown is an administrative district, separated from North-East District. It is administered by Francistown City Council.

Gaborone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:BW-GA
coordinate: 24°39′29″S 25°54′44″E
density: 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
elevation: 1,014 m (3,327 ft)
latitude: 25.91222
longitude: -24.65806
population: 231,626
comment: Gaborone is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census, about 10% of the total population of Botswana. Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census.

Jwaneng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-JW
coordinate: 24°36′07″S 24°43′42″E
elevation: 1,189 m (3,901 ft)
latitude: 24.72833
longitude: -24.60194
population: 18,063
comment: Jwaneng is a town located in the Southern District of Botswana, but it is not part of this, being a separate district, with its own Town Council.

Lobatse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-LO
coordinate: 25°13′S 25°40′E
elevation: 1,188 m (3,898 ft)
latitude: 25.667
longitude: -25.217
population: 29,082
comment: Lobatse is a town in south-eastern Botswana, 70 kilometres south of the capital Gaborone, situated in a valley running north towards Gaborone. Lobatse has a population of 29,800 . The town is an administrative district, with a town council.

Selibe Phikwe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-SP
coordinate: 21°58′33″S 27°50′24″E
elevation: 878 m (2,881 ft)
latitude: 27.84
longitude: -21.97583
population: 49,724
comment: Selebi-Phikwe is a mining town located in the Central District of Botswana. It had a population of 49,724 in 2011 which is now estimated to have risen to c.52,000. The town is an administrative district, separate from the surrounding Central District.

Sowa Town
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Botswana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BW-ST
coordinate: 20°33′49″S 026°13′28″E
latitude: 26.22444
longitude: -20.56361
population: 4,280
comment: Sowa is a town which lies in the Central District of Botswana, but constitutes a separate administrative district. The Sowa Township was established in 1991 by an act of Parliament, Statutory Instrument No.26 of 1991 and governed by Sowa Township Regulations, 1991 under the Township Act . The population was of 2,879 inhabitants, according to 2001 Census, and had grown to 3,598 according to the 2011 census.

Brest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-BR
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-BR
coordinate: 52°22′57″N 25°11′59″E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 25.19972
longitude: 52.3825
population: 1,380,391
comment: Brest Region or Brest Oblast or Brest Voblasts ) is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Brest.

Homyel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-HO
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-HO
coordinate: 52°20′N 29°40′E
density: 35/km2 (92/sq mi)
latitude: 29.667
longitude: 52.333
population: 1,426,674
comment: Gomel Region or Gomel Oblast or Homyel Voblasts is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel.

Hrodna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-HR
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-HR
coordinate: 53°45′N 25°20′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
elevation: 323 m (1,060 ft)
latitude: 25.333
longitude: 53.75
population: 1,039,278
comment: Grodno Region or Grodno Oblast or Hrodna Voblasts is one of the regions of Belarus. It is located in the northwestern part of the country.

Mahilyow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-MA
coordinate: 53°54′N 30°20′E
density: 37/km2 (100/sq mi)
elevation: 239 m (784 ft)
latitude: 30.333
longitude: 53.9
population: 1,052,877
comment: Mogilev Region or Mogilev Oblast or Mahilyow Voblasts, is a region of Belarus with its administrative center at Mogilev .

Minsk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-MI
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-MI
coordinate: 53°40′N 27°45′E
density: 35/km2 (90/sq mi)
elevation: 345 m (1,132 ft)
latitude: 27.75
longitude: 53.667
population: 1,411,500
comment: Minsk Region or Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500.

Vitsebsk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-VI
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-VI
coordinate: 55°20′N 29°00′E
density: 28/km2 (73/sq mi)
latitude: 29.0
longitude: 55.333
population: 1,135,731
comment: Vitebsk Region or Vitebsk Oblast or Vitsebsk Voblasts is a region of Belarus with its administrative center being Vitebsk. It is located near the border with Russia.

Horad Minsk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belarus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BY-HM
area: ISO 3166-2:BY-HM
coordinate: 53°54′N 27°34′E
elevation: 280.6 m (920.6 ft)
latitude: 27.567
longitude: 53.9
population: 2,009,786
comment: Minsk is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislač and the Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region and Minsk District . As of January 2018, its population was 1,982,444,, making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe. Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States and seat of its Executive Secretary.

Belize District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belize
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ-BZ
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ-BZ
coordinate: 17°15′N 88°10′W
density: 27/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: -88.167
longitude: 17.25
population: 113,878
comment: Most of the Belize District is in the east central mainland of Belize; the Belize District also includes various offshore islands, including Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, St. George's Caye, Caye Chapel, English Caye, Goff's Caye, and Turneffe Atoll. Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker are considered two of the country's primary tourism areas. The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast. The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.

Cayo District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belize
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ-CY
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ-CY
coordinate: 16°50′N 88°55′W
density: 17/km2 (44/sq mi)
latitude: -88.917
longitude: 16.833
population: 90,579
comment: Cayo District is a district located in the west part of Belize. It is the most extensive, second-most populous and third-most densely populated of the six districts of Belize. The district's capital is the town of San Ignacio.

Corozal District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belize
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ-CZL
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ-CZL
coordinate: 18°15′N 88°20′W
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: -88.333
longitude: 18.25
population: 46,472
comment: Corozal District is the northernmost district of the nation of Belize. The population was 33,894 in 2000. The district capital is Corozal Town.

Orange Walk District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belize
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ-OW
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ-OW
coordinate: 17°50′N 88°50′W
density: 11/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: -88.833
longitude: 17.833
population: 50,208
comment: Orange Walk District is a district in the northwest of the nation of Belize, with its district capital in Orange Walk Town.

Stann Creek District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belize
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ-SC
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ-SC
coordinate: 16°50′N 88°30′W
density: 19/km2 (49/sq mi)
latitude: -88.5
longitude: 16.833
population: 41,032
comment: Stann Creek District is a district in the south east region of Belize. According to the 2010 census, the district had a population of 32,166 people. Its capital is the town of Dangriga, formerly known as "Stann Creek Town." Stann comes from "stanns," or safe havens used by colonialists coming from the "old world" to the "new world."

Toledo District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Belize
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:BZ-TOL
area: ISO 3166-2:BZ-TOL
coordinate: 16°20′N 88°45′W
density: 7.7/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: -88.75
longitude: 16.333
population: 35,800
comment: Toledo District is the southernmost district in Belize, and Punta Gorda is the District capital. It is the least developed region in the country, and it features some of the most pristine rainforests, extensive cave networks, coastal lowland plains, and offshore cays. Toledo is home to a wide range of cultures: Mopan and Kekchi Maya, Creole, the Garifuna, East Indians, Mennonites, Mestizos, and descendants of US Confederate settlers.

Alberta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-AB
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-AB
coordinate: 54°59′30″N 114°22′36″W
density: 6.35/km2 (16.4/sq mi)
latitude: -114.37667
longitude: 54.99167
population: 4,067,175
comment: Alberta is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. English is the official language of the province. In 2016, 76.0% of Albertans were anglophone, 1.8% were francophone and 22.2% were allophone.

British Columbia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-BC
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-BC
coordinate: 54°00′00″N 125°00′00″W
density: 5.02/km2 (13.0/sq mi)
latitude: -125.0
longitude: 54.0
population: 4,648,055
comment: British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2021, it is Canada's third-most populous province. The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for Queen Victoria, who reigned over the British Empire at the time of Confederation. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest. In October 2013, Greater Vancouver had an estimated population of approximately 2.5 million. Since 2017, the province has been governed by the New Democratic Party, led by John Horgan, first with a minority government elected in 2017 and subsequently with a majority government elected in 2020.

Manitoba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-MB
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-MB
coordinate: 55°00′00″N 97°00′00″W
density: 2.33/km2 (6.0/sq mi)
latitude: -97.0
longitude: 55.0
population: 1,278,365
comment: Manitoba is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,278,365 as of 2016. The easternmost of the three prairie provinces, Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grasslands in the central and southern regions.

New Brunswick
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-NB
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-NB
coordinate: 46°30′00″N 66°00′00″W
density: 10.46/km2 (27.1/sq mi)
latitude: -66.0
longitude: 46.5
population: 747,101
comment: New Brunswick is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both French and English as its official languages.

Newfoundland and Labrador
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-NL
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-NL
coordinate: 53°13′48″N 59°59′57″W
density: 1.39/km2 (3.6/sq mi)
latitude: -59.99917
longitude: 53.23
population: 519,716
comment: Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. It is composed of the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador to the northwest, with a combined area of 405,212 square kilometres . In 2018, the province's population was estimated at 525,073. About 94% of the province's population lives on the island of Newfoundland, of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula.

Nova Scotia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-NS
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-NS
coordinate: 45°00′00″N 62°59′58″W
density: 17.45/km2 (45.2/sq mi)
latitude: -62.99944
longitude: 45.0
population: 923,598
comment: Nova Scotia is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native English-speakers.

Northwest Territories
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-NT
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-NT
coordinate: 69°30′01″N 121°30′08″W
density: 0.04/km2 (0.1/sq mi)
latitude: -121.50222
longitude: 69.50028
population: 41,786
comment: The Northwest Territories is a federal territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and a 2016 census population of 41,790, it is the second-largest and the most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada. Its estimated population as of 2020 is 45,161. Yellowknife is the capital, most populous community, and only city in the territory; its population was 19,569 as of the 2016 census. It became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.

Nunavut
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-NU
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-NU
coordinate: 70°10′00″N 90°44′00″W
density: 0.02/km2 (0.05/sq mi)
latitude: -90.73333
longitude: 70.16667
population: 35,944
comment: Nunavut /ˈnʊnəˌvʊt, ˈnuːnəˌvuːt/ is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, which provided this territory to the Inuit for independent government. The boundaries had been drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the province of Newfoundland was incorporated in 1949.

Ontario
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-ON
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-ON
coordinate: 49°15′00″N 84°30′00″W
density: 14.65/km2 (37.9/sq mi)
latitude: -84.5
longitude: 49.25
population: 13,448,494
comment: Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Located in Central Canada, it is Canada's most populous province, with 38.3 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province by total area . Ontario is Canada's fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto, which is also Ontario's provincial capital.

Prince Edward Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-PE
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-PE
coordinate: 46°30′00″N 63°00′00″W
density: 25.25/km2 (65.4/sq mi)
latitude: -63.0
longitude: 46.5
population: 142,907
comment: Prince Edward Island, commonly abbreviated as PEI, is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is the smallest province in terms of land area and population, but the most densely populated. The island has several nicknames: "Garden of the Gulf", "Birthplace of Confederation" and "Cradle of Confederation". Its capital and largest city is Charlottetown. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces.

Quebec
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-QC
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-QC
coordinate: 52°N 72°W
density: 5.98/km2 (15.5/sq mi)
latitude: -72.0
longitude: 52.0
population: 8,164,361
comment: Quebec is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Quebec is the largest province by area, at 1,542,056 km2, and the second-largest by population, with 8,164,361 people. Much of the population live in urban areas along the St. Lawrence River, between the most populous city, Montreal, and the province's capital city, Quebec City. Quebec is the home of the Québécois, recognized as a nation by both the provincial and federal governments. Located in Central Canada, the province shares land borders with Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, New Brunswick to the southeast, and a coastal border with Nunavut; it also borders the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York to the south.

Saskatchewan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-SK
coordinate: 54°00′00″N 106°00′02″W
density: 1.86/km2 (4.8/sq mi)
latitude: -106.00056
longitude: 54.0
population: 1,098,352
comment: Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in Western Canada, the middle of the three prairie provinces. Nearly 10% of Saskatchewan’s total area of 651,900 square kilometres is fresh water, which is composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs, and the province's 100,000 lakes. English is the primary language of the province, with 82.4% of Saskatchewanians speaking English as their first language.

Yukon Territory
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Canada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CA-YT
area: ISO 3166-2:CA-YT
coordinate: 63°00′00″N 135°00′00″W
density: 0.08/km2 (0.2/sq mi)
latitude: -135.0
longitude: 63.0
population: 35,874
comment: Yukon is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 35,874 people as of the 2016 Census. Whitehorse, the territorial capital, is the largest settlement in any of the three territories.

Bas-Congo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-BC
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-BC
coordinate: 05°49′S 13°29′E
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 13.483
longitude: -5.817
population: 5,575,000
comment: Kongo Central, formerly Bas-Congo is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Matadi.

Bandundu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-BN
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-BN
coordinate: 4°00′00″S 18°00′00″E
density: 27/km2 (71/sq mi)
latitude: 17.392902
longitude: -3.305222
population: 8,062,463
comment: Bandundu is one of eleven former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It bordered the provinces of Kinshasa and Bas-Congo to the west, Équateur to the north, and Kasai-Occidental to the east. The provincial capital is also called Bandundu .

equateur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-EQ
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-EQ
coordinate: 1°00′00″N 20°30′00″E
density: 16/km2 (41/sq mi)
latitude: 20.67627
longitude: 2.460181
population: 1,626,606
comment: Équateur is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Équateur, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshuapa provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province. The new province was formed from the Équateur district and the independently administered city of Mbandaka which retained its status as a provincial capital.
alternative label: Équateur

Katanga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KA
coordinate: 9°00′00″S 26°00′00″E
density: 8.30/km²
latitude: 26.740723
longitude: -7.928675
population: 4,125,000

Kasai-Oriental
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KE
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KE
coordinate: 06°09′S 23°36′E
density: 330/km2 (850/sq mi)
latitude: 23.6
longitude: -6.15
population: 3,145,000
comment: Kasaï-Oriental is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï-Oriental, Lomami, and Sankuru provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province. Kasaï-Oriental was formed from the Tshilenge district and the independently administered city of Mbuji-Mayi which retained its status as a provincial capital.

Kinshasa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KN
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KN
coordinate: 4°19′30″S 15°19′20″E
density: 1,462/km2 (3,790/sq mi)
elevation: 240 m (790 ft)
latitude: 15.32222
longitude: -4.325
population: 17,071,000
comment: Kinshasa, formerly Léopoldville, is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With a total population of 15 million as of 2021, it is the most populous city in Africa.

Kasai-Occidental
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KW
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KW
coordinate: 05°54′S 22°27′E
density: 35/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: 22.45
longitude: -5.9
population: 5,366,068
comment: Kasaï-Occidental was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Kasaï-Central and the Kasaï provinces.

Maniema
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-MA
coordinate: 02°57′S 25°57′E
density: 15/km2 (40/sq mi)
latitude: 25.95
longitude: -2.95
population: 2,049,300
comment: Maniema borders the provinces of Sankuru to the west, Tshopo to the north, North Kivu and South Kivu to the east, and Lomami and Tanganyika to the south.

Nord-Kivu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-NK
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-NK
coordinate: 0°34′S 28°42′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: 28.7
longitude: -0.567
population: 6,655,000
comment: North Kivu is a province bordering Lake Kivu in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Goma.

Orientale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-OR
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-OR
coordinate: 2°44′N 23°47′E
density: 16/km2 (42/sq mi)
latitude: 23.78
longitude: 2.74
population: 8,197,975
comment: Orientale Province is one of the former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its predecessors the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo. It went through a series of boundary changes between 1898 and 2015, when it was divided into smaller units.

Sud-Kivu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-SK
coordinate: 3°25′00″S 29°10′00″E
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
population: 5,772,000
comment: South Kivu is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Bukavu.

Bas-Uele
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-BU
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-BU
coordinate: 2°48′8.84″N 24°44′1.17″E
density: 7.4/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 24.733658
longitude: 2.8024557
population: 1,093,845
comment: Bas-Uélé is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Bas-Uélé, Haut-Uélé, Ituri, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale Province. Bas-Uélé was formed from the Bas-Uele District whose town of Buta was elevated to capital city of the new province.
alternative label: Bas-Uélé

Haut-Katanga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-HK
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-HK
coordinate: 11°40′S 27°29′E
density: 35/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: 27.483
longitude: -11.667
population: 4,617,000
comment: Haut-Katanga is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Haut-Katanga was formed from the Haut-Katanga district and the independently administered cities of Likasi and Lubumbashi. Lubumbashi retained its status as a provincial capital.

Haut-Lomami
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-HL
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-HL
coordinate: 8°44′S 24°59′E
density: 23/km2 (61/sq mi)
latitude: 24.983
longitude: -8.733
population: 2,540,127
comment: Haut-Lomami is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Haut-Lomami, Haut-Katanga, Lualaba, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Haut-Lomami was formed from the Haut-Lomami district whose town of Kamina was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Haut-Uele
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-HU
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-HU
coordinate: 2°46′35.02″N 27°37′4.48″E
density: 21/km2 (55/sq mi)
latitude: 27.61791
longitude: 2.7763944
population: 1,920,867
comment: Haut-Uélé is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Haut-Uélé, Bas-Uélé, Ituri, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale province. Haut-Uélé was formed from the Haut-Uélé district whose town of Isiro was elevated to capital city of the new province.
alternative label: Haut-Uélé

Ituri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-IT
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-IT
coordinate: 1°50′N 29°30′E
density: 56/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 29.5
longitude: 1.833
population: 3,650,000
comment: Ituri is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Ituri, Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale province. Ituri was formed from the Ituri district whose town of Bunia was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Kasaï Central
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KC
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KC
coordinate: 5°54′S 22°27′E
density: 56/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 22.45
longitude: -5.9
population: 3,317,000
comment: Kasaï-Central is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï-Central and Kasaï provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Occidental province. Kasaï-Central was formed from the Lulua district and the independently administered city of Kananga which retained its status as a provincial capital.

Kwango
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KG
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KG
coordinate: 4°49′18.64″S 17°2′23.57″E
density: 22/km2 (57/sq mi)
latitude: 17.03988
longitude: -4.8218446
population: 1,994,036
comment: Kwango is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kwango, Kwilu, and Mai-Ndombe provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Bandundu province. Kwango was formed from the Kwango district whose town of Kenge was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Kwilu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KL
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KL
coordinate: 5°2′S 18°49′E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 18.817
longitude: -5.033
population: 5,490,000
comment: Kwilu is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kwilu, Kwango, and Mai-Ndombe provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Bandundu province. Kwilu was formed from the Kwilu district and the independently administered cities of Bandundu and Kikwit. Bandundu retained its status as a provincial capital.

Kasaï
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-KS
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-KS
coordinate: 5°21′S 21°25′E
density: 33/km2 (87/sq mi)
latitude: 21.417
longitude: -5.35
population: 3,199,891
comment: Kasaï is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï and Kasaï-Central provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Occidental province. Kasaï was formed from the Kasaï district and the independently administered city of Tshikapa which became the capital of the new province.

Lomami
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-LO
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-LO
coordinate: 06°08′S 24°29′E
density: 36/km2 (94/sq mi)
latitude: 24.483
longitude: -6.133
population: 2,048,839
comment: Lomami is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Lomami, Kasaï-Oriental, and Sankuru provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province. Lomami was formed from the Kabinda district and the independently administered city of Mwene-Ditu. The town of Kabinda was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Lualaba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-LU
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-LU
coordinate: 10°43′S 25°28′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: 25.467
longitude: -10.717
population: 1,677,288
comment: Lualaba is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Lualaba, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Lualaba was formed from the Lualaba and Kolwezi districts. Kolwezi was a hybrid city/district which was separated from its two territories and the city proper became the capital of the new province.

Mai-Ndombe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-MN
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-MN
coordinate: 01°57′S 18°16′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: 18.267
longitude: -1.95
population: 1,768,327
comment: Mai-Ndombe is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Mai-Ndombe, Kwango, and Kwilu provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Bandundu province. Mai-Ndombe was formed from the Plateaux and Mai-Ndombe districts. The town of Inongo was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Mongala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-MO
coordinate: 02°09′N 21°31′E
density: 31/km2 (80/sq mi)
latitude: 21.517
longitude: 2.15
population: 1,793,564
comment: Mongala is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Mongala, Équateur, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshuapa provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province. Mongala was formed from the Mongala District whose town of Lisala was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Nord-Ubangi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-NU
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-NU
coordinate: 4°17′N 21°1′E
density: 26/km2 (68/sq mi)
latitude: 21.017
longitude: 4.283
population: 1,482,076
comment: Nord-Ubangi is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Nord-Ubangi, Équateur, Mongala, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshuapa provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province.

Sankuru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-SA
coordinate: 3°31′S 23°36′E
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
latitude: 23.6
longitude: -3.517
population: 1,374,239
comment: Sankuru is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Sankuru, Kasaï-Oriental, and Lomami provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province. Sankuru was formed from the Sankuru District whose town of Lusambo was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Sud-Ubangi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-SU
coordinate: 3°15′N 19°46′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 19.767
longitude: 3.25
population: 2,744,345
comment: Sud-Ubangi is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. It lies in the northwest of the country on the Ubangi River.

Tanganyika
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-TA
coordinate: 5°55′S 29°12′E
density: 23/km2 (59/sq mi)
latitude: 29.2
longitude: -5.917
population: 3,062,000
comment: Tanganyika is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Tanganyika, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami and Lualaba provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Tanganyika was formed from the Tanganyika district whose town of Kalemie was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Tshopo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-TO
coordinate: 0°31′N 25°12′E
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
latitude: 25.2
longitude: 0.517
population: 2,614,630
comment: Tshopo is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. It is situated in the north central part of the country on the Tshopo River, for which it is named.

Tshuapa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CD-TU
area: ISO 3166-2:CD-TU
coordinate: 00°44′S 19°12′E
density: 9.9/km2 (26/sq mi)
latitude: 19.2
longitude: -0.733
population: 1,316,855
comment: Tshuapa is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Tshuapa, Équateur, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, and Sud-Ubangi provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province. Tshuapa was formed from the Tshuapa District whose town of Boende was elevated to capital city of the new province.

Bamingui-Bangoran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-BB
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-BB
coordinate: 8°25′N 20°40′E
density: 0.74/km2 (1.9/sq mi)
latitude: 20.667
longitude: 8.417
population: 43,229
comment: Bamingui-Bangoran is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 58,200 km² and had a population of 38,437 as of the 2003 census. The population density of 0.66/km² is the lowest in the country. The capital is Ndélé.

Bangui
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-BGF
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-BGF
coordinate: 04°22′24″N 18°33′46″E
density: 11,000/km2 (30,000/sq mi)
elevation: 369 m (1,211 ft)
latitude: 18.56278
longitude: 4.37333
population: 889,231
comment: Bangui is the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic. As of 2020 it had an estimated population of 889,231. It was established as a French outpost in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi River ; the Ubangi itself was named from the Bobangi word for the "rapids" located beside the settlement, which marked the end of navigable water north from Brazzaville. The majority of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, in Bangui and the surrounding area.

Basse-Kotto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-BK
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-BK
coordinate: 5°00′N 21°30′E
density: 14/km2 (37/sq mi)
latitude: 21.5
longitude: 5.0
population: 249,150
comment: Basse-Kotto is one of the 16 and the least populated prefecture of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Mobaye.

Haute-Kotto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-KB
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-KB
coordinate: 7°05′N 19°15′E
density: 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi)
latitude: 19.25
longitude: 7.083
population: 117,816
comment: Nana-Grébizi is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 19,996 km2 and has a population of 87,341 . The capital is Kaga Bandoro.

Haut-Mbomou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-HK
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-HK
coordinate: 7°00′N 23°00′E
density: 1.0/km2 (2.7/sq mi)
latitude: 23.0
longitude: 7.0
population: 90,316
comment: Haute-Kotto is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bria. It is the largest prefecture in the Central African Republic.

Kemo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-HS
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-HS
coordinate: 4°30′N 16°00′E
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: 16.0
longitude: 4.5
population: 364,795
comment: Mambéré-Kadéï is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. The prefecture covers 30,203 km2 and had a population of 289,688 as of the 2003 census, giving a population density of less than 10 inhabitants/km2. Its capital is Berbérati.
alternative label: Kémo

Lobaye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-HM
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-HM
coordinate: 6°00′N 26°00′E
density: 1.0/km2 (2.7/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 6.0
population: 57,602
comment: Haut-Mbomou is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Obo. The African Pole of Inaccessibility is located here.

Mambere-Kadei
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-KG
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-KG
coordinate: 5°45′N 19°05′E
density: 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: 19.083
longitude: 5.75
population: 118,420
alternative label: Mambéré-Kadéï

Mbomou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-LB
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-LB
coordinate: 4°00′N 18°00′E
density: 13/km2 (33/sq mi)
latitude: 18.0
longitude: 4.0
population: 246,875
comment: Lobaye is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Mbaïki. Emperor Duy Tân of Vietnam died here on December 26, 1945 in a plane crash. David Dacko, the first and third president of the Central African Republic from 1960-1965 and 1979–1981, was from Lobaye.

Nana-Grebizi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-MB
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-MB
coordinate: 5°00′N 23°30′E
density: 2.7/km2 (6.9/sq mi)
latitude: 23.5
longitude: 5.0
population: 164,009
comment: Mbomou is one of the sixteen prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 61,150 square kilometres and has a population of 132,740, giving a population density of only 2.2 inhabitants per square kilometre. The capital is Bangassou. Nearby are the Kembe Falls on the River Kotto. The prefecture is governed by Pierrette Benguere.
alternative label: Nana-Grébizi

Nana-Mambere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-NM
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-NM
coordinate: 5°30′N 15°30′E
density: 8.8/km2 (23/sq mi)
latitude: 15.5
longitude: 5.5
population: 233,666
comment: Nana-Mambéré is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 26,600 km2 and has a population of 233,666 . The capital is Bouar. It was part of Kamerun when it was a German colony between 1884 and 1916.
alternative label: Nana-Mambéré

Ombella-MPoko
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-MP
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-MP
coordinate: 5°0′N 18°0′E
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: 18.0
longitude: 5.0
population: 356,725
comment: Ombella-M'Poko is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bimbo. One important tourist attraction is the Falls of Baoli; however, due to the Baoli dam, the falls only carry water on the weekends.

Ouaka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-UK
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-UK
coordinate: 6°00′N 21°00′E
density: 5.5/km2 (14/sq mi)
latitude: 21.0
longitude: 6.0
population: 276,710
comment: Ouaka is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo, covers an area of 49,900 km2, and has a population of 224,076, giving a population density of under 5 inhabitants/km2. The capital is Bambari.

Ouham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-AC
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-AC
coordinate: 7°00′N 18°00′E
density: 7.3/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 18.0
longitude: 7.0
population: 369,220
comment: Ouham is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bossangoa.

Ouham-Pende
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-OP
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-OP
coordinate: 7°00′N 16°00′E
density: 13/km2 (35/sq mi)
latitude: 16.0
longitude: 7.0
population: 430,506
comment: Ouham-Pendé is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bozoum. The region contains several ghost towns such as Goroumo, Beogombo Deux and Paoua due to government forces ransacking them and armed bandits killing all the male inhabitants over the years from 2005 to 2008.
alternative label: Ouham-Pendé

Sangha-Mbaere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-SE
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-SE
coordinate: 3°30′N 16°05′E
density: 5.2/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: 16.083
longitude: 3.5
population: 101,074
alternative label: Sangha-Mbaéré

Vakaga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Central African Republic
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CF-VK
area: ISO 3166-2:CF-VK
coordinate: 10°20′N 22°45′E
density: 0.89/km2 (2.3/sq mi)
latitude: 22.75
longitude: 10.333
population: 46,500
comment: Vakaga is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Birao. It covers an area of 46,500 km2 and has a population of 37,595 . The extremely low population density, less than 1 person/km2, is a result of the capture of the majority of the region's inhabitants by slave-traders from the Sudan in the second half of the nineteenth century. Vakaga is known for its oil reserves.

Bouenza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-BZV
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-BZV
coordinate: 4°16′4″S 15°17′31″E
density: 6,400/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
elevation: 320 m (1,050 ft)
latitude: 15.29194
longitude: -4.26778
population: 1,696,392
comment: Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo . Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .

Brazzaville
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-11
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-11
coordinate: 04°09′13″S 13°33′00″E
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: 13.55
longitude: -4.15361
population: 309,073
comment: Bouenza is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southern part of the country. It borders the departments of Lékoumou, Niari, and Pool, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The regional capital is Madingou. Towns and cities include Loudima, Mouyondzi, Loutété and Nkayi.

Cuvette
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-8
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-8
coordinate: 0°29′S 15°54′E
density: 3.2/km2 (8.4/sq mi)
latitude: 15.9
longitude: -0.483
population: 156,044
comment: Cuvette is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the central part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette-Ouest, Likouala, Plateaux, and Sangha, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital is Owando. Cities and towns include Boundji, Makoua and Okoyo.

Cuvette-Ouest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-15
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-15
coordinate: 0°52′00″S 14°49′00″E
density: 2.7/km2 (7.1/sq mi)
latitude: 14.8167
longitude: -0.866667
population: 72,999
comment: Cuvette-Ouest is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the western part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette and Sangha, and Gabon. The capital is Ewo. Principal cities and towns include Kelle.

Kouilou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-5
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-5
coordinate: 0°52′00″S 14°49′00″E
density: 6.7/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: 14.8167
longitude: -0.866667
population: 91,955
comment: Kouilou is a department of the Republic of the Congo. Covering the country's coastline, it has an area of 13,650 square kilometres and at the start of 2007 it was home to about 91,955 people. The department borders Niari Department, the commune of Pointe-Noire, and internationally, Gabon and the Cabinda area of Angola. The regional capital was Hinda. Principal cities and towns include Madingo-Kayes and Mvouti.

Lekoumou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-2
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-2
coordinate: 0°52′00″S 14°49′00″E
density: 4.6/km2 (12/sq mi)
latitude: 14.8167
longitude: -0.866667
population: 96,393
comment: Lékoumou is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, and the nation of Gabon. The regional capital is Sibiti. Principal cities and towns include Komono and Zanaga.
alternative label: Lékoumou

Likouala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-7
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-7
coordinate: 1°38′N 18°04′E
density: 1.8/km2 (4.7/sq mi)
latitude: 18.067
longitude: 1.633
population: 120,000
comment: Likouala is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the northern part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette and Sangha, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. The region has an area of 66,044 km² and an estimated population of almost 90,000. The chief town is Impfondo. Principal cities and towns include Epena and Dongou.

Niari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-9
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-9
coordinate: 4°12′S 12°40′E
density: 8.9/km2 (23/sq mi)
latitude: 12.667
longitude: -4.2
population: 231,271
comment: Niari is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the western part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Kouilou, and Lékoumou, and internationally, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Cabinda portion of Angola. The regional capital is Dolisie.

Plateaux
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-14
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-14
coordinate: 2°00′00″S 15°30′00″E
density: 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi)
latitude: 15.441667
longitude: -1.941667
population: 174,591
comment: Plateaux is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the central part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette, Lékoumou, and Pool, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the east and Gabon on the west. The regional capital is Djambala. Principal cities and towns include Gamboma and Lekana.

Pointe-Noire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-16
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-16
coordinate: 04°46′43″S 11°51′49″E
density: 16,000/km2 (42,000/sq mi)
elevation: 14 m (46 ft)
latitude: 11.86361
longitude: -4.77861
population: 715,334
comment: Pointe-Noire is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department since 2004. Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region . It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and has a population of 715,334, expanding to well over 1 million when the entire metropolitan area is taken into account.

Pool
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-12
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-12
coordinate: 3°34′S 14°46′E
density: 7.0/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: 14.767
longitude: -3.567
population: 236,595
comment: Pool is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southeastern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Lékoumou, and Plateaux. Internationally, it borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It also surrounds the commune district of the national capital, Brazzaville.

Sangha
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Congo
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CG-13
area: ISO 3166-2:CG-13
coordinate: 1°20′00″N 15°30′00″E
density: 1.5/km2 (4.0/sq mi)
latitude: 15.325928
longitude: 1.768518
population: 85,738
comment: Sangha is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the northern part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, and Likouala, and internationally, Cameroon, Gabon and the Central African Republic. The regional capital is Ouésso. Principal towns include Sembé and Souanké.

Aargau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-AG
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-AG
coordinate: 47°5′N 8°0′E
density: 490/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: 8.0
longitude: 47.083
population: 685,845
comment: Aargau, more formally the Canton of Aargau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eleven districts and its capital is Aarau.

Appenzell Innerrhoden
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-AI
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-AI
coordinate: 47°18′N 9°24′E
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 9.4
longitude: 47.3
population: 16,128
comment: Appenzell Innerrhoden is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of six districts. The seat of the government and parliament is Appenzell. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Appenzell Ausserrhoden.

Appenzell Ausserrhoden
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-AR
coordinate: 47°3′N 9°1′E
density: 230/km2 (590/sq mi)
latitude: 9.017
longitude: 47.05
population: 55,445
comment: Appenzell Ausserrhoden is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of twenty municipalities. The seat of the government and parliament is Herisau, and the seat of judicial authorities are in Trogen. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Appenzell Innerrhoden.

Bern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-BE
coordinate: 46°50′N 7°37′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 7.617
longitude: 46.833
population: 1,039,474
comment: The canton of Bern or Berne is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of ten districts and its capital city is Bern which is also the federal city of Switzerland. The bear is the heraldic symbol of the canton, displayed on a red-yellow background.

Basel-Landschaft
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-BL
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-BL
coordinate: 47°7′N 7°44′E
density: 560/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: 7.733
longitude: 47.117
population: 290,765
comment: Basel-Landschaft or Basle-Country, informally known as Baselland or Baselbiet, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts and its capital city is Liestal. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Basel-Stadt, its urban counterpart.

Basel-Stadt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-BS
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-BS
coordinate: 47°34′N 7°36′E
density: 5,500/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
latitude: 7.6
longitude: 47.567
population: 201,469
comment: Basel-Stadt or Basle-City Bâle-Ville; Italian: Basilea Città; Romansh: Basilea-Citad) is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of three municipalities and its capital city is Basel. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Basel-Landschaft, its rural counterpart.

Fribourg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-FR
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-FR
coordinate: 46°43′N 7°5′E
density: 190/km2 (500/sq mi)
latitude: 7.083
longitude: 46.717
population: 321,783
comment: The canton of Fribourg, also canton of Freiburg is located in western Switzerland. The canton is bilingual, with French spoken by two thirds of the citizens and German by about one third. Both are official languages in the canton. The canton takes its name from its capital city of Fribourg.

Geneve
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-GE
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-GE
coordinate: 46°2′N 6°7′E
density: 1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi)
latitude: 6.117
longitude: 46.033
population: 504,128
comment: The Canton of Geneva, officially the Republic and Canton of Geneva, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of forty-five municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in the City of Geneva.
alternative label: Genève

Glarus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-GL
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-GL
coordinate: 46°59′N 9°4′E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 9.067
longitude: 46.983
population: 40,590
comment: The canton of Glarus is a canton in east central Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. The population speaks a variety of Alemannic German. The majority of the population identifies as Christian, about evenly split between the Protestant and Catholic denominations.

Graubunden
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-GR
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-GR
coordinate: 46°45′N 9°30′E
density: 28/km2 (73/sq mi)
latitude: 9.5
longitude: 46.75
population: 199,021
comment: The Grisons or Graubünden, more formally the canton of the Grisons or the canton of Graubünden, is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It has eleven regions, and its capital is Chur. The German name of the canton, Graubünden, translates as the "Grey Leagues", referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, the Three Leagues. The other native names also refer to the Grey League. The Alpine ibex is the canton's heraldic symbol.
alternative label: Graubünden

Jura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-JU
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-JU
coordinate: 47°22′N 7°9′E
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 7.15
longitude: 47.367
population: 73,584
comment: The Republic and Canton of Jura, less formally the Canton of Jura or Canton Jura, is the newest of the 26 Swiss cantons, located in the northwestern part of Switzerland. The capital is Delémont. It shares borders with the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the canton of Bern, the canton of Neuchatel, the canton of Solothurn, and the French régions of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and Grand Est.

Luzern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-LU
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-LU
coordinate: 47°5′N 8°7′E
density: 280/km2 (720/sq mi)
latitude: 8.117
longitude: 47.083
population: 413,120
comment: The canton of Lucerne is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population of the canton is 413,120. As of 2007, the population included 57,268 foreigners, or about 15.8% of the total population. The cantonal capital is Lucerne.

Neuchatel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-NE
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-NE
coordinate: 46°59′N 6°47′E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 6.783
longitude: 46.983
population: 176,496
comment: The Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel is a French-speaking canton in western Switzerland. In 2007, its population was 169,782, of whom 39,654 were foreigners. The capital is Neuchâtel.
alternative label: Neuchâtel

Nidwalden
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-NW
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-NW
coordinate: 46°56′N 8°4′E
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: 8.067
longitude: 46.933
population: 43,087
comment: Nidwalden, also Nidwald is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eleven municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in Stans. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Obwalden.

Obwalden
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-OW
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-OW
coordinate: 46°52′N 8°2′E
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 8.033
longitude: 46.867
population: 37,930
comment: Obwalden, also Obwald, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of seven municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in Sarnen. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Nidwalden.

Sankt Gallen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-SG
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-SG
coordinate: 47°20′N 9°10′E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 9.167
longitude: 47.333
population: 510,734
comment: The canton of St. Gallen, also canton of St Gall, is a canton of Switzerland. The capital is St. Gallen.

Schaffhausen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-SH
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-SH
coordinate: 47°43′N 8°34′E
density: 280/km2 (710/sq mi)
latitude: 8.567
longitude: 47.717
population: 82,348
comment: The canton of Schaffhausen, also canton of Schaffouse is the northernmost canton of Switzerland. The principal city and capital of the canton is Schaffhausen. The canton's territory is divided into three non-contiguous segments, where German territory reaches the Rhine. The large central part, which includes the capital, in turn separates the German exclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein from the rest of Germany.

Solothurn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-SO
coordinate: 47°9′N 7°38′E
density: 350/km2 (900/sq mi)
latitude: 7.633
longitude: 47.15
population: 275,247
comment: The canton of Solothurn or canton of Soleure is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.

Schwyz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-SZ
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-SZ
coordinate: 47°4′N 8°45′E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 8.75
longitude: 47.067
population: 160,480
comment: The canton of Schwyz is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zürich in the north, centered on and named after the town of Schwyz.

Thurgau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-TG
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-TG
coordinate: 47°35′N 9°4′E
density: 280/km2 (730/sq mi)
latitude: 9.067
longitude: 47.583
population: 279,547
comment: Thurgau, anglicized as Thurgovia, more formally the Canton of Thurgau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts and its capital is Frauenfeld.

Ticino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-TI
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-TI
coordinate: 46°19′N 8°49′E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 8.817
longitude: 46.317
population: 351,491
comment: Ticino, sometimes Tessin, officially the Republic and Canton of Ticino or less formally the Canton of Ticino, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eight districts and its capital city is Bellinzona. It is also traditionally divided into the Sopraceneri and the Sottoceneri, respectively north and south of Monte Ceneri. Red and blue are the colours of its flag.

Uri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-UR
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-UR
coordinate: 46°47′N 8°37′E
density: 34/km2 (88/sq mi)
latitude: 8.617
longitude: 46.783
population: 36,703
comment: The canton of Uri is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland and a founding member of the Swiss Confederation. It is located in Central Switzerland. The canton's territory covers the valley of the Reuss between the St. Gotthard Pass and Lake Lucerne.

Vaud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-VD
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-VD
coordinate: 46°37′N 6°33′E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 6.55
longitude: 46.617
population: 805,098
comment: Vaud Waadt, pronounced or ), more formally the canton of Vaud, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of ten districts and its capital city is Lausanne. Its flag bears the motto "Liberté et patrie" on a white-green background.

Valais
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-VS
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-VS
coordinate: 46°4′N 7°36′E
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 7.6
longitude: 46.067
population: 345,525
comment: Valais, or Wallis, more formally the Canton of Valais, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of thirteen districts and its capital and largest city is Sion. The flag of the canton is made of thirteen stars representing the districts, on a white-red background.

Zug
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-ZG
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-ZG
coordinate: 47°0′N 8°31′E
density: 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 8.517
longitude: 47.0
population: 127,642
comment: The canton of Zug, also Zoug ; German pronunciation: ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. At 239 km2 (92 sq mi) the canton is one of the smallest of the Swiss cantons in terms of area. It is not subdivided into districts, but eleven municipalities.

Zurich
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Switzerland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CH-ZH
area: ISO 3166-2:CH-ZH
coordinate: 47°22′N 8°33′E
density: 890/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: 8.55
longitude: 47.367
population: 1,539,275
comment: The canton of Zürich is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of 1,539,275, it is the most populous canton in the country. Its capital is the city of Zürich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called Züritüütsch, is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut.
alternative label: Zürich

Abidjan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-AB
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-AB
coordinate: 5°19′N 4°2′W
density: 1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)
elevation: 18 m (59 ft)
latitude: -4.033
longitude: 5.317
population: 3,677,115
comment: Abidjan is the economic capital of the Ivory Coast and one of the most populous French-speaking cities in Africa. According to the 2014 census, Abidjan's population was 4.7 million, which is 20 percent of the overall population of the country, and this also makes it the sixth most populous city proper in Africa, after Lagos, Cairo, Kinshasa, Dar es Salaam, and Johannesburg. A cultural crossroads of West Africa, Abidjan is characterised by a high level of industrialisation and urbanisation.

Bas-Sassandra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-BS
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-BS
coordinate: 5°30′N 6°40′W
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -6.667
longitude: 5.5
population: 2,280,548
comment: Bas-Sassandra District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southwest part of the country. The capital of the district is San-Pédro.

Comoe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-CM
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-CM
coordinate: 6°44′N 3°29′W
density: 85/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -3.483
longitude: 6.733
population: 1,203,052
comment: Comoé District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southeast corner of the country, bordering Ghana to the east, Zanzan District to the north, Lacs District and Lagunes District to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The capital of the district is Abengourou.
alternative label: Comoé

Denguele
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-DN
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-DN
coordinate: 9°30′N 7°34′W
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: -7.567
longitude: 9.5
population: 289,779
comment: Denguélé District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northwest corner of the country. The capital of the district is Odienné.
alternative label: Denguélé

Goh-Djiboua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-GD
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-GD
coordinate: 6°8′N 5°56′W
density: 91/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -5.933
longitude: 6.133
population: 1,605,286
comment: Gôh-Djiboua District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southwest corner of the country. The capital of the district is Gagnoa.
alternative label: Gôh-Djiboua

Lacs
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-LC
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-LC
coordinate: 6°39′N 4°42′W
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -4.7
longitude: 6.65
population: 1,258,604
comment: Lacs District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Dimbokro.

Lagunes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-LG
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-LG
coordinate: 5°56′N 4°13′W
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -4.217
longitude: 5.933
population: 1,478,047
comment: Lagunes District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southern part of the country. The capital of the district is Dabou.

Montagnes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-MG
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-MG
coordinate: 7°24′N 7°33′W
density: 76/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -7.55
longitude: 7.4
population: 2,371,920
comment: Montagnes District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the western part of the country, bordering Liberia and Guinea to the west, Woroba District to the north, Sassandra-Marahoué District to the east, and Bas-Sassandra District to the south. The capital of the district is Man.

Sassandra-Marahoue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-SM
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-SM
coordinate: 6°53′N 6°27′W
density: 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -6.45
longitude: 6.883
population: 2,293,304
comment: Sassandra-Marahoué District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Daloa.
alternative label: Sassandra-Marahoué

Savanes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-SV
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-SV
coordinate: 9°25′N 5°37′W
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -5.617
longitude: 9.417
population: 1,607,497
comment: Savanes District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northernmost part of the country. The capital of the district is Korhogo.

Vallee du Bandama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-VB
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-VB
coordinate: 8°8′N 5°6′W
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -5.1
longitude: 8.133
population: 1,440,826
comment: Vallée du Bandama District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the north-central part of the country. The capital of the district is Bouaké.
alternative label: Vallée du Bandama

Woroba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-WR
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-WR
coordinate: 8°29′N 6°36′W
density: 27/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: -6.6
longitude: 8.483
population: 845,139
comment: Woroba District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northeast part of the country. The capital of the district is Séguéla.

Yamoussoukro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-YM
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-YM
coordinate: 06°48′58″N 05°16′27″W
latitude: -5.27417
longitude: 6.81611
population: 361,893 (City) 415,020 (District)
comment: Yamoussoukro is the de jure capital of Ivory Coast and an autonomous district. As of the 2014 census, Yamoussoukro is the fifth most populous city in Ivory Coast with a population of 355,573 inhabitants. Located 240 kilometers north-west of Abidjan, Yamoussoukro covers 3,500 square kilometers among rolling hills and plains.

Zanzan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cote dIvoire
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CI-ZZ
area: ISO 3166-2:CI-ZZ
coordinate: 8°37′N 3°9′W
density: 24/km2 (63/sq mi)
latitude: -3.15
longitude: 8.617
population: 934,352
comment: Zanzan District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northeast of the country. The capital of the district is Bondoukou.

Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-AI
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-AI
coordinate: 43°34′12″S 72°03′58″W
density: 0.94/km2 (2.4/sq mi)
elevation: 4,058 m (13,314 ft)
latitude: -72.06611
longitude: -43.57
population: 102,317
comment: The Aysén Region, often shortened to Aysén Region or Aisén, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Although the third largest in area, the region is Chile's most sparsely populated region with a population of 102,317 as of 2017. The capital of the region is Coihaique, the region's former namesake.
alternative label: Aisén del General Carlos Ibañez

Antofagasta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-AN
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-AN
coordinate: 23°38′39″S 70°24′39″W
density: 4.8/km2 (12/sq mi)
elevation: 6,723 m (22,057 ft)
latitude: -70.41083
longitude: -23.64417
population: 599,335
comment: The Antofagasta Region is one of Chile's sixteen first-order administrative divisions. The second-largest region of Chile in area, it comprises three provinces, Antofagasta, El Loa and Tocopilla. It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá, by Atacama to the south, and to the east by Bolivia and Argentina. The region's capital is the port city of Antofagasta; another one of its important cities is Calama. The region's main economic activity is copper mining in its giant inland porphyry copper systems.

Araucania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-AR
coordinate: 38°54′S 72°40′W
density: 29/km2 (76/sq mi)
elevation: 3,125 m (10,253 ft)
latitude: -72.667
longitude: -38.9
population: 938,626
comment: The Araucanía, Araucanía Region is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions, and comprises two provinces: Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south. Its capital and largest city is Temuco; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica.
alternative label: Araucanía

Atacama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-AT
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-AT
coordinate: 27°22′00″S 70°19′56″W
density: 4.0/km2 (10/sq mi)
elevation: 6,891.3 m (22,609.3 ft)
latitude: -70.33222
longitude: -27.36667
population: 300,000
comment: The Atacama Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It comprises three provinces: Chañaral, Copiapó and Huasco. It is bordered to the north by Antofagasta, to the south by Coquimbo, to east with Provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan of Argentina, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. The regional capital Copiapó is located at 806 km north of the country's capital of Santiago. The region occupies the southern portion of the Atacama Desert, the rest of the desert is mainly distributed among the other regions of Norte Grande.

Bio-Bio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-BI
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-BI
coordinate: 36°50′S 73°03′W
density: 65/km2 (170/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -73.05
longitude: -36.833
population: 1,557,414
comment: The Biobío Region, is one of Chile's sixteen regions . With a population of 1.5 million, thus being the third most populated region in Chile, it is divided into three provinces: Arauco, Biobío and Concepción. The latter contains its capital and largest city, Concepción, a major city and metro area in the country. Los Ángeles, capital of the Biobío Province, is another important city in the region.
alternative label: Bío-Bío

Coquimbo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-CO
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-CO
coordinate: 29°54′28″S 70°15′15″W
density: 18/km2 (47/sq mi)
elevation: 6,216 m (20,394 ft)
latitude: -70.25417
longitude: -29.90778
population: 742,178
comment: The Coquimbo Region is one of Chile's 16 regions . It is bordered by Atacama to the north, Valparaíso to the south, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is approximately 400 kilometres north of the national capital, Santiago.

OHiggins
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-LI
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-LI
coordinate: 34°10′02″S 70°43′37″W
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -70.72694
longitude: -34.16722
population: 908,545
comment: The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region, often shortened to O'Higgins Region, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It is subdivided into three provinces. It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, one of Chile's founding fathers.

Los Lagos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-LL
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-LL
coordinate: 41°28′18″S 72°56′12″W
density: 17/km2 (44/sq mi)
elevation: 2,450 m (8,040 ft)
latitude: -72.93667
longitude: -41.47167
population: 823,204
comment: Los Lagos Region is one of Chile's 16 regions, which are first order administrative divisions, and comprises four provinces: Chiloé, Llanquihue, Osorno and Palena. The region contains the country's second largest island, Chiloé, and the second largest lake, Llanquihue. Its capital is Puerto Montt; other important cities include Osorno, Castro, Ancud, and Puerto Varas. The mainland portion of Los Lagos Region south of Reloncaví Sound is considered part of Patagonia.

Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-MA
coordinate: 53°10′S 70°56′W
density: 1.3/km2 (3.2/sq mi)
elevation: 3,623 m (11,886 ft)
latitude: -70.933
longitude: -53.167
population: 165,593
comment: The Magallanes Region, officially the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It is the southernmost, largest, and second least populated region of Chile. It comprises four provinces: Última Esperanza, Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, and Antártica Chilena.
alternative label: Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena

Maule
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-ML
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-ML
coordinate: 35°26′S 71°40′W
density: 34/km2 (88/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -71.667
longitude: -35.433
population: 1,033,197
comment: The Maule Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca. The region derives its name from the Maule River which, running westward from the Andes, bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2. The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because, among other reasons, it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire.

Santiago
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-RM
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-RM
coordinate: 33°26′16″S 70°39′01″W
density: 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
elevation: 6,570 m (21,560 ft)
latitude: -70.65028
longitude: -33.43778
population: 7,036,792
comment: Santiago Metropolitan Region is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

Tarapaca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-TA
coordinate: 20°17′S 69°20′W
density: 7.8/km2 (20/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -69.333
longitude: -20.283
population: 324,930
comment: The Tarapacá Region is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It comprises two provinces, Iquique and Tamarugal. It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north, Bolivia's Oruro Department and Potosí Department on the east, Chile's Antofagasta Region to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The port city of Iquique is the region's capital.
alternative label: Tarapacá

Valparaiso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-VS
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-VS
coordinate: 33°3′47″S 71°38′22″W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -71.63944
longitude: -33.06306
population: 1,790,219
comment: The Valparaíso Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. With the country's second highest population of 1,790,219 in 2017, and fourth smallest area of 16,396.1 km2, the region is Chile's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast.
alternative label: Valparaíso

Arica y Parinacota
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-AP
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-AP
coordinate: 18°28′30″S 70°18′52″W
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
elevation: 6,342 m (20,807 ft)
latitude: -70.31444
longitude: -18.475
population: 224,548
comment: The Arica y Parinacota Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It comprises two provinces, Arica and Parinacota. It borders Peru's Department of Tacna to the north, Bolivia's La Paz and Oruro departments to the east and Chile's Tarapacá Region to the south. Arica y Parinacota is the 5th smallest, the 3rd least populous and the 6th least densely populated of the regions of Chile. Arica is the region's capital and largest city.

Los Rios
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-LR
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-LR
coordinate: 39°48′30″S 73°14′30″W
density: 21/km2 (53/sq mi)
elevation: 2,236 m (7,336 ft)
latitude: -73.24167
longitude: -39.80833
population: 380,181
comment: The Los Ríos Region is one of Chile's 16 regions, the country's first-order administrative divisions. Its capital is Valdivia. It began to operate as a region on October 2, 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province, which was formerly part of Valdivia Province.
alternative label: Los Ríos

Nuble
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Chile
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CL-NB
area: ISO 3166-2:CL-NB
coordinate: 36°37′00″S 71°57′00″W
density: 36/km2 (94/sq mi)
latitude: -71.95
longitude: -36.61667
population: 480,609
comment: The Ñuble Region, officially the Region of Ñuble, is — since 5 September 2018 – one of Chile's sixteen regions. It spans an area of 13,178.5 km2, making it the smallest region in Chile in terms of area, and is administratively constituted by 21 communes. It has a population of 480,609 inhabitants. Its capital is the city of Chillán.
alternative label: Ñuble

Adamawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-AD
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-AD
coordinate: 7°20′N 13°30′E
density: 8/km²
latitude: 13.5
longitude: 7.333
population: 1,200,970
comment: The Adamawa Region is a constituent region of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Centre and East regions to the south, the Northwest and West regions to the southwest, Nigeria to the west, the Central African Republic to the east, and the North Region to the north.

Centre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-CE
coordinate: 4°45′N 12°00′E
density: 60/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 12.0
longitude: 4.75
population: 4,159,500
comment: The Centre Region occupies 69,000 km² of the central plains of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the north by the Adamawa Region, to the south by the South Region, to the east by the East Region, and to the West by the Littoral and West Regions. It is the second largest of Cameroon's regions in land area. Major ethnic groups include the Bassa, Ewondo, and Vute.

East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-ES
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-ES
coordinate: 4°00′N 14°00′E
density: 7.7/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: 14.0
longitude: 4.0
population: 835,642
comment: The East Region occupies the southeastern portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the east by the Central African Republic, to the south by Congo, to the north by the Adamawa Region, and to the west by the Centre and South Regions. With 109,002 km² of territory, it is the largest region in the nation as well as the most sparsely populated. Historically, the peoples of the East have been settled in Cameroonian territory for longer than any other of the country's many ethnic groups, the first inhabitants being the Baka pygmies.

Far North
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-EN
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-EN
coordinate: 11°00′N 14°30′E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 14.5
longitude: 11.0
population: 3,993,007
comment: The Far North Region, also known as the Extreme North Region, is the northernmost constituent province of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the North Region to the south, Chad to the east, and Nigeria to the west. The capital is Maroua.

Littoral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-LT
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-LT
coordinate: 4°00′N 10°00′E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: 10.0
longitude: 4.0
population: 3,354,978
comment: The Littoral Region is a region of Cameroon. Its capital is Douala. As of 2004, its population was 3,174,437. Its name is due to the region being largely littoral, and associated with the sea coast.

North
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-NO
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-NO
coordinate: 8°30′N 14°00′E
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
latitude: 14.0
longitude: 8.5
population: 2,442,578
comment: The North Region makes up 66,090 km² of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon. Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north, the Adamawa Region to the south, Nigeria to the west, Chad to the east, and Central African Republic to the southeast. The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital. Garoua is Cameroon's third largest port, despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year.

Northwest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-NW
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-NW
coordinate: 6°20′N 10°30′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: 10.5
longitude: 6.333
population: 1,968,578
comment: The Northwest Region, or North-West Region is one of ten regions in Cameroon. Its regional capitol is Bamenda. The Northwest Region is part of the Southern Cameroons, found in the western highlands of Cameroon. It is bordered to the southwest by the Southwest Region, to the south by the West Region, to the east by the Adamawa Region, and to the north by the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Various Ambazonian nationalist and separatist factions regard the region as being distinct as a polity from Cameroon.

South
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-SU
coordinate: 2°30′N 11°45′E
density: 16/km2 (41/sq mi)
latitude: 11.75
longitude: 2.5
population: 749,552
comment: The South Region is located in the southwestern and south-central portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the east by the East Region, to the north by the Centre Region, to the northwest by the Littoral Region, to the west by the Gulf of Guinea, and to the south by the countries of Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Congo. The South occupies 47,720 km2 of territory, making it the fourth largest region in the nation. The major ethnic groups are the various Beti-Pahuin peoples, such as the Ewondo, Fang, and Bulu.

Southwest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-SW
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-SW
coordinate: 4°10′N 9°14′E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 9.233
longitude: 4.167
population: 1,553,320
comment: The Southwest Region or South-West Region is a region in Cameroon. Its capital is Buea. As of 2015, its population was 1,553,320. Along with the Northwest Region, it is one of the two anglophone regions of Cameroon. Various Ambazonian nationalist and separatist factions regard the Sud-Ouest region as being distinct as a polity from Cameroon.

West
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cameroon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CM-OU
area: ISO 3166-2:CM-OU
coordinate: 5°30′N 10°30′E
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: 10.5
longitude: 5.5
population: 2,770,400
comment: The West Region is 14,000 km² of territory located in the central-western portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Northwest Region to the northwest, the Adamawa Region to the northeast, the Centre Region to the southeast, the Littoral Region to the southwest, and the Southwest Region to the west. The West Region is the smallest of Cameroon's ten regions in area, yet it has the highest population density.

Beijing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-11
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-11
coordinate: 39°54′24″N 116°23′51″E
density: 1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
elevation: 43.5 m (142.7 ft)
latitude: 116.3975
longitude: 39.90667
population: 21,893,095
comment: Beijing, alternatively romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 million residents within an administrative area of 16,410.5 km2 . It is located in Northern China, and is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the State Council with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is mostly surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jingjinji megalopolis and the national capital region of China.

Tianjin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-12
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-12
coordinate: 39°08′01″N 117°12′19″E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
elevation: 5 m (16 ft)
latitude: 117.2054
longitude: 39.1336
population: 13,866,009
comment: Tianjin /tjɛnˈtʃiːn/, alternately romanized as Tientsin, is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016. Its built-up area, made up of 12 central districts, was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration and 11th-most populous city proper.

Hebei
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-13
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-13
coordinate: 39°18′N 116°42′E
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
elevation: 2,882 m (9,455 ft)
latitude: 116.7
longitude: 39.3
population: 74,610,235
comment: Hebei /həˈbeɪ/ is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the North China region. The modern province was established in 1911 as Chihli Province . Its capital and largest city is Shijiazhuang. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀", named after Ji Province, a Han dynasty province that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei literally means "north of the river", referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River.

Shanxi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-14
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-14
coordinate: 37°42′N 112°24′E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
elevation: 3,058 m (10,033 ft)
latitude: 112.4
longitude: 37.7
population: 34,915,616
comment: Shanxi is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi and Datong. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋", after the state of Jin that existed there during the Spring and Autumn period.

Nei Mongol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-15
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-15
coordinate: 44°N 113°E
density: 20/km2 (53/sq mi)
elevation: 3,556 m (11,667 ft)
latitude: 113.0
longitude: 44.0
population: 24,049,155
comment: Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is a landlocked autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a small section of China's border with Russia . Its capital is Hohhot; other major cities include Baotou, Chifeng, Tongliao and Ordos.

Liaoning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-21
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-21
coordinate: 41°06′N 122°18′E
density: 290/km2 (760/sq mi)
elevation: 1,336 m (4,383 ft)
latitude: 122.3
longitude: 41.1
population: 42,591,407
comment: Liaoning /ljaʊˈnɪŋ/, is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost coastal province of the People's Republic of China.

Jilin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-22
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-22
coordinate: 43°42′N 126°12′E
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
elevation: 2,744 m (9,003 ft)
latitude: 126.2
longitude: 43.7
population: 24,073,453
comment: Jilin /dʒiːˈlɪn/ is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale.

Heilongjiang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-23
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-23
coordinate: 48°N 129°E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
elevation: 1,690 m (5,540 ft)
latitude: 129.0
longitude: 48.0
population: 31,850,088
comment: Heilongjiang, formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country. The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area and the 15th-most populous.

Shanghai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-31
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-31
coordinate: 31°13′43″N 121°28′29″E
density: 3,900/km2 (10,000/sq mi)
elevation: 4 m (13 ft)
latitude: 121.47472
longitude: 31.22861
population: 24,870,895
comment: Shanghai /ʃæŋˈhaɪ/ is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China, governed by the State Council. The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. With a population of 24.87 million as of 2020, it is the most populous urban area in China, the most populous city proper in the world and the only city in East Asia with GDP greater than its corresponding capital's. Shanghai is a global center for finance, business and economics, research, education, science and technology, manufacturing, tourism, culture and transportation, and the Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port.

Jiangsu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-32
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-32
coordinate: 32°54′N 119°48′E
density: 830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
elevation: 625 m (2,051 ft)
latitude: 119.8
longitude: 32.9
population: 84,748,016
comment: Jiangsu is an eastern-central coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous and the most densely populated of the 23 provinces of the People's Republic of China. Jiangsu has the highest GDP per capita of Chinese provinces and second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometres along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province.

Zhejiang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-33
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-33
coordinate: 29°12′N 120°30′E
density: 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
elevation: 1,929 m (6,329 ft)
latitude: 120.5
longitude: 29.2
population: 64,567,588
comment: Zhejiang is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north, Anhui to the northwest, Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south. To the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lies the Ryukyu Islands. The population of Zhejiang stands at 64.6 million, the 8th highest among China. Other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. It has been called 'the backbone of China' due to being a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable persons, including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma. Zhejiang consists of 90 counties .

Anhui
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-34
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-34
coordinate: 31°50′N 117°0′E
density: 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
elevation: 1,873 m (6,145 ft)
latitude: 117.0
longitude: 31.833
population: 61,027,171
comment: Anhui /ænˈhweɪ/ is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, bordering Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a short section in the north.

Fujian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-35
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-35
coordinate: 25°54′N 118°18′E
density: 340/km2 (890/sq mi)
elevation: 2,158 m (7,080 ft)
latitude: 118.3
longitude: 25.9
population: 41,540,086
comment: Fujian /ˌfuːdʒiˈæn/ is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou, while its largest city by population is Quanzhou, both located near the coast of the Taiwan Strait in the east of the province.

Jiangxi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-36
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-36
coordinate: 27°18′N 116°00′E
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
elevation: 2,158 m (7,080 ft)
latitude: 116.0
longitude: 27.3
population: 45,188,635
comment: Jiangxi is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Nanchang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest.

Shandong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-37
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-37
coordinate: 36°24′N 118°24′E
density: 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
elevation: 1,545 m (5,069 ft)
latitude: 118.4
longitude: 36.4
population: 101,527,453
comment: Shandong /ʃænˈdʊŋ/ is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.

Henan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-41
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-41
coordinate: 33°54′N 113°30′E
density: 600/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
elevation: 2,413.8 m (7,919.3 ft)
latitude: 113.5
longitude: 33.9
population: 99,365,519
comment: Henan is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou, which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is a birthplace of Chinese civilization, with over 3,000 years of recorded history and remained China's cultural, economic and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago.

Hubei
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-42
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-42
coordinate: 31°12′N 112°18′E
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
elevation: 3,105 m (10,187 ft)
latitude: 112.3
longitude: 31.2
population: 57,752,557
comment: Hubei is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital, Wuhan, serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic hub of central China.

Hunan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-43
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-43
coordinate: 28°06′46″N 112°59′00″E
density: 320/km2 (820/sq mi)
elevation: 2,115.2 m (6,939.6 ft)
latitude: 112.98338
longitude: 28.11265
population: 66,444,864
comment: Hunan is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, Guizhou to the west and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha, which also abuts the Xiang River. With a population of just over 67 million as of 2014 residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km2, it is China's 7th most populous province and the 10th most extensive province by area. Its 2018 nominal GDP was more than US$500 billion, which is among the top 30 largest sub-national economies in the world with its PPP GDP being over US$1 trillion.

Guangdong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-44
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-44
coordinate: 23°24′N 113°30′E
density: 700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
elevation: 1,902 m (6,240 ft)
latitude: 113.5
longitude: 23.4
population: 126,012,510
comment: Guangdong, alternately romanized as Canton Province or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million across a total area of about 179,800 km2, Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area. Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the 4th largest sub-national economy in the world with GDP of 1.66 trillion USD in 2019. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a Chinese megalopolis, is a core for high technology, manufacturing and foreign trade. Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP; Guangzhou, the capital of the province, and Shenzhen, the first special economic zone in the country. These two are among the most populous and important cities in China, and have now become two of the world's most populous megacities.

Guangxi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-45
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-45
coordinate: 23°36′N 108°18′E
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
elevation: 2,141 m (7,024 ft)
latitude: 108.3
longitude: 23.6
population: 50,126,804
comment: Guangxi /ɡwæŋˈʃiː/, officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam and the Gulf of Tonkin. Formerly a province, Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning.

Hainan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-46
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-46
coordinate: 19°12′N 109°42′E
density: 290/km2 (740/sq mi)
elevation: 1,840 m (6,040 ft)
latitude: 109.7
longitude: 19.2
population: 10,081,232
comment: Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China, consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. Hainan Island, the largest and most populous island under PRC administration, makes up the vast majority of the province. "Hainan", the name of the island and the province, literally means "south of the sea", reflecting its position south of the Qiongzhou Strait, which separates it from Guangdong's Leizhou Peninsula and the rest of the Chinese mainland. In the Chinese language, Hainan is officially known as Hainan Dao.

Chongqing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-50
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-50
coordinate: 29°33′49″N 106°33′01″E
density: 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
elevation: 244 m (801 ft)
latitude: 106.5504
longitude: 29.5637
population: 32,054,159
comment: Chongqing, or Chungking, is a municipality in southwest China.

Sichuan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-51
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-51
coordinate: 30°08′N 102°56′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
elevation: 7,556 m (24,790 ft)
latitude: 102.933
longitude: 30.133
population: 83,674,866
comment: Sichuan is a landlocked province in Southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north and the Yungui Plateau to the south. Sichuan's capital city is Chengdu. The population of Sichuan stands at 83 million.

Guizhou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-52
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-52
coordinate: 26°50′N 106°50′E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
elevation: 2,900 m (9,500 ft)
latitude: 106.833
longitude: 26.833
population: 38,562,148
comment: Guizhou /ɡweɪˈdʒoʊ/ is a landlocked province in the southwest region of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among the provinces in China.

Yunnan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-53
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-53
coordinate: 25°03′N 101°52′E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
elevation: 6,740 m (22,110 ft)
latitude: 101.867
longitude: 25.05
population: 47,209,277
comment: Yunnan /juːˈnæn/ is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres and has a population of 48.3 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi, and Tibet as well as Southeast Asian countries: Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.

Xizang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-54
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-54
coordinate: 32°00′00″N 90°00′00″E
density: 3.0/km2 (7.7/sq mi)
elevation: 8,848 m (29,029 ft)
latitude: 108.44908
longitude: 35.63307
population: 3,648,100
comment: The Tibet Autonomous Region or Xizang Autonomous Region, called Tibet or Xizang for short, is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in Southwest China. It was overlayed on the traditional Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Kham.

Shaanxi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-61
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-61
coordinate: 35°36′N 108°24′E
density: 190/km2 (500/sq mi)
elevation: 3,771 m (12,372 ft)
latitude: 108.4
longitude: 35.6
population: 39,528,999
comment: Shaanxi is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia .

Gansu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-62
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-62
coordinate: 38°N 102°E
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
elevation: 5,830 m (19,130 ft)
latitude: 102.0
longitude: 38.0
population: 25,019,831
comment: Gansu is a landlocked province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province.

Qinghai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-63
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-63
coordinate: 35°N 96°E
density: 8.2/km2 (21/sq mi)
elevation: 6,860 m (22,510 ft)
latitude: 96.0
longitude: 35.0
population: 5,923,957
comment: Qinghai /tʃɪŋˈhaɪ/, also called Kokonur, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. As one of the largest province-level administrative divisions of China by area, the province is ranked fourth largest in area and has the third smallest population. Its capital and largest city is Xining.

Ningxia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-64
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-64
coordinate: 36°36′N 105°19′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
elevation: 3,556 m (11,667 ft)
latitude: 105.32
longitude: 36.6
population: 7,202,654
comment: Ningxia /nɪŋˈʃɑː/, officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is a landlocked autonomous region in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was separated from Gansu in 1958 and was reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people, one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.

Xinjiang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-65
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-65
coordinate: 41°N 85°E
density: 16/km2 (40/sq mi)
elevation: 8,611 m (28,251 ft)
latitude: 85.0
longitude: 41.0
population: 25,852,345
comment: Xinjiang /ʃɪnˈdʒæŋ/, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country close to Central Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres and has about 25 million inhabitants. Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions, both administered by China, are claimed by India. Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.

Taiwan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-71
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-71
coordinate: 24°N 121°E
density: 650/km2 (1,683.5/sq mi)
latitude: 121.0
longitude: 24.0
population: 23,568,378
comment: Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a country in East Asia. It shares maritime borders with the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres, with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital is Taipei, which, along with New Taipei and Keelung, forms the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.57 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.

Hong Kong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-91
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-91
coordinate: 22°18′N 114°12′E
density: 6,777/km2 (17,552.3/sq mi)
elevation: 957 m (3,140 ft)
latitude: 114.2
longitude: 22.3
population: 7,500,700
comment: Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.

Macau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: China
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CN-92
area: ISO 3166-2:CN-92
coordinate: 22°12′01″N 113°32′49″E
density: 21,340/km2 (55,270.3/sq mi)
elevation: 172.4 m (565.6 ft)
latitude: 113.52585
longitude: 22.146708
population: 682,800
comment: Macau, also spelled Macao and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city and special administrative region of the People's Republic of China in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. With a population of about 680,000 and an area of 32.9 km2, it is the most densely populated region in the world.

Amazonas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-AMA
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-AMA
coordinate: 4°12′N 69°55′W
density: 0.70/km2 (1.8/sq mi)
latitude: -69.917
longitude: 4.2
population: 76,589
comment: The Amazonas Department is a department of Southern Colombia in the south of the country. It is the largest department in area while also having the 3rd smallest population. Its capital is Leticia and its name comes from the Amazon River, which drains the department.

Antioquia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-ANT
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-ANT
coordinate: 6°13′N 75°34′W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -75.567
longitude: 6.217
population: 6,407,102
comment: The Department of Antioquia is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the central Northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea. Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys, much of which is part of the Andes mountain range. Antioquia has been part of many territorial divisions of former countries created within the present-day territory of Colombia. Prior to adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886, Antioquia State had its own sovereign government.

Arauca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-ARA
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-ARA
coordinate: 7°05′N 70°45′W
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: -70.75
longitude: 7.083
population: 262,174
comment: Arauca Department is a department of Eastern Colombia located in the extreme north of the Orinoco Basin of Colombia, bordering Venezuela. The southern boundary of Arauca is formed by the Casanare and Meta Rivers, separating Arauca from the departments of Casanare and Vichada. To the west, Arauca borders the department of Boyacá. The Caño Limón oil fields located within Arauca account for almost a third of the Colombian oil output. Its capital is the town of Arauca.

Atlantico
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-ATL
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-ATL
coordinate: 10°59′N 74°47′W
density: 750/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: -74.783
longitude: 10.983
population: 2,535,517
comment: Atlántico is a department of Colombia, located in northern Colombia with the Caribbean Sea to its north, the Bolívar Department to its west and south separated by the Canal del Dique, and the Magdalena Department to its east separated by the Magdalena River. It is the third-smallest of the country's departments but its population of 2,535,517 makes it one of the most densely populated.
alternative label: Atlántico

Bolivar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-BOL
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-BOL
coordinate: 10°24′N 75°30′W
density: 80/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -75.5
longitude: 10.4
population: 2,070,110
comment: Bolívar is a department of Colombia. It was named after one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. It is located to the north of the country, extending roughly north–south from the Caribbean coast at Cartagena near the mouth of the Magdalena River, then south along the river to a border with Antioquia Department. The departments of Sucre and Córdoba are located to the west, and Atlántico Department is to the north and east . Across the Magdalena River to the east is Magdalena Department. The flag of the department bears a resemblance to the flag of Lithuania.
alternative label: Bolívar

Boyaca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-BOY
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-BOY
coordinate: 5°32′N 73°22′W
density: 52/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -73.367
longitude: 5.533
population: 1,217,376
comment: Boyacá is one of the thirty-two departments of Colombia, and the remnant of Boyacá State, one of the original nine states of the "United States of Colombia".
alternative label: Boyacá

Caldas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAL
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAL
coordinate: 5°06′N 75°33′W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -75.55
longitude: 5.1
population: 998,255
comment: Caldas is a department of Colombia named after Colombian patriotic figure Francisco José de Caldas. It is part of the Paisa Region and its capital is Manizales. The population of Caldas is 998,255, and its area is 7,291 km². Caldas is also part of the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis region along with the Risaralda and Quindio departments.

Caqueta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAQ
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAQ
coordinate: 1°37′N 75°36′W
density: 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi)
latitude: -75.6
longitude: 1.617
population: 401,849
comment: Caquetá Department is a department of Colombia. Located in the Amazonas region, Caquetá borders with the departments of Cauca and Huila to the west, the department of Meta to the north, the department of Guaviare to the northeast, the department of Vaupés to the east, the departments of Amazonas and Putumayo to the south covering a total area of 88,965 km², the third largest in the country. Its capital is the city of Florencia.
alternative label: Caquetá

Casanare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAS
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAS
coordinate: 5°21′0″N 72°24′36″W
density: 9.4/km2 (24/sq mi)
elevation: 350 m (1,150 ft)
latitude: -72.41
longitude: 5.35
population: 420,504
comment: Casanare Department is a department in the central eastern region of Colombia.

Cauca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAU
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CAU
coordinate: 2°27′N 76°37′W
density: 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -76.617
longitude: 2.45
population: 1,464,488
comment: Cauca Department is a Department of Southwestern Colombia. Located in the southwestern part of the country, facing the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Valle del Cauca Department to the north, Tolima Department to the northeast, Huila Department to the east, and Nariño Department to the south. Putumayo and Caqueta Departments border the southeast portion of Cauca Department as well. It covers a total area of 29,308 km2, the 13th largest in Colombia. Its capital is the city of Popayán. The offshore island of Malpelo belongs to the department. It is located in the southwest of the country, mainly in the Andean and Pacific regions plus a tiny part in the Amazonian region. The area includes 2.56% of the country.

Cesar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CES
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CES
coordinate: 10°29′N 73°15′W
density: 52/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -73.25
longitude: 10.483
population: 1,200,574
comment: Cesar Department or simply Cesar is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the east with the Department of North Santander, and further to the east with the country of Venezuela . The department capital city is Valledupar.

Choco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CHO
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CHO
coordinate: 5°42′N 76°40′W
density: 11/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: -76.667
longitude: 5.7
population: 534,826
comment: Chocó Department is a department of Western Colombia known for its large Afro-Colombian population. It is in the west of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. It contains all of Colombia's border with Panama. Its capital is Quibdó.
alternative label: Chocó

Cordoba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-COR
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-COR
coordinate: 8°45′N 75°53′W
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -75.883
longitude: 8.75
population: 1,784,783
comment: Córdoba Department is a Department of the Republic of Colombia located to the north of this country in the Colombian Caribbean Region. Córdoba faces to the north with the Caribbean Sea, to the northeast with the Sucre Department, east with the Bolívar Department and south with the Antioquia Department. Its capital is the city of Montería.
alternative label: Córdoba

Cundinamarca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-CUN
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-CUN
coordinate: 4°36′N 74°5′W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -74.083
longitude: 4.6
population: 2,919,060
comment: Department of Cundinamarca is one of the departments of Colombia. Its area covers 22,623 square kilometres and it has a population of 2,919,060 as of 2018. It was created on August 5, 1886 under the constitutional terms presented on the same year. Cundinamarca is located in the center of Colombia.

Bogota
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-DC
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-DC
coordinate: 4°42′40″N 74°4′20″W
density: 3,914/km²
elevation: 2,640 m (8,660 ft)
latitude: -74.07222
longitude: 4.71111
population: 7,412,566
comment: Bogotá, officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, as well as the capital of, though not part of, the surrounding department of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative and industrial center of the country.
alternative label: Bogotá

Guainia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-GUA
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-GUA
coordinate: 3°51′55″N 67°55′26″W
density: 0.67/km2 (1.7/sq mi)
latitude: -67.92389
longitude: 3.86528
population: 48,114
comment: Guainía is a department of Eastern Colombia. It is in the east of the country, bordering Venezuela and Brazil. Its capital is Inírida. In 1963 Guainía was split off from Vaupés department. The northern part and the Inírida River are included in the Orinoco basin; the rest is part of the Amazon basin. The Guaviare River is the main area of colonization; many colonos come from the Colombian Andean zone, most of them from Boyacá. They are followed by the llaneros, people from the Eastern plains . The population is mainly composed of Amerindians, and the largest ethnic groups are the Puinaves and the curripacos . There are a total of 24 ethnic groups in the department; many of them speak four Indigenous languages besides Spanish and Portuguese.
alternative label: Guainía

Guaviare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-GUV
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-GUV
coordinate: 2°34′N 72°38′W
density: 1.5/km2 (4.0/sq mi)
latitude: -72.633
longitude: 2.567
population: 82,767
comment: Guaviare is a department of Colombia. It is in the southern central region of the country. Its capital is San José del Guaviare. Guaviare was created on July 4, 1991 by the new Political Constitution of Colombia. Up until that point, it was a national territory that operated as a Commissariat, segregated from territory of the then Commissariat of Vaupés on December 23, 1977.

Huila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-HUI
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-HUI
coordinate: 2°59′55″N 75°18′16″W
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -75.30444
longitude: 2.99861
population: 1,100,386
comment: Huila is one of the departments of Colombia. It is located in the southwest of the country, and its capital is Neiva.

La Guajira
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-LAG
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-LAG
coordinate: 11°33′N 72°54′W
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -72.9
longitude: 11.55
population: 880,560
comment: La Guajira is a department of Colombia. It occupies most of the Guajira Peninsula in the northeast region of the country, on the Caribbean Sea and bordering Venezuela, at the northernmost tip of South America. The capital city of the department is Riohacha.

Magdalena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-MAG
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-MAG
coordinate: 11°14′31″N 74°12′19″W
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -74.20528
longitude: 11.24194
population: 1,341,746
comment: Magdalena is a department of Colombia with more than 1.3 million people, located to the north of the country by the Caribbean Sea. The capital of the Magdalena Department is Santa Marta and was named after the Magdalena River. It inherited the name of one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia that its current territory integrated.

Meta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-MET
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-MET
coordinate: 4°9′N 73°38′W
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: -73.633
longitude: 4.15
population: 1,039,722
comment: Meta is a department of Colombia. It is close to the geographic center of the country, to the east of the Andean mountains. A large portion of the department, which is also crossed by the Meta River, is covered by a grassland plain known as the Llanos. Its capital is Villavicencio. The department has a monument placed in the very geographic centre of Colombia, at a place known as Alto de Menegua, a few kilometers from Puerto López.

Narino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-NAR
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-NAR
coordinate: 01°10′N 77°16′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -77.267
longitude: 1.167
population: 1,630,592
comment: Nariño is a department of Colombia named after independence leader Antonio Nariño. Its capital is Pasto. It is in the west of the country, bordering Ecuador and the Pacific Ocean.
alternative label: Nariño

Norte de Santander
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-NSA
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-NSA
coordinate: 7°54′N 72°30′W
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -72.5
longitude: 7.9
population: 1,491,689
comment: North Santander is a department of Northeastern Colombia. It is in the north of the country, bordering Venezuela. Its capital is Cúcuta, one of the country's major cities.

Putumayo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-PUT
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-PUT
coordinate: 1°09′N 76°37′W
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: -76.617
longitude: 1.15
population: 348,182
comment: Putumayo is a department of Southern Colombia. It is in the south-west of the country, bordering Ecuador and Peru. Its capital is Mocoa.

Quindio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-QUI
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-QUI
coordinate: 4°32′N 75°42′W
density: 290/km2 (760/sq mi)
latitude: -75.7
longitude: 4.533
population: 539,904
comment: Quindío is a department of Colombia. It is in the western central region of the country, crossed by the Andes mountains. Its capital is Armenia. It is famous for the quality of the coffee plantations, colorful architecture, benign weather, variety of hotel accommodations and tourist landmarks. This department is located in a strategic area, in the center of the triangle formed by the three main cities of the country: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. Quindío is the second-smallest Colombian department with 12 municipalities. Ethnographically and culturally it belongs to the Paisa region.
alternative label: Quindío

Risaralda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-RIS
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-RIS
coordinate: 4°49′N 75°42′W
density: 230/km2 (590/sq mi)
latitude: -75.7
longitude: 4.817
population: 943,401
comment: Risaralda is a department of Colombia. It is located in the western central region of the country and part of the Paisa Region. Its capital is Pereira.

Santander
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-SAN
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-SAN
coordinate: 7°8′N 73°0′W
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: -73.0
longitude: 7.133
population: 2,184,837
comment: Santander is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, and the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to the west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga.

San Andres and Providencia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-SAP
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-SAP
coordinate: 12°33′N 81°43′W
density: 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
latitude: -81.717
longitude: 12.55
population: 61,280
comment: The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, or, in everyday language, San Andrés and Providencia, is one of the departments of Colombia. It consists of two island groups in the Caribbean Sea about 775 km northwest of mainland Colombia, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago is called San Andrés and its capital is San Andrés. The other large islands are Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands which lie to the north-east of San Andrés; their capital is Santa Isabel.
alternative label: San Andrés and Providencia

Sucre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-SUC
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-SUC
coordinate: 9°18′N 75°24′W
density: 83/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -75.4
longitude: 9.3
population: 904,863
comment: Sucre is a department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. The department ranks 27th by area, 10,670 km2 and it has a population of 904,863, ranking 20th of all the 32 departments of Colombia. Sucre is bordered by the Caribbean on the northwest; by Bolívar Department on the east and by Córdoba Department on the west.

Tolima
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-TOL
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-TOL
coordinate: 4°26′N 75°14′W
density: 56/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -75.233
longitude: 4.433
population: 1,330,187
comment: Tolima is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region, in the center-west of the country. It is bordered on the north and the west by the department of Caldas; on the east by the department of Cundinamarca; on the south by the department of Huila, and on the west by the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda. Tolima has a surface area of 23,562 km2, and its capital is Ibagué. The department of Tolima was created in 1861 from a part of what was previously Cundinamarca.

Valle del Cauca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-VAC
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-VAC
coordinate: 3°25′N 76°31′W
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: -76.517
longitude: 3.417
population: 4,475,886
comment: Valle del Cauca, or Cauca Valley, is a department of Western Colombia. It is on the western side of the country, abutting the Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Santiago de Cali. Such other cities as Buenaventura, Buga, Valle del Cauca, Cartago, Palmira, Valle del Cauca and Tuluá have great economical, political, social and cultural influence on the department's life. Valle del Cauca has the largest number of independent towns with over 100,000 inhabitants in the country, counting six within its borders. Buenaventura has the largest and busiest seaport in Colombia, moving about 8,500,000 tons of merchandise annually.

Vaupes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-VAU
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-VAU
coordinate: 1°12′N 70°10′W
density: 0.75/km2 (2.0/sq mi)
latitude: -70.167
longitude: 1.2
population: 40,797
comment: Vaupés is a department of Southeastern Colombia in the jungle covered Amazonas Region. It is located in the southeast part of the country, bordering Brazil to the east, the department of Amazonas to the south, Caquetá to the west, and Guaviare, and Guainía to the north; covering a total area of 54,135 km². Its capital is the town of Mitú.
alternative label: Vaupés

Vichada
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Colombia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CO-VID
area: ISO 3166-2:CO-VID
coordinate: 6°11′N 67°28′W
density: 1.1/km2 (2.8/sq mi)
latitude: -67.467
longitude: 6.183
population: 107,808
comment: Vichada Department is a department of the Republic of Colombia in South America. Vichada is located in the eastern plains of Colombia, in the Orinoquía Region within the Orinoco river basin bordering the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the north and east. To the north the department also borders with Arauca Department, to the northwest with Casanare Department, to the west with Meta Department, to the southwest narrowly bordering with Guaviare Department and to the south with Guainía Department. The department is the second largest in Colombia and scarcely populated in comparison to other departments.

Alajuela
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-A
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-A
coordinate: 10°34′N 84°36′W
density: 908/km2 (2,350/sq mi)
latitude: -84.6
longitude: 10.567
population: 885,571
comment: Alajuela is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the north-central part of the country, bordering Nicaragua to the north. It also borders the provinces of Heredia to the east, San José to the south, Puntarenas to the southwest and Guanacaste to the west. As of 2011, the province had a population of 885,571. Alajuela is composed of 16 cantons, which are divided into 111 districts. It covers an area of 9,757.53 square kilometers.

Cartago
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-C
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-C
coordinate: 9°48′N 83°39′W
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: -83.65
longitude: 9.8
population: 490,903
comment: Cartago, which means Carthage in Spanish, is a province of central Costa Rica. It is one of the smallest provinces, however probably the richest of the Spanish Colonial era sites and traditions.

Guanacaste
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-G
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-G
coordinate: 10°26′N 85°24′W
density: 35/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: -85.4
longitude: 10.433
population: 354,154
comment: Guanacaste is a province of Costa Rica located in the northwestern region of the country, along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Alajuela Province to the east, and Puntarenas Province to the southeast. It is the most sparsely populated of all the provinces of Costa Rica. The province covers an area of 10,141 km2 and as of 2010, had a population of 354,154, with annual revenue of $2 million.

Heredia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-H
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-H
coordinate: 10°25′N 84°0′W
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: -84.0
longitude: 10.417
population: 433,677
comment: Heredia is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the north-central part of the country. As a result, the province covers areas as diverse as the agriculture-rich Northern plains to the more metropolitan areas such as the city of Heredia in the Central Valley. It contains several major environmentally important areas such as the Braulio Carrillo National Park and the Sarapiqui River. The capital is the city of Heredia.

Limon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-L
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-L
coordinate: 10°02′N 83°13′W
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -83.22
longitude: 10.03
population: 386,862
comment: Limón is one of seven provinces in Costa Rica. The province covers an area of 9,189 km², and has a population of 386,862.
alternative label: Limón

Puntarenas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-P
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-P
coordinate: 9°58′N 84°50′W
density: 36/km2 (94/sq mi)
latitude: -84.833
longitude: 9.967
population: 410,929
comment: Puntarenas is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the western part of the country, covering most of Costa Rica's Pacific Ocean coast, and it is the largest province in Costa Rica. Clockwise from the northwest it borders on the provinces Guanacaste, Alajuela, San José and Limón, and the neighbouring country of Panama.

San Jose
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Costa Rica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CR-SJ
area: ISO 3166-2:CR-SJ
coordinate: 9°36′N 83°57′W
latitude: -83.95
longitude: 9.6
population: 1,635,144
comment: San José is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the central part of the country, and borders the provinces of Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Cartago and Puntarenas. The provincial and national capital is San José. The province covers an area of 4,965.9 km². and has a population of 1,404,242.
alternative label: San José

Pinar del Rio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-01
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-01
coordinate: 22°30′0″N 83°30′55″W
density: 67/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -83.51528
longitude: 22.5
population: 592,851
comment: The Pinar del Río province is Cuba's westernmost province and contains one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico, divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Órganos. These form a landscape characterised by steep sided limestone hills and flat, fertile valleys. One such topographic feature, the Viñales Valley, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
alternative label: Pinar del Río

La Habana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-02
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-02
coordinate: 22°48′49″N 82°45′48″W
density: 6,700/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
elevation: 59 m (194 ft)
latitude: -82.76333
longitude: 22.81361
population: 4,868,233
comment: La Habana Province, formerly known as Ciudad de La Habana Province, is a province of Cuba that includes the territory of the city of Havana, the Republic's capital. Between 1878 and 2010, the name referred to another province that covered a much larger area, which in 2010 was subdivided into the present-day provinces of Artemisa and Mayabeque.

Ciudad de La Habana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-03
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-03
coordinate: 22°48′49″N 82°45′48″W
density: 6,700/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
elevation: 59 m (194 ft)
latitude: -82.76333
longitude: 22.81361
population: 4,868,233
comment: La Habana Province, formerly known as Ciudad de La Habana Province, is a province of Cuba that includes the territory of the city of Havana, the Republic's capital. Between 1878 and 2010, the name referred to another province that covered a much larger area, which in 2010 was subdivided into the present-day provinces of Artemisa and Mayabeque.

Matanzas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-04
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-04
coordinate: 22°32′2″N 80°54′35″W
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -80.90972
longitude: 22.53389
population: 690,113
comment: Matanzas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Colón, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.

Villa Clara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-05
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-05
coordinate: 22°30′57″N 79°28′20″W
density: 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -79.47222
longitude: 22.51583
population: 803,562
comment: Villa Clara is one of the provinces of Cuba. It is located in the central region of the island bordering with the Atlantic at north, Matanzas Province by west, Sancti Spiritus Province by east, and Cienfuegos Province on the South. Villa Clara shares with Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus on the south the Escambray Mountain Range. Its main cities are Santa Clara, Remedios, Sagua La Grande, Camajuani, Caibarién, Ranchuelo, Placetas, and Manicaragua.

Cienfuegos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-06
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-06
coordinate: 22°16′50″N 80°34′4″W
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -80.56778
longitude: 22.28056
population: 405,481
comment: Cienfuegos is one of the provinces of Cuba. The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819.

Sancti Spiritus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-07
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-07
coordinate: 22°05′2″N 79°29′43″W
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -79.49528
longitude: 22.08389
population: 465,468
comment: Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.
alternative label: Sancti Spíritus

Ciego de Avila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-08
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-08
coordinate: 21°40′56″N 78°37′28″W
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -78.62444
longitude: 21.68222
population: 422,576
comment: Ciego de Ávila is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camagüey Province. Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central, and the second city is Morón, further north.
alternative label: Ciego de Ávila

Camaguey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-09
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-09
coordinate: 21°23′2″N 77°54′26″W
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -77.90722
longitude: 21.38389
population: 782,458
comment: Camagüey is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas.
alternative label: Camagüey

Las Tunas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-10
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-10
coordinate: 20°49′11″N 77°35′3″W
density: 81/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -77.58417
longitude: 20.81972
population: 536,027
comment: Las Tunas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Major towns include Puerto Padre, Amancio, and the capital city, Las Tunas .

Holguin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-11
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-11
coordinate: 20°50′55″N 75°45′9″W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -75.7525
longitude: 20.84861
population: 1,037,161
comment: Holguín is one of the provinces of Cuba, the third most populous after Havana and Santiago de Cuba. It lies in the southeast of the country. Its major cities include Holguín, Banes, Antilla, Mayarí, and Moa.
alternative label: Holguín

Granma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-12
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-12
coordinate: 20°10′7″N 76°56′33″W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -76.9425
longitude: 20.16861
population: 835,675
comment: Granma is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Bayamo. Other towns include Manzanillo and Pilón.

Santiago de Cuba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-13
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-13
coordinate: 20°12′N 75°55′W
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: -75.917
longitude: 20.2
population: 1,047,015
comment: Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. The largest city Santiago de Cuba is the main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano, Contramaestre, San Luis and Songo-la Maya.

Guantanamo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-14
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-14
coordinate: 20°15′00″N 74°45′00″W
density: 83/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -75.20901
longitude: 20.14303
population: 510,863
comment: Guantánamo is the easternmost province of Cuba. Its capital is also called Guantánamo. Other towns include Baracoa. The province has the only land border of the U.S. Navy base at Guantánamo Bay.
alternative label: Guantánamo

Isla de la Juventud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-99
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-99
coordinate: 21°45′N 82°51′W
density: 35/km2 (91/sq mi)
elevation: 303 m (994 ft)
latitude: -82.85
longitude: 21.75
population: 84,751
comment: Isla de la Juventud is the second-largest Cuban island and the seventh-largest island in the West Indies . The island was called the Isle of Pines until 1978. It has an area 2,200 km2 and is 50 km south of the island of Cuba, across the Gulf of Batabanó. The island lies almost directly south of Havana and Pinar del Río and is a Special Municipality, not part of any province and is therefore administered directly by the central government of Cuba. The island has only one municipality, also named Isla de la Juventud.

Artemisa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-15
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-15
coordinate: 22°48′49″N 82°45′48″W
density: 130/km2 (320/sq mi)
elevation: 681 m (2,234 ft)
latitude: -82.76333
longitude: 22.81361
population: 502,312
comment: Artemisa Province is one of the two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province, whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1, 2010, the other being Mayabeque Province. The new provinces came into existence on January 1, 2011.

Mayabeque
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cuba
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CU-16
area: ISO 3166-2:CU-16
coordinate: 22°58′5″N 82°09′21″W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -82.15583
longitude: 22.96806
population: 381,385
comment: Mayabeque Province is one of two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province, whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1, 2010, the other being Artemisa Province. The new provinces came in to existence on January 1, 2011.

Boa Vista
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-BV
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-BV
coordinate: 16°6′N 22°48′W
elevation: 387 m (1270 ft)
latitude: -22.8
longitude: 16.1
population: 14,451 (2015)
comment: Boa Vista, also written as Boavista, is a desert-like island that belongs to the Cape Verde Islands. At 631.1 km2, it is the third largest island of the Cape Verde archipelago.

Santa Catarina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-CA
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-CA
coordinate: 15°06′N 23°43′W
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: -23.71
longitude: 15.1
population: 43,297
comment: Santa Catarina is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the western part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city of Assomada. Its population was 45,920 in 2017 . Its area is 242.6 km2 .

Santa Catarina do Fogo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-CF
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-CF
coordinate: 14°54′N 24°20′W
density: 35/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: -24.33
longitude: 14.9
population: 5,299
comment: Santa Catarina do Fogo is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the southeastern part of the island of Fogo, it covers 32% of the island area, and is home to 14% of its population . Its seat is the city Cova Figueira. The Municipality of Santa Catarina do Fogo was created in 2005; before 2005, it was a parish of the Municipality of São Filipe.

Santa Cruz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-CR
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-CR
coordinate: 15°07′N 23°33′W
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: -23.55
longitude: 15.11
population: 26,617
comment: Santa Cruz is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the eastern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Pedra Badejo. Its population was 26,617 at the 2010 census, and its area is 112.2 km2.

Calheta de Sao Miguel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-CS
coordinate: 15°11′10″N 23°35′35″W
elevation: 12 m (39 ft)
latitude: -23.593
longitude: 15.186
population: 3,175
comment: Calheta de São Miguel is a city in the northern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 3,175. It is on the east coast, 31 km north of the capital Praia. It is the seat of São Miguel municipality.
alternative label: Calheta de São Miguel

Maio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-MA
coordinate: 15°13′N 23°10′W
elevation: 436 m (1430 ft)
latitude: -23.167
longitude: 15.217
population: 6,980 (2015)
comment: Maio is the easternmost of the Sotavento islands of Cape Verde. Maio is located south of the island of Boa Vista and east of Santiago. Administratively, the island forms one concelho : Maio.

Mosteiros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-MO
coordinate: 15°00′N 24°20′W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -24.34
longitude: 15.0
population: 9,524
comment: Mosteiros is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the northeastern part of the island of Fogo, it covers 19% of the island area, and is home to 26% of its population. Its seat is the city Mosteiros . Its population was 9,524 at the 2010 census, and its area is 89.45 km2.

Paul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-PA
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-PA
coordinate: 17°07′N 25°01′W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -25.01
longitude: 17.12
population: 6,997
comment: Paul is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão, it covers 7% of the island area, and is home to 16% of its population . Its seat is the town Pombas.
alternative label: Paúl

Porto Novo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-PN
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-PN
coordinate: 17°02′N 25°10′W
density: 32/km2 (83/sq mi)
latitude: -25.16
longitude: 17.04
population: 18,028
comment: Porto Novo is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the southern part of the island of Santo Antão, it covers 72% of the island area, and is home to 41% of its population. Its population at the 2010 census was 18,028. Its capital is the town Porto Novo. Its highest point, which is also the highest point of the entire island, is Tope de Coroa, elevation 1,979 metres . The municipality of Porto Novo was created in 1962 when the parishes of São João Baptista and Santo André were separated from the older Municipality of Paul.

Praia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-PR
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-PR
coordinate: 14°57′N 23°31′W
density: 1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
latitude: -23.52
longitude: 14.95
population: 131,719
comment: Praia is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the southern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Praia, the capital of Cape Verde. Its area is 120.6 km2, and its population was 131,719 at the 2010 census. The municipality consists of one freguesia, Nossa Senhora da Graça. The city hall is located in the Platô part of the city.

Ribeira Brava
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-RB
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-RB
coordinate: 16°37′N 24°14′W
density: 34/km2 (87/sq mi)
latitude: -24.23
longitude: 16.62
population: 7,580
comment: Ribeira Brava is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the eastern part of the island of São Nicolau, it covers 65% of the island area, and is home to 59% of its population . Its seat is the city Ribeira Brava.

Ribeira Grande
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-RG
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-RG
coordinate: 17°09′N 25°07′W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -25.11
longitude: 17.15
population: 18,890
comment: Ribeira Grande is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the northern part of the island of Santo Antão, it covers one fifth of the island area, and is home to nearly half of its population . Its seat is the city Ponta do Sol.

Ribeira Grande de Santiago
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-RS
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-RS
coordinate: 14°58′N 23°38′W
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -23.64
longitude: 14.97
population: 8,325
comment: Ribeira Grande de Santiago is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the southwestern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Cidade Velha. Its population was 8,325 at the 2010 census, and its area is 137.3 km2.

Sao Domingos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SD
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SD
coordinate: 15°01′N 23°31′W
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -23.52
longitude: 15.02
population: 13,808
comment: São Domingos is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the southeastern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city São Domingos . Its population was 13,699 at the 2010 census, and its area is 147.5 km2.
alternative label: São Domingos

Sao Filipe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SF
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SF
coordinate: 14°56′N 24°26′W
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -24.43
longitude: 14.93
population: 22,248
comment: São Filipe is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the western part of the island of Fogo, it covers 49% of the island area, and is home to 60% of its population . Its seat is the city São Filipe. Agriculture is the main employment of the municipality, followed by tourism.
alternative label: São Filipe

Sal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SL
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SL
coordinate: 16°43′N 22°56′W
elevation: 406 m (1332 ft)
latitude: -22.933
longitude: 16.717
population: 39700 (2019)
comment: Sal is an island in Cape Verde. Sal is a tourist destination with white sandy beaches and over 350 days of sunshine a year. It is one of the three sandy eastern islands of the Cape Verde archipelago in the central Atlantic Ocean, 350 mi off the west coast of Africa. Cabo Verde is known for year-round kiteboarding, for the large reserve of Caretta turtles which hatch from July to September, and the music of Cesaria Evora.

Sao Miguel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SM
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SM
coordinate: 15°11′N 23°38′W
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: -23.64
longitude: 15.19
population: 15,648
comment: São Miguel is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the northeastern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Calheta de São Miguel. Its population was 15,648 at the 2010 census, and its area is 77.4 km2. The municipality was created in 1996, when a parish of the older Municipality of Tarrafal was separated to become the Municipality of São Miguel.
alternative label: São Miguel

Sao Nicolau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SN
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SN
coordinate: 16°36′54″N 24°16′16″W
elevation: 1,312 m (4304 ft)
latitude: -24.271
longitude: 16.615
population: 12,424:36 (2015)
comment: São Nicolau is one of the Barlavento islands of Cape Verde. It is located between the islands of Santa Luzia and Sal. Its population is 12,424 ,:36 with an area of 343 km2 .:25 The main towns are Ribeira Brava and Tarrafal de São Nicolau.
alternative label: São Nicolau

Sao Lourenco dos Orgaos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SO
coordinate: 15°04′N 23°36′W
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: -23.6
longitude: 15.06
population: 7,388
comment: São Lourenço dos Órgãos is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the mountainous central part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city João Teves. Its population was 7,388 at the 2010 census, and its area is 36.9 km2. The municipality is bordered by Santa Cruz to the northeast, São Domingos to the south, Ribeira Grande de Santiago to the southwest and São Salvador do Mundo to the northwest. Pico de Antónia, the island's highest mountain, straddles the borders of São Lourenço dos Órgãos, São Salvador do Mundo and Ribeira Grande de Santiago.
alternative label: São Lourenço dos Órgãos

Sao Salvador do Mundo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SS
coordinate: 15°04′N 23°38′W
density: 330/km2 (850/sq mi)
latitude: -23.63
longitude: 15.07
population: 8,677
comment: São Salvador do Mundo is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the central part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Picos. Its population was 8,677 at the 2010 census, and its area is 26.5 km2, making it the smallest municipality of Cape Verde. The municipality borders Santa Cruz to the northeast, São Lourenço dos Órgãos to the southeast, Ribeira Grande de Santiago to the southwest and Santa Catarina to the northwest.
alternative label: São Salvador do Mundo

Sao Vicente
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-SV
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-SV
coordinate: 16°51′N 24°58′W
elevation: 744 m (2441 ft)
latitude: -24.967
longitude: 16.85
population: 81,014 (2015)
comment: São Vicente is one of the Barlavento Islands, the northern group within the Cape Verde archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, off the west African coast. It is located between the islands of Santo Antão and Santa Luzia, with the Canal de São Vicente separating it from Santo Antão.
alternative label: São Vicente

Tarrafal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-TA
coordinate: 15°16′N 23°43′W
density: 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -23.71
longitude: 15.26
population: 18,565
comment: Tarrafal is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the northern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the town Tarrafal. Its population was 18,565 at the 2010 census, and its area is 120.8 km2.

Tarrafal de Sao Nicolau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CV-TS
area: ISO 3166-2:CV-TS
coordinate: 16°36′N 24°21′W
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -24.35
longitude: 16.6
population: 5,237
comment: Tarrafal de São Nicolau is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the western part of the island of São Nicolau, it covers 35% of the island area, and is home to 41% of its population . Its seat is the town Tarrafal de São Nicolau.
alternative label: Tarrafal de São Nicolau

Brava
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cape Verde
coordinate: 14°52′N 24°42′W
elevation: 976 m (3202 ft)
latitude: -24.7
longitude: 14.867
population: 5,698 (2015)
comment: Brava is an island in Cape Verde, in the Sotavento group. At 62.5 km2, it is the smallest inhabited island of the Cape Verde archipelago, but at the same time the greenest. First settled in the early 16th century, its population grew after Mount Fogo on neighbouring Fogo erupted in 1680. For more than a century, its main industry was whaling, but the island economy is now primarily agricultural.

Kyrenia District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cyprus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY-01
area: ISO 3166-2:CY-01
coordinate: 35°15′00″N 33°16′00″E
latitude: 33.29549
longitude: 35.3154
comment: Kyrenia District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is Kyrenia . It is the smallest of Cyprus' districts, and is the only one controlled in its entirety by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, where the same territory is administered as the de facto Girne District, a distinct entity.

Nicosia District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cyprus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY-02
area: ISO 3166-2:CY-02
coordinate: 35°04′00″N 33°12′00″E
latitude: 33.373623
longitude: 35.167603
population: 334,120 (2011)
comment: Nicosia District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is the island country's capital city, Nicosia. The TRNC-controlled northern part of the district is the Lefkoşa District of the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Famagusta District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cyprus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY-03
area: ISO 3166-2:CY-03
coordinate: 35°20′00″N 33°52′00″E
latitude: 34.070206
longitude: 35.328083
population: 47,338 (2011)
comment: Famagusta District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is the island's most important port, Famagusta.

Larnaca District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cyprus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY-04
area: ISO 3166-2:CY-04
coordinate: 34°57′00″N 33°55′00″E
latitude: 33.514473
longitude: 34.907932
population: 145,365 (2011)
comment: Larnaca District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its capital is Larnaca. It is bordered on the east by Famagusta District, on the north by Nicosia District and on the west by Limassol District.

Limassol District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cyprus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY-05
area: ISO 3166-2:CY-05
coordinate: 34°47′N 32°55′E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 32.917
longitude: 34.783
population: 239,842 (2011)
comment: Limassol District or Lemesos is one of the six districts of Cyprus. As of 2011, it had a population of 239.842, 77% of which was urban. Its main city is Limassol. Part of the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia forms an enclave on the Akrotiri Peninsula, under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

Paphos District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cyprus
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CY-06
area: ISO 3166-2:CY-06
coordinate: 34°50′00″N 32°35′00″E
latitude: 32.531124
longitude: 34.917213
population: 76,100 (2007)
comment: Paphos District is one of the six districts of Cyprus and it is situated in the western part of Cyprus. Its main town and capital is Paphos. The entire district is controlled by the internationally recognized government of Cyprus. There are four municipalities in Paphos District: Paphos, Yeroskipou, Peyia, and Polis Chrysochous.

South Bohemian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-JC
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-JC
coordinate: 49°05′N 14°40′E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
elevation: 1,378 m (4,521 ft)
latitude: 14.667
longitude: 49.083
population: 642,133
comment: South Bohemian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mostly in the southern part of its historical land of Bohemia, with a small part in southwestern Moravia. The western part of the South Bohemian Region is former Prachens, a huge archaic region with distinctive features with its capital, Písek. In 2011, there were 624 municipalities in the region, whereof 54 had a status of a town.

South Moravian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-JM
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-JM
coordinate: 49°10′N 16°35′E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
elevation: 819 m (2,687 ft)
latitude: 16.583
longitude: 49.167
population: 1,187,667
comment: The South Moravian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia . The region's capital is Brno, the nation's 2nd largest city. South Moravia is bordered by the South Bohemian Region, Vysočina Region, Pardubice Region, Olomouc Region, Zlín Region, Trenčín and Trnava Regions, Slovakia and Lower Austria, Austria .

Carlsbad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-KA
coordinate: 50°13′42″N 12°58′00″E
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
elevation: 1,244 m (4,081 ft)
latitude: 12.96667
longitude: 50.22833
population: 294,896
comment: The Karlovy Vary Region or Carlsbad Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the westernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Karlovy Vary. The region is world-famous for its spas, including Karlovy Vary and Mariánské Lázně.

Hradec Kralove
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-KR
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-KR
coordinate: 50°15′00″N 15°40′00″E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
elevation: 1,603 m (5,259 ft)
latitude: 15.85074
longitude: 50.23405
population: 551,021
comment: Hradec Králové Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic located in the north-eastern part of the historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Hradec Králové. The region neighbours the Pardubice Region in the south, the Central Bohemian Region in the south-west, and the Liberec Region in the west. It also shares a 208 km long international border with Polish Lower Silesian Voivodship in the north and the east.
alternative label: Hradec Králové

Liberec
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-LI
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-LI
coordinate: 50°42′36″N 15°0′0″E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
elevation: 1,435 m (4,708 ft)
latitude: 15.0
longitude: 50.71
population: 442,356
comment: Liberec Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the northernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Liberec. The region shares international borders with Germany and Poland. Domestically the region borders the Ústí nad Labem Region to the west, the Central Bohemian Region to the south and the Hradec Králové Region to the east.

Moravian-Silesian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-MO
coordinate: 49°46′48″N 18°1′48″E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
elevation: 1,491 m (4,892 ft)
latitude: 18.03
longitude: 49.78
population: 1,203,299
comment: The Moravian-Silesian Region, is one of the 14 administrative regions of the Czech Republic. Before May 2001, it was called the Ostrava Region . The region is located in the north-eastern part of its historical region of Moravia and in most of the Czech part of the historical region of Silesia. The region borders the Olomouc Region to the west and the Zlín Region to the south. It also borders two other countries – Poland to the north and Slovakia to the east.

Olomouc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-OL
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-OL
coordinate: 49°43′N 17°07′E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
elevation: 1,492 m (4,895 ft)
latitude: 17.11
longitude: 49.72
population: 632,492
comment: Olomouc Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western and central part of its historical region of Moravia and in a small part of the historical region of Czech Silesia . It is named for its capital Olomouc.

Pardubice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-PA
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-PA
coordinate: 49°52′N 16°10′E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
elevation: 1,424 m (4,672 ft)
latitude: 16.17
longitude: 49.87
population: 520,316
comment: Pardubice Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice. As an administrative unit, Pardubice Region has existed three times in the course of history. It was established for the first time in 1850, and extended from Český Brod to the Bohemian-Moravian border. In its second existence, it was one of 19 regions as they were set between 1949 and 1960. After 1960, Pardubice became the capital of Pardubice district, which was part of the Eastern Bohemian Region . The Pardubice Region, as it is now, was reestablished in 2000.

Plzen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-PL
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-PL
coordinate: 49°45′00″N 13°22′00″E
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
elevation: 1,370 m (4,490 ft)
latitude: 13.38838
longitude: 49.77515
population: 584,672
comment: Plzeň Region is an administrative unit in the western part of Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It is named after its capital Plzeň . In terms of area, Plzeň Region is 7,561 km2, the third largest region in the Czech Republic. However, the population of about 585,000 inhabitants it is the ninth most populous region. After the South Bohemian Region it is the second least densely populated region. The region can be roughly divided into two parts: a highly industrialized north-eastern part with a strong engineering tradition around Pilsen and a more hilly and rural south-western part with smaller-sized manufacturing companies processing natural resources.
alternative label: Plzeň

Prague
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-PR
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-PR
coordinate: 50°5′N 14°25′E
density: 2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)
elevation: 399 m (1,309 ft)
latitude: 14.417
longitude: 50.083
population: 1,335,084
comment: Prague is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated on the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.7 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters.

Central Bohemian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-ST
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-ST
coordinate: 50°0′N 14°32′E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
elevation: 865 m (2,838 ft)
latitude: 14.533
longitude: 50.0
population: 1,369,332
comment: The Central Bohemian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the central part of its historical region of Bohemia. Its administrative centre is in the Czech capital Prague, which lies in the centre of the region. However, the city is not part of it but is a region of its own.

Usti nad Labem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-US
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-US
coordinate: 50°31′N 13°51′E
density: 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
elevation: 1,113 m (3,652 ft)
latitude: 13.85
longitude: 50.51
population: 820,965
comment: Ústí nad Labem Region or Ústecký Region, is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western part of the historical land of Bohemia, and named after the capital, Ústí nad Labem. It covers the majority of the former North Bohemia province and is part of the broader area of North Bohemia.
alternative label: Ústí nad Labem

Vysocina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-VY
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-VY
coordinate: 49°35′22″N 15°39′20″E
density: 75/km2 (190/sq mi)
elevation: 837 m (2,746 ft)
latitude: 15.65556
longitude: 49.58944
population: 509,274
comment: The Vysočina Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located partly in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Bohemia and partly in the south-west of the historical region of Moravia. Its capital is Jihlava.
alternative label: Vysočina

Zlin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Czech
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:CZ-ZL
area: ISO 3166-2:CZ-ZL
coordinate: 49°13′12″N 17°44′24″E
density: 150/km2 (380/sq mi)
elevation: 1,206 m (3,957 ft)
latitude: 17.74
longitude: 49.22
population: 582,921
comment: Zlín Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Moravia. It is named after its capital Zlín. Together with the Olomouc Region it forms a cohesion area of Central Moravia. It is located in the eastern part of the Czech Republic, where the borders with Slovakia are formed by its eastern edge. It borders the South Moravian Region in the southwest, the Olomouc Region in the northwest and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the north. Culturally, the region is composed of parts of three traditional Moravian regions: Hanakia, the Moravian Slovakia and the Moravian Wallachia, as the city of Zlín lies roughly at their tripoint.
alternative label: Zlín

Berlin city-state
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-BE
coordinate: 52°31′12″N 13°24′18″E
density: 3,840/km²
elevation: 34 m (112 ft)
latitude: 13.405
longitude: 52.52
population: 3,664,088
comment: Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.8 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the second most populous urban area in Germany after the Ruhr. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has over six million inhabitants and is Germany's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions.

Brandenburg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-BR
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-BR
coordinate: 52°21′43″N 13°0′29″E
density: 85/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 13.00806
longitude: 52.36194
population: 2,520,198
comment: Brandenburg is a state in the northeast of Germany. With an area of 29,478 square kilometres and a population of 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth-largest German state by area and the tenth-most populous. Potsdam is the state capital and largest city, while other major towns include Cottbus, Brandenburg an der Havel and Frankfurt .

Baden-Wurttemberg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-BW
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-BW
coordinate: 48°32′16″N 9°2′28″E
density: 301/km²
latitude: 9.04111
longitude: 48.53778
population: 11,111,496 · 3rd
comment: Baden-Württemberg, commonly shortened to BW or BaWü, is a German state in Southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the southern part of Germany's western border with France. With more than 11 million inhabitants as of 2017 across a total area of nearly 35,752 km2, it is the third-largest German state by both area and population . As a federated state, Baden-Württemberg is a partly-sovereign parliamentary republic. The largest city in Baden-Württemberg is the state capital of Stuttgart, followed by Mannheim and Karlsruhe. Other major cities are Freiburg im Breisgau, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Pforzheim, Reutlingen, Tübingen, and Ulm.
alternative label: Baden-Württemberg

Bavaria Bayern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-BY
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-BY
coordinate: 48°46′39″N 11°25′52″E
density: 186/km2 (480/sq mi)
latitude: 11.43111
longitude: 48.7775
population: 13,124,737
comment: Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a landlocked state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of 70,550.19 square kilometres, Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg.

Bremen city-state
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-HB
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-HB
coordinate: 53°20′50″N 8°35′29″E
density: 1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
latitude: 8.59139
longitude: 53.34722
population: 681,032
comment: Bremen, officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called Land Bremen, although this is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany.

Hesse Hessen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-HE
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-HE
coordinate: 50°36′29″N 9°01′42″E
density: 300/km2 (770/sq mi)
latitude: 9.028472
longitude: 50.60803
population: 6,243,262
comment: Hesse or Hessia, officially the State of Hesse, is a state in Germany. Its capital city is Wiesbaden, and the largest urban area is Frankfurt. With an area of 21,000 square kilometers and a population of just over six million it ranks seventh and fifth respectively among the sixteen German states. Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Germany's second-largest metropolitan area, is mainly located in Hesse.

Hamburg city-state
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-HH
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-HH
coordinate: 53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E
density: 2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
latitude: 10.00139
longitude: 53.56528
population: 1,845,229
comment: Hamburg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin, as well as the overall 7th largest city and largest non-capital city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-MV
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-MV
coordinate: 53°37′N 12°42′E
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 12.7
longitude: 53.617
population: 1,609,675
comment: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, is a state in the north-east of Germany. Of the country's sixteen states, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ranks 14th in population, 6th in area, and 16th in population density. Schwerin is the state capital and Rostock is the largest city. Other major cities include Neubrandenburg, Stralsund, Greifswald, Wismar and Güstrow.

Lower Saxony Niedersachsen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-NI
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-NI
coordinate: 52°45′22″N 9°23′35″E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: 9.39306
longitude: 52.75611
population: 7,962,775
comment: Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, being larger than Denmark with 47,624 km2, and fourth-largest in population among the 16 Länder federated as the Federal Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon and Saterland Frisian are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.

North Rhine-Westphalia Nordrhein-Westfalen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-NW
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-NW
coordinate: 51°28′N 7°33′E
density: 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 7.55
longitude: 51.467
population: 17,912,134
comment: North Rhine-Westphalia, commonly shortened to NRW is a German state in Western Germany. With more than 17.9 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state of Germany. Covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest German state by size. Apart from the city-states, it is also the most densely populated state in Germany.

Rhineland-Palatinate Rheinland-Pfalz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-RP
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-RP
coordinate: 49°54′47″N 7°27′0″E
density: 210/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: 7.45
longitude: 49.91306
population: 4,093,903
comment: Rhineland-Palatinate is a western state of Germany. It covers 19,846 km2 and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the sixteen states. Mainz is the capital and largest city. Other cities are Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Koblenz, Trier, Kaiserslautern and Worms. It is bordered by North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse and by the countries France, Luxembourg and Belgium.

Schleswig-Holstein
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-SH
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-SH
coordinate: 54°28′12″N 9°30′50″E
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
latitude: 9.51389
longitude: 54.47
population: 2,889,821
comment: Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg.

Saarland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-SL
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-SL
coordinate: 49°22′59″N 6°49′59″E
density: 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 6.83306
longitude: 49.38306
population: 990,509
comment: Saarland, officially The Saarland in German, is a state of Germany in the west of the country. With an area of 2,570 km2 and population of 995,600 in 2015, it is the smallest German state in both area and population apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg. Saarbrücken is the state capital and largest city; other cities include Neunkirchen and Saarlouis. Saarland is mainly surrounded by the department of Moselle in France to the west and south and the neighboring state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany to the north and east; it also shares a small border about 8 kilometres long with the canton of Remich in Luxembourg to the northwest.

Saxony Sachsen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-SN
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-SN
coordinate: 51°1′37″N 13°21′32″E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 13.35889
longitude: 51.02694
population: 4,077,937
comment: Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. Its capital is Dresden, and its largest city is Leipzig. Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres, and the sixth most populous, with more than 4 million inhabitants.

Saxony-Anhalt Sachsen-Anhalt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-ST
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-ST
coordinate: 51°58′N 11°28′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 11.467
longitude: 51.967
population: 2,208,321
comment: Saxony-Anhalt is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres and has a population of 2.19 million inhabitants, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle .

Thuringia Thuringen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Germany
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DE-TH
area: ISO 3166-2:DE-TH
coordinate: 50°51′40″N 11°3′7″E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 11.05194
longitude: 50.86111
population: 2,120,237
comment: Thuringia, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is a state of Germany. Located in central Germany, it covers 16,171 square kilometres, being the sixth smallest of the sixteen German States . It has a population of about 2.1 million.
alternative label: Thuringia Thüringen

Arta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Djibouti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ-AR
coordinate: 11°31′N 42°50′E
latitude: 42.833
longitude: 11.517
population: 50,017
comment: Arta Region is one of the six regions of Djibouti. It was officially created in 2003 by the regrouping of districts of the regions of Dikhil and Djibouti. It is situated in the south-central of the country, bordering the Tadjoura Region to the north, and the Djibouti Region to the north-east, and Dikhil Region the Ali Sabieh Region to the south, the country of Somaliland lies to the east.

Ali Sabieh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Djibouti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ-AS
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ-AS
coordinate: 11°08′N 42°43′E
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 42.717
longitude: 11.133
population: 250,547
comment: Ali Sabieh Region is a region in southern Djibouti. With a mainland area of 2,400 square kilometres, it lies along the national border with Somaliland and Ethiopia, bordering also the Dikhil Region to the west and the Arta Region to the north. Its capital is Ali Sabieh. The Arrei Mountains are the highest point in the region.

Dikhil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Djibouti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ-DI
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ-DI
coordinate: 11°06′N 42°22′E
elevation: 1,362 m (4,469 ft)
latitude: 42.367
longitude: 11.1
population: 104,977
comment: The Dikhil Region is a region in southern Djibouti. It is bordered by the Regions of Tadjoura to the north, Arta to the northeast, Ali Sabieh to the east. To the west and south, it has a long line with the Djibouti-Ethiopia border adjacent to the Ethiopia Regions of Afar Region and Somali Region. Dikhil Region is the largest Region in Djibouti by area, with a mainland area of 7,200 square kilometres, it is about the same size as Sikkim. The Dikhil Region's capital is the town of Dikhil.

Djibouti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Djibouti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ-DJ
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ-DJ
coordinate: 11°35′18″N 43°08′42″E
density: 23,000/km2 (60,000/sq mi)
elevation: 14 m (46 ft)
latitude: 43.145
longitude: 11.58833
population: 600,000
comment: Djibouti is the eponymous capital and largest city of Djibouti. It is located in the coastal Djibouti Region on the Gulf of Tadjoura.

Obock
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Djibouti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ-OB
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ-OB
coordinate: 11°58′N 43°18′E
latitude: 43.3
longitude: 11.967
population: 44,678
comment: The Obock Region is a region in northern Djibouti. It has a land area of 4,700 square kilometres, and had a population of 37,856 in 2009. It lies along the Red Sea, Bab-el-Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Tadjoura and includes the Seven Brothers, Doumeira Islands and the coastal city of Obock. It lies along a portion of the national border with Eritrea. In total area, it is larger than Cape Verde and smaller than Trinidad and Tobago. The topography of the region has highland and coastal plains.

Tadjourah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Djibouti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DJ-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:DJ-TA
coordinate: 11°47′N 42°54′E
latitude: 42.9
longitude: 11.783
population: 102,329
comment: The Tadjourah Region is a region in north-central Djibouti, the largest of its six regions. With its capital at Tadjourah, it has an area of 7,100 square kilometres . It lies along the Gulf of Tadjoura, and the coastal city of Tadjoura. The region has active salt and fisheries industries, and is served by the Tadjoura Airport. In total area, it is larger than Brunei and smaller than Cyprus.

Copenhagen County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-015
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-015
coordinate: 55°40′00″N 12°35′00″E
latitude: 12.57992
longitude: 55.69561
population: 618,529 (2006)
comment: Københavns Amt is a former county on the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. It covered the municipalities in the metropolitan Copenhagen area, with the exception of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg. Effective January 1, 2007, the county was abolished and merged into Region Hovedstaden .

Frederiksborg County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-020
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-020
coordinate: 55°56′N 12°19′E
latitude: 12.317
longitude: 55.933
population: 378,686 (2006)
comment: Frederiksborg Amt is a former county in the north of the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. Effective January 1, 2007, the county was abolished and merged into Region Hovedstaden .

Roskilde County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-025
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-025
coordinate: 55°39′N 12°05′E
latitude: 12.083
longitude: 55.65
population: 241,523 (2006)
comment: Roskilde Amt is a former county on the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland .

Vestsjælland County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-030
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-030
coordinate: 55°26′N 11°34′E
latitude: 11.567
longitude: 55.433
population: 307,207 (2006)
comment: West Zealand County is a former county in the west-central part of the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising a few former counties. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland .

Storstrom County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-035
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-035
coordinate: 55°00′00″N 11°50′00″E
latitude: 11.31184
longitude: 54.90804
population: 262,781 (2006)
comment: Storstrøms Amt is a former county on the islands of Zealand, Møn, Falster, Lolland and some minor islands in southeast Denmark. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising the former counties of Maribo and Præstø. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland .
alternative label: Storstrøm County

Bornholm
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-040
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-040
coordinate: 55°8′35″N 14°55′15″E
elevation: 162 m (531 ft)
latitude: 14.92083
longitude: 55.14306
population: 39,439 (2020)
comment: Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of Poland. Occupying an area of 588.36 square kilometres, the island had a total population of 39,439 on 1 April 2020.

Fyn County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-042
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-042
coordinate: 55°22′52″N 10°26′07″E
latitude: 10.43528
longitude: 55.38111
population: 20,000 (2006)
comment: Fyns Amt is a former county in central Denmark, comprising the islands of Funen, Langeland, Tåsinge, Ærø, and approximately 90 other islands, of which only 25 are inhabited. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising the former counties of Odense and Svendborg. The county was abolished from 1 January 2007, when it merged into Region Syddanmark .

South Jutland County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-050
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-050
coordinate: 55°02′40″N 9°24′52″E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 9.41444
longitude: 55.04444
population: 252,433 (2006)
comment: South Jutland County is a former county on the south-central portion of the Jutland Peninsula in southern Denmark.

Ribe County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-055
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-055
coordinate: 55°22′52″N 10°26′07″E
latitude: 10.43528
longitude: 55.38111
population: 224,261 (2006)
comment: Ribe Amt is a former county on the Jutland peninsula of southwest Denmark. It included Denmark's fifth largest city, Esbjerg. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region of Southern Denmark . It was often considered coterminous with South West Jutland .

Vejle County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-060
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-060
coordinate: 55°42′36″N 9°32′00″E
latitude: 9.53333
longitude: 55.71
population: 360,921 (2006)
comment: Vejle Amt is a former county on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in southern Denmark. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it was divided between Region Midtjylland and Region of Southern Denmark. Vejle became the seat of the latter region.

Ringkjobing County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-065
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-065
coordinate: 56°05′N 8°15′E
latitude: 8.25
longitude: 56.083
population: 275,065 (2006)
comment: Ringkjøbing Amt is a former county on the Jutland peninsula in western Denmark. It had the lowest population density of all the Danish counties. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Midtjylland .
alternative label: Ringkjøbing County

Arhus County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-070
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-070
coordinate: 56°09′N 10°12′E
latitude: 10.2
longitude: 56.15
population: 661,370 (2006)
comment: Aarhus County or Århus County is a former county of Denmark on the Jutland peninsula. It was created in 1970 by a merger of three counties: Århus, Randers and Skanderborg. The county was abolished effective 1 January 2007, when almost all of it merged into Region Midtjylland . A very small portion was merged into Region Nordjylland . At the time of its abolishment, more than 20,000 people worked for the county.
alternative label: Århus County

Viborg County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-076
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-076
coordinate: 56°26′N 9°24′E
latitude: 9.4
longitude: 56.433
population: 234,896 (2006)
comment: Viborg Amt is a former county in the north-central part of the Jutland peninsula in western Denmark. The county was abolished on 1 January 2007, when most of it merged into Region Midtjylland . A smaller portion merged into Region Nordjylland .

North Jutland County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-080
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-080
coordinate: 57°02′52″N 9°55′07″E
latitude: 9.91861
longitude: 57.04778
population: 495,090 (2006)
comment: North Jutland County is a former county in northern Denmark. It was located on the eastern half of Vendsyssel-Thy and the northernmost part of the Jutland peninsula. It was the largest county in Denmark, but with a relatively low population. The county seat was Aalborg, Denmark's fourth largest city. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into North Denmark Region .

Copenhagen City
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-101
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-101
coordinate: 55°40′34″N 12°34′06″E
density: 4,400/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
elevation: 91 m (299 ft)
latitude: 12.56833
longitude: 55.67611
population: 799,033
comment: Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. As of 1 January 2021, the city had a population of 799,033 . It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen and the Copenhagen metropolitan area . Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand; another portion of the city is located on Amager, and it is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.

Frederiksberg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Denmark
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DK-147
area: ISO 3166-2:DK-147
coordinate: 55°40′N 12°32′E
density: 11,861/km2 (30,720/sq mi)
latitude: 12.533
longitude: 55.667
population: 103,192
comment: Frederiksberg is a part of the Capital Region of Denmark. It is formally an independent municipality, Frederiksberg Municipality, separate from Copenhagen Municipality, but both are a part of the City of Copenhagen. It occupies an area of less than 9 km2 and had a population of 103,192 in 2015.

Saint Andrew
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-02
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-02
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
population: 9,471
comment: Saint Andrew is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. John and St. Peter, St. Joseph, and St. David .

Saint David
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-03
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-03
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
population: 6,043
comment: Saint David is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes, located on the eastern side of the island. It is bordered by St. Andrew to the north; St. Joseph, St. Paul and St. George to the west; and St. Patrick to the south. It has an area of 131.6 km², and has a population of 6,789.

Saint George
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-04
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-04
density: 380/km2 (970/sq mi)
population: 21,141
comment: Saint George is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by Saint Paul and part of the Boeri River, Saint David and Saint Patrick, Saint Luke .

Saint John
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-05
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-05
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
population: 6,561
comment: Saint John is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Andrew to the east, and St. Peter and the Espagnole River to the south. It has an area of 59 km² .

Saint Joseph
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-06
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-06
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
population: 5,637
comment: Saint Joseph is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Peter to the north, St. Andrew to the northeast, St. David to the east, and St. Paul to the south. It has an area of 120.1 km², and a population of 5,765.

Saint Luke
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-07
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-07
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
population: 1,668
comment: Saint Luke is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. George, St. Mark, and St. Patrick .

Saint Mark
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-08
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-08
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
population: 1,834
comment: Saint Mark is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes . It is bordered by St. Luke and St. Patrick . With an area of 9.9 km², it is the smallest in the island. It had a population of 1,834 people at the Population Census of 2011.

Saint Patrick
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-09
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-09
density: 87/km2 (230/sq mi)
population: 7,622
comment: Saint Patrick is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. George, St. Luke and St. Mark to the west, and St. David to the north. It has an area of 84.4 km², and has a population of 8,383.

Saint Paul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-10
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-10
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
population: 9,786
comment: Saint Paul is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Joseph to the north, St. David to the east, and St. George to the south. It has an area of 67.4 km², and a population of 8,397.

Saint Peter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DM-11
area: ISO 3166-2:DM-11
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
population: 1,430
comment: Saint Peter is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. John to the north, St. Joseph to the south, and St. Andrew to the east. It has an area of 27.7 km², and has a population of 1,452. Colihaut, Dublanc and Bioche are its only settlements.

Distrito Nacional
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-01
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-01
coordinate: 18°29′00″N 69°56′00″W
density: 13,000/km2 (35,000/sq mi)
latitude: -69.89763
longitude: 18.482592
population: 1,402,749
comment: The Distrito Nacional is a subdivision of the Dominican Republic enclosing the capital Santo Domingo. It is not in any of the provinces, but in practice, it acts as a province on its own. Before October 16, 2001, the Distrito Nacional was much larger, including what is now known as Santo Domingo Province. Published statistics and maps generally show the former, larger, Distrito Nacional. The Distrito Nacional has no rural or undeveloped areas.

Azua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-02
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-02
coordinate: 18°30′00″N 70°45′00″W
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: -70.72923
longitude: 18.45449
population: 298,246
comment: Azua is a province which is collectively one of the thirty-two provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 10 municipalities and its capital city is Azua de Compostela. It is bordered by the provinces of La Vega to the north-east, San José de Ocoa and Peravia to the east, Barahona and Baoruco to the west and San Juan to the north-west. To the south, Azua has a significant coastline of the Caribbean Sea.

Baoruco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-03
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-03
coordinate: 18°29′24″N 71°25′12″W
density: 87/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -71.42
longitude: 18.49
population: 111,269
comment: Baoruco, alternatively spelt Bahoruco, is a province of the Dominican Republic located in the southwest of the country, part of the Enriquillo Region, along with the provinces of Barahona, Independencia and Pedernales. Before 1952 it included what is now Independencia Province.

Barahona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-04
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-04
coordinate: 18°12′0″N 71°06′0″W
density: 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -71.1
longitude: 18.2
population: 232,818
comment: Barahona is a province of the Dominican Republic. The Barahona Coast is located on the southwestern part of the Dominican Republic approximately three hours drive from Santo Domingo the capital of the Dominican Republic. In 2019, volunteers from Amigos de las Americas visited to facilitate projects within the various municipalities of Barahona.

Dajabon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-05
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-05
coordinate: 19°35′00″N 71°35′00″W
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -71.70471
longitude: 19.54764
population: 87,274
comment: Dajabón is a northwesternmost province which currently comprising one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 5 municipalities and its capital city with the same name. It is bordered by the provinces of Monte Cristi to the north, Santiago Rodríguez to the south, Elías Piña to the south and the Nord-Est department of Haiti to the west.
alternative label: Dajabón

Duarte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-06
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-06
coordinate: 19°15′00″N 70°05′00″W
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
latitude: -70.00056
longitude: 19.260834
population: 338,649
comment: Duarte is a northeastern province which comprises one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 7 municipalities and its capital city is San Francisco de Macorís. It is bordered by the provinces of María Trinidad Sánchez and Samaná to the east, Monte Plata and Sánchez Ramírez to the south, La Vega and Hermanas Mirabal to the west and Espaillat to the north. It is named after Juan Pablo Duarte, the founder of the Dominican Republic.

Elias Pina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-07
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-07
coordinate: 18°53′00″N 71°40′00″W
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -71.70654
longitude: 18.87628
population: 84,632
comment: Elías Piña is a westernmost province which composing one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 6 municipalities and its capital city is Comendador. It is bordered by the provinces of Dajabón to the north-west, Santiago Rodríguez to the north-east, San Juan to the east, Independencia to the south and the Nord-Est department of Haiti to the west.
alternative label: Elías Piña

El Seibo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-08
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-08
coordinate: 18°45′00″N 69°00′00″W
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -69.03508
longitude: 18.7639
population: 110,212
comment: El Seibo, alternatively spelt El Seybo, is a province of the Dominican Republic. Before 1992 it included what is now Hato Mayor province.

Espaillat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-09
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-09
coordinate: 19°30′00″N 70°27′00″W
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: -70.34318
longitude: 19.526688
population: 333,401
comment: Espaillat is one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 5 municipalities and its capital city is Moca. Located in north-central Dominican Republic, it is bordered by the provinces of La Vega to the south, Santiago and Puerto Plata to the west, and María Trinidad Sánchez to the north-east. The province has a coastline to the north with the Atlantic Ocean. It is named for Ulises Francisco Espaillat, the 19th-century author who was briefly President of the Republic in 1876.

Independencia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-10
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-10
coordinate: 18°15′00″N 71°30′00″W
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
latitude: -71.605446
longitude: 18.432037
population: 74,583
comment: Independencia is a province of the Dominican Republic, located in the west, on the border with Haiti. Its capital is Jimani. The province was created in 1948 but was made official in 1950. Before its creation, it was part of the Baoruco Province. The name was given in remembrance of the National Independence of February 27, 1844.

La Altagracia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-11
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-11
coordinate: 18°35′00″N 68°38′00″W
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: -68.617096
longitude: 18.536392
population: 372,289
comment: La Altagracia is the easternmost province of the Dominican Republic. Punta Cana is located on the eastern shores of this province. The province was part of the old La Altagracia Province, which split into 2, La Altagracia Province and La Romana Province on February 27, 1961.

La Romana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-12
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-12
coordinate: 18°30′00″N 69°00′00″W
density: 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -68.96758
longitude: 18.42617
population: 344,580
comment: La Romana is a province of the Dominican Republic. The capital is also named La Romana, and is the third-largest city in the country. La Romana was elevated to the category of province in 1944. File:Catalina Island, La Romana, Dominican Republic. A cruise liner in coast waters of Catalina Isl, approaching the rocky shore. .jpg La Romana is also home to Casa de Campo, one of the world's largest resorts and top golfing destinations, including the Teeth of the Dog golf course. Many international and local artists perform at "Altos de Chavón", an artistic community and university.

La Vega
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-13
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-13
coordinate: 19°15′00″N 70°30′00″W
density: 200/km2 (510/sq mi)
latitude: -70.52889
longitude: 19.22357
population: 447,905
comment: La Vega is a province of the Dominican Republic. Until 1992 it included what is now Monseñor Nouel province.

Maria Trinidad Sanchez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-14
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-14
coordinate: 19°30′00″N 70°00′00″W
density: 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -69.94416
longitude: 19.440489
population: 195,886
comment: María Trinidad Sánchez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Samaná Province in September 1959 as Julia Molina Province; in November 1961, it got its current name. The name commemorates a distinguished female soldier in the wars of independence. María Trinidad Sánchez was the first woman incarcerated and executed by Pedro Santana, a Dominican annexionist president.
alternative label: María Trinidad Sánchez

Monte Cristi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-15
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-15
coordinate: 19°50′00″N 71°37′00″W
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -71.645294
longitude: 19.850609
population: 150,833
comment: Monte Cristi is a province in the northwest of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is San Fernando de Monte Cristi . The spelling Montecristi is also seen. The Montecristi province is located in the Cibao frontier region, on the north coast of the country and borders the nation of Haiti. The land area of the Montecristi province is 1,924.35 km2. It is divided into six municipalities and four municipal districts.

Pedernales
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-16
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-16
coordinate: 18°05′00″N 71°36′00″W
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: -71.74129
longitude: 18.03753
population: 52,165
comment: Pedernales is the southernmost province of the Dominican Republic, including the offshore island of Isla Beata. It was split from Barahona in 1957. Of its 2,074.53 km², 1374 km² belong to the Jaragua National Park.

Peravia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-17
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-17
coordinate: 18°19′48″N 70°22′11″W
density: 270/km2 (710/sq mi)
latitude: -70.36972
longitude: 18.33
population: 217,241
comment: Peravia is a province in the southern region of the Dominican Republic. Before January 1, 2002 it was included in what is the new San José de Ocoa province, and published statistics and maps generally relate it to the old, larger, Peravia.

Puerto Plata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-18
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-18
coordinate: 19°44′12″N 70°46′12″W
density: 250/km2 (660/sq mi)
latitude: -70.77
longitude: 19.73667
population: 470,839
comment: Puerto Plata is one of the northern provinces of the Dominican Republic. The area has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction since the late 1990s mainly due to its fine beaches. It borders the Septentrional mountain range to the north .

Salcedo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-19
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-19
coordinate: 19°25′00″N 70°23′00″W
density: 280/km2 (720/sq mi)
latitude: -70.34762
longitude: 19.405045
population: 121,887
comment: Hermanas Mirabal is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Espaillat Province in 1952 and was originally called Salcedo, the name of its capital city; it is still referred to by this name sometimes. The name change came on November 21, 2007. It commemorates the Mirabal sisters, who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country by giving up a privileged life to fight against the powerful Dominican leader, Rafael Trujillo. The Mirabal sisters came from Salcedo and were buried there after they were murdered.

Samana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-20
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-20
coordinate: 19°14′44″N 69°27′03″W
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: -69.45083
longitude: 19.24556
population: 139,707
comment: Samaná is a province of the Dominican Republic in the Samaná Peninsula located in the eastern region. Its capital is Santa Bárbara de Samaná, usually known as Samaná.
alternative label: Samaná

San Cristobal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-21
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-21
coordinate: 18°31′50″N 70°12′30″W
density: 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: -70.20833
longitude: 18.53056
population: 640,066
comment: San Cristóbal is a province in the southern region of Dominican Republic, located west of the capital Santo Domingo. With approximately 642,000 inhabitants, it is the fourth most populated province in the country, only behind Santo Domingo, Santiago and the National District. It borders the provinces Monseñor Nouel, Monte Plata, Santo Domingo, Peravia and San José de Ocoa . The Caribbean Sea borders the province to the south. The provincial capital is the city of San Cristóbal.
alternative label: San Cristóbal

San Juan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-22
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-22
coordinate: 18°53′25″N 71°16′00″W
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -71.26667
longitude: 18.89028
population: 317,293
comment: San Juan is a province of the Dominican Republic. Before 1961 it was known as Benefactor. San Juan is the Republic's largest province, bearing a size of 3,569 square kilometers, and it is landlocked.

San Pedro de Macoris
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-23
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-23
coordinate: 18°30′13″N 69°19′35″W
density: 310/km2 (810/sq mi)
latitude: -69.32639
longitude: 18.50361
population: 392,911
comment: San Pedro de Macorís is a province of the Dominican Republic, also the name of its capital city. The city is fairly active due to its proximity to the national capital of Santo Domingo and also its role in the sugar industry. The province is informally known as San Pedro, SPM or Serie 23 for the first two numbers of their Dominican identification or Cedula.
alternative label: San Pedro de Macorís

Sanchez Ramirez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-24
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-24
coordinate: 19°00′58″N 70°07′33″W
density: 210/km2 (540/sq mi)
latitude: -70.12583
longitude: 19.01611
population: 248,807
comment: Sánchez Ramírez is a province which constituting one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 4 municipalities and its capital city is Cotuí. Located in the Cibao Sur region in central Dominican Republic, it is bordered by the provinces of Duarte to the north, Monte Plata to the east and south, Monseñor Nouel to the south-west and west and La Vega to the north-west. It was formerly part of Duarte in 1952, and is named after Brigadier Juan Sánchez Ramírez, hero of the Battle of Palo Hincado at which Spanish rebels defeated the French occupying forces.
alternative label: Sánchez Ramírez

Santiago
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-25
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-25
coordinate: 19°21′24″N 70°54′32″W
density: 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -70.90889
longitude: 19.35667
population: 1,503,362
comment: Santiago is a province which currently comprises one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 10 municipalities and its capital city is Santiago de los Caballeros. Located in north-central Dominican Republic, in the Cibao region, it is bordered by the provinces of Valverde to the north-west, Puerto Plata to the north, Espaillat and La Vega to the east, San Juan to the south and Santiago Rodríguez to the west.

Santiago Rodriguez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-26
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-26
coordinate: 19°24′59″N 71°20′27″W
density: 53.7/km²
latitude: -71.34083
longitude: 19.41639
population: 185,424 (2008)
comment: Santiago Rodríguez is a province in the northwest region of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Monte Cristi in 1948. The Santiago Rodríguez province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.
alternative label: Santiago Rodríguez

Valverde
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-27
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-27
coordinate: 19°37′37″N 71°02′16″W
density: 260/km2 (680/sq mi)
latitude: -71.03778
longitude: 19.62694
population: 217,026
comment: Valverde is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Santiago Province in 1959. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Santa Cruz de Mao.

Monsenor Nouel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-28
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-28
coordinate: 18°55′00″N 70°28′00″W
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: -70.52494
longitude: 18.927511
population: 203,183
comment: Monseñor Nouel is a province in the central region of the Dominican Republic. It was split from La Vega province in 1982.
alternative label: Monseñor Nouel

Monte Plata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-29
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-29
coordinate: 18°45′00″N 69°51′00″W
density: 85/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -69.78438
longitude: 18.80675
population: 222,641
comment: Monte Plata is an eastern province of the Dominican Republic, and also the name of its capital city. It was split from San Cristóbal in 1992.

Hato Mayor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-30
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-30
coordinate: 18°42′00″N 69°20′00″W
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -69.25716
longitude: 18.76431
population: 103,032
comment: Hato Mayor is a province of the Dominican Republic. The province was split from El Seibo in 1984.

San Jose de Ocoa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-31
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-31
coordinate: 18°32′38″N 70°30′28″W
latitude: -70.50778
longitude: 18.54389
comment: San José de Ocoa is a province in the southern region of the Dominican Republic, and also the name of the province's capital city. It was split from Peravia on January 1, 2000. Published statistics and maps generally include this province in the old, larger, Peravia.
alternative label: San José de Ocoa

Santo Domingo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Dominican
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DO-32
area: ISO 3166-2:DO-32
coordinate: 18°32′48″N 69°49′31″W
density: 2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
latitude: -69.82528
longitude: 18.54667
population: 3,263,053
comment: Santo Domingo is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from the Distrito Nacional on October 16, 2001.

Adrar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-01
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-01
coordinate: 27°52′50″N 0°17′50″W
density: 0.95/km2 (2.5/sq mi)
elevation: 276 m (906 ft)
latitude: -0.29722
longitude: 27.88056
population: 402,197
comment: Adrar is a province in southwestern Algeria, named after its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province, with an area of 424,948 km², roughly the size of the US state of California. It had 402,197 inhabitants at the 2008 population census.

Chlef
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-02
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-02
coordinate: 36°10′N 01°20′E
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: 1.333
longitude: 36.167
population: 1,013,718
comment: Chlef is a province in Algeria formerly known as El Asnam, and has about 1 million inhabitants. Its capital is Chlef. Another locality is Ténès, on the Mediterranean Sea.

Laghouat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-03
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-03
coordinate: 33°48′N 2°53′E
density: 19/km2 (49/sq mi)
latitude: 2.883
longitude: 33.8
population: 477,328
comment: Laghouat is one of the forty-eight provinces of Algeria. It is located in the north central part of Algeria. The province borders Tiaret Province to the north, El Bayadh Province to the west, Ghardaia Province to the south and Djelfa Province to the east. The capital of the province is Laghouat City. The province is famous for palm trees and livestock.

Oum el Bouaghi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-04
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-04
coordinate: 35°53′N 7°7′E
density: 95/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 7.117
longitude: 35.883
population: 644,364
comment: Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi is a province of Algeria in the Aures region. The capital is Oum el-Bouaghi, which was named Can Robert, Sidi R'Ghis a few years later, and Oum El Bouaghi before independence.

Batna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-05
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-05
coordinate: 35°47′N 06°03′E
density: 93/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 6.05
longitude: 35.783
population: 1,128,030
comment: Batna is a wilaya of Algeria in the Aures region. The capital is Batna. Localities in this province include N'Gaous, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is in the Belezma Range area of the province.

Bejaia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-06
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-06
coordinate: 36°45′N 5°04′E
density: 280/km2 (730/sq mi)
latitude: 5.067
longitude: 36.75
population: 915,835
comment: The Bejaia province, stylized Béjaïa in French, is a province of Algeria in the Kabylie region. The province's capital city is Béjaïa, the terminus of the Béni Mansour-Bejaïa line.

Biskra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-07
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-07
coordinate: 34°52′N 05°45′E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 5.75
longitude: 34.867
population: 869,215
comment: Biskra is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra. Tolga is one of the famous daïras of this wilaya. Other localities include Lichoua, Sidi Okba, Sidi Khaled, El-Kantara and Ouled Djellal.

Bechar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-08
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-08
coordinate: 31°37′N 2°13′W
density: 1.7/km2 (4.4/sq mi)
elevation: 605 m (1,985 ft)
latitude: -2.217
longitude: 31.617
population: 274,866
comment: Béchar is the second least-densely populated province in Algeria, named after its capital Béchar.

Blida
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-09
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-09
coordinate: 36°28′N 02°49′E
density: 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
elevation: 257 m (843 ft)
latitude: 2.817
longitude: 36.467
population: 1,009,892
comment: Blida is a province in Algeria. Its capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is situated here.

Bouira
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-10
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-10
coordinate: 36°23′N 3°54′E
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: 3.9
longitude: 36.383
population: 694,750
comment: Bouïra is a province in the Kabylie region in Algeria.

Tamanrasset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-11
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-11
coordinate: 22°47′N 05°31′E
density: 0.4/km²
elevation: 1,400 m (4,600 ft)
latitude: 5.517
longitude: 22.783
population: 115,043
comment: Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset in Algeria. It was named after its province seat, Tamanrasset. The province has two national parks, more than any other in Algeria. They are Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province is the largest in Algeria as it is 667,667 km² large, comparable to Texas or Finland or Malaysia ekip.

Tebessa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-12
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-12
coordinate: 35°24′N 8°7′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 8.117
longitude: 35.4
population: 657,227
comment: Tébessa is a province of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital, which in ancient times it was known as Theveste. Another important city is El Ouenza. Tébessa is located only 20 kilometers west of the Tunisian border.

Tlemcen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-13
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-13
coordinate: 34°53′N 01°19′W
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: -1.317
longitude: 34.883
population: 945,525
comment: Tlemcen is a province in northwestern Algeria. The Tlemcen National Park is located there.

Tiaret
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-14
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-14
coordinate: 35°23′N 01°20′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 1.333
longitude: 35.383
population: 842,060
comment: The province is divided into 14 districts, which are further divided into 42 communes or municipalities.

Tizi Ouzou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-15
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-15
coordinate: 36°44′N 04°04′E
density: 310/km2 (810/sq mi)
latitude: 4.067
longitude: 36.733
population: 1,119,646
comment: Tizi Ouzou is a province of Algeria in the Kabylia region. Its capital is Tizi Ouzou.

Algiers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-16
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-16
coordinate: 36°42′N 3°13′E
density: 2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
latitude: 3.217
longitude: 36.7
population: 2,988,145
comment: Algiers Province is a province in Algeria, named after its capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital. It is adopted from the old French department of Algiers and has a population of about 3 million. It is the most densely populated province of Algeria, and also the smallest by area.

Djelfa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-17
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-17
coordinate: 34°40′30″N 3°15′30″E
density: 18/km2 (48/sq mi)
latitude: 3.25833
longitude: 34.675
population: 1,223,223
comment: Djelfa is a province of Algeria. Its capital is Djelfa. It was first established by the administrative reorganization of 1974, and is home to over 1.2 million inhabitants. Localities in this province include,, .

Jijel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-18
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-18
coordinate: 36°48′N 5°46′E
density: 250/km2 (640/sq mi)
latitude: 5.767
longitude: 36.8
population: 634,412
comment: Jijel is a province in Algeria, on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The capital is Jijel . Taza National Park is located in this province.

Setif
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-19
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-19
coordinate: 36°11′N 5°24′E
density: 230/km2 (600/sq mi)
latitude: 5.4
longitude: 36.183
population: 1,496,150
comment: Sétif Province is a province in north-eastern Algeria. Its capital and largest city is Sétif; the next largest city is El Eulma. There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there.

Saida
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-20
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-20
coordinate: 34°50′N 0°09′E
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 0.15
longitude: 34.833
population: 328,685
comment: The province was created from parts of Oran department, Saïda province and Saoura province in 1974.

Skikda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-21
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-21
coordinate: 36°52′N 6°54′E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: 6.9
longitude: 36.867
population: 904,195
comment: Skikda is a province of Algeria, on its eastern Mediterranean coastline.

Sidi Bel Abbes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-22
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-22
coordinate: 35°12′N 0°38′W
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -0.633
longitude: 35.2
population: 603,369
comment: Sidi Bel Abbès is one of the provinces of Algeria. Its name is derived from the name of its capital, the city of Sidi Bel Abbès. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country.
alternative label: Sidi Bel Abbès

Annaba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-23
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-23
coordinate: 36°54′N 7°46′E
density: 440/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 7.767
longitude: 36.9
population: 640,050
comment: Annaba is a province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Its capital, Annaba, is Algeria's main port for mineral exports.

Guelma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-24
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-24
coordinate: 36°28′N 07°27′E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 7.45
longitude: 36.467
population: 482,261
comment: Guelma Province is a province in eastern Algeria. Its namesake is its seat and most populous municipality: Guelma.

Constantine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-25
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-25
coordinate: 36°21′N 6°36′E
density: 460/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 6.6
longitude: 36.35
population: 1,012,643
comment: Constantine is one of the 58 provinces of Algeria, whose capital is the city of the same name.

Medea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-26
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-26
coordinate: 36°16′N 2°45′E
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 2.75
longitude: 36.267
population: 830,943
comment: Médéa is a province of Algeria. The capital is Médéa.

Mostaganem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-27
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-27
coordinate: 35°56′N 0°05′E
density: 330/km2 (850/sq mi)
latitude: 0.083
longitude: 35.933
population: 746,947
comment: The land relief in Mostaganem Province can be divided into four regions: the Dahra Range to the east, the Mostaganem Plateau to the south, the Chelif River valley which separates the two highland regions, and the plains on the province's southern border which lie next to the marshes of the Macta.

MSila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-28
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-28
coordinate: 35°42′N 4°33′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 4.55
longitude: 35.7
population: 991,846
comment: M'Sila is a province of northern Algeria. It has a population of 1 million people and an area of 18,718 km², while its capital, also called M'sila, home to M'Sila University, has a population of about 100,000. Some localities in this wilaya are Bou Saada and Maadid. Chott El Hodna, a salt lake, crosses into M'Sila. However, most of the region is semi-arid and undeveloped.

Muaskar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-29
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-29
coordinate: 35°24′N 0°8′E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 0.133
longitude: 35.4
population: 780,959
comment: Mascara is a province in Algeria. It was named after its capital, whose name is Arabic for "military garrison", and which is unrelated to "mascara", the cosmetic. Another important locality is the town of Sig.

Ouargla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-30
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-30
coordinate: 31°57′N 5°19′E
density: 2.6/km2 (6.8/sq mi)
latitude: 5.317
longitude: 31.95
population: 552,539
comment: Ouargla or Warqla is a province in eastern Algeria. Its capital is Ouargla. Other localities include Hassi Ben Abdellah and Hassi Messaoud. It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.

Oran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-31
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-31
coordinate: 35°42′N 0°38′W
density: 750/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: -0.633
longitude: 35.7
population: 1,584,607
comment: Oran Province is a province in Algeria whose seat is the city of the same name.

El Bayadh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-32
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-32
coordinate: 33°41′N 01°01′E
density: 3.3/km2 (8.6/sq mi)
latitude: 1.017
longitude: 33.683
population: 262,187
comment: El Bayadh is a province in Algeria, named after its capital El Bayadh. It is surrounded by mountains from the South, North, and Northeast of the state.

Illizi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-33
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-33
coordinate: 26°29′N 8°28′E
density: 0.18/km2 (0.48/sq mi)
latitude: 8.467
longitude: 26.483
population: 52,333
comment: Illizi is a large province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria named after its eponymous seat. It borders Ouargla Province to the north, Tunisia to the extreme northeast, Libya to the east, Niger to the southeast and Tamanrasset Province to the south and west. As of the 2008 census, the province had a population of 52,333 and an annual growth rate of 4.5%.

Bordj Bou Arreridj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-34
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-34
coordinate: 36°04′N 4°46′E
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: 4.767
longitude: 36.067
population: 661,115
comment: Bordj Bou Arréridj is a province in northern Algeria around 200 km from the capital Algiers. It is considered as a crossroads between the east and west, the north and south.

Boumerdes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-35
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-35
coordinate: 36°46′N 03°29′E
density: 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: 3.483
longitude: 36.767
population: 795,019
comment: Boumerdès is a province of northern Algeria in the Kabylia region, between Algiers and Tizi-Ouzou, with its capital at the coastal city of Boumerdès just east of Algiers.

El Tarf
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-36
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-36
coordinate: 36°46′N 8°19′E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 8.317
longitude: 36.767
population: 411,783
comment: El Taref is a province of Algeria. El Kala is a port town in this province. El Taref is the capital city. El Kala, a port town in this province, is home to El Kala National Park.

Tindouf
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-37
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-37
coordinate: 27°41′N 8°8′W
density: 0.4/km²
latitude: -8.133
longitude: 27.683
population: 160,000
comment: Tindouf, also written Tinduf, is the westernmost province of Algeria, having a population of 58,193 as of the 2008 census . Its population in reality could be as high as 160,000 because of the Sahrawi refugee camps. Despite the barren landscape, Tindouf is a resource-rich province, with important quantities of iron ore located in the Gara Djebilet area close to the border with Mauritania. Prior to Algerian independence, the area served as a strongpoint of several tribes of the nomadic Reguibat confederation.

Tissemsilt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-38
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-38
coordinate: 35°36′N 1°49′E
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 1.817
longitude: 35.6
population: 296,366
comment: Tissemsilt is the 38th province of Algeria with the capital being Tissemsilt. Théniet El Haâd National Park is located there.

El Oued
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-39
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-39
coordinate: 33°7′N 7°11′E
density: 12/km2 (32/sq mi)
latitude: 7.183
longitude: 33.117
population: 673,934
comment: El Oued is a Saharan province of Algeria dominated by Oued Souf. It was named after its eponymous capital. Notable towns include El Oued itself and El M'Ghair, Djamaa and Guemar.

Khenchela
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-40
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-40
coordinate: 35°26′02″N 7°08′49″E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 7.147
longitude: 35.434
population: 384,268
comment: The province is divided into 8 districts, which are further divided into 21 communes or municipalities.

Souk Ahras
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-41
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-41
coordinate: 36°23′N 8°00′E
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 8.0
longitude: 36.383
population: 440,299
comment: Souk Ahras is a province in the Aures region in Algeria, named after its capital, Souk Ahras. It stands on the border between Algeria and Tunisia.

Tipaza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-42
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-42
coordinate: 36°35′N 2°26′E
density: 290/km2 (740/sq mi)
latitude: 2.433
longitude: 36.583
population: 617,661
comment: Tipaza or Tipasa is a province on the coast of Algeria, Its capital is Tipaza, 50 km west of the capital of Algeria.

Mila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-43
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-43
coordinate: 36°27′N 06°16′E
density: 82/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 6.267
longitude: 36.45
population: 768,419
comment: Mila is a province of Algeria, whose capital is Mila. Other localities include Teleghma, Grarem Gouga, Hamala and Rouached.

Ain Defla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-44
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-44
coordinate: 36°19′N 2°10′E
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: 2.167
longitude: 36.317
population: 771,890
comment: Aïn Defla in northern Algeria. It is located to the southwest of Algiers, the capital. Localities in Ain Delfa include Khemis Miliana, Miliana, Hammam Righa, Oued Zebboudj and Aïn Torki.

Naama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-45
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-45
coordinate: 33°16′N 0°19′W
density: 7.0/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: -0.317
longitude: 33.267
population: 209,470
comment: Naâma Province is a province of Algeria named after its provincial seat, the town of Naâma. The region is dominated by a large sabkha. There is an airport in Mécheria.

Ain Temouchent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-46
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-46
coordinate: 35°18′N 01°08′W
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: -1.133
longitude: 35.3
population: 384,565
comment: Aïn Témouchent is a province in northwestern Algeria, named after its capital: Aïn Témouchent.

Gharadaia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-47
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-47
coordinate: 32°29′N 3°40′E
density: 4.4/km²
latitude: 3.667
longitude: 32.483
population: 422,080
comment: Ghardaïa is located in the north of the Algerian desert, and the headquarters of the state is the city of Ghardaia 600 km south of the capital Algiers, its total area is estimated at 24711 km2, its extension from north to south is 138 km, and from east to west it rises from 200 to 250 km, above sea level With 486 m.

Relizane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Algeria
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:DZ-48
area: ISO 3166-2:DZ-48
coordinate: 35°44′N 0°33′E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 0.55
longitude: 35.733
population: 733,060
comment: Relizane is a province of Algeria. Relizane is the capital. Other localities include Bendaoud, Bouzegza, Hamri, Kalaa, Mazouna and Zemmoura. The Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 4 January 1998 happened in Relizane.

Azuay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-A
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-A
coordinate: 2°53′S 79°00′W
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -79.0
longitude: -2.883
population: 712,127
comment: Azuay, Province of Azuay is a province of Ecuador, created on 25 June 1824. It encompasses an area of 8,309.58 square kilometres . Its capital is Cuenca. It is located in the south center of Ecuador in the highlands. Its mountains reach 4,500 m above sea level in the national park of El Cajas.

Bolivar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-B
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-B
coordinate: 1°36′S 79°0′W
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -79.0
longitude: -1.6
population: 183,641
comment: Bolívar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Guaranda. Much of the province has a cool, 'sierra' climate, as it is located in the Andes Mountains. The area in the lower foothills has a cold, tundra-like climate.
alternative label: Bolívar

Carchi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-C
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-C
coordinate: 0°27′N 78°03′W
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -78.05
longitude: 0.45
population: 164,524
comment: Carchi is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River rises on the slopes of Chiles volcano and forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador near Tulcan. Rumichaca Bridge is the most important land route between Colombia and Ecuador.

Orellana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-D
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-D
coordinate: 0°56′S 75°40′W
density: 6.3/km2 (16/sq mi)
latitude: -75.667
longitude: -0.933
population: 136,396
comment: Orellana is an inland province of Ecuador. The capital is Puerto Francisco de Orellana . It was created on July 30, 1998, from part of Napo Province.

Esmeraldas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-E
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-E
coordinate: 0°58′00″S 79°39′00″W
density: 33/km2 (86/sq mi)
latitude: -79.65
longitude: -0.966667
population: 534,092
comment: Esmeraldas is a province in northwestern Ecuador. The capital is Esmeraldas.

Canar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-F
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-F
coordinate: 2°44′S 78°50′W
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: -78.833
longitude: -2.733
population: 225,184
comment: Cañar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Azogues. At the time of census 2010 the province had a population of 225,184. It contains the 16th-century ruins of Ingapirca, the best-known Inca settlement in Ecuador and a product of their conquest of the indigenous Cañari.
alternative label: Cañar

Guayas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-G
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-G
coordinate: 2°12′00″S 79°58′00″W
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: -79.9667
longitude: -2.2
population: 3,645,483
comment: Guayas is a coastal province in Ecuador. It is bordered to the west by Manabí, Santa Elena, and the Pacific Ocean ; to the east by Los Ríos, Bolívar, Chimborazo, Cañar, and Azuay; to the north by Los Ríos and Bolívar; and to the south by El Oro and the Pacific Ocean.

Chimborazo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-H
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-H
coordinate: 1°40′S 78°39′W
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -78.65
longitude: -1.667
population: 458,581
comment: Chimborazo is a province in the central Ecuadorian Andes. It is a home to a section of Sangay National Park. The capital is Riobamba. The province contains Chimborazo, Ecuador's highest mountain.

Imbabura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-I
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-I
coordinate: 0°21′N 78°08′W
density: 87/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -78.133
longitude: 0.35
population: 398,244
comment: Imbabura is a province located in the Andes of northern Ecuador. The capital is Ibarra. The people of the province speak Spanish and the Imbaburan Quechua language.

Loja
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-L
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-L
coordinate: 3°49′59″S 80°04′01″W
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
elevation: 2,225 m (7,300 ft)
latitude: -80.067
longitude: -3.833
population: 448,966
comment: Loja Province is one of 24 provinces in Ecuador and shares its southern border on the west with El Oro Province, on the north with El Azuay, and on the east with Zamora-Chinchipe. Founded on its present site in 1548 by Captain Alonso de Mercadillo, the site had been previously moved and rebuilt from La Toma due to earthquakes. It also is named as "Cuxibamba Valley", from the Quichua language, which means the "Smiley Valley".

Manabi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-M
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-M
coordinate: 1°03′08″S 80°27′02″W
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: -80.4506
longitude: -1.05222
population: 1,369,780
comment: Manabí is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Portoviejo. The province is named after the Manabí people.
alternative label: Manabí

Napo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-N
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-N
coordinate: 0°59′20″S 77°48′57″W
density: 8.3/km2 (21/sq mi)
latitude: -77.8159
longitude: -0.989
population: 103,697
comment: Napo is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province contains the Napo River. The province is low developed without much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descendants of those who fled the Spanish invasion in the Andes, and the Incas years before. In 2000, the province was the sole remaining majority-indigenous province of Ecuador, with 56.3% of the province either claiming indigenous identity or speaking an indigenous language.

El Oro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-O
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-O
coordinate: 3°16′00″S 79°58′00″W
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
elevation: 3,590 m (11,780 ft)
latitude: -79.9667
longitude: -3.26667
population: 600,659
comment: El Oro is the southernmost of Ecuador's coastal provinces. It was named for its historically important gold production. Today it is one of the world's major exporters of bananas. The capital is Machala.

Pichincha
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-P
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-P
coordinate: 0°15′S 78°35′W
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: -78.583
longitude: -0.25
population: 2,576,287
comment: Pichincha is a province of Ecuador located in the northern sierra region; its capital and largest city is Quito. It is bordered by Imbabura and Esmeraldas to the north, Cotopaxi and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas to the south, Napo and Sucumbíos to the east, and Esmeraldas and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas to the west.

Los Rios
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-R
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-R
coordinate: 1°46′00″S 79°27′00″W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -79.45
longitude: -1.76667
population: 778,115
comment: Los Ríos is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Babahoyo. The province was founded on October 6, 1860. Under legislative decree. Babahoyo was made its capital on September 30, 1948.
alternative label: Los Ríos

Morona-Santiago
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-S
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-S
coordinate: 02°22′00″S 78°08′00″W
density: 5,800/km2 (15,000/sq mi)
latitude: -78.13333
longitude: -2.36667
population: 147,940
comment: Morona Santiago is a province in Ecuador. The province was established on February 24, 1954. The capital is Macas.

Tungurahua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-T
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-T
coordinate: 1°14′S 78°37′W
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
elevation: 2,600 m (8,500 ft)
latitude: -78.617
longitude: -1.233
population: 581,389
comment: Tungurahua is one of the twenty-four provinces of Ecuador. Its capital is Ambato. The province takes its name from the Tungurahua volcano, which is located within the boundaries of the provinces.

Sucumbios
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-U
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-U
coordinate: 0°05′S 76°53′W
density: 9.8/km2 (25/sq mi)
latitude: -76.883
longitude: -0.083
population: 176,472
comment: Sucumbíos is a province in northeast Ecuador. The capital and largest city is Nueva Loja . It is the fifth largest province in the country, with an area of 18,084 km². In 2010, it had a population of 176,472 inhabitants.
alternative label: Sucumbíos

Galapagos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-W
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-W
coordinate: 0°33′37″S 91°2′27″W
density: 0.56/km2 (1.4/sq mi)
elevation: 1,710 m (5,610 ft)
latitude: -91.04083
longitude: -0.56028
population: 25,124
comment: Galápagos is a province of Ecuador in the country's Insular region, located approximately 1,000 km off the western coast of the mainland. The capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno.
alternative label: Galápagos

Cotopaxi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-X
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-X
coordinate: 0°56′S 78°37′W
density: 67/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -78.617
longitude: -0.933
population: 409,205
comment: Cotopaxi is one of the provinces of Ecuador. The capital is Latacunga. The province contains the Cotopaxi Volcano, an intermittent volcano with a height of 19,347 feet .

Pastaza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-Y
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-Y
coordinate: 01°4′00″S 78°00′04″W
density: 2.8/km2 (7.3/sq mi)
latitude: -78.00111
longitude: -1.06667
population: 83,933
comment: Pastaza is a province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded on May 12, 1899 and which has 36,700 inhabitants. The city is now accessible by paved roads, a recent development; the main road from Baños follows the Pastaza river into the province.

Zamora-Chinchipe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ecuador
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EC-Z
area: ISO 3166-2:EC-Z
coordinate: 2°53′S 79°00′W
density: 8.6/km2 (22/sq mi)
latitude: -79.0
longitude: -2.883
population: 91,376
comment: Zamora Chinchipe, Province of Zamora Chinchipe is a province of the Republic of Ecuador, located at the southeastern end of the Amazon Basin, which shares borders with the Ecuadorian provinces of Azuay and Morona Santiago to the north, Loja and Azuay to the west, and with Peru to the east and south. The province comprises an area of approximately 10,456 km² and is covered with a uniquely mountainous topography which markedly distinguishes it from the surrounding Amazonian provinces. Zamora-Chinchipe is characterized and largely identified by its mining industry; indigenous ethnic groups with a rich archaeological legacy; its biodiversity; and its niche and tourist attractions, which include a number of waterfalls well-noted for their beauty. The province takes its name from the bureaucratic fusion of the Zamora and Chinchipe cantons. The provincial capital is the city of Zamora.

Harju
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-37
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-37
coordinate: 59°20′N 25°00′E
density: 140.9/km2 (365/sq mi)
latitude: 25.0
longitude: 59.333
population: 611,783
comment: Harju County, is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in Northern Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Järva County to the southeast, Rapla County to the south, and Lääne County to the southwest. The capital and largest city of Estonia, Tallinn, is situated in Harju County. Harju County is the largest county in Estonia in terms of population, as almost half of the Estonia's population lives in Harju County.

Hiiu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-39
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-39
coordinate: 58°50′N 22°40′E
density: 9.2/km2 (24/sq mi)
latitude: 22.667
longitude: 58.833
population: 9,381
comment: Hiiumaa is one of 15 counties of Estonia, being the smallest county both in terms of area and population. It consists of Hiiumaa, the second largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it. The county borders Lääne County to the east and Saare County to the south.

Ida-Viru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-44
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-44
coordinate: 59°13′N 27°18′E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 27.3
longitude: 59.217
population: 134,259
comment: Ida-Viru County, or Ida-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is the most north-eastern part of the country. The county contains large deposits of oil shale - the main mineral mined in Estonia. Oil shale is used in the production of shale oil and in thermal power plants. The capital of the county is the town of Jõhvi which is administratively united with the Jõhvi Parish; nevertheless, Narva is the largest town in the county in terms of population and at the same time the third largest city in Estonia after Tallinn and Tartu. In January 2019 Ida-Viru County had a population of 136,240 – constituting 10.3% of the total population in Estonia. It borders Lääne-Viru County in the west, Jõgeva County in the southwest and Russia in the east.

Jogeva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-49
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-49
coordinate: 58°42′N 26°24′E
density: 14.5/km²
latitude: 26.4
longitude: 58.7
population: 28,734
comment: Jõgeva County, or Jõgevamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in eastern part of the country and borders Ida-Viru County to the north-east, Lake Peipus to the east, Tartu County to the south, Viljandi County to the south-west, Järva County to the north-west and Lääne-Viru County to the north.
alternative label: Jõgeva

Jarva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-51
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-51
coordinate: 58°53′N 25°33′E
density: 13/km2 (32/sq mi)
latitude: 25.55
longitude: 58.883
population: 30,841
comment: Järva County, or Järvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in the central part of the country and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south-east, Viljandi County to the south, Pärnu County to the south-west, Rapla County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2009, Järva County had a population of 29,940 – constituting 2.7% of the total population in Estonia.
alternative label: Järva

Laane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-57
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-57
coordinate: 58°55′N 23°45′E
density: 10.3/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: 23.75
longitude: 58.917
population: 24,948
comment: Lääne County, or Läänemaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in western Estonia and borders the Baltic Sea to the north, Harju County to the north-east, Rapla County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, and the island counties of Saare and Hiiu to the west. In January 2009 Lääne County had a population of 23,810 – constituting 2.0% of the total population in Estonia.
alternative label: Lääne

Laane-Viru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-59
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-59
coordinate: 59°15′N 26°20′E
density: 16/km2 (42/sq mi)
latitude: 26.333
longitude: 59.25
population: 59,791
comment: Lääne-Viru County, or Lääne-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is in northern Estonia, on the south coast of the Gulf of Finland. In Estonian, lääne means western and ida means east or eastern. Lääne-Viru borders Ida-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south, and Järva and Harju counties to the west. In January 2013, Lääne-Viru County had a population of 58,806: 4.5% of the population in Estonia.
alternative label: Lääne-Viru

Polva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-65
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-65
coordinate: 58°05′N 27°05′E
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
latitude: 27.083
longitude: 58.083
population: 28,507
comment: Põlva County, or Põlvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-eastern part of the country and borders Tartu, Valga and Võru counties. 28,507 people live in Põlva County – constituting 2.3% of the total population in Estonia .
alternative label: Põlva

Parnu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-67
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-67
coordinate: 58°25′N 24°35′E
density: 18/km2 (46/sq mi)
latitude: 24.583
longitude: 58.417
population: 84,462
comment: Pärnu County, or Pärnumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-western part of the country, on the coast of Gulf of Riga, and borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to the east, and Latvia to the south. In January 2013 Pärnu County had a population of 81,428 – constituting 6.3% of the total population of Estonia.
alternative label: Pärnu

Rapla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-70
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-70
coordinate: 58°55′N 24°45′E
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: 24.75
longitude: 58.917
population: 34,614
comment: Rapla County, or Raplamaa, is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in the western part of the country and borders Järva County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, Lääne County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2021 Rapla County had a population of 33,116 – constituting 2.5% of the total population of Estonia.

Saare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-74
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-74
coordinate: 58°25′N 22°35′E
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: 22.583
longitude: 58.417
population: 34,041
comment: Saare County, or Saaremaa; is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It consists of Saaremaa, the largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it, most notably Muhu, Ruhnu, Abruka and Vilsandi. The county borders Lääne County to the east, Hiiu County to the north, and Latvia to the south. In January 2013 Saare County had a population of 30,966, which was 2.4% of the population of Estonia.

Tartu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-78
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-78
coordinate: 58°22′N 26°43′E
density: 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 26.717
longitude: 58.367
population: 150,167
comment: It is located in eastern Estonia bordering Põlva County, Valga County, Viljandi County and Jõgeva County.

Valga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-82
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-82
coordinate: 57°52′N 26°10′E
density: 14.7/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 26.167
longitude: 57.867
population: 30,931
comment: Valga County, or Valgamaa is a first-level administrative unit and one of 15 counties of Estonia. It comprises the former area of Valga District. The present-day county was created on 1 January 1990. The capital and largest town of Valga County is Valga, followed by Tõrva and Otepää. It is situated in the southern part of the country and borders Põlva and Võru County to the east, Latvia to the south and west, and Viljandi and Tartu County to the north. 29,944 people live in Valga County .

Viljandi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-84
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-84
coordinate: 58°20′N 25°35′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: 25.583
longitude: 58.333
population: 48,101
comment: Viljandi County or Viljandimaa;, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in southern Estonia bordering Pärnu, Järva, Jõgeva, Tartu and Valga counties.

Voru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-86
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-86
coordinate: 57°45′N 26°55′E
density: 15/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 26.917
longitude: 57.75
population: 34,185
comment: Võru County, or Võrumaa; officially, is a county in Southern Estonia. It is bordered by Valga County and Põlva County and is the only Estonian county bordering two countries - Latvia in the south and Russian Federation in the east.
alternative label: Võru

Ida-Virumaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-45
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-45
coordinate: 59°13′N 27°18′E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 27.3
longitude: 59.217
population: 134,259
comment: Ida-Viru County, or Ida-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is the most north-eastern part of the country. The county contains large deposits of oil shale - the main mineral mined in Estonia. Oil shale is used in the production of shale oil and in thermal power plants. The capital of the county is the town of Jõhvi which is administratively united with the Jõhvi Parish; nevertheless, Narva is the largest town in the county in terms of population and at the same time the third largest city in Estonia after Tallinn and Tartu. In January 2019 Ida-Viru County had a population of 136,240 – constituting 10.3% of the total population in Estonia. It borders Lääne-Viru County in the west, Jõgeva County in the southwest and Russia in the east.

Jogevamaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-50
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-50
coordinate: 58°42′N 26°24′E
latitude: 26.4
longitude: 58.7
population: 28,734
comment: Jõgeva County, or Jõgevamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in eastern part of the country and borders Ida-Viru County to the north-east, Lake Peipus to the east, Tartu County to the south, Viljandi County to the south-west, Järva County to the north-west and Lääne-Viru County to the north.
alternative label: Jõgevamaa

Jarvamaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-52
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-52
coordinate: 58°53′N 25°33′E
density: 13/km2 (32/sq mi)
latitude: 25.55
longitude: 58.883
population: 30,841
comment: Järva County, or Järvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in the central part of the country and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south-east, Viljandi County to the south, Pärnu County to the south-west, Rapla County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2009, Järva County had a population of 29,940 – constituting 2.7% of the total population in Estonia.
alternative label: Järvamaa

Laanemaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-56
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-56
coordinate: 58°55′N 23°45′E
density: 10.3/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: 23.75
longitude: 58.917
population: 24,948
comment: Lääne County, or Läänemaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in western Estonia and borders the Baltic Sea to the north, Harju County to the north-east, Rapla County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, and the island counties of Saare and Hiiu to the west. In January 2009 Lääne County had a population of 23,810 – constituting 2.0% of the total population in Estonia.
alternative label: Läänemaa

Laane-Virumaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-60
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-60
coordinate: 59°15′N 26°20′E
density: 16/km2 (42/sq mi)
latitude: 26.333
longitude: 59.25
population: 59,791
comment: Lääne-Viru County, or Lääne-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is in northern Estonia, on the south coast of the Gulf of Finland. In Estonian, lääne means western and ida means east or eastern. Lääne-Viru borders Ida-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south, and Järva and Harju counties to the west. In January 2013, Lääne-Viru County had a population of 58,806: 4.5% of the population in Estonia.
alternative label: Lääne-Virumaa

Polvamaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-64
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-64
coordinate: 58°05′N 27°05′E
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
latitude: 27.083
longitude: 58.083
population: 28,507
comment: Põlva County, or Põlvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-eastern part of the country and borders Tartu, Valga and Võru counties. 28,507 people live in Põlva County – constituting 2.3% of the total population in Estonia .
alternative label: Põlvamaa

Pärnumaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-68
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-68
coordinate: 58°25′N 24°35′E
density: 18/km2 (46/sq mi)
latitude: 24.583
longitude: 58.417
population: 84,462
comment: Pärnu County, or Pärnumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-western part of the country, on the coast of Gulf of Riga, and borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to the east, and Latvia to the south. In January 2013 Pärnu County had a population of 81,428 – constituting 6.3% of the total population of Estonia.

Raplamaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-71
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-71
coordinate: 58°55′N 24°45′E
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: 24.75
longitude: 58.917
population: 34,614
comment: Rapla County, or Raplamaa, is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in the western part of the country and borders Järva County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, Lääne County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2021 Rapla County had a population of 33,116 – constituting 2.5% of the total population of Estonia.

Tartumaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-79
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-79
coordinate: 58°22′N 26°43′E
density: 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 26.717
longitude: 58.367
population: 150,167
comment: It is located in eastern Estonia bordering Põlva County, Valga County, Viljandi County and Jõgeva County.

Valgamaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-81
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-81
coordinate: 57°52′N 26°10′E
density: 14.7/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 26.167
longitude: 57.867
population: 30,931
comment: Valga County, or Valgamaa is a first-level administrative unit and one of 15 counties of Estonia. It comprises the former area of Valga District. The present-day county was created on 1 January 1990. The capital and largest town of Valga County is Valga, followed by Tõrva and Otepää. It is situated in the southern part of the country and borders Põlva and Võru County to the east, Latvia to the south and west, and Viljandi and Tartu County to the north. 29,944 people live in Valga County .

Võrumaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Estonia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EE-87
area: ISO 3166-2:EE-87
coordinate: 57°45′N 26°55′E
density: 15/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 26.917
longitude: 57.75
population: 34,185
comment: Võru County, or Võrumaa; officially, is a county in Southern Estonia. It is bordered by Valga County and Põlva County and is the only Estonian county bordering two countries - Latvia in the south and Russian Federation in the east.

Alexandria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-ALX
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-ALX
coordinate: 31°10′N 29°53′E
density: 1,900/km2 (4,800/sq mi)
latitude: 29.883
longitude: 31.167
population: 5,226,000
comment: Alexandria Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. The city of Alexandria was historically the capital of Egypt until the foundation of Fustat, which was later absorbed into Cairo. Today the Alexandria governorate is considered second in importance after the Cairo Governorate. It is located in the northern part of the country, directly on the Mediterranean Sea, making it one of the most important harbours in Egypt.

Assyout
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-ASN
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-ASN
coordinate: 23°35′N 32°49′E
latitude: 32.82
longitude: 23.59
population: 1,501,000
comment: Aswan Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. The southernmost governorate in Upper Egypt, its capital is Aswan.

Aswan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-AST
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-AST
coordinate: 27°15′07″N 31°05′24″E
density: 119.6/km²
latitude: 31.09
longitude: 27.252
population: 4,472,000
comment: Asyut Governorate is one of the many governorates of Egypt. It stretches across a section of the Nile River. The capital of the governorate is the city of Asyut.

Behera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-BH
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-BH
coordinate: 30°37′N 30°26′E
latitude: 30.43
longitude: 30.61
population: 6,277,000
comment: Beheira Governorate is a coastal governorate in Egypt. Located in the northern part of the country in the Nile Delta, its capital is Damanhur. قبيلة الرميلات

Beni-Suef
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-BNS
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-BNS
coordinate: 29°04′34″N 31°05′49″E
latitude: 31.097
longitude: 29.076
population: 3,214,000
comment: Beni Suef is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is situated in the center of the country.

Cairo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-C
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-C
coordinate: 30°02′N 31°13′E
latitude: 31.217
longitude: 30.033
population: 9,655,000
comment: Cairo Governorate is the most populated of the governorates of Egypt. Its capital, the city of Cairo, is the national capital of Egypt, and is part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area. Because it is completely urbanized, the governorate is considered a city proper, and functions as a municipality. However, there are uninhabited desert areas.

Dakahlia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-DK
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-DK
coordinate: 31°03′N 31°23′E
latitude: 31.383
longitude: 31.05
population: 6,577,000
comment: Dakahlia Governorate is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo. Its area is approximately 3,500 km². Its capital is Mansoura.

Damietta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-DT
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-DT
coordinate: 31°24′N 31°43′E
latitude: 31.72
longitude: 31.4
population: 1,516,000
comment: Damietta Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, and has a population of over 1 million. Its capital is the city of Damietta.

Fayoum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-FYM
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-FYM
coordinate: 29°21′48″N 30°44′45″E
latitude: 30.74583
longitude: 29.36333
population: 3,848,708
comment: Faiyum Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt in the middle of the country. Its capital is the city of Faiyum, located about 81 mi south west of Cairo. It has a population of 3,848,708 .

Gharbia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-GH
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-GH
coordinate: 30°52′01″N 31°01′41″E
latitude: 31.028
longitude: 30.867
population: 5,066,000
comment: Gharbia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north of the country, south of Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, and north of Monufia Governorate. Its capital is Tanta, which is 90 km north of Cairo, and 120 km south east of Alexandria. The largest city in Gharbia is El Mahalla El Kubra. The total area of Gharbia governorate is 1,942 km2.

Giza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-GZ
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-GZ
coordinate: 29°16′N 29°40′E
density: 73.66/km²
latitude: 29.67
longitude: 29.26
population: 8,759,000
comment: Giza Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the center of the country, situated on the west bank of the Nile River opposite Cairo. Its capital is the city of Giza. It includes a stretch of the left bank of the Nile Valley around Giza, and acquired a large stretch of Egypt's Western Desert, including Bahariya Oasis when the 6th of October Governorate was merged into it on 14 April 2011. The Giza Governorate is also home to the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza.

Ismailia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-IS
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-IS
coordinate: 30°36′N 32°17′E
latitude: 32.283
longitude: 30.6
population: 1,325,000
comment: Ismailia Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. Located in the northeastern part of the country, its capital is the city of Ismailia. It was named after Ismail Pasha, who as Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, oversaw the country during the building of the Suez Canal. It is located between the other two Canal governorates; Port Said Governorate, in the Northern part of Egypt and Suez Governorate.

Kafr El-Sheikh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-KFS
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-KFS
coordinate: 31°18′N 30°56′E
latitude: 30.93
longitude: 31.3
population: 3,414,000
comment: Kafr El Sheikh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It lies in the northern part of the country, along the western branch of the Nile in the Nile Delta. Its capital is the city of Kafr El Sheikh.

Kalyoubia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-LX
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-LX
coordinate: 25°41′N 32°39′E
latitude: 32.65
longitude: 25.683
population: 1,270,000
comment: Luxor Governorate has been one of Egypt's governorates since 7 December 2009, when former president Hosni Mubarak announced its separation from the Qena Governorate. It is located 635 km south of Cairo. It is currently the smallest governorate in Egypt, spanning approximately 5 km from north to south, and 1.5 km from east to west, and lies in Upper Egypt along the Nile. The city of Luxor is the capital of the Luxor governorate. The government is studying the possibility of extending the boundaries of the governorate to include the neighboring towns of Armant and Esna.

Luxor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-MT
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-MT
coordinate: 29°40′N 27°31′E
latitude: 27.51
longitude: 29.66
population: 441,000
comment: Matrouh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the north-western part of the country, it borders Libya. Its capital is Mersa Matruh.

Matrouh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-MN
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-MN
coordinate: 28°07′N 30°07′E
density: 115/km²
latitude: 30.11
longitude: 28.11
population: 5,807,000
comment: Minya Governorate is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt. Its capital city, Minya, is located on the left bank of the Nile River.

Menia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-MNF
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-MNF
coordinate: 30°31′N 30°59′E
latitude: 30.99
longitude: 30.52
population: 4,366,000
comment: Monufia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northern part of the country in the Nile Delta, to the south of Gharbia Governorate and to the north of Cairo. The governorate is named after Menouf, an ancient city which was the capital of the governorate until 1826. The current governor is Said Mohammed Mohammed Abbas.

Menoufia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-WAD
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-WAD
coordinate: 24°32′44″N 27°10′24″E
density: 0.5/km²
latitude: 27.17333
longitude: 24.54556
population: 245,000
comment: New Valley Governorate or El Wadi El Gedid Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the southwestern part of the country, in the south of Egypt Western Desert, between the Nile, northern Sudan, and southeastern Libya.

New Valley
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-SIN
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-SIN
coordinate: 30°30′N 33°36′E
density: 16.57/km2 (42.9/sq mi)
latitude: 33.6
longitude: 30.5
population: 457,000
comment: North Sinai Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country, and encompasses the northern half of the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, in the south by South Sinai Governorate, in the west by Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez Governorates, and in the east by the Gaza Strip and Israel . Its capital is the city of El Arish. A governorate is administered by a governor, who is appointed by the President of Egypt and serves at the president's discretion.

North Sinai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-PTS
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-PTS
coordinate: 31°16′N 32°18′E
latitude: 32.3
longitude: 31.267
population: 764,499
comment: Port Said Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal, making it the second most important harbor in Egypt. Its capital is the city of Port Said, and it is the home of the Suez Canal Authority historical administrative building and the Lighthouse of Port Said.

Port Said
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-KB
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-KB
coordinate: 30°25′N 31°13′E
latitude: 31.21
longitude: 30.41
population: 5,703,000
comment: Qalyubia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in Lower Egypt. It is situated north of Cairo in the Nile Delta region. Its capital is Banha.

Quena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-KN
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-KN
coordinate: 26°12′32″N 32°46′05″E
latitude: 32.768
longitude: 26.209
population: 3,224,000
comment: Qena Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the southern part of the country, it covers a stretch of the Nile valley. Its capital is the city of Qena.

Red Sea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-BA
coordinate: 25°32′1″N 33°26′18″E
density: 1.5/km²
latitude: 33.43833
longitude: 25.53361
population: 366,000
comment: Red Sea Governorate is one of the 27 governorates of Egypt. Located between the Nile and the Red Sea in the southeast of the country, its southern border forms part of Egypt's border with Sudan. Its capital and largest city is Hurghada.

Sharkia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-SHG
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-SHG
coordinate: 26°34′N 31°42′E
latitude: 31.7
longitude: 26.56
population: 5,063,000
comment: Sohag Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the southern part of the country, and covers a stretch of the Nile Valley. Since 1960, its capital has been the city of Sohag. Prior to that, the capital was the city of Girga and the name of the governorate was Girga Governorate.

South Sinai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-JS
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-JS
coordinate: 29°03′N 33°50′E
density: 3.14/km2 (8.1/sq mi)
latitude: 33.83
longitude: 29.05
population: 104,000
comment: South Sinai Governorate is the least populated governorate of Egypt. It is located in the east of the country, encompassing the southern half of the Sinai Peninsula. Saint Catherine's Monastery, an Eastern Orthodox Church monastery and UNESCO World Heritage site of world renown, is located in the central part of the governorate. Part of Egypt

Suez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-SUZ
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-SUZ
coordinate: 29°59′N 32°33′E
latitude: 32.55
longitude: 29.983
population: 738,000
comment: Suez Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country and is coterminous with the city of Suez. It is situated north of the Gulf of Suez.

Suhag
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-SUZ
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-SUZ
coordinate: 29°59′N 32°33′E
latitude: 32.55
longitude: 29.983
population: 738,000
comment: Suez Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country and is coterminous with the city of Suez. It is situated north of the Gulf of Suez.

Ash Sharqiyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Egypt
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:EG-SHR
area: ISO 3166-2:EG-SHR
coordinate: 30°42′N 31°38′E
latitude: 31.63
longitude: 30.7
population: 8,017,894
comment: Sharqia Governorate is the 3rd most populous of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the northern part of the country, its capital is the city of Zagazig.
alternative label: Ash Sharqīyah

Anseba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Eritrea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER-AN
area: ISO 3166-2:ER-AN
coordinate: 16°00′N 38°00′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 38.0
longitude: 16.0
population: 893,587
comment: Anseba Region is one of the six administrative regions, located in northern Eritrea. The capital and the most populous city in the region is Keren. The region is named after Anseba River, which passed through most parts of the region. The average elevation in the region is around 1,800 m to 2,100 m . The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C, while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 508 mm of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture.

Debub-Keih-Bahri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Eritrea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER-DK
area: ISO 3166-2:ER-DK
coordinate: 13°45′N 41°30′E
density: 14/km2 (37/sq mi)
latitude: 41.5
longitude: 13.75
population: 398,073
comment: The Southern Red Sea Region is a region of Eritrea. It lies along the southern half of the Red Sea, and contains the coastal city of Assab. It borders the Northern Red Sea Region, and has an area of around 27,600 km2 .

Debub
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Eritrea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER-DU
area: ISO 3166-2:ER-DU
coordinate: 14°48′N 39°00′E
density: 180/km2 (480/sq mi)
latitude: 39.0
longitude: 14.8
population: 1,476,765
comment: Debub Region, also known as the South Region, is a region of Eritrea. The region was formed on 15 April 1996, from the historical provinces of Serae and Akele Guzai. It lies along a portion of the national border with Ethiopia. As of 2005, the region had a population of 952,100 compared to a population of 839,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.81 per cent. The total area of the province was 8000.00 km2 and the density was 119.01 persons per km2. The highest point in Eritrea, is Mount Soira 3,018 m, is located in the region, situated east of Senafe. It shares borders with Central Region in the north, Zoba Northern Red Sea in the east, Gash Barka in the west and Ethiopia in the south. It is the largest region in the country by population. The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice, an single party government, supports the country and the region. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. Since the arms struggle the citizens of Eritrea have trusted Isaias Afwerki who has led the country since 1971, Eritrean nationalists have donated millions of dollars toward the PFDJ party in 2020.

Gash-Barka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Eritrea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER-GB
area: ISO 3166-2:ER-GB
coordinate: 15°15′N 37°30′E
density: 33/km2 (86/sq mi)
latitude: 37.5
longitude: 15.25
population: 1,103,742
comment: Gash-Barka is one of the six regions of Eritrea. It is situated in the south-west of the country, bordering the Anseba region to the north, and the Maekel and Debub regions to the east; the country of Sudan lies to the west and Ethiopia to the south.

Maekel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Eritrea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:ER-MA
coordinate: 15°20′N 38°55′E
density: 810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
latitude: 38.917
longitude: 15.333
population: 1,053,254
comment: Central Region, also known as the Ma'ekel or Maakel Region, is an administrative region in central Eritrea. The region was formed on 15 April 1996, from the historical province of Hamasien. The region is located on the central plateau, and sits at an average of about 2,250 metres above sea level. It contains Asmara, the capital and largest city of Eritrea.

Semien-Keih-Bahri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Eritrea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ER-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:ER-SK
coordinate: 16°00′N 39°00′E
density: 32/km2 (84/sq mi)
latitude: 39.0
longitude: 16.0
population: 897,454
comment: The Northern Red Sea Region of Eritrea is one of the country's six regions. It lies along the northern three quarters of the Red Sea, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and the coastal city of Massawa.

Alicante
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-A
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-A
coordinate: 38°30′N 0°30′W
density: 313.8/km²
latitude: -0.5
longitude: 38.5
population: 1,838,819
comment: Alicante is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is the second most populated Valencian province. Likewise, the second and third biggest cities in the Valencian Community are located in this province.

Albacete
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-AB
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-AB
coordinate: 38°50′N 2°00′W
density: 27/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: -2.0
longitude: 38.833
population: 402,837
comment: Albacete is a province of central Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. As of 2012, Albacete had a population of 402,837 people. Its capital city, also called Albacete, is 262 kilometres by road southeast of Madrid.

Almeria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-AL
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-AL
coordinate: 37°10′N 2°20′W
density: 80/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -2.333
longitude: 37.167
population: 701,688
comment: Almería is a province of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is the homonymous city of Almería.
alternative label: Almería

Avila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-AV
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-AV
coordinate: 40°35′N 5°00′W
density: 20/km2 (51/sq mi)
latitude: -5.0
longitude: 40.583
population: 158,265
comment: Ávila is a province of central-western Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered on the south by the provinces of Toledo and Cáceres, on the west by Salamanca, on the north by Valladolid, and on the east by Segovia and Madrid. Ávila has a population of 158,265 and is ranked 47th out of 50 of Spanish provinces in population. Its capital is Ávila.
alternative label: Ávila

Barcelona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-B
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-B
coordinate: 41°27′N 2°5′E
latitude: 2.083
longitude: 41.45
population: 5,609,350
comment: Barcelona is a province of eastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The province is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is 7,726 km2 . 5,609,350 people live in the province, of whom about 30% live within the administrative limits of the city of Barcelona, which itself is contained in the Barcelona metropolitan area.

Badajoz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-BA
coordinate: 38°40′N 6°10′W
latitude: -6.167
longitude: 38.667
population: 662,808 (2002)
comment: The province of Badajoz is a province of western Spain located in the autonomous community of Extremadura. It was formed in 1833. It is bordered by the provinces of Cáceres in the north, Toledo, Ciudad Real in the east, Córdoba in the south-east, Seville, and Huelva in the south and Portugal in the west.

Vizcaya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-BI
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-BI
coordinate: 43°15′N 2°59′W
density: 520/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: -2.983
longitude: 43.25
population: 1,149,628
comment: Biscay is a province of Spain, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The name also refers to a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay. Its capital city is Bilbao. It is one of the most prosperous and important provinces of Spain as a result of the massive industrialization in the last years of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. Since the deep deindustrialization of the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.

Burgos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-BU
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-BU
coordinate: 42°23′N 3°40′W
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: -3.667
longitude: 42.383
population: 356,119
comment: The Province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

A Coruna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-C
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-C
coordinate: 43°22′N 8°24′W
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: -8.4
longitude: 43.37
population: 1,121,484
comment: The province of A Coruña is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east.
alternative label: A Coruña

Cadiz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CA
coordinate: 36°30′N 5°45′W
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: -5.75
longitude: 36.5
population: 1,240,175
comment: Cádiz is a province of southern Spain, in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the southernmost part of mainland Spain, as well as the southernmost part of continental Europe.
alternative label: Cádiz

Caceres
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CC
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CC
coordinate: 39°40′N 6°00′W
density: 21/km2 (53/sq mi)
latitude: -6.0
longitude: 39.667
population: 408,703
comment: The province of Cáceres is a province of western Spain, and makes up the northern half of the autonomous community of Extremadura. Its capital is the city of Cáceres. Other cities in the province include Plasencia, Coria, Navalmoral de la Mata and Trujillo, the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro González. As of 2014, the province had 408,703 inhabitants, of whom a quarter lived in the capital. The Tagus river runs through the province.
alternative label: Cáceres

Ceuta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CE
coordinate: 35°53′18″N 5°18′56″W
density: 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
elevation: 10 m (30 ft)
latitude: -5.31556
longitude: 35.88833
population: 85,144
comment: Ceuta is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.

Cordoba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CO
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CO
coordinate: 38°00′N 4°50′W
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -4.833
longitude: 38.0
population: 800,000
comment: Córdoba, also called Cordova in English, is one of the 50 provinces of Spain, in the north-central part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Seville, Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Jaén, and Granada. Its area is 13,769 km2.
alternative label: Córdoba

Ciudad Real
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CR
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CR
coordinate: 39°00′N 4°00′W
density: 26/km2 (69/sq mi)
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 39.0
population: 524,962
comment: The province of Ciudad Real is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete, Jaén, Córdoba, Badajoz, and Toledo. It is partly located in the old natural region of La Mancha. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain, after Cáceres and Badajoz. The historic comarca Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province.

Castellon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CS
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CS
coordinate: 40°10′N 0°10′W
density: 87/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -0.167
longitude: 40.167
population: 579,962
comment: Castellón, officially Castelló, is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community. It is bordered by the provinces of València to the south, Teruel to the west, Tarragona to the north, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The western side of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area.
alternative label: Castellón

Cuenca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-CU
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-CU
coordinate: 40°00′N 2°00′W
density: 13/km2 (33/sq mi)
latitude: -2.0
longitude: 40.0
population: 218,036
comment: Cuenca is one of the five provinces of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha. It is located in the eastern part of this autonomous community and covers 17,141 square km. It has a population of 203,841 inhabitants -- the least populated of the five provinces. Its capital city is also called Cuenca.

Las Palmas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-GC
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-GC
coordinate: 28°20′N 14°20′W
density: 270/km2 (710/sq mi)
latitude: -14.333
longitude: 28.333
population: 1,109,175
comment: The Province of Las Palmas is a province of Spain, consisting of the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, capital city of this province and of the island of Gran Canaria, is the largest city in the Canary Islands.

Girona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-GI
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-GI
coordinate: 42°10′N 2°40′E
latitude: 2.667
longitude: 42.167
population: 739,607
comment: Girona is a province of Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida, on the southwest by the province of Barcelona, on the north by France, and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea.

Granada
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-GR
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-GR
coordinate: 37°15′N 3°15′W
density: 73/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: -3.25
longitude: 37.25
population: 914,678
comment: Granada is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Albacete, Murcia, Almería, Jaén, Córdoba, Málaga, and the Mediterranean Sea . Its capital city is also called Granada.

Guadalajara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-GU
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-GU
coordinate: 40°50′N 2°30′W
density: 21/km2 (55/sq mi)
latitude: -2.5
longitude: 40.833
population: 257,723
comment: Guadalajara is a province of Spain, belonging to the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. As of 2013 it had a population of 257,723 people. The population of the province has grown in the last 10 years. It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.

Huelva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-H
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-H
coordinate: 37°33′N 6°55′W
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -6.917
longitude: 37.55
population: 483,792
comment: Huelva is a province of southern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by Portugal, the provinces of Badajoz, Seville, and Cádiz, and the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Huelva.

Huesca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-HU
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-HU
coordinate: 42°10′N 0°10′W
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: -0.167
longitude: 42.167
population: 219,345
comment: Huesca, officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The capital is Huesca.

Jaen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-J
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-J
coordinate: 38°00′N 3°30′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -3.5
longitude: 38.0
population: 666,190
comment: Jaén is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ciudad Real, Albacete, Granada and Córdoba. Its capital is Jaén city.
alternative label: Jaén

Lleida
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-L
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-L
coordinate: 42°00′N 1°10′E
latitude: 1.167
longitude: 42.0
population: 440,915
comment: The Province of Lleida is one of the four provinces of Catalonia. It lies in north-eastern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and is bordered by the Provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Zaragoza and Huesca and the countries of France and Andorra. It is often popularly referred to as Ponent .

Leon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-LE
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-LE
coordinate: 42°40′N 6°00′W
density: 30/km2 (77/sq mi)
latitude: -6.0
longitude: 42.667
population: 463,746
comment: León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
alternative label: León

La Rioja
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-LO
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-LO
coordinate: 42°15′N 2°30′W
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -2.5
longitude: 42.25
population: 315,675
comment: La Rioja is an autonomous community and province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra, Arnedo, Alfaro, Haro, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, and Nájera. It has an estimated population of 315,675 inhabitants, making it the least populated region of Spain.

Lugo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-LU
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-LU
coordinate: 43°00′N 7°30′W
latitude: -7.5
longitude: 43.0
population: 37th
comment: Lugo is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, Pontevedra, and A Coruña, the principality of Asturias, the State of León, and in the north by the Cantabrian Sea .

Madrid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-M
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-M
coordinate: 40°30′N 3°40′W
density: 829.62/km2 (2,148.7/sq mi)
latitude: -3.667
longitude: 40.5
population: 6,661,949
comment: The Community of Madrid is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and of the Central Plateau . Its capital is the city of Madrid, which is also the capital of the country. The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla–La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León. It was formally created in 1983, based on the limits of the province of Madrid, which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile.

Malaga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-MA
coordinate: 36°43′N 4°25′W
density: 181.99/km².
latitude: -4.417
longitude: 36.717
population: 1,652,999
comment: The province of Málaga is located on the southern mediterranean coast of Spain, in Andalusia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz, Seville, Córdoba, and Granada .
alternative label: Málaga

Melilla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-ML
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-ML
coordinate: 35°18′N 2°57′W
density: 7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
latitude: -2.95
longitude: 35.3
population: 86,384
comment: Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the northwest coast of Africa, sharing a border with Morocco. It has an area of 12.3 km2 . One of two Spanish autonomous cities in mainland Africa together with Ceuta, it was part of the Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.

Murcia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-MU
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-MU
coordinate: 38°00′N 1°50′W
density: 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -1.833
longitude: 38.0
population: 1,511,251
comment: The Region of Murcia, is an autonomous community of Spain located in the southeast part of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Mediterranean coast. The region is centered on a historical region of the same name in what is now southeastern Spain. It is heir to the ancient Kingdom of Murcia, which traditionally included, as a bi-provincial region, the provinces of Albacete and Murcia. During the transition to democracy, Albacete became part of Castilla–La Mancha. The region is 11,313 km2 in area and had a population of 1,511,251 as at the start of 2020. About one-third of its population lives in the capital, Murcia. At 2,014 m, the region's highest point is Los Obispos Peak in the Massif of Revolcadores .

Navarra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-NA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-NA
coordinate: 42°49′N 1°39′W
density: 64/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -1.65
longitude: 42.817
population: 661,197
comment: Navarre, officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona . The present-day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre, a long-standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost part, Lower Navarre, located in the southwest corner of France.

Asturias
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-O
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-O
coordinate: 43°20′N 6°00′W
density: 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -6.0
longitude: 43.333
population: 1,018,784
comment: Asturias, officially the Principality of Asturias, is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.

Ourense
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-OR
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-OR
coordinate: 42°10′N 7°30′W
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -7.5
longitude: 42.167
population: 309,372
comment: Ourense is a Spanish province, in the southeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Pontevedra to the west, Lugo to the north, León and Zamora, to the east, and by Portugal to the south. With an area of 7,278 square km., it is the only landlocked province in Galicia. The provincial capital, Ourense, is the largest population centre, with the rest of the province being predominantly rural.

Palencia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-P
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-P
coordinate: 42°25′N 4°30′W
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
latitude: -4.5
longitude: 42.417
population: 161,821
comment: Palencia is a province of northern Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It is bordered by the provinces of León, Cantabria, Burgos, and Valladolid.

Baleares
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-PM
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-PM
coordinate: 39°30′N 3°00′E
density: 240/km2 (630/sq mi)
latitude: 3.0
longitude: 39.5
population: 1,215,174
comment: The Balearic Islands are a Spanish archipelago in the Balearic Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

Pontevedra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-PO
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-PO
coordinate: 42°22′N 8°24′W
density: 210/km2 (500/sq mi)
latitude: -8.4
longitude: 42.37
population: 942,665
comment: Pontevedra is a province of Spain along the country's Atlantic coast in southwestern Europe. The province forms the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, and Ourense, the country of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. The official languages of the Pontevedra province are Spanish and Galician. There is a public institution called the Diputación Provincial of Pontevedra, whose head office is in Pontevedra city, that provides direct services to citizens such as technical, financial and technological support to the councils of the 62 municipalities of the province of Pontevedra.

Cantabria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-S
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-S
coordinate: 43°20′N 4°00′W
density: 106.8/km²
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 43.333
population: 580,229
comment: Cantabria is an autonomous community in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city. It is called a comunidad histórica, a historic community, in its current Statute of Autonomy. It's bordered on the east by the Basque autonomous community, on the south by Castile and León, on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea .

Salamanca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-SA
coordinate: 40°49′N 6°00′W
density: 27/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: -6.0
longitude: 40.817
population: 331,473
comment: Salamanca is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is bordered by the provinces of Zamora, Valladolid, Ávila, and Cáceres; it is bordered on the west by Portugal. It has an area of 12,349 km ² and in 2018 had a population of 331,473 people. It is divided into 362 municipalities, 11 comarcas, 32 mancomunidades and five judicial districts. Of the 362 municipalities, more than half are villages with fewer than 300 people.

Sevilla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-SE
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-SE
coordinate: 37°30′N 5°30′W
density: 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -5.5
longitude: 37.5
population: 1,917,097
comment: The Province of Seville is a province of southern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Cádiz in the south, Huelva in the west, Badajoz in the north and Córdoba in the east. Seville is the province's as well as the Andalusian autonomous community's capital.

Segovia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-SG
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-SG
coordinate: 41°10′N 4°00′W
density: 24/km2 (61/sq mi)
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 41.167
population: 163,701
comment: Segovia is a province of central/northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the province of Burgos in the north, Soria in the northeast, Guadalajara in the east, Madrid in the south, Ávila in the west and southwest, and Valladolid in the northwest. The average temperature ranges from 10 °C to 20 °C.

Soria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-SO
coordinate: 41°40′N 02°40′W
density: 8.7/km2 (23/sq mi)
latitude: -2.667
longitude: 41.667
population: 90,040
comment: Soria is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Most of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area.

Guipuzcoa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-SS
coordinate: 43°10′N 2°10′W
density: 360/km2 (940/sq mi)
latitude: -2.167
longitude: 43.167
population: 720,592
comment: Gipuzkoa is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. Gipuzkoa shares borders with the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques at the northeast, with the province and autonomous community of Navarre at east, Biscay at west, Álava at southwest and the Bay of Biscay to its north. It is located at the easternmost extreme of the Cantabric Sea, in the Bay of Biscay. It has 66 kilometres of coast land.
alternative label: Guipúzcoa

Tarragona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-T
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-T
coordinate: 41°10′N 1°00′E
latitude: 1.0
longitude: 41.167
population: 631,156 (2002)
comment: Tarragona is a province of the southern part of Catalonia. It is bordered by the provinces of Castelló, Teruel, Zaragoza, Lleida and Barcelona and by the Mediterranean Sea.

Teruel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-TE
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-TE
coordinate: 40°40′N 0°40′W
density: 9.1/km2 (24/sq mi)
latitude: -0.667
longitude: 40.667
population: 134,572
comment: Teruel is a province of Aragon, in the northeast of Spain. The capital is Teruel.

Santa Cruz de Tenerife
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-TF
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-TF
coordinate: 28°10′N 17°20′W
density: 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
elevation: 3,718 m (12,198 ft)
latitude: -17.333
longitude: 28.167
population: 1,018,510
comment: Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, also Province of Santa Cruz, is a province of Spain, consisting of the western part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. It consists of about half of the Atlantic archipelago: the islands of Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro, and La Palma. It occupies an area of 3,381 km2 . It also includes a series of adjacent roques .

Toledo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-TO
coordinate: 39°50′N 4°00′W
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 39.833
population: 706,407
comment: Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Cáceres, and Ávila. Its capital is the city of Toledo.

Valencia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-V
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-V
coordinate: 39°20′N 0°50′W
latitude: -0.833
longitude: 39.333
population: 2,547,986
comment: Valencia or València is a province of Spain, in the central part of the autonomous Valencian Community. Of the province's over 2.5 million people, one-third live in the capital, Valencia, which is also the capital of the autonomous community and the 3rd biggest city in Spain, with a metropolitan area of 2,522,383 people it is also one of the most populated cities of Southern Europe. There are 265 municipalities in the province.

Valladolid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-VA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-VA
coordinate: 41°35′N 4°40′W
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -4.667
longitude: 41.583
population: 520,716
comment: Valladolid is a province of northwest Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It has a population of 520,716 people in a total of 225 municipalities, an area of 8,110 km2 and a population density of 64.19 people per km2.

Alava
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-VI
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-VI
coordinate: 42°50.67′N 2°45.62′W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -2.76033
longitude: 42.8445
population: 331,648
comment: Álava or Araba, officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.
alternative label: Álava

Zaragoza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-Z
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-Z
coordinate: 41°35′N 1°00′W
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 41.583
population: 954,811
comment: Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is a province of northern Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Aragon. Its capital is Zaragoza, which is also the capital of the autonomous community. Other towns in Zaragoza include Calatayud, Borja, La Almunia de Doña Godina, Ejea de los Caballeros and Tarazona.

Zamora
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Spain
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ES-ZA
area: ISO 3166-2:ES-ZA
coordinate: 41°45′N 6°00′W
density: 17/km2 (43/sq mi)
latitude: -6.0
longitude: 41.75
population: 174,544
comment: Zamora is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, León, Valladolid, and Salamanca, and by Portugal.

Addis Ababa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-AA
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-AA
coordinate: 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E
density: 5,165.1/km2 (13,378/sq mi)
elevation: 2,355 m (7,726 ft)
latitude: 38.74
longitude: 9.03
population: 3,384,569
comment: Addis Ababa, also known as Finfinne and Sheger, is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa is a chartered city, and is the capital of Oromia. Addis Ababa is the largest city in Ethiopia, with, according to the 2007 census, a population of 2,739,551 inhabitants.

Afar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-AF
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-AF
coordinate: 11°49′N 41°25′E
density: 14.59/km²
latitude: 41.417
longitude: 11.817
population: 1,152,300
comment: Afar Region, formerly known as Region 2, is a regional state in northeastern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Afar people. Its capital is the planned city of Semera, which lies on the paved Awash–Assab highway.

Amara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-AM
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-AM
coordinate: 11°39′39″N 37°57′28″E
density: 108.15/km²
latitude: 37.9578
longitude: 11.6608
population: 20,018,988
comment: Amhara Region, previously known as "Region 3," is a regional state in northern Ethiopia, and the homeland of the Amhara people. Its capital is Bahir Dar. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana, and of Semien Mountains National Park . Amhara is bordered by the state of Sudan to the west and northwest, and by other regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to the west and southwest, and Oromia to the south.

Benishangul-Gumaz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-BE
coordinate: 10°46′N 35°32′E
density: 13.6/km²
latitude: 35.533
longitude: 10.767
population: 1,127,001
comment: Benishangul-Gumuz is a regional state in western Ethiopia to the border of Sudan. It was previously known as Region 6. The region's capital is Assosa. Following the adoption of the 1995 constitution, the region was created from the westernmost portion of the Gojjam province, and the northwestern portion of the Welega Province . The name of the region comes from two peoples – Berta and Gumuz.

Dire Dawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-DD
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-DD
coordinate: 9°36′N 41°52′E
density: 328.06/km²
elevation: 1,276[4] m (4,189 ft)
latitude: 41.867
longitude: 9.6
population: 493,000
comment: Dire Dawa is a city in eastern Ethiopia near the Somali border and one of two chartered cities in Ethiopia . It is divided administratively into two woredas, the city proper and the non-urban woreda of Gurgura.

Gambela
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-GA
coordinate: 7°37′06″N 34°41′22″E
density: 9.57/km²
latitude: 34.68933
longitude: 7.618442
population: 435,999
comment: Gambela or Gambella, also officially known as Gambela Peoples' Region, is a regional state in western Ethiopia, bordering South Sudan. Previously known as "Region 12", its capital is Gambela. The Region is situated between the Baro and Akobo Rivers, with its western part including the Baro River or Openo in the local language of the Anyuak or Anywaa people.

Harar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-HA
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-HA
coordinate: 9°18′40″N 42°07′26″E
density: 589.05/km²
latitude: 42.123814
longitude: 9.310994
population: 246,000
comment: Harari, officially Harari People's National Regional State, is one of the ten ethnically-based regional states of Ethiopia, covering the homeland of the Harari people. Formerly named Region 13, its capital is Harar. It has the smallest land area and population of the Ethiopian regional states. Harari and Oromo are the two official languages of the regional authorities.

Oromia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-OR
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-OR
coordinate: 7°59′21″N 39°22′52″E
density: 76.93/km²
latitude: 39.38118
longitude: 7.989062
population: 35,467,001
comment: Oromia is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. The capital city of the State of Oromia is Finfinne, also known as Addis Ababa. Currently the state consists of 21 administrative zones. Towns in the region include Adama, Ambo, Asella, Badessa, Bale Robe, Bedele, Bishoftu, Begi, Bule Hora, Burayu, Chiro, Dembidolo, Fiche, Gimbi, Goba, Haramaya, Holeta, Jimma, Metu, Negele Arsi, Nekemte, Sebeta, Shashamane and Waliso, among many others. It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to the north; Dire Dawa to the northeast; the South Sudanese state of Upper Nile, Gambela Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region and Sidama Region to the west; the Eastern Province of Kenya to the south; as well as Addis Ababa as an enclave surrounded by Special Zone in its center and the Harari Region as an enclave surrounded by East Hararghe in its east. The Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency projected the 2017 population of Oromia as 35,467,001; this makes it the largest regional state by population. It is also the largest regional state covering 353,690 square kilometers. Oromia is the world's 42nd most populous subnational entity, and the most populous subnational entity in Africa.

Southern Nations
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-SN
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-SN
coordinate: 6°03′31″N 36°43′38″E
density: 133.9/km²
latitude: 36.7273
longitude: 6.05862
population: 11,426,000
comment: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region is a multinational regional state of Ethiopia. It was formed from the merger of five kililoch, called Regions 7 to 11, following the regional council elections on 21 June 1992. Its government is based in Awasa.

Somali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-SO
coordinate: 7°26′19″N 44°17′49″E
density: 15.9/km²
latitude: 44.296875
longitude: 7.4387307
population: 12.5 million
comment: The Somali Region, also known as Soomaali Galbeed is a regional state in eastern Ethiopia. Its territory is the largest after Oromia Region. The regional state borders the Ethiopian states of Afar and Oromia and the chartered city Dire Dawa to the west, as well as Djibouti and Somalia to north the east and south; and Kenya to the southwest.

Tigray
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ethiopia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ET-TI
area: ISO 3166-2:ET-TI
coordinate: 12°50′34″N 39°31′03″E
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: 39.5175
longitude: 12.84278
population: 7,070,260
comment: Tigray Region is the northernmost regional state in Ethiopia. Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob and Kunama peoples. Tigray is also known as region 1 according to the federal constitution. Its capital and largest city is Mekelle. Tigray is the fifth-largest by area, the fifth-most populous, and the fifth-most densely populated of the 10 Regional States.

Aland Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-AL
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-AL
coordinate: 60°07′N 019°54′E
density: 18.36/km2 (47.6/sq mi)
elevation: 129.1 m (423.6 ft)
latitude: 19.9
longitude: 60.117
population: 29,884
comment: The Åland Islands, or simply Åland, is an archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. It is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 by a decision of the League of Nations, and its only official language is Swedish. It is the smallest region of Finland, constituting 0.51% of its land area and 0.54% of its population. Mariehamn is the capital city of Åland.
alternative label: Åland Islands

Southern Finland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-ES
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-ES
coordinate: 60°30′N 26°00′E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 60.5
population: 2,209,677
comment: Southern Finland was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Western Finland and Eastern Finland. It also bordered the Gulf of Finland and Russia.

Eastern Finland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-IS
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-IS
coordinate: 62°N 28°E
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: 62.0
population: 569,832
comment: Eastern Finland was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Western Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered Russia to the east.

Lapland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-LL
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-LL
coordinate: 67°N 026°E
density: 1.8/km2 (4.6/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 67.0
population: 177,161
comment: Lapland is the largest and northernmost region of Finland. The municipalities in the region cooperate in a Regional Council. There are 21 municipalities in Lapland region. Lapland borders the region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Troms and Finnmark County in Norway, and Murmansk Oblast and the Republic of Karelia in Russia. Topography varies from vast mires and forests of the South to fells in the North. The Arctic circle crosses Lapland, so polar phenomena such as the midnight sun and polar night can be seen in Lapland.

Western Finland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-LS
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-LS
coordinate: 62°N 24°E
density: 25/km2 (66/sq mi)
latitude: 24.0
longitude: 62.0
population: 1,889,542
comment: Western Finland was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Eastern Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered the Gulf of Bothnia towards Åland. Tampere was the largest city of the province.

Oulu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-OL
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-OL
coordinate: 64°30′N 27°00′E
density: 8.1/km²
latitude: 27.0
longitude: 64.5
population: 461,000 (2004)
comment: The Province of Oulu was a province of Finland from 1775 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Lapland, Western Finland and Eastern Finland and also the Gulf of Bothnia and Russia.

Ahvenanmaan maakunta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-01
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-01
coordinate: 60°07′N 019°54′E
density: 18.36/km2 (47.6/sq mi)
elevation: 129.1 m (423.6 ft)
latitude: 19.9
longitude: 60.117
population: 29,884
comment: The Åland Islands, or simply Åland, is an archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. It is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 by a decision of the League of Nations, and its only official language is Swedish. It is the smallest region of Finland, constituting 0.51% of its land area and 0.54% of its population. Mariehamn is the capital city of Åland.

Etelä-Karjala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-02
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-02
coordinate: 61°N 28°E
density: 19/km2 (48/sq mi)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: 61.0
population: 127,757
comment: South Karelia is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Kymenlaakso, South Savo and North Karelia, as well as Russia .

Etelä-Pohjanmaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-03
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-03
coordinate: 62°45′N 22°30′E
density: 13/km2 (35/sq mi)
latitude: 22.5
longitude: 62.75
population: 188,685
comment: South Ostrobothnia is one of the 19 regions of Finland. It borders the regions of Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Pirkanmaa, and Satakunta. Among the Finnish regions, South Ostrobothnia is the ninth largest in terms of population. Seinäjoki is the regional centre and by far the largest city in the area.

Etelä-Savo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-04
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-04
coordinate: 62°0′N 27°30′E
density: 7.6/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: 27.5
longitude: 62.0
population: 142,335
comment: Southern Savonia or, officially, South Savo is a region in the south-east of Finland. It borders the regions of Northern Savonia, North Karelia, South Karelia, Kymenlaakso, Päijät-Häme, and Central Finland. The total area of Southern Savonia is 18,768.33 km2, with a population of 153,738 .

Kainuu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-05
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-05
coordinate: 64°30′N 28°00′E
density: 3.2/km2 (8.3/sq mi)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: 64.5
population: 72,306
comment: Kainuu is one of the 19 regions of Finland . Kainuu borders the regions of North Ostrobothnia, North Savo and North Karelia. In the east, it also borders Russia .

Kanta-Häme
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-06
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-06
coordinate: 60°50′N 24°15′E
density: 30/km2 (78/sq mi)
latitude: 24.25
longitude: 60.833
population: 170,925
comment: Kanta-Häme, sometimes referred to by the obsolete Tavastia Proper or as the Häme region, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, Päijät-Häme, and Uusimaa.

Keski-Pohjanmaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-07
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-07
coordinate: 63°30′N 24°15′E
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: 24.25
longitude: 63.5
population: 68,158
comment: Central Ostrobothnia is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and South Ostrobothnia.

Keski-Suomi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-08
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-08
coordinate: 62°30′N 025°30′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: 25.5
longitude: 62.5
population: 275,104
comment: Central Finland is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Päijät-Häme, Pirkanmaa, South Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, North Savo, and South Savo.

Kymenlaakso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-09
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-09
coordinate: 60°30′N 027°00′E
density: 31/km2 (81/sq mi)
latitude: 27.0
longitude: 60.5
population: 174,167
comment: Kymenlaakso is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Uusimaa, Päijät-Häme, South Savo and South Karelia and Russia . Its name means literally The Valley of River Kymi. Kymijoki is one of the biggest rivers in Finland with a drainage basin with 11% of the area of Finland. The city of Kotka with 51,000 inhabitants is located at the delta of River Kymi and has the most important import harbour in Finland. Other cities are Kouvola further in the inland which has after a municipal merger 81,000 inhabitants and the old bastion town Hamina.

Lappi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-10
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-10
coordinate: 67°N 026°E
density: 1.8/km2 (4.6/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 67.0
population: 177,161
comment: Lapland is the largest and northernmost region of Finland. The municipalities in the region cooperate in a Regional Council. There are 21 municipalities in Lapland region. Lapland borders the region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Troms and Finnmark County in Norway, and Murmansk Oblast and the Republic of Karelia in Russia. Topography varies from vast mires and forests of the South to fells in the North. The Arctic circle crosses Lapland, so polar phenomena such as the midnight sun and polar night can be seen in Lapland.

Pirkanmaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-11
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-11
coordinate: 61°42′N 23°43′E
density: 36/km2 (93/sq mi)
latitude: 23.717
longitude: 61.7
population: 517,666
comment: Pirkanmaa, also known as Tampere Region in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme and Southwest Finland. Most of the water area in the Kokemäki River watershed is located in the Pirkanmaa region, although Lake Vanajavesi is partly in the Kanta-Häme region. The region got its name from Pirkkala, which in the Middle Ages comprised most of present-day Pirkanmaa. Tampere is the regional center and capital of Pirkanmaa, and at the same time the largest city in the region.

Pohjanmaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-12
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-12
coordinate: 63°N 22°E
density: 23/km2 (59/sq mi)
latitude: 22.0
longitude: 63.0
population: 180,445
comment: Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. It borders the regions of Central Ostrobothnia, South Ostrobothnia, and Satakunta and is one of the four modern regions making up the historical province of Ostrobothnia. It is also referred to as Coastal Ostrobothnia to avoid confusion.

Pohjois-Karjala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-13
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-13
coordinate: 63°00′N 30°00′E
density: 7.5/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 30.0
longitude: 63.0
population: 161,211
comment: North Karelia is a region in eastern Finland. It borders the regions of Kainuu, North Savo, South Savo and South Karelia, as well as Russia . The city of Joensuu is the capital of the region. North Karelia is also known as the home of the world-famous Koli National Park.

Pohjois-Pohjanmaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-14
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-14
coordinate: 65°N 026°E
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
latitude: 26.0
longitude: 65.0
population: 412,830
comment: North Ostrobothnia is a region of Finland. It borders the Finnish regions of Lapland, Kainuu, North Savo, Central Finland and Central Ostrobothnia, as well as the Russian Republic of Karelia.

Pohjois-Savo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-15
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-15
coordinate: 63°N 27°E
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: 27.0
longitude: 63.0
population: 244,236
comment: Northern Savonia or, officially, North Savo is a region in eastern Finland. It borders the regions of Southern Savonia, Central Finland, North Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, and North Karelia. Kuopio is the largest city in the region and Lake Kallavesi is the largest lake in the region.

Päijät-Häme
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-16
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-16
coordinate: 61°15′N 25°50′E
density: 32/km2 (83/sq mi)
latitude: 25.833
longitude: 61.25
population: 199,604
comment: Päijänne Tavastia or, officially, Päijät-Häme is a region in Southern Finland south of the lake Päijänne. It borders the regions of Uusimaa, Tavastia Proper, Pirkanmaa, Central Finland, South Savo and Kymenlaakso. The biggest city in the region is Lahti.

Satakunta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-17
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-17
coordinate: 61°20′N 22°00′E
density: 26/km2 (67/sq mi)
latitude: 22.0
longitude: 61.333
population: 216,752
comment: Satakunta is a region of Finland, part of the former Western Finland Province. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, South Ostrobothnia and Ostrobothnia. The capital city of the region is Pori. The name of the region literally means Hundred. The historical province of the same name was a larger area within Finland, covering modern Satakunta as well as much of Pirkanmaa.

Uusimaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-18
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-18
coordinate: 60°15′N 24°30′E
density: 176/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 24.5
longitude: 60.25
population: 1,703,649
comment: Uusimaa is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Tavastia Proper, Päijänne Tavastia, and Kymenlaakso. Finland's capital and largest city, Helsinki, along with the surrounding Greater Helsinki area, are both contained in the region, and Uusimaa is Finland's most populous region. The population of Uusimaa is 1,703,649.

Varsinais-Suomi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Finland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FI-19
area: ISO 3166-2:FI-19
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 21.028236
longitude: 60.29998
population: 479,341
comment: Southwest Finland, calqued as Finland Proper, is a region in the southwest of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, Pirkanmaa, Tavastia Proper, Uusimaa, and Åland. The region's capital and most populous city is medieval Turku, which was known as the former capital city of Finland before Helsinki.

Ba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-01
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-01
coordinate: 17°32′S 177°41′E
latitude: 177.683
longitude: -17.533
population: 247,708 (2017)
comment: Ba is a province of Fiji, occupying the north-western sector of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. It is one of fourteen provinces in the nation of Fiji, and one of eight based in Viti Levu. It is Fiji's most populous province, with a population of 247,708 - more than a quarter of the nation's total - at the 2017 census. It covers a land area of 2,634 km2, the second largest of any province.

Bua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-02
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-02
coordinate: 16°46′34″S 178°36′04″E
latitude: 178.6011
longitude: -16.77611
population: 15,466 (2017)
comment: Bua is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji. Located in the west of the northern island of Vanua Levu, it is one of three northern provinces, and has a land area of 1,379 square kilometers. Its population at the 2017 census was 15,466, making it the fifth least-populous Province.

Cakaudrove
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-03
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-03
coordinate: 16°40′S 179°25′E
latitude: 179.417
longitude: -16.667
population: 50,469 (2017)
comment: Cakaudrove is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji, and one of three based principally on the northern island of Vanua Levu, occupying the south-eastern third of the island and including the nearby islands of Taveuni, Rabi, Kioa, and numerous other islands in the Vanua Levu Group. It has a total land area of 2,816 square kilometers, with a population of 50,469 at the most recent census in 2017, making it the seventh most populous province. The only major town is Savusavu, with a population of 3,372 in 2007.

Kadavu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-04
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-04
coordinate: 19°03′S 178°15′E
latitude: 178.25
longitude: -19.05
population: 10,897 (2017)
comment: Kadavu Province is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji, and forms part of the Eastern Division, which also includes the provinces of Lau, Lomaiviti and Rotuma. Kadavu also belongs to the Burebasaga Confederacy, a hierarchy of chiefs from southern and western Fiji with Roko Tui Dreketi of Rewa as the paramount chief.

Lau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-05
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-05
coordinate: 18°20′S 178°30′W
latitude: -178.5
longitude: -18.333
population: 9,602 (2017)
comment: Lau Province is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji. Its capital is at Tubou, at the southern end of the island of Lakeba. The province forms part of the country's Eastern Division, and of the Tovata Confederacy, a traditional hierarchy of chiefs from northern and eastern Fiji.

Lomaiviti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-06
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-06
coordinate: 17°40′S 178°48′E
latitude: 178.8
longitude: -17.667
population: 15,657 (2017)
comment: Lomaiviti Province is one of the 14 provinces of Fiji. Administratively, it forms part of Fiji's Eastern Division and of the Kubuna Confederacy, one of three traditional chiefly hierarchies in Fiji.

Macuata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-07
coordinate: 16°26′S 179°22′E
latitude: 179.367
longitude: -16.433
population: 65,983 (2017)
comment: Macuata is one of Fiji's fourteen Provinces, and one of three based principally on the northern island of Vanua Levu, occupying the north-eastern 40 percent of the island. It has a land area of 2004 square kilometers.

Nadroga and Navosa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-08
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-08
coordinate: 18°00′S 177°40′E
latitude: 177.667
longitude: -18.0
population: 58,931 (2017)
comment: Nadroga-Navosa is one of the fourteen provinces of Fiji and one of eight based in Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. It is about 2,385 square kilometers and occupies the South-West and Central areas of Viti Levu, Fiji's principal island. The province includes the Mamanuca Archipelago, off the west coast of Viti Levu, Vatulele, as well as the remote Conway Reef in the southwest. The population at the 2017 census was 58,931, being the fifth largest province. The main town in Nadroga-Navosa is Sigatoka, with a population of 9622 .

Naitasiri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-09
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-09
coordinate: 17°50′S 178°15′E
latitude: 178.25
longitude: -17.833
population: 177,678 (2017)
comment: Naitasiri is one of the 14 provinces of Fiji and one of eight located on Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island.

Namosi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-10
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-10
coordinate: 18°03′S 178°08′E
latitude: 178.133
longitude: -18.05
population: 7,871 (2017)
comment: Namosi is one of Fiji's fourteen provinces and one of eight based in Viti Levu, the largest island. Located to the west of Suva, the province covers 570 square kilometers. Its population of 7,871 at the 2017 census was the second smallest of any Fijian province.

Ra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-11
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-11
coordinate: 17°30′S 178°10′E
latitude: 178.167
longitude: -17.5
population: 30,432 (2017)
comment: Ra is one of the fourteen provinces of Fiji. Occupying the northern area of Viti Levu, the largest island, it is one of eight Viti Levu-based Provinces. With a land area of 1341 square kilometers, it had a population of 30,432 at the 2017 census. The main urban centre is at Vaileka, with a population of 3,361 in 1996.

Rewa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-12
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-12
coordinate: 18°05′S 178°20′E
latitude: 178.333
longitude: -18.083
population: 108,016 (2017)
comment: Rewa is a province of Fiji. With a land area of 272 square kilometers, it includes the capital city of Suva and is in two parts — one including part of Suva's hinterland to the west and a noncontiguous area to the east, separated from the rest of Rewa by Naitasiri Province. The province had a population of 108,016 at the 2017 census, making it Fiji's third most populous.

Serua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-13
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-13
coordinate: 18°10′S 178°00′E
latitude: 178.0
longitude: -18.167
population: 15,461 (2017)
comment: Serua is one of Fiji's fourteen Provinces. Its 830 square kilometers occupy the southernmost areas of Viti Levu, being one of 8 provinces based on Fiji's largest island. It had a population of 15,461 at the 2007 census.

Tailevu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Fiji
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FJ-14
area: ISO 3166-2:FJ-14
coordinate: 17°50′S 178°30′E
latitude: 178.5
longitude: -17.833
population: 64,552 (2017)
comment: Tailevu is one of the 14 provinces of Fiji. One of eight provinces based in Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island, its 755 square kilometers occupy the south-eastern fringe of the island, along with some central areas. At the 2017 census, it had a population of 64,552, the fifth largest among the Provinces. The main urban area of Tailevu is Nausori with a population of 21,645 in 1996.

Chuuk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Micronesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FM-TRK
area: ISO 3166-2:FM-TRK
coordinate: 7°25′N 151°47′E
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 151.783
longitude: 7.417
population: 48,654
comment: Chuuk State is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Yap State. It consists of several island groups:

Kosrae
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Micronesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FM-KSA
area: ISO 3166-2:FM-KSA
coordinate: 5°19′N 162°59′E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
elevation: 634 m (2,080 ft)
latitude: 162.983
longitude: 5.317
population: 6,616
comment: Kosrae, formerly known as Kusaie or Strong's Island, is an island in Federated States of Micronesia. The State of Kosrae is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia, and includes the main island of Kosrae and a few nearby islands and islets, the most significant of which is inhabited by 1,500 people.

Pohnpei
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Micronesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FM-PNI
area: ISO 3166-2:FM-PNI
coordinate: 6°51′N 158°13′E
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 158.217
longitude: 6.85
population: 36,196
comment: Pohnpei State is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The other states are, from east to west, Kosrae State, Chuuk State, and Yap State. The state's main island is Pohnpei.

Yap
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Micronesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FM-YAP
area: ISO 3166-2:FM-YAP
coordinate: 9°32′N 138°07′E
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 138.117
longitude: 9.533
population: 11,577
comment: The State of Yap also known in the Yapese language as "Fare Nam nu Wa'ab" or simply as Wa'ab, is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Chuuk State.

Ain
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-01
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-01
coordinate: 46°5′N 5°20′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
elevation: 433 m (1,421 ft)
latitude: 5.333
longitude: 46.083
population: 638,425
comment: Ain is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Eastern France. Named after the Ain river, it is bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône. Ain is located on the country's eastern edge, on the Swiss border, where it neighbours the cantons of Geneva and Vaud. In 2016, it had a population of 638,425.

Aisne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-02
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-02
coordinate: 49°30′N 3°30′E
density: 73/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 3.5
longitude: 49.5
population: 534,490
comment: Aisne is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. It is named after the river Aisne.

Allier
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-03
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-03
coordinate: 46°20′N 3°10′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 3.167
longitude: 46.333
population: 339,384
comment: Allier is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. Named after the river Allier, it had a population of 339,384 in 2016. Moulins is the prefecture; Montluçon and Vichy are the subprefectures. Its INSEE and post code is 03.

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-04
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-04
coordinate: 44°0′N 6°10′E
density: 23/km2 (60/sq mi)
latitude: 6.167
longitude: 44.0
population: 161,588
comment: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Formerly part of the province of Provence, it had a population of 161,588 in 2016. Its main cities are Digne-les-Bains, Manosque, Sisteron, Barcelonnette, Castellane and Forcalquier. Inhabitants of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are called the Bas-Alpins or Bas-Alpines referring to the department of Basses-Alpes which was the former name of the department until 1970.

Hautes-Alpes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-05
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-05
coordinate: 44°40′N 6°20′E
density: 25/km2 (66/sq mi)
elevation: 1,665 m (5,463 ft)
latitude: 6.333
longitude: 44.667
population: 141,107
comment: Hautes-Alpes is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Located in and named after the Alps, it had a population of 141,107 in 2016, which makes it the third least populated French department. Its prefecture is Gap; its only subprefecture is Briançon.

Alpes-Maritimes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-06
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-06
coordinate: 43°50′N 7°10′E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 7.167
longitude: 43.833
population: 1,083,310
comment: Alpes-Maritimes is a department of France located in the country's southeast corner, on the Italian border and on the Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it had a population of 1,083,310 in 2017.

Ardeche
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-07
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-07
coordinate: 44°40′N 4°25′E
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 4.417
longitude: 44.667
population: 325,157
comment: Ardèche is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It is named after the Ardèche River and had a population of 320,379 as of 2013. Its largest cities are Aubenas, Annonay, Guilherand-Granges, Tournon-sur-Rhône and Privas .
alternative label: Ardèche

Ardennes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-08
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-08
coordinate: 49°30′N 4°40′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 4.667
longitude: 49.5
population: 275,371
comment: Ardennes is a department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France named after the broader Ardennes.

Ariege
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-09
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-09
coordinate: 43°00′00″N 1°30′00″E
density: 28/km²
latitude: 1.501116
longitude: 42.94394
population: 137,205 (1999)
alternative label: Ariège

Aube
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-10
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-10
coordinate: 48°20′N 4°10′E
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 4.167
longitude: 48.333
population: 308,910
comment: Aube is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 305,606 inhabitants, Aube is 76th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aubois or Auboises

Aude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-11
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-11
coordinate: 43°5′N 2°25′E
density: 60/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 2.417
longitude: 43.083
population: 370,260
comment: Aude is a department in Southern France, located in the Occitanie region and named after the river Aude. The departmental council also calls it "Cathar Country" after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th century.

Aveyron
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-12
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-12
coordinate: 44°15′N 02°42′E
density: 32/km2 (83/sq mi)
latitude: 2.7
longitude: 44.25
population: 278,697
comment: Aveyron is a department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Aveyron River, it had a population of 278,697 in 2016. Its inhabitants are known as Aveyronnais or Aveyronnaises in French. The inhabitants of Aveyron's prefecture, Rodez, are called Ruthénois, based upon the first Celtic settlers in the area, the Ruteni.

Bouches-du-Rhone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-13
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-13
coordinate: 43°30′N 5°5′E
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 5.083
longitude: 43.5
population: 2,019,717
comment: Bouches-du-Rhône is a department in Southern France named after the mouth of the river Rhône. It is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, with 2,019,717 inhabitants as of 2016. It has an area of 5,087 km2 . Its INSEE and postal code is 13. Marseille is Bouches-du-Rhône's largest city and prefecture.
alternative label: Bouches-du-Rhône

Calvados
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-14
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-14
coordinate: 49°10′00″N 300°30′00″W
density: 117/km²
latitude: -0.356422
longitude: 49.09298
population: 648,385 (1999)
comment: Calvados often nicknamed Calva, is a brandy from Normandy in France, typically made from apples.

Cantal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-15
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-15
coordinate: 45°2′N 3°6′E
density: 25/km2 (66/sq mi)
latitude: 3.1
longitude: 45.033
population: 145,969
comment: Cantal is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France, with its prefecture in Aurillac. Its other principal towns are Saint-Flour and Mauriac and its residents are known as Cantalians . Cantal borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère and Corrèze, in the Massif Central natural region.

Charente
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-16
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-16
coordinate: 45°50′N 0°20′E
density: 5,827/km2 (15,090/sq mi)
latitude: 0.333
longitude: 45.833
population: 352,335
comment: Charente is a department in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France. It is named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited. The Charente River is the longest in the Charente.

Charente-Maritime
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-17
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-17
coordinate: 45°57′N 0°58′W
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -0.967
longitude: 45.95
population: 642,191
comment: Charente-Maritime is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region on the southwestern coast of France. Named after the river Charente, its prefecture is La Rochelle. As of 2016, it had a population of 642,191 with an area of 6,864 square kilometres .

Cher
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-18
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-18
coordinate: 47°0′N 2°35′E
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 2.583
longitude: 47.0
population: 307,110
comment: Cher is a department in the administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is named after the Cher River.

Correze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-19
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-19
coordinate: 45°20′N 1°50′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 1.833
longitude: 45.333
population: 241,535
comment: Corrèze is a department in France, named after the river Corrèze which runs through it. Its capital is Tulle, and its most populated town is Brive-la-Gaillarde.
alternative label: Corrèze

Cote-dOr
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-21
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-21
coordinate: 47°25′N 04°50′E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
elevation: 723 m (2,372 ft)
latitude: 4.833
longitude: 47.417
population: 533,213
comment: Côte-d'Or is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of Northeastern France. In 2016, it had a population of 533,213. Its prefecture is Dijon and subprefectures are Beaune and Montbard.
alternative label: Côte-dOr

Cotes-dArmor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-22
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-22
coordinate: 48°20′N 02°50′W
density: 87/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -2.833
longitude: 48.333
population: 598,953
comment: The Côtes-d'Armor, formerly known as Côtes-du-Nord, are a department in the north of Brittany, in northwestern France.
alternative label: Côtes-dArmor

Creuse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-23
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-23
coordinate: 46°07′20″N 1°54′46″E
density: 21/km2 (56/sq mi)
latitude: 1.91278
longitude: 46.12222
population: 119,502
comment: Creuse is a department in central France named after the river Creuse.

Dordogne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-24
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-24
coordinate: 45°0′N 0°40′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 0.667
longitude: 45.0
population: 414,789
comment: Dordogne is a department in Southwestern France, with its prefecture in Périgueux. Located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region between the Loire Valley and the Pyrenees, it is named after the river Dordogne, which runs through it. It corresponds roughly to the ancient county of Périgord. In 2016, Dordogne had a population of 414,789.

Doubs
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-25
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-25
coordinate: 47°10′N 06°25′E
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 6.417
longitude: 47.167
population: 539,067
comment: Doubs is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the Doubs River, it had a population of 538,549 in 2016. Its prefecture is Besançon and subprefectures are Montbéliard and Pontarlier.

Drome
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-26
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-26
coordinate: 44°45′N 05°10′E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 5.167
longitude: 44.75
population: 508,006
comment: Drôme is the southernmost department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. Named after the river Drôme, it had a population of 508,006 as of 2016. Drôme's prefecture is Valence.
alternative label: Drôme

Eure
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-27
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-27
coordinate: 49°5′N 1°0′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 1.0
longitude: 49.083
population: 602,825
comment: Eure is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.

Eure-et-Loir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-28
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-28
coordinate: 48°20′N 01°25′E
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 1.417
longitude: 48.333
population: 433,929
comment: Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers. It is located in the region of Centre-Val de Loire.

Finistere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-29
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-29
coordinate: 48°15′N 04°00′W
density: 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 48.25
population: 908,249
comment: Finistère is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany.
alternative label: Finistère

Corse-du-Sud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-2A
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-2A
coordinate: 41°51′N 9°2′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 9.033
longitude: 41.85
population: 157,249
comment: Corse-du-Sud is an administrative department of France, consisting of the southern part of the island of Corsica. The corresponding departmental territorial collectivity merged with that of Haute-Corse on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica, with territorial elections coinciding with the dissolution of the separate council. However, even though its administrative powers were ceded to the new territorial collectivity, it continues to remain an administrative department in its own right. The people living in Corse-du-Sud are called Suttanacci.

Haute-Corse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-2B
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-2B
coordinate: 42°28′N 9°12′E
density: 38/km2 (99/sq mi)
latitude: 9.2
longitude: 42.467
population: 177,689
comment: Haute-Corse is an administrative department of France, consisting of the northern part of the island of Corsica. The corresponding departmental territorial collectivity merged with that of Corse-du-Sud on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica, with territorial elections coinciding with the dissolution of the separate councils. However, even though its administrative powers were ceded to the new territorial collectivity, it continues to remain an administrative department in its own right. The people living in the department are called Supranacci.

Gard
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-30
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-30
coordinate: 44°7′41″N 4°4′54″E
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: 4.08167
longitude: 44.12806
population: 742,006
comment: Gard is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 742,006 as of 2016; its prefecture is Nîmes. The department is named after the Gardon River; the Occitan name of the river, Gard, has been replacing the French name in recent decades, both administratively and among French speakers.

Haute-Garonne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-31
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-31
coordinate: 43°25′N 1°30′E
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
latitude: 1.5
longitude: 43.417
population: 1,348,183
comment: Haute-Garonne is a department in the Occitanie region of Southwestern France. Named after the Garonne River, which is flows over the department. its prefecture and main city is Toulouse, the country's fourth-largest. In 2016, it had a population of 1,348,183.

Gers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-32
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-32
coordinate: 43°39′N 0°35′E
density: 30/km2 (79/sq mi)
latitude: 0.583
longitude: 43.65
population: 190,664
comment: Gers is a department in the Occitanie region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gers River, its inhabitants are called the Gersois and Gersoises in French. In 2016, it had a population of 190,664.

Gironde
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-33
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-33
coordinate: 44°50′N 0°40′W
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: -0.667
longitude: 44.833
population: 1,566,679
comment: Gironde is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2016, it had a population of 1,566,679. The famous Bordeaux wine region is in Gironde. It has 6 arondissements, Making it was the Department with Most arrondissements.

Herault
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-34
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-34
coordinate: 43°21′N 3°13′E
density: 180/km2 (480/sq mi)
latitude: 3.217
longitude: 43.35
population: 1,144,892
comment: Hérault is a department of the Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Hérault River, its prefecture is Montpellier. It had a population of 1,132,481 in 2016.
alternative label: Hérault

Ille-et-Vilaine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-35
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-35
coordinate: 48°10′N 01°40′W
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -1.667
longitude: 48.167
population: 1,051,779
comment: Ille-et-Vilaine is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. It is named after the two rivers of the Ille and the Vilaine.

Indre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-36
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-36
coordinate: 46°46′N 1°36′E
density: 33/km2 (85/sq mi)
latitude: 1.6
longitude: 46.767
population: 223,505
comment: Indre is a department in central France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are known as the Indriens and Indriennes . Indre is part of the current administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne. The préfecture is Châteauroux and there are three subpréfectures at Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun.

Indre-et-Loire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-37
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-37
coordinate: 47°15′N 0°40′E
density: 99/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 0.667
longitude: 47.25
population: 606,223
comment: Indre-et-Loire is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2016, it had a population of 606,223. Sometimes referred to as Touraine, the name of the historic region, it nowadays is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its prefecture is Tours and subprefectures are Chinon and Loches. Indre-et-Loire is a touristic destination for its numerous monuments that are part of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley.

Isere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-38
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-38
coordinate: 45°20′N 05°30′E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
elevation: 846 m (2,776 ft)
latitude: 5.5
longitude: 45.333
population: 1,252,912
comment: Isère is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,252,912 in 2016. Its prefecture is Grenoble.
alternative label: Isère

Jura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-39
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-39
coordinate: 46°40′31″N 5°33′16″E
density: 52/km2 (130/sq mi)
elevation: 1,200 m (3,900 ft)
latitude: 5.55444
longitude: 46.67528
population: 260,517
comment: Jura is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the Jura Mountains, its prefecture is Lons-le-Saunier. Its subprefectures are Dole and Saint-Claude. In 2016, Jura had a population of 260,517. Its INSEE code is 39.

Landes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-40
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-40
coordinate: 44°00′00″N 500°50′00″W
density: 35/km²
latitude: -0.698237
longitude: 44.009922
population: 327,334 (1999)
comment: Landes, or Lanas in Gascon, means moorland or heath. Landes and Lanas come from the Latin plānus meaning “‘flat, even, level, plain’”. They are therefore cognate with the English plain, the Spanish word llanos and the Italian word piano.

Loir-et-Cher
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-41
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-41
coordinate: 47°16′N 00°40′E
density: 52/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 0.667
longitude: 47.267
population: 332,769
comment: Loir-et-Cher is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. Its name is originated from two rivers which cross it, the Loir in its northern part and the Cher in its southern part. Its prefecture is Blois. The INSEE and La Poste gave it the number 41.

Loire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-42
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-42
coordinate: 44°49′48″N 4°13′20″E
density: 152/km²
elevation: 1,408 m (4,619 ft)
latitude: 4.22222
longitude: 44.83
population: 728,524 (1999)
comment: The Loire is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of 1,006 kilometres, it drains 117,054 km2, more than a fifth of France's land while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône.

Haute-Loire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-43
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-43
coordinate: 45°0′N 4°0′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 4.0
longitude: 45.0
population: 227,339
comment: Haute-Loire is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Named after the Loire River, it is surrounded by the departments of Loire, Ardèche, Lozère, Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme. In 2016, it had a population of 227,339; its inhabitants are called Altiligériens in French .

Loire-Atlantique
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-44
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-44
coordinate: 47°20′N 1°40′W
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: -1.667
longitude: 47.333
population: 1,394,909
comment: Loire-Atlantique is a department in Pays de la Loire on the west coast of France, named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Loiret
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-45
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-45
coordinate: 47°55′N 02°10′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 2.167
longitude: 47.917
population: 674,330
comment: Loiret is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France.

Lot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-46
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-46
coordinate: 44°35′N 01°35′E
density: 33/km2 (86/sq mi)
latitude: 1.583
longitude: 44.583
population: 173,347
comment: Lot is a department in the Occitanie region of France. Named after the Lot River, it lies in the southwestern part of the country and had a population of 173,758 in 2013. Its prefecture is Cahors; its subprefectures are Figeac and Gourdon.

Lot-et-Garonne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-47
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-47
coordinate: 44°20′N 0°30′E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 0.5
longitude: 44.333
population: 332,833
comment: Lot-et-Garonne is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Lot River and Garonne River, it had a population of 332,833 in 2016. Its prefecture and largest city is Agen.

Lozere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-48
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-48
coordinate: 44°20′N 3°36′E
density: 15/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 3.6
longitude: 44.333
population: 76,422
comment: Lozère is a department in the region of Occitanie in Southern France, located near the Massif Central. It is named after Mont Lozère. With 76,422 inhabitants in 2016, Making it was the least populous French department.
alternative label: Lozère

Maine-et-Loire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-49
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-49
coordinate: 47°27′N 0°36′W
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -0.6
longitude: 47.45
population: 810,934
comment: Maine-et-Loire is a department in the Loire Valley in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France. It is named after the two rivers, Maine and the Loire. Its prefecture is Angers; its subprefectures are Cholet, Saumur and Segré-en-Anjou Bleu. Maine-et-Loire had a population of 810,934 in 2016.

Manche
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-50
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-50
coordinate: 49°03′N 01°15′E
density: 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 1.25
longitude: 49.05
population: 498,362
comment: Manche is a coastal French department in Normandy, on the English Channel, which is known as La Manche, literally "the sleeve", in French.

Marne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-51
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-51
coordinate: 48°55′00″N 4°10′00″E
density: 69/km²
latitude: 4.218025
longitude: 48.96139
population: 565,229 (1999)

Haute-Marne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-52
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-52
coordinate: 48°05′N 05°15′E
density: 29/km2 (74/sq mi)
latitude: 5.25
longitude: 48.083
population: 178,084
comment: Haute-Marne is a department in the Grand Est region of Northeastern France. Named after the Marne River, its prefecture is Chaumont. In 2016, it had a population of 178,084.

Mayenne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-53
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-53
coordinate: 48°10′N 0°40′W
density: 59/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -0.667
longitude: 48.167
population: 307,688
comment: Mayenne is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River. Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.

Meurthe-et-Moselle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-54
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-54
coordinate: 48°40′N 06°10′E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 6.167
longitude: 48.667
population: 733,481
comment: Meurthe-et-Moselle is a department in the Grand Est region of France, named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers.

Meuse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-55
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-55
coordinate: 47°59′12″N 5°37′00″E
density: 31/km²
elevation: 409 m (1,342 ft)
latitude: 5.6167
longitude: 47.9867
population: 192,198 (1999)
comment: The Meuse or Maas is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. It has a total length of 925 km .

Morbihan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-56
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-56
coordinate: 47°50′N 02°50′W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -2.833
longitude: 47.833
population: 747,548
comment: Morbihan is a department in the administrative region of Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan, the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is noted for its Carnac stones, which predate and are more extensive than the Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England.

Moselle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-57
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-57
coordinate: 50°21′58″N 7°36′25″E
density: 165/km²
elevation: 715 m (2,346 ft)
latitude: 7.60694
longitude: 50.36611
population: 1,023,447 (1999)
comment: The Moselle is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France, Luxembourg, and western Germany. It is a left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it joins at Koblenz. A small part of Belgium is in its basin as it includes the Sauer and the Our.

Nievre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-58
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-58
coordinate: 47°05′N 03°30′E
density: 31/km2 (79/sq mi)
latitude: 3.5
longitude: 47.083
population: 209,161
comment: Nièvre is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the centre of France named after the River Nièvre.
alternative label: Nièvre

Nord
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-59
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-59
coordinate: 50°23′N 03°19′E
density: 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 3.317
longitude: 50.383
population: 2,604,361
comment: Nord, officially département du Nord, is a department in the Hauts-de-France region of France bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.

Oise
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-60
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-60
coordinate: 49°23′N 02°25′E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 2.417
longitude: 49.383
population: 824,503
comment: Oise is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called Oisiens or Isariens, after the Latin name for the river, Isara.

Orne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-61
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-61
coordinate: 48°42′N 0°0′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 0.0
longitude: 48.7
population: 285,308
comment: Orne is a department in the northwest of France, named after the River Orne.

Pas-de-Calais
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-62
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-62
coordinate: 50°57′N 1°51′E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 1.85
longitude: 50.95
population: 1,468,018
comment: Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has 890 communes, more than any other department of France.

Puy-de-Dome
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-63
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-63
coordinate: 45°42′N 3°13′E
density: 82/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 3.217
longitude: 45.7
population: 650,700
comment: Puy-de-Dôme is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. In 2016, it had a population of 650,700. Its prefecture is Clermont-Ferrand and subprefectures are Ambert, Issoire, Riom and Thiers.
alternative label: Puy-de-Dôme

Pyrenees-Atlantiques
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-64
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-64
coordinate: 43°15′N 0°50′E
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 0.833
longitude: 43.25
population: 677,309
comment: Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a department in the southwest corner of France and of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean, it covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn. Its prefecture is Pau. In 2017, it had a population of 677,309.
alternative label: Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Hautes-Pyrenees
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-65
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-65
coordinate: 43°12′N 0°8′E
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 0.133
longitude: 43.2
population: 227,829
comment: Hautes-Pyrénées is a department in the region of Occitanie, southwestern France. In 2016, its population was 227,829; its prefecture is Tarbes. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
alternative label: Hautes-Pyrénées

Pyrenees-Orientales
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-66
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-66
coordinate: 42°30′N 2°45′E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 2.75
longitude: 42.5
population: 481,691
comment: Pyrénées-Orientales, also known as Northern Catalonia, are a department of the region of Occitanie, Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain. In 2016, it had a population of 474,369. Some parts of the Pyrénées-Orientales are part of the Iberian Peninsula. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
alternative label: Pyrénées-Orientales

Bas-Rhin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-67
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-67
coordinate: 48°49′N 7°47′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 7.783
longitude: 48.817
population: 1,125,559
comment: Bas-Rhin is a department in Alsace which is a part of the Grand Est super-region of France. The name means 'Lower Rhine', referring to its lower altitude among both French Rhine departments: it is downstream of the Haut Rhin department. Note that both belong to the European Upper Rhine region. It is, with the Haut Rhin, one of the two departments of the traditional Alsace region. The more populous and densely populated of the pair, it had 1,125,559 inhabitants in 2017. The prefecture is based in Strasbourg. The INSEE and Post Code is 67.

Haut-Rhin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-68
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-68
coordinate: 47°57′51″N 7°19′11″E
density: 201/km²
latitude: 7.31972
longitude: 47.96417
population: 764,030
comment: Haut-Rhin is a department in the Grand Est region of France, bordering both Germany and Switzerland. It is named after the river Rhine. Its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less populated of the two departments of the former administrative Alsace region, the other being the Bas-Rhin . Especially after the 1871 cession of the southern territory known since 1922 as Territoire de Belfort, although it is still densely populated compared to the rest of metropolitan France.

Rhone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-69
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-69
coordinate: 45°50′N 04°40′E
density: 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: 4.667
longitude: 45.833
population: 1,835,903
comment: Rhône is a department of east-central France, located in the central-southeastern region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is named after the river Rhône.
alternative label: Rhône

Haute-Saone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-70
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-70
coordinate: 47°35′N 06°00′E
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 6.0
longitude: 47.583
population: 237,242
comment: Haute-Saône is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of northeastern France. Named after the Saône River, it had a population of 237,242 in 2016. Its prefecture is Vesoul; its sole subprefecture is Lure.
alternative label: Haute-Saône

Saone-et-Loire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-71
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-71
coordinate: 46°40′N 04°42′E
density: 65/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 4.7
longitude: 46.667
population: 555,023
comment: Saône-et-Loire is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France. Named after the Saône and Loire between which it lies, it had a population of 555,023 in 2016. Its prefecture is Mâcon and subprefectures are Autun, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charolles and Louhans.
alternative label: Saône-et-Loire

Sarthe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-72
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-72
coordinate: 48°17′N 0°13′E
density: 91/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 0.217
longitude: 48.283
population: 567,561
comment: Sarthe is a department of the French region of Pays de la Loire, and the province of Maine, situated in the Grand-Ouest of the country. It is named after the River Sarthe, which flows from east of Le Mans to just north of Angers.

Savoie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-73
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-73
coordinate: 45°35′N 6°20′E
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
elevation: 1,595 m (5,233 ft)
latitude: 6.333
longitude: 45.583
population: 431,174
comment: Savoie is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. Located in the French Alps, its prefecture is Chambéry. In 2017, Savoie had a population of 431,174.

Haute-Savoie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-74
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-74
coordinate: 46°00′N 06°20′E
density: 180/km2 (480/sq mi)
elevation: 1,160 m (3,810 ft)
latitude: 6.333
longitude: 46.0
population: 807,360
comment: Haute-Savoie is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its prefecture is Annecy. To the north is Lake Geneva; to the south and southeast are Mont Blanc and the Aravis mountain range.

Paris
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-75
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-75
coordinate: 48°51′24″N 2°21′08″E
density: 21,000/km2 (53,000/sq mi)
elevation: 28–131 m (92–430 ft) (avg. 78 m or 256 ft)
latitude: 2.352222
longitude: 48.856613
population: 2,175,601
comment: Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,175,601 residents as of 2018, in an area of more than 105 square kilometres . Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science, and arts. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the region and province of Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated population of 12,174,880, or about 18 percent of the population of France as of 2017. The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second most expensive city in the world, after Singapore and ahead of Zürich, Hong Kong, Oslo, and Geneva. Another source ranked Paris as most expensive, on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018.

Seine-Maritime
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-76
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-76
coordinate: 49°40′N 0°50′E
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: 0.833
longitude: 49.667
population: 1,255,755
comment: Seine-Maritime is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure.

Seine-et-Marne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-77
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-77
coordinate: 48°36′N 03°00′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 3.0
longitude: 48.6
population: 1,397,665
comment: Seine-et-Marne is a department in the Île-de-France region in Northern France. Named after the rivers Seine and Marne, it is the region's largest department with an area of 5,915 square kilometres ; it roughly covers its eastern half. In 2016, it had a population of 1,397,665. Its prefecture is Melun, although both Meaux and Chelles have larger populations.

Yvelines
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-78
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-78
coordinate: 48°50′N 1°55′E
density: 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
latitude: 1.917
longitude: 48.833
population: 1,431,808
comment: Yvelines is a department in the western part of the Île-de-France region in Northern France. In 2016, it had a population of 1,431,808. Its prefecture is Versailles, home to the Palace of Versailles, the principal residence of the King of France from 1682 until 1789, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. Yvelines's subprefectures are Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mantes-la-Jolie and Rambouillet.

Deux-Sevres
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-79
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-79
coordinate: 46°30′N 00°20′E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 0.333
longitude: 46.5
population: 374,743
comment: Deux-Sèvres are a French department. Deux-Sèvres literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department.
alternative label: Deux-Sèvres

Somme
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-80
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-80
coordinate: 49°55′00″N 2°30′00″E
density: 90/km²
latitude: 2.292244
longitude: 49.97115
population: 555,551 (1999)

Tarn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-81
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-81
coordinate: 43°50′00″N 2°00′00″E
density: 60/km²
latitude: 2.234733
longitude: 43.791885
population: 343,402 (1999)

Tarn-et-Garonne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-82
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-82
coordinate: 44°0′N 1°20′E
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 1.333
longitude: 44.0
population: 256,897
comment: Tarn-et-Garonne is a department Southwestern France. It is traversed by the rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name. This area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 by Napoleon, with territory being taken from the departments of Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron.

Var
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-83
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-83
coordinate: 43°30′N 06°20′E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 6.333
longitude: 43.5
population: 1,055,821
comment: Var is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. It takes its name from the river Var, which flowed along its eastern boundary, until the boundary was moved in 1860 and the department is no longer associated with the river. The Var department is bordered on the east by the department of Alpes-Maritimes, to the west by Bouches-du-Rhône, to the north of the river Verdon by the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea.

Vaucluse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-84
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-84
coordinate: 44°00′N 05°10′E
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: 5.167
longitude: 44.0
population: 559,014
comment: Vaucluse ) is a department in the southeastern French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It had a population of 559,016 as of 2016. The department's prefecture is Avignon.

Vendee
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-85
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-85
coordinate: 46°40′14″N 1°25′36″W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -1.42667
longitude: 46.67056
population: 670,597
comment: Vendée is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast. In 2016, it had a population of 670,597. Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon.
alternative label: Vendée

Vienne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-86
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-86
coordinate: 45°31′20″N 4°50′43″E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 4.8453116
longitude: 45.522137
population: 436,069
comment: Vienne is a department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne.

Haute-Vienne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-87
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-87
coordinate: 45°50′N 1°16′E
density: 68/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 1.267
longitude: 45.833
population: 374,978
comment: Haute-Vienne is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwest-central France. Named after the Vienne River, it is one of the twelve departments that together constitute Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The neighbouring departments are Creuse, Corrèze, Dordogne, Charente, Vienne and Indre.

Vosges
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-88
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-88
coordinate: 48°N 7°E
density: 65/km²
elevation: 1,424 m (4,672 ft)
latitude: 7.0
longitude: 48.0
population: 380,952 (1999)
comment: The Vosges are a range of low mountains in Eastern France, near its border with Germany. Together with the Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single geomorphological unit and low mountain range of around 8,000 km2 in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the Burgundian Gate to the Börrstadt Basin, and forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain.

Yonne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-89
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-89
coordinate: 47°48′N 3°34′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 3.567
longitude: 47.8
population: 340,544
comment: Yonne is a French department named after the river Yonne. It is one of the eight constituent departments of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and is located in the northwest of the region, bordering Île-de-France. It was created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Its prefecture is Auxerre and its postcode number is 89.

Territoire de Belfort
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-90
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-90
coordinate: 47°45′N 7°00′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 7.0
longitude: 47.75
population: 144,089
comment: The Territoire de Belfort is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Essonne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-91
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-91
coordinate: 48°30′N 02°17′E
density: 720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: 2.283
longitude: 48.5
population: 1,296,130
comment: Essonne is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.

Hauts-de-Seine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-92
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-92
coordinate: 48°50′N 02°12′E
density: 9,100/km2 (24,000/sq mi)
latitude: 2.2
longitude: 48.833
population: 1,603,268
comment: Hauts-de-Seine is a department in the Île-de-France region of Northern France. It covers Paris's western inner suburbs. With a population of 1,603,268 and a total area of 176 square kilometres, it is the second most highly densely populated department of France after Paris. Its prefecture is Nanterre although Boulogne-Billancourt, one of its two subprefectures alongside Antony, has a larger population.

Seine-Saint-Denis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-93
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-93
coordinate: 48°54′N 02°29′E
density: 6,800/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
latitude: 2.483
longitude: 48.9
population: 1,606,660
comment: Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region and in the Grand Paris. Locally, it is often referred to colloquially as quatre-vingt treize or neuf trois, after its official administrative number, 93.

Val-de-Marne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-94
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-94
coordinate: 48°45′N 2°25′E
density: 5,600/km2 (15,000/sq mi)
latitude: 2.417
longitude: 48.75
population: 1,378,151
comment: Val-de-Marne is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region. The department is situated to the southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris.

Val-dOise
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-95
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-95
coordinate: 49°3′43″N 2°5′10″E
density: 980/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: 2.08611
longitude: 49.06194
population: 1,221,923
comment: Val-d'Oise is a French department, created in 1968 after the split of the Seine-et-Oise department and located in the Île-de-France region. It gets its name from the Oise River, a major tributary of the Seine, which crosses the region after having started in Belgium and flowed through north-eastern France. Charles de Gaulle Airport, France's main international airport is partially located in Roissy-en-France, a commune of Val d'Oise.

Nouvelle Caledonie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-NC
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-NC
coordinate: 22°16′S 166°28′E
density: 14.5/km2 (37.6/sq mi)
elevation: 1,628 m (5,341 ft)
latitude: 166.467
longitude: -22.267
population: 271,407
comment: New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km east of Australia and 17,000 km from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre Le Caillou .
alternative label: Nouvelle Calédonie

Polynesie francaise
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-PF
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-PF
coordinate: 17°34′S 149°36′W
density: 78/km2 (202.0/sq mi)
latitude: -149.6
longitude: -17.567
population: 275,918
comment: French Polynesia is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole overseas country. It comprises 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over more than 2,000 kilometres in the South Pacific Ocean. The total land area of French Polynesia is 4,167 square kilometres .
alternative label: Polynésie française

Saint Pierre et Miquelon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-PM
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-PM
coordinate: 46°49′30″N 56°16′30″W
density: 25/km2 (64.7/sq mi)
elevation: 240 m (790 ft)
latitude: -56.275
longitude: 46.825
population: 5,997
comment: Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the only remaining vestige of French sovereignty in North America. Its residents are French citizens; the collectivity is a full member of the National Assembly and participates in senatorial and presidential elections. It covers 242 km2 of land and shores and has a population of 6,008 as of the March 2016 census.

Terres Australes Francaises
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-TF
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-TF
coordinate: 43°00′S 67°00′E
density: 3/km2 (7.8/sq mi) (3)
latitude: 67.0
longitude: -43.0
population: 200~400
comment: The French Southern and Antarctic Lands is an Overseas Territory of France. It consists of:
alternative label: Terres Australes Françaises

Wallis et Futuna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-WF
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-WF
coordinate: 13°17′S 176°11′W
density: 83.55/km2 (216.4/sq mi)
elevation: 524 m (1,719 ft)
latitude: -176.183
longitude: -13.283
population: 11,558
comment: Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific, situated between Tuvalu to the northwest, Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, and Tokelau to the northeast.

Mayotte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-YT
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-YT
coordinate: 12°50′35″S 45°08′18″E
density: 770/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
latitude: 45.13833
longitude: -12.84306
population: 288,926
comment: Mayotte is an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France officially named the Department of Mayotte . is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa, between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte consists of a main island, Grande-Terre, a smaller island, Petite-Terre, and several islets around these two. Mayotte is the most prosperous territory in the Mozambique Channel, making it a major destination for illegal immigration.

La Reunion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: France
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:FR-RE
area: ISO 3166-2:FR-RE
coordinate: 21°06′52″S 55°31′57″E
density: 340/km2 (890/sq mi)
latitude: 55.5325
longitude: -21.11444
population: 858,450
comment: Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately 550 km east of the island of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of the island of Mauritius. As of January 2021, it had a population of 858,450.
alternative label: La Réunion

Estuaire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-1
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-1
coordinate: 0°23′40″N 9°25′45″E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 9.42917
longitude: 0.39444
population: 895,689
comment: Estuaire is the most populous of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 20,740 km2. The provincial capital is Libreville, which is also Gabon's national capital. The province is named for the Gabon Estuary, which lies at the heart of the province.

Haut-Ogooue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-2
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-2
coordinate: 1°38′S 13°35′E
density: 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: 13.583
longitude: -1.633
population: 250,799
comment: Haut-Ogooué is the southeasternmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It is named after the Ogooué River. It covers an area of 36,547 km2. The provincial capital is Franceville. One of its primary industries is mining, with manganese, gold and uranium being found in the region. The uranium-bearing mineral Francevillite takes its name from the primary city. It is the historical home of three cultures, the Obamba, Ndzebi and Téké. Like many regions in Africa, more traditional uses of the land have given way to rural migration to the larger cities. In August 2006, its soccer club won the Gabon Independence Cup.
alternative label: Haut-Ogooué

Moyen-Ogooue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-3
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-3
coordinate: 0°30′S 10°30′E
density: 3.7/km2 (9.7/sq mi)
latitude: 10.5
longitude: -0.5
population: 69,287
comment: Moyen-Ogooué is one of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 18,535 km2 . The provincial capital is Lambaréné. As of 2013, 69,287 people lived there.
alternative label: Moyen-Ogooué

Ngounie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-4
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-4
coordinate: 1°36′S 11°0′E
density: 2.7/km2 (6.9/sq mi)
latitude: 11.0
longitude: -1.6
population: 100,838
comment: Ngounié is a province of south-central Gabon covering an area of 3,775 kilometres . Its capital is Mouila. At the 2013 census it had 100,838 inhabitants. In 2016, its governor was Benjamin Nzigou.
alternative label: Ngounié

Nyanga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-5
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-5
coordinate: 3°0′S 11°0′E
density: 2.5/km2 (6.4/sq mi)
latitude: 11.0
longitude: -3.0
population: 52,854
comment: Nyanga is the southernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. The provincial capital is Tchibanga, which had a total of 31294 inhabitants in 2013 . Nyanga is the least populated province of the nine and the other least developed, besides Ogooué-Ivindo. It is bordered by Ogooué-Maritime in the northwest, Ngounié in the north, and the Congo to the south and east . The Atlantic Ocean—the lowest point in both Gabon and Nyanga Province—borders it in the west.

Ogooue-Ivindo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-6
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-6
coordinate: 0°36′N 12°42′E
density: 1.4/km2 (3.6/sq mi)
latitude: 12.7
longitude: 0.6
population: 63,293
comment: Ogooué-Ivindo Province is the northeasternmost of Gabon's nine provinces, though its Lopé Department is in the very center of the country. It gets its name from two rivers, the Ogooué and the Ivindo. This province, containing thousands of square kilometres of rainforest, is the largest and most sparsely populated and much less developed than the rest of the country. As of 2013 it had a population of 63,293 people. The principal town is Makokou.
alternative label: Ogooué-Ivindo

Ogooue-Lolo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-7
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-7
coordinate: 1°0′S 12°30′E
density: 2.6/km2 (6.7/sq mi)
latitude: 12.5
longitude: -1.0
population: 65,771
comment: The Ogooué-Lolo Province is one of the nine provinces of Gabon, slightly southeast of central Gabon. The regional capital is Koulamoutou, a city of approximately 16,000 people. It is the ninth largest city in Gabon and the home of slightly more than one-third of the provincial population.
alternative label: Ogooué-Lolo

Ogooue-Maritime
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-8
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-8
coordinate: 1°30′S 9°30′E
density: 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: 9.5
longitude: -1.5
population: 157,562
comment: Ogooué-Maritime is the westernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 22,890 km2. The provincial capital is Port-Gentil. It has a 2013 census population of 157,562.
alternative label: Ogooué-Maritime

Woleu-Ntem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gabon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GA-9
area: ISO 3166-2:GA-9
coordinate: 1°17′36″N 11°50′8″E
density: 4.0/km2 (10/sq mi)
latitude: 11.83556
longitude: 1.29333
population: 154,986
comment: Woleu-Ntem is the northernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 38,465 km2 and named after Woleu and Ntem rivers that cross it. The provincial capital is Oyem, which had a total of 60,685 inhabitants in 2013.

Aberdeenshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ABD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ABD
coordinate: 57°9′3.6″N 2°7′22.8″W
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -2.123
longitude: 57.151
population: 261,470
comment: Aberdeenshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.

Aberdeen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ABE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ABE
coordinate: 57°09′N 2°07′W
density: 3,505.7/km2 (9,080/sq mi)
latitude: -2.11
longitude: 57.15
population: 200,680
comment: Aberdeen is a city in North East Scotland. It is the third most populous city in Scotland, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area, with an official 2018 population estimate of 200,680 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area.

Argyll and Bute
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-AGB
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-AGB
coordinate: 56°06′N 5°30′W
density: 12/km2 (32/sq mi)
latitude: -5.5
longitude: 56.1
population: 86,260
comment: Argyll and Bute is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area. The current Lord-Lieutenant for Argyll and Bute is Jane Margaret MacLeod . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead at Kilmory Castle, a 19th-century Gothic Revival building and estate. The current Council leader is Councillor Robin Currie, a councillor for Kintyre and the Islands.

Isle of Anglesey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-AGY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-AGY
coordinate: 53°17′N 4°20′W
density: 98/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -4.333
longitude: 53.283
population: 70,043
comment: Anglesey, an island off the north-west coast of Wales, forms a principal area and historic county. It includes Holy Island across the narrow Cymyran Strait, and also some islets and skerries. Anglesey island, at 260 square miles, is the largest in Wales, the seventh largest in the British Isles, largest in the Irish Sea and second most populous there after the Isle of Man. The area run by Isle of Anglesey County Council measures 276 square miles, with a 2011 census population of 69,751, including 13,659 on Holy Island. The Menai Strait between Anglesey and mainland Wales is spanned by the Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge, built in 1850 and replaced in 1980. The largest town is Holyhead on Holy Island, whose port handles over 2 million passengers a year to and from Ireland. The next largest is Llangefni, the county council seat. From 1974 to 1996 Anglesey was part of Gwynedd. Most inhabitants are habitual Welsh speakers. The name Ynys Môn is used for the UK Parliament and Senedd constituencies. The island postcodes are LL58–LL78.

Angus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ANS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ANS
coordinate: 56°40′N 2°55′W
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -2.917
longitude: 56.667
population: 116,040
comment: Angus is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, a registration county and a lieutenancy area. The council area borders Aberdeenshire, Dundee City and Perth and Kinross. Main industries include agriculture and fishing. Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has a significant presence in Montrose in the north of the county.

Antrim
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ANT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ANT
coordinate: 54°40′00″N 6°15′00″W
elevation: 1,808 ft (551 m)
latitude: -6.21676
longitude: 54.713383
population: 618,108
comment: County Antrim is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 3,086 square kilometres and has a population of about 618,000. County Antrim has a population density of 203 people per square kilometre or 526 people per square mile. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, as well as part of the historic province of Ulster.

Ards
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ARD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ARD
coordinate: 54°30′00″N 5°35′00″W
density: 205/km²
latitude: -5.626204
longitude: 54.5135
population: 77,100 (2007)
comment: Ards Borough Council was the local authority of Ards in Northern Ireland. It merged with North Down Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become North Down and Ards District Council.

Armagh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ARM
coordinate: 54°21′00″N 6°39′17″W
latitude: -6.6546
longitude: 54.3499
population: 14,777 (2011 Census)
comment: Armagh is the county town of County Armagh and a city in Northern Ireland, as well as a civil parish. It is the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland – the seat of the Archbishops of Armagh, the Primates of All Ireland for both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Ireland. In ancient times, nearby Navan Fort was a pagan ceremonial site and one of the great royal capitals of Gaelic Ireland. Today, Armagh is home to two cathedrals and the Armagh Observatory, and is known for its Georgian architecture.

Bath and North East Somerset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BAS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BAS
coordinate: 51°23′N 2°19′W
density: 518/km2 (1,340/sq mi)
latitude: -2.32
longitude: 51.39
population: 193,282
comment: Bath and North East Somerset is the district of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset Council that was created on 1 April 1996 following the abolition of the county of Avon. It is part of the ceremonial county of Somerset.

Blackburn with Darwen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BBD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BBD
coordinate: 53°40′00″N 2°28′00″W
density: 1,087/km2 (2,820/sq mi)
latitude: -2.463751
longitude: 53.6992
population: 149,696 Ranked 139th
comment: Blackburn with Darwen is a unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. It consists of the town of Blackburn and the market town of Darwen including other villages around the two towns.

Bedfordshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BDF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BDF
coordinate: 52°8′0″N 0°27′0″W
density: 360/km2 (900/sq mi)
latitude: -0.45
longitude: 52.13333
population: 173,292
comment: The Borough of Bedford is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. Its council is based in Bedford, its namesake and principal settlement, which is the county town of Bedfordshire. The borough contains one large urban area, the 71st largest in the United Kingdom that comprises Bedford and the adjacent town of Kempston, surrounded by a rural area with many villages. 75% of the borough's population live in the Bedford Urban Area and the five large villages which surround it, which makes up slightly less than 6% of the total land area of the Borough.

Barking and Dagenham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BDG
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BDG
coordinate: 51°33′N 0°07′E
density: 5,900/km2 (15,000/sq mi)
latitude: 0.117
longitude: 51.55
population: 212,906
comment: The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is a London borough in East London. It lies around 9 miles east of Central London. It is an Outer London borough and the south is within the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway; an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. At the 2011 census it had a population of 187,000, the majority of which are within the Becontree estate. The borough's three main towns are Barking, Chadwell Heath and Dagenham. The local authority is Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council. Barking and Dagenham was one of six London boroughs to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Brent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BEN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BEN
coordinate: 51°33′58″N 0°16′26″W
density: 7,600/km2 (20,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.27389
longitude: 51.56611
population: 329,771
comment: The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north-west London. It borders the boroughs of Harrow to the north-west, Barnet to the north-east, Camden to the east, the City of Westminster to the south-east, as well as the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham and Ealing to the south. Most of the eastern border is formed by the Roman road Watling Street, which is now the modern A5.

Bexley
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BEX
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BEX
coordinate: 51°27′N 0°08′E
density: 4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
latitude: 0.133
longitude: 51.45
population: 248,287
comment: The London Borough of Bexley is a London borough in south-east London, forming part of Outer London. It has a population of 248,287. The main settlements are Sidcup, Erith, Bexleyheath, Crayford, Welling and Old Bexley. The London Borough of Bexley is within the Thames Gateway, an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. The local authority is Bexley London Borough Council.

Belfast
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BFS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BFS
coordinate: 54°35′47″N 05°55′48″W
density: 2,439/km²
latitude: -5.93
longitude: 54.59639
population: 671,559 (2011)
comment: Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland. It had a population of 343,542 as of 2019. Belfast suffered greatly during the violence that accompanied the partition of Ireland, and especially during the more recent conflict known as the Troubles.

Bridgend
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BGE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BGE
coordinate: 51°30′24″N 3°34′46″W
density: 578/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -3.57944
longitude: 51.50667
population: 147,049
comment: Bridgend is a county borough in southern Wales, UK. The county borough has a total population of 139,200 people, and contains the town of Bridgend, after which it is named. Its members of the Senedd are Carwyn Jones MS, the former First Minister of Wales and Huw Irranca-Davies MS representing the Ogmore Constituency, and its members of UK parliament are Jamie Wallis and Chris Elmore.

Blaenau Gwent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BGW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BGW
coordinate: 51°46′33″N 3°11′47″W
density: 641/km2 (1,660/sq mi)
latitude: -3.19639
longitude: 51.77583
population: 69,862
comment: Blaenau Gwent is a county borough in Wales, sharing its name with a parliamentary constituency. It borders the unitary authority areas of Monmouthshire and Torfaen to the east, Caerphilly to the west and Powys to the north. Its main towns are Abertillery, Brynmawr, Ebbw Vale and Tredegar. Its highest point is Coity Mountain at 1,896 feet .

Birmingham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BIR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BIR
coordinate: 52°28′48″N 01°54′09″W
density: 4,262/km2 (11,040/sq mi)
elevation: 460 ft (140 m)
latitude: -1.9025
longitude: 52.48
population: 1,141,816
comment: Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is the second-largest city, urban area and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom, with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area, 2.9 million inhabitants within the urban area and 4.3 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area. The city proper is the most populated English local government district. Birmingham is commonly referred to as the Second city of the United Kingdom.

Buckinghamshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BKM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BKM
coordinate: 51°50′N 0°50′W
density: 432/km2 (1,120/sq mi)
latitude: -0.833
longitude: 51.833
population: 808,666
comment: Buckinghamshire, abbreviated Bucks, is a ceremonial county in South East England that borders Greater London to the south-east, Berkshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the west, Northamptonshire to the north, Bedfordshire to the north-east and Hertfordshire to the east.

Ballymena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BLA
coordinate: 54°52′N 6°17′W
latitude: -6.28
longitude: 54.86
population: 29,551 (2011 Census)
comment: Ballymena is a town in County Antrim, and the eighth largest in Northern Ireland. It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim. It had a population of 29,551 people at the 2011 Census.

Ballymoney
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BLY
coordinate: 55°04′16″N 6°30′29″W
latitude: -6.508
longitude: 55.071
population: 10,402 (2011 Census)
comment: Ballymoney is a small town and civil parish in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is within the Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council area. The civil parish of Ballymoney is situated in the historic baronies of Dunluce Upper and Kilconway in County Antrim, and the barony of North East Liberties of Coleraine in County Londonderry. It had a population of 10,402 people in the 2011 Census.

Bournemouth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BMH
coordinate: 50°43′12″N 001°52′48″W
latitude: -1.88
longitude: 50.72
population: 183,491
comment: Bournemouth is a coastal resort town on the south coast of England. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 183,491. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth is part of the South East Dorset conurbation, which has a population of 465,000.

Banbridge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNB
coordinate: 54°20′56″N 6°16′12″W
latitude: -6.269975
longitude: 54.348953
population: 16,637 (2011 Census)
comment: Banbridge is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Bann and the A1 road and is named after a bridge built over the River Bann in 1712. It is situated in the civil parish of Seapatrick and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half. The town began as a coaching stop on the road from Belfast to Dublin and thrived from Irish linen manufacturing. The town was home to the headquarters of the former Banbridge District Council. Following a reform of local government in Northern Ireland in 2015, Banbridge became part of Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council. It had a population of 16,637 in the 2011 Census.

Barnet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNE
coordinate: 51°37′31″N 0°09′10″W
density: 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.1527
longitude: 51.6254
population: 395,869
comment: The London Borough of Barnet is a suburban London borough in North London. The borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the ceremonial counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It forms part of Outer London and is the largest London borough by population with 384,774 inhabitants, also making it the 13th largest district in England. The borough covers an area of 86.74 square kilometres, the fourth highest of the 32 London boroughs, and has a population density of 45.8 people per hectare, which ranks it 25th.

Brighton and Hove
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNH
coordinate: 50°49′40″N 0°09′10″W
density: 3,508/km2 (9,090/sq mi)
latitude: -0.15278
longitude: 50.82778
population: 290,885
comment: Brighton and Hove is a city and unitary authority in East Sussex, England. It consists primarily of the settlements of Brighton and Hove, alongside neighbouring villages.

Barnsley
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BNS
coordinate: 53°33′N 1°28′W
density: 750/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: -1.467
longitude: 53.55
population: 246,866
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley is a metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England; its main town is Barnsley.

Bolton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BOL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BOL
coordinate: 53°34′53″N 2°25′47″W
density: 1,877/km2 (4,860/sq mi)
latitude: -2.42972
longitude: 53.58139
population: 287,550
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton /ˈboʊltən/ is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, named after its largest town, Bolton, but covering a far larger area which includes Blackrod, Farnworth, Horwich, Kearsley, Westhoughton, and part of the West Pennine Moors. It has a population of 276,800.

Blackpool
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BPL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BPL
coordinate: 53°48′51″N 03°03′01″W
density: 4081/km²
elevation: 5 m (16 ft)
latitude: -3.05028
longitude: 53.81417
population: 139,720
comment: Blackpool is a large seaside resort and main settlement in the Borough of Blackpool in the ceremonial county of Lancashire on the north west coast of England. The town is by the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries, 15 miles west of Preston, 27 miles north of Liverpool, 28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. At the 2011 Census, the unitary authority of Blackpool had an estimated population of 139,720, while the wider built-up area, which also includes areas outside the unitary authority, had a population of 239,409. This is the 2nd largest in Lancashire, as well as the fifth most populous urban area in the larger North West England region, after Manchester, Liverpool, Preston and Birkenhead.

Bracknell Forest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BRC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BRC
coordinate: 51°25′01″N 0°44′49″W
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: -0.7469
longitude: 51.417
population: 122,549
comment: Bracknell Forest is one of six unitary authority areas within Berkshire in southern England. It covers the two towns of Bracknell and Sandhurst and the village of Crowthorne and also includes the areas of North Ascot, Warfield and Winkfield. Parts of the borough border neighbouring boroughs such as Wokingham Borough Council and the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead. The south of the borough also borders parts of Surrey and Hampshire.

Bradford
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BRD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BRD
coordinate: 53°47′31″N 1°45′14″W
density: 1,290/km2 (3,341/sq mi)
latitude: -1.754
longitude: 53.792
population: 539,776
comment: The City of Bradford is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. It is named after its largest settlement, Bradford, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns and villages of Keighley, Shipley, Bingley, Ilkley, Haworth, Silsden, Queensbury, Thornton and Denholme. Bradford has a population of 528,155, making it the fourth-most populous metropolitan district and the sixth-most populous local authority district in England. It forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2011 had a population of 1,777,934, and the city is part of the Leeds-Bradford Larger Urban Zone, which, with a population of 2,393,300, is the fourth largest in the United Kingdom after London, Birmingham and Manchester.

Bromley
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BRY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BRY
coordinate: 51°20′N 0°05′E
density: 2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi)
latitude: 0.083
longitude: 51.333
population: 332,336
comment: The London Borough of Bromley is the southeasternmost of the 32 London boroughs that make up Greater London, bordering the ceremonial county of Kent, which most of Bromley was part of before 1965. The borough's population is an estimated 332,336. It is named after Bromley, its principal town; other major towns are Penge, Hayes, West Wickham, Chislehurst, Beckenham and Orpington. The local authority is Bromley London Borough Council.

Bristol
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BST
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BST
coordinate: 51°27′N 2°35′W
density: 3,892/km2 (10,080/sq mi)
elevation: 11 m (36 ft)
latitude: -2.583
longitude: 51.45
population: 463,400
comment: Bristol is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire, to the north; and Somerset, to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in South West England. The wider Bristol Built-up Area is the eleventh most populous urban area in the United Kingdom.

Bury
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BUR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BUR
coordinate: 53°35′34″N 2°17′53″W
density: 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
latitude: -2.29806
longitude: 53.59278
population: 190,990
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England, just north of Manchester, which consists of six towns: Bury, Ramsbottom, Tottington, Radcliffe, Whitefield and Prestwich. Bury bounds the Lancashire districts of Rossendale and Blackburn with Darwen to the north.

Cambridgeshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CAM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CAM
coordinate: 52°20′N 0°0′W
density: 252/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: -0.0
longitude: 52.333
population: 852,523
comment: Cambridgeshire is a county in the East of England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the north-east, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The city of Cambridge is the county town. Following the Local Government Act 1972 restructuring, modern Cambridgeshire was formed in 1974 through the amalgamation of two administrative counties: Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, comprising the historic county of Cambridgeshire ; and Huntingdon and Peterborough, comprising the historic county of Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough, historically part of Northamptonshire. Cambridgeshire contains most of the region known as Silicon Fen.

Caerphilly
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CAY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CAY
coordinate: 51°39′22″N 3°10′59″W
density: 653/km2 (1,690/sq mi)
latitude: -3.183
longitude: 51.656
population: 181,075
comment: Caerphilly County Borough is a county borough in southern Wales, straddling the ancient county boundary between Glamorgan and Monmouthshire. It is governed by Caerphilly County Borough Council.

Ceredigion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CGN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CGN
coordinate: 52°15′10″N 4°00′01″W
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -4.00028
longitude: 52.25278
population: 72,695
comment: Ceredigion is a principal area of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire. During the second half of the first millennium Ceredigion was a minor kingdom. It has been administered as a county since 1282. Ceredigion is considered a centre of Welsh culture and more than half the population can speak Welsh. The county is mainly rural with over 50 miles of coastline and a mountainous hinterland. The numerous sandy beaches and the long-distance Ceredigion Coast Path provide excellent views of Cardigan Bay.

Craigavon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CGV
coordinate: 54°30′00″N 6°20′00″W
latitude: -6.388408
longitude: 54.447346
population: 57,685 (2001)

Cheshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CHS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CHS
coordinate: 53°10′N 2°35′W
density: 452/km2 (1,170/sq mi)
latitude: -2.583
longitude: 53.167
population: 1,059,271
comment: Cheshire, archaically the County Palatine of Chester, is a county in northwest England. It is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and the Welsh local authorities of Flintshire and Wrexham to the west. Cheshire's county town is Chester, while its largest town by population is Warrington. Other major towns include Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford.

Carrickfergus
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CKF
coordinate: 54°42′49″N 05°48′27″W
latitude: -5.8075
longitude: 54.71361
population: 27,998 (2011 Census)
comment: Carrickfergus is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It sits on the north shore of Belfast Lough, 11 miles from Belfast. The town had a population of 27,998 at the 2011 Census. It is County Antrim's oldest town and one of the oldest towns in Ireland as a whole. Carrickfergus was the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council, before this was amalgamated into the Mid and East Antrim District Council in 2015, and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It is also a townland of 65 acres, a civil parish and a barony.

Cookstown
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CKT
coordinate: 54°38′49″N 6°44′42″W
latitude: -6.745
longitude: 54.647
population: 11,599 (2011 Census)
comment: Cookstown is a small town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the fourth largest town in the county and had a population of 11,599 in the 2011 census. It, along with Magherafelt and Dungannon, is one of the main towns in the Mid-Ulster council area. It was founded around 1620 when the townlands in the area were leased by an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. Alan Cooke, from the Archbishop of Armagh, who had been granted the lands after the Flight of the Earls during the Plantation of Ulster. It was one of the main centres of the linen industry west of the River Bann, and until 1956, the processes of flax spinning, weaving, bleaching and beetling were carried out in the town.

Calderdale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CLD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CLD
coordinate: 53°43′N 1°58′W
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -1.97
longitude: 53.72
population: 200,100
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale is a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 203,826. It takes its name from the River Calder, and dale, a word for valley. The name Calderdale usually refers to the borough through which the upper river flows, while the actual landform is known as the Calder Valley. Several small valleys contain tributaries of the River Calder.

Clackmannanshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CLK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CLK
coordinate: 56°10′N 3°45′W
density: 320/km2 (840/sq mi)
latitude: -3.75
longitude: 56.167
population: 51,400
comment: Clackmannanshire is a historic county, council area, registration county and Lieutenancy area in Scotland, bordering the council areas of Stirling, Fife, and Perth & Kinross and the historic counties of Perthshire, Stirlingshire and Fife.

Coleraine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CLR
coordinate: 55°07′59″N 6°39′40″W
latitude: -6.661
longitude: 55.133
population: 24,634
comment: Coleraine is a town and civil parish near the mouth of the River Bann in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is 55 miles northwest of Belfast and 30 miles east of Derry, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district.

Cumbria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CMA
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CMA
coordinate: 54°30′N 3°15′W
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: -3.25
longitude: 54.5
population: 498,888
comment: Cumbria is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county. The only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county.

Camden
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CMD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CMD
coordinate: 51°32′N 0°10′W
density: 12,000/km2 (32,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.167
longitude: 51.533
population: 270,029
comment: The London Borough of Camden is a London borough in Inner London, and historically a part of Middlesex. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies 1.4 mi north of Charing Cross.

Carmarthenshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CMN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CMN
coordinate: 51°51′22″N 4°18′38″W
density: 79/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -4.31056
longitude: 51.85611
population: 188,771
comment: Carmarthenshire is a unitary authority in southwest Wales, and one of the historic counties of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as the "Garden of Wales" and is also home to the National Botanic Garden of Wales.

Cornwall
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CON
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CON
coordinate: 50°24′N 4°54′W
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: -4.9
longitude: 50.4
population: 568,210
comment: Cornwall is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, with the River Tamar forming the border between them. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain. The southwesternmost point is Land's End and the southernmost Lizard Point. Cornwall has a population of 568,210 and an area of 3,563 km2 . The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority, Cornwall Council. The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly, which are administered separately. The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro, its only city.

Coventry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-COV
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-COV
coordinate: 52°24′29″N 1°30′38″W
density: 3,108/km2 (8,050/sq mi)
latitude: -1.51056
longitude: 52.40806
population: 371,521
comment: Coventry is a city in the West Midlands, England. It is on the River Sherbourne, which is largely hidden by infrastructure, although it can be seen by the canal. Coventry has been a large settlement for centuries, although it was not founded and given its city status until the Middle Ages. The conurbation consists of the Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area, the 20th largest in the country; the city is governed by Coventry City Council.

Cardiff
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CRF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CRF
coordinate: 51°29′N 3°11′W
density: 4,392/km²
latitude: -3.183
longitude: 51.483
population: 366,903
comment: Cardiff is the capital city and one of the principal areas of Wales. It is Wales' largest city and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom. Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan and in 1974–1996 of South Glamorgan. It belongs to the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for coal when mining began in the region helped its expansion. In 1905 it was ranked as a city and in 1955 proclaimed capital of Wales. Cardiff Built-up Area covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.

Croydon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CRY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CRY
coordinate: 51°20′N 0°05′W
density: 4,400/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.083
longitude: 51.333
population: 386,710
comment: The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in south London, part of Outer London. It covers an area of 87 km2 . It is the southernmost borough of London. At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name; while other urban centres include Coulsdon, Purley, South Norwood, Norbury, New Addington and Thornton Heath. Croydon is mentioned in Domesday Book, and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of London. The borough is now one of London's leading business, financial and cultural centres, and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre. Its population is 386,710, making it the second largest London borough and fifteenth largest English district.

Castlereagh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CSR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CSR
coordinate: 54°35′N 5°52′W
density: 770/km²
latitude: -5.867
longitude: 54.583
population: 65,600 (2007)
comment: Castlereagh was a local government district with the status of borough in Northern Ireland. It merged with Lisburn City Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council, with a small amount being transferred to Belfast City Council.

Conwy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CWY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CWY
coordinate: 53°08′26″N 3°46′14″W
density: 104/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: -3.77056
longitude: 53.14056
population: 117,203
comment: Containing the major settlements of Llandudno, Llandudno Junction, Llanrwst, Betws-y-Coed, Conwy, Colwyn Bay, Abergele, Penmaenmawr and Llanfairfechan, it borders the counties of Gwynedd and Denbighshire.

Darlington
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DAL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DAL
coordinate: 54°31′00″N 1°33′00″W
density: 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -1.55
longitude: 54.5167
population: 106,803
comment: The Borough of Darlington is a unitary authority area in the lieutenancy area of County Durham and a part of the Tees Valley region, Northern England. The borough town is Darlington and, in 2011, had a resident population of 106,000.

Derbyshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DBY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DBY
coordinate: 53°8′N 1°36′W
density: 401/km2 (1,040/sq mi)
latitude: -1.6
longitude: 53.133
population: 1,053,316
comment: Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. It includes much of the Peak District National Park, containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills, which extend into the north of the county. It covers part of the National Forest and borders on Greater Manchester to the north-west, West Yorkshire to the north, South Yorkshire to the north-east, Nottinghamshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south-east, Staffordshire to the west and south-west and Cheshire to the west. Kinder Scout, at 636 metres, is the highest point, while Trent Meadows, where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire, is its lowest at 27 metres .:1 The River Derwent is its longest river at 66 mi, running north to south through the county. In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the farthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the ceremonial county. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with 10,000–100,000 inhabitants, but much sparsely populated farming upland.

Denbighshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DEN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DEN
coordinate: 53°05′12″N 3°21′16″W
density: 114/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -3.35444
longitude: 53.08667
population: 95,696
comment: Denbighshire is a county in north-east Wales. Its borders differ from the eponymous historic county. This part of Wales contains the country's oldest known evidence of habitation – Pontnewydd Palaeolithic site has Neanderthal remains from some 225,000 years ago. Castles include Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Ruthin, Castell Dinas Bran and Bodelwyddan. St Asaph, one of Britain's smallest cities, has one of its smallest Anglican cathedrals. Denbighshire is bounded by coastline to the north and hills to the east, south and west. The River Clwyd dominates a broad valley with little industry: crops appear in the Vale of Clwyd and cattle and sheep in the uplands. The coast attracts summer visitors, while hikers frequent the Clwydian Range, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with the upper Dee Valley. Llangollen hosts the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod each July.

Derby
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DER
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DER
coordinate: 52°55′N 1°28′W
density: 3,028/km2 (7,840/sq mi)
latitude: -1.467
longitude: 52.917
population: 248,700
comment: Derby is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, of which it was traditionally the county town. Derby gained city status in 1977, and by the 2011 census its population was 248,700.

Devon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DEV
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DEV
coordinate: 50°43′N 3°43′W
density: 178/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: -3.717
longitude: 50.717
population: 1,194,166
comment: Devon is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the north-east and Dorset to the east. The city of Exeter is the county town. The county includes the districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, Torridge and West Devon. Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon, but are administered as unitary authorities. Combined as a ceremonial county, Devon's area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million.

Dungannon and South Tyrone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DGN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DGN
coordinate: 54°25′30″N 7°05′46″W
latitude: -7.096
longitude: 54.425
comment: Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council was a local council in Northern Ireland from 1973 until 2015. It was originally named Dungannon District Council, gaining borough status and adding "South Tyrone" to its name on 25 November 1999, after petitioning the Secretary of State for the Environment. In May 2015, under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland it merged with Cookstown District Council and Magherafelt District Council to become Mid-Ulster District Council.

Dumfries and Galloway
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DGY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DGY
coordinate: 55°06′N 3°54′W
density: 23/km2 (60/sq mi)
latitude: -3.9
longitude: 55.1
population: 148,790
comment: Dumfries and Galloway is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands. It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire, the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway. The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries.

Doncaster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DNC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DNC
coordinate: 53°31′21″N 1°07′43″W
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -1.12861
longitude: 53.5225
population: 311,890
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster is a metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire in Yorkshire and the Humber Region of England.

Dundee
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DND
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DND
coordinate: 56°27′43″N 2°58′15″W
density: 2,478/km2 (6,420/sq mi)
elevation: 59 ft (18 m)
latitude: -2.9707
longitude: 56.462
population: 148,280
comment: Dundee is Scotland's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2016 was 148,280, giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi, the second-highest in Scotland. It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland.

Dorset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DOR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DOR
coordinate: 50°48′N 2°18′W
density: 274/km2 (710/sq mi)
latitude: -2.3
longitude: 50.8
population: 772,268
comment: Dorset is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the unitary authority areas of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole and Dorset. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east. The county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of local government in 1974, the county's border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch. Around half of the population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation, while the rest of the county is largely rural with a low population density.

Down
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DOW
coordinate: 54°20′00″N 5°40′00″W
latitude: -5.795566
longitude: 54.331436

Derry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DRY
coordinate: 54°59′51″N 07°19′12″W
latitude: -7.32
longitude: 54.9975
population: Derry: 85,016 Urban: 93,512 Metro: 237,000
comment: Derry, officially Londonderry, is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name Daire meaning "oak grove". The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle, which is spanned by two road bridges and one footbridge. The city now covers both banks .

Dudley
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DUD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DUD
coordinate: 52°30′00″N 2°07′00″W
density: 3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
latitude: -2.087335
longitude: 52.50867
population: 321,596
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Dudley is a metropolitan borough of West Midlands in England. It was created in 1974 following the Local Government Act 1972, through a merger of the existing Dudley County Borough with the municipal boroughs of Stourbridge and Halesowen. The borough borders Sandwell to the east, the city of Birmingham to the south east, Bromsgrove to the south in Worcestershire, South Staffordshire District to the west, and the city of Wolverhampton to the north.

Durham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DUR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DUR
coordinate: 54°40′N 1°50′W
density: 324/km2 (840/sq mi)
latitude: -1.833
longitude: 54.667
population: 866,846
comment: County Durham is a ceremonial county in North East England. The county town is Durham, a cathedral city. During the Middle Ages, the county was an ecclesiastical centre, due largely to the presence, of St Cuthbert's shrine in Durham Cathedral, and the extensive powers granted to the Bishop of Durham as ruler of the County Palatine of Durham.

Ealing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-EAL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-EAL
coordinate: 51°30′N 0°20′W
density: 6,200/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.333
longitude: 51.5
population: 341,806
comment: The London Borough of Ealing is a London borough in West London. It comprises seven major towns: Acton, Ealing, Greenford, Hanwell, Northolt, Perivale and Southall . With a population of 341,806 inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous London borough.

East Ayrshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-EAY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-EAY
coordinate: 55°30′N 4°18′W
density: 97/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -4.3
longitude: 55.5
population: 121,840
comment: East Ayrshire is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland. It shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Renfrewshire, North Ayrshire, South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire. The headquarters of the council are located on London Road, Kilmarnock. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the former county of Ayrshire.

Edinburgh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-EDH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-EDH
coordinate: 55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W
density: 1,828/km2 (4,730/sq mi)
elevation: 47 m (154 ft)
latitude: -3.189
longitude: 55.953
population: 488,050 (City) 518,500 (Council area)
comment: Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian, it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh is Scotland's second-most populous city and the seventh-most populous city in the United Kingdom.

East Dunbartonshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-EDU
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-EDU
coordinate: 55°56′N 4°13′W
density: 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
latitude: -4.217
longitude: 55.933
population: 108,330
comment: East Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the north-west of Glasgow and contains many of the affluent areas to the north of the city, including Bearsden, Milngavie, Balmore and Torrance, as well as many of the city's commuter towns and villages. East Dunbartonshire also shares borders with North Lanarkshire, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire. The council area covers parts of the historic counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire.

East Lothian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ELN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ELN
coordinate: 55°55′N 2°45′W
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -2.75
longitude: 55.917
population: 105,790
comment: East Lothian is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, as well as a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area. The county was also known as Haddingtonshire.

Eilean Siar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ELS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ELS
coordinate: 57°46′N 7°01′W
density: 9/km²
elevation: 799 m (2,621 ft)
latitude: -7.02
longitude: 57.76
population: 26,830
comment: The Outer Hebrides or Western Isles, sometimes known as Na h-Innse Gall or the Long Isle/Long Island, is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland. The islands are geographically coextensive with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. They form part of the archipelago of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch, the Little Minch, and the Sea of the Hebrides. Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language, although in a few areas English speakers form a majority.

Enfield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ENF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ENF
coordinate: 51°38′42″N 0°03′36″W
density: 4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.06
longitude: 51.645
population: 333,794
comment: The London Borough of Enfield is a London borough in North London. It borders the London boroughs of Barnet to the west, Haringey to the south, and Waltham Forest to the southeast. To the north are the districts of Hertsmere, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne, and to the east Epping Forest . The local authority is Enfield London Borough Council. Enfield's population is estimated to be 333,794; the main towns in the borough are Edmonton, Enfield, Southgate and Palmers Green. Enfield is the northernmost London borough.

East Renfrewshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ERW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ERW
coordinate: 55°47′54″N 4°17′27″W
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -4.2907
longitude: 55.7984
population: 95,170
comment: East Renfrewshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. Until 1975, it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire and Inverclyde. Although no longer a local authority area, Renfrewshire still remains the registration county and lieutenancy area of East Renfrewshire.

East Riding of Yorkshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ERY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ERY
coordinate: 53°55′N 0°30′W
density: 242/km2 (630/sq mi)
latitude: -0.5
longitude: 53.917
population: 600,259
comment: The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Riding or East Yorkshire, is a county in Northern England. At the 2011 United Kingdom census, its population was 334,179.

Essex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ESS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ESS
coordinate: 51°45′N 0°35′E
density: 499/km2 (1,290/sq mi)
latitude: 0.583
longitude: 51.75
population: 1,832,752
comment: Essex is a county in the East of England, north-east of London. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south and the London boroughs of Enfield, Waltham Forest, Redbridge and Havering to the south and south-west. The county town is Chelmsford, the only city in the county. For the purposes of government statistics, Essex is placed in the East of England region.

East Sussex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ESX
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ESX
coordinate: 50°55′N 0°20′E
density: 472/km2 (1,220/sq mi)
latitude: 0.333
longitude: 50.917
population: 844,985
comment: East Sussex is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east, West Sussex to the west, and Surrey for a short distance to the north-west.

Falkirk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-FAL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-FAL
coordinate: 55°58′34″N 3°47′49″W
density: 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -3.797
longitude: 55.976
population: 160,340
comment: Falkirk is one of 32 unitary authority council areas of Scotland. It was formed on 1 April 1996 by way of the Local Government etc. Act 1994 from the exact boundaries of Falkirk District, one of three parts of the Central region created in 1975, which was abolished at that time. Prior to the 1975 reorganisation, the majority of the council area was part of the historic county of Stirlingshire, and a small part, namely Bo'ness and Blackness, was part of the former county of West Lothian.

Fermanagh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-FER
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-FER
coordinate: 54°27′04″N 7°42′47″W
density: 33/km²
latitude: -7.713
longitude: 54.451
population: 61,300 (2007)
comment: Fermanagh District Council was a local council in Northern Ireland. It was created out of Fermanagh County Council and later merged with Omagh District Council in April 2015 under local government reorganisation to become Fermanagh and Omagh District Council.

Fife
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-FIF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-FIF
coordinate: 56°15′00″N 3°12′00″W
density: 280/km2 (730/sq mi)
latitude: -3.2
longitude: 56.25
population: 371,910
comment: Fife is a council area, historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries with Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. By custom it is widely held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib, and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland. A person from Fife is known as a Fifer. In older documents the county was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire.

Flintshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-FLN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-FLN
coordinate: 53°15′00″N 3°10′00″W
density: 356/km2 (920/sq mi)
latitude: -3.160441
longitude: 53.217026
population: 156,100
comment: Flintshire is a county in north-east Wales and home to King Dion and Lady Sinead of Wales. bordering the English county of Cheshire to the east, Denbighshire to the west and Wrexham County Borough to the south. It is named after the historic county of Flintshire which has notably different borders. Flintshire is considered part of the Welsh Marches and formed part of the historic Earldom of Chester and Flint. The county is governed by Flintshire County Council which has its main offices in County Hall, Mold.

Gateshead
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-GAT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-GAT
coordinate: 54°57′N 1°36′W
density: 1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
latitude: -1.6
longitude: 54.95
population: 202,055
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, North East England. It is named after its largest town, Gateshead, but the metropolitan borough incorporates the surrounding area including Rowlands Gill, Whickham, Blaydon, Ryton, Felling, Pelaw, Dunston and Low Fell. The borough forms part of the Tyneside conurbation, centred on Newcastle upon Tyne.

Glasgow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-GLG
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-GLG
coordinate: 55°52′00″N 4°15′00″W
density: 3,298/km²
latitude: -4.257222
longitude: 55.865627
population: 580,690 (2006)
comment: Glasgow City Council is the local government authority for the City of Glasgow, Scotland. It was created in 1996 under the Local Government etc. Act 1994, largely with the boundaries of the post-1975 City of Glasgow district of the Strathclyde region.

Gloucestershire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-GLS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-GLS
coordinate: 51°50′N 2°10′W
density: 291/km2 (750/sq mi)
latitude: -2.167
longitude: 51.833
population: 916,202
comment: Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.

Greenwich
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-GRE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-GRE
coordinate: 51°27′N 0°03′E
density: 6,100/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
latitude: 0.05
longitude: 51.45
population: 287,942
comment: The Royal Borough of Greenwich is a London borough in southeast Greater London. The London Borough of Greenwich was formed in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. The new borough covered the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich and part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich to the east. The local council is Greenwich London Borough Council which meets in Woolwich Town Hall. The council's offices are also based in Woolwich, the main urban centre in the borough.

Guernsey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-GSY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-GSY
coordinate: 49°27′36″N 2°32′7″W
density: 965/km2 (2,499.3/sq mi)
latitude: -2.53528
longitude: 49.46
population: 62,792
comment: Guernsey is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown Dependency.

Gwynedd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-GWN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-GWN
coordinate: 52°50′N 3°55′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -3.917
longitude: 52.833
population: 124,560
comment: Gwynedd is a county in Wales, sharing borders with Powys, Conwy, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, and Ceredigion over the River Dyfi. The scenic Llŷn Peninsula and most of Snowdonia National Park are in Gwynedd. Bangor is the home of Bangor University.

Halton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HAL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HAL
coordinate: 53°20′42″N 2°43′19″W
density: 1,624/km2 (4,210/sq mi)
latitude: -2.722
longitude: 53.345
population: 129,410
comment: Halton is a local government district in the ceremonial county of Cheshire in North West England, with borough status and administered by a unitary authority. It was created in 1974 as a district of the non-metropolitan county of Cheshire, and became a unitary authority area on 1 April 1998 under Halton Borough Council. Since 2014 it has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The borough consists of the towns of Runcorn and Widnes and the civil parishes of Daresbury, Hale, Halebank, Moore, Preston Brook, and Sandymoor. The district borders Merseyside, Warrington and Cheshire West and Chester.

Hampshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HAM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HAM
coordinate: 51°03′28″N 1°18′29″W
density: 489/km2 (1,270/sq mi)
latitude: -1.3081
longitude: 51.0577
population: 1,844,245
comment: Hampshire is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. The county town is Winchester, England's former capital city. Its two largest cities, Southampton and Portsmouth, are administered separately as unitary authorities and the rest of the county is governed by a combination of Hampshire County Council and non-metropolitan borough councils.

Havering
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HAV
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HAV
coordinate: 51°33′N 00°13′E
density: 2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi)
latitude: 0.217
longitude: 51.55
population: 259,552
comment: The London Borough of Havering in East London, England, forms part of Outer London. It has a population of 259,552 inhabitants; the principal town is Romford, while other communities are Hornchurch, Upminster, Collier Row and Rainham. The borough is mainly suburban, with large areas of protected open space. Romford is a major retail and night time entertainment centre, and to the south the borough extends into the London Riverside redevelopment area of the Thames Gateway. The name Havering is a reference to the Royal Liberty of Havering which occupied the area for several centuries. The local authority is Havering London Borough Council. It is the easternmost London borough.

Hackney
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HCK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HCK
coordinate: 51°33′00″N 0°03′30″W
density: 15,000/km2 (38,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.05833
longitude: 51.55
population: 281,120
comment: The London Borough of Hackney is a London borough in Inner London. The historical and administrative heart of Hackney is Mare Street, which lies 5 miles north-east of Charing Cross. The borough is named after Hackney, its principal district. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London, with the northwest belonging to north London. Its population is 281,120 inhabitants.

Herefordshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HEF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HEF
coordinate: 52°05′N 2°45′W
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -2.75
longitude: 52.083
population: 192,107
comment: Herefordshire is a county in the West Midlands of England, governed by Herefordshire Council. It is bordered by Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh counties of Monmouthshire and Powys to the west.

Hillingdon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HIL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HIL
coordinate: 51°30′N 0°27′W
density: 2,700/km2 (6,900/sq mi)
latitude: -0.45
longitude: 51.5
population: 306,870
comment: The London Borough of Hillingdon is a large borough in West London, England. It was formed from the districts of Hayes and Harlington, Ruislip-Northwood, Uxbridge, and Yiewsley and West Drayton in the ceremonial county of Middlesex. Today, Hillingdon is home to Heathrow Airport and Brunel University, and is the second largest of the 32 London boroughs by area.

Highland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HLD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HLD
coordinate: 57°30′N 5°00′W
density: 9.2/km2 (24/sq mi)
latitude: -5.0
longitude: 57.5
population: 235,540
comment: Highland is a council area in the Scottish Highlands and is the largest local government area in the United Kingdom. It was the 7th most populous council area in Scotland at the 2011 census. It shares borders with the council areas of Aberdeenshire, Argyll and Bute, Moray and Perth and Kinross. Their councils, and those of Angus and Stirling, also have areas of the Scottish Highlands within their administrative boundaries.

Hammersmith and Fulham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HMF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HMF
coordinate: 51°30′N 0°15′W
density: 11,000/km2 (29,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.25
longitude: 51.5
population: 185,143
comment: The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough in West London and which also forms part of Inner London. The borough was formed in 1965 from the merger of the former Metropolitan Boroughs of Hammersmith and Fulham. The borough borders Brent to the north, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea to the east, Wandsworth to the south, Richmond upon Thames to the south west, and Hounslow and Ealing to the west.

Hounslow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HNS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HNS
coordinate: 51°28′3″N 0°21′42″W
density: 4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.36167
longitude: 51.4675
population: 271,523
comment: The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in West London, England, forming part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 when three smaller Middlesex council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. It is governed by Hounslow London Borough Council.

Hartlepool
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HPL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HPL
coordinate: 54°41′11″N 1°12′39″W
density: 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
latitude: -1.21083
longitude: 54.68639
population: 93,663
comment: The Borough of Hartlepool is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of County Durham, in north-east England. It is centred on, and named after, the town of Hartlepool.

Hertfordshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HRT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HRT
coordinate: 51°49′N 0°13′W
density: 721/km2 (1,870/sq mi)
latitude: -0.217
longitude: 51.817
population: 1,184,365
comment: Hertfordshire is one of the home counties in southern England. It is bordered by Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north, Essex to the east, Greater London to the south, and Buckinghamshire to the west. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region. It covers 634 square miles . It derives its name from a hart and a ford, used as the components of the county's coat of arms and of the flag. Hertfordshire County Council is based in Hertford, once the main market town.

Harrow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HRW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HRW
coordinate: 51°34′N 0°20′W
density: 5,000/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.333
longitude: 51.567
population: 251,160
comment: The London Borough of Harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ is a London borough in north-west London, England, and forms part of Outer London. It borders four other London boroughs – Barnet to the east of ancient Watling Street, Brent to the south-east, Ealing to the south and Hillingdon to the west – plus the Hertfordshire districts of Three Rivers and Hertsmere to the north. The local authority is Harrow London Borough Council. The London borough was formed in 1965, based on boundaries that had been established in 1934. The borough is made up of three towns: Harrow proper, Pinner, and Stanmore, but also includes western parts of Edgware; it is of suburban character and includes some countryside in the northern outskirts.

Haringey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-HRY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-HRY
coordinate: 51°36′06″N 0°06′46″W
density: 9,100/km2 (24,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.112915
longitude: 51.60163
population: 268,647
comment: The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by others as part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 by the amalgamation of three former boroughs. It shares borders with six other London boroughs. Clockwise from the north, they are: Enfield, Waltham Forest, Hackney, Islington, Camden, and Barnet.

Isles of Scilly
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-IOS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-IOS
coordinate: 49°55′N 6°20′W
density: 129/km²
latitude: -6.333
longitude: 49.917
population: 2,224 (mid-2019 est.)
comment: The Isles of Scilly is an archipelago off the southwestern tip of Cornwall. One of the islands, St Agnes, is the most southerly point in Britain, being over 4 miles further south than the most southerly point of the British mainland at Lizard Point.

Isle of Wight
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-IOW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-IOW
coordinate: 50°40′N 1°16′W
density: 372/km2 (960/sq mi)
latitude: -1.267
longitude: 50.667
population: 141,538
comment: The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between two and five miles off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island is part of the historic county of Hampshire. It is designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

Islington
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ISL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ISL
coordinate: 51°32′N 0°08′W
density: 16,000/km2 (42,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.133
longitude: 51.533
population: 242,467
comment: The London Borough of Islington is a London borough in Inner London. The borough includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, which simultaneously abolished the metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury.

Inverclyde
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-IVC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-IVC
coordinate: 55°54′N 4°45′W
density: 490/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: -4.75
longitude: 55.9
population: 78,150
comment: Inverclyde is one of 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Together with the East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire council areas, Inverclyde forms part of the historic county of Renfrewshire, which currently exists as a registration county and lieutenancy area – located in the west central Lowlands. It borders the North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire council areas, and is otherwise surrounded by the Firth of Clyde.

Jersey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-JSY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-JSY
coordinate: 49°11′24″N 2°6′36″W
density: 912/km2 (2,362.1/sq mi)
elevation: 143 m (469 ft)
latitude: -2.11
longitude: 49.19
population: 107,800
comment: Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France. It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 22 kilometres from the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy. The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles, Les Écréhous, Les Minquiers, and Les Pierres de Lecq.

Kensington and Chelsea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-KEC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-KEC
coordinate: 51°30′N 0°11′W
density: 13,000/km2 (33,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.19
longitude: 51.5
population: 156,129
comment: The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is an Inner London borough with royal status. It is the smallest borough in London and the second smallest district in England; it is one of the most densely populated administrative regions in the United Kingdom. It includes affluent areas such as Notting Hill, Kensington, South Kensington, Chelsea, and Knightsbridge.

Kent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-KEN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-KEN
coordinate: 51°12′N 0°42′E
density: 494/km2 (1,280/sq mi)
latitude: 0.7
longitude: 51.2
population: 1,846,478
comment: Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west. The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames, and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. The county town is Maidstone.

Kingston upon Hull
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-KHL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-KHL
coordinate: 53°44′40″N 00°19′57″W
density: 3,486/km2 (9,030/sq mi)
latitude: -0.3325
longitude: 53.74444
population: 259,778
comment: Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary, 25 miles inland from the North Sea, 50 miles east of Leeds, 34 miles south-east of York and 54 miles north-east of Sheffield. With a population of 259,778, Hull is the fourth-largest city in the Yorkshire and the Humber region.

Kirklees
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-KIR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-KIR
coordinate: 53°35′35″N 1°48′04″W
density: 1,074/km2 (2,780/sq mi)
latitude: -1.801
longitude: 53.593
population: 439,787
comment: Kirklees is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Kirklees Council with the status of a metropolitan borough. The largest town and administrative centre of Kirklees is Huddersfield, and the district also includes Batley, Birstall, Cleckheaton, Denby Dale, Dewsbury, Heckmondwike, Holmfirth, Kirkburton, Marsden, Meltham, Mirfield and Slaithwaite. Kirklees had a population of 422,500 in 2011; it is also the third largest metropolitan district in England by area size, behind Doncaster and Leeds.

Kingston upon Thames
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-KTT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-KTT
coordinate: 51°23′N 0°17′W
density: 4,800/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.28
longitude: 51.39
population: 177,507
comment: The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames is a borough in southwest London. The main town is Kingston upon Thames and it includes Surbiton, Chessington, Malden Rushett, New Malden and Tolworth. It is the oldest of the four royal boroughs in England. The others are Kensington and Chelsea and Greenwich also in London, and Windsor and Maidenhead. The local authority is Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council.

Knowsley
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-KWL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-KWL
coordinate: 53°26′20″N 2°51′04″W
density: 1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)
latitude: -2.851
longitude: 53.439
population: 150,862
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England. It comprises the towns and districts of Kirkby, Prescot, Huyton, Whiston, Halewood, Cronton and Stockbridge Village; Kirkby, Huyton, and Prescot being the major commercial centres. It takes its name from the village of Knowsley, though its headquarters are in Huyton. It forms part of the wider Liverpool City Region.

Lancashire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LAN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LAN
coordinate: 53°48′N 2°36′W
density: 487/km2 (1,260/sq mi)
latitude: -2.6
longitude: 53.8
population: 1,498,300
comment: Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county and a ceremonial county in North West England. The county's administrative centre is Preston, while Lancaster is the county town. The borders of the county were created by the Local Government Act 1972 and enclose a population of 1,449,300 and an area of 1,189 square miles .

Lambeth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LBH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LBH
coordinate: 51°27′37″N 0°07′17″W
density: 12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.121445
longitude: 51.460217
population: 326,034
comment: Lambeth is a London borough in South London, England, which forms part of Inner London. Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha and in 1255 as Lambeth. The geographical centre of London is at Frazier Street near Lambeth North tube station, though nearby Charing Cross on the other side of the Thames in the City of Westminster is traditionally considered the centre of London.

Leicester
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LCE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LCE
coordinate: 52°38′N 1°8′W
density: 4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
elevation: 205 ft (62.5 m)
latitude: -1.133
longitude: 52.633
population: 329,839
comment: Leicester /ˈlɛstər/ is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest. It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry, south of Nottingham, and west of Peterborough.

Leeds
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LDS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LDS
coordinate: 53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W
density: 1,380/km2 (3,574/sq mi)
elevation: 1,120 ft (340 m)
latitude: -1.54917
longitude: 53.79972
population: 793,139
comment: The City of Leeds is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough includes the administrative centre of Leeds and the towns of Farsley, Garforth, Guiseley, Horsforth, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, Rothwell, Wetherby and Yeadon. It has a population of 793,139, making it technically the second largest city in England by population behind Birmingham. It is governed by Leeds City Council.

Leicestershire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LEC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LEC
coordinate: 52°43′N 1°11′W
density: 489/km2 (1,270/sq mi)
latitude: -1.183
longitude: 52.717
population: 1,053,486
comment: Leicestershire is a landlocked county in the English Midlands, being within the East Midlands. The county borders Nottinghamshire to the north, Lincolnshire to the north-east, Rutland to the east, Northamptonshire to the south-east, Warwickshire to the south-west, Staffordshire to the west, and Derbyshire to the north-west. The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street, the modern A5 road.

Lewisham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LEW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LEW
coordinate: 51°25′N 0°02′W
density: 8,700/km2 (23,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.033
longitude: 51.417
population: 305,842
comment: Lewisham is a London borough in South London; it forms part of Inner London. The principal settlement of the borough is Lewisham. The local authority is Lewisham London Borough Council, based in Catford. Lewisham is well known for its high school exclusion rates: it had the third highest school exclusion rates in the United Kingdom in 2018. The Prime Meridian passes through Lewisham. Blackheath, Goldsmiths, University of London and Millwall F.C. are located within the borough.

Lincolnshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LIN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LIN
coordinate: 53°4′N 0°11′W
density: 156/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -0.183
longitude: 53.067
population: 1,087,659
comment: Lincolnshire is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the north-west, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, England's shortest county boundary. The county town is the city of Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.

Liverpool
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LIV
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LIV
coordinate: 53°24′27″N 02°59′31″W
density: 4,424/km2 (11,460/sq mi)
elevation: 230 ft (70 m)
latitude: -2.99194
longitude: 53.4075
population: 498,042
comment: Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England, with a population in 2019 of 498,042, making it the tenth-largest English district by population. Liverpool's metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2.24 million.

Limavady
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LMV
coordinate: 55°03′11″N 6°56′46″W
latitude: -6.946
longitude: 55.053
population: 12,032
comment: Limavady is a market town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, with Binevenagh as a backdrop. Lying 17 miles east of Derry and 14 miles southwest of Coleraine, Limavady had a population of 12,032 people at the 2011 Census. In the 40 years between 1971 and 2011, Limavady's population nearly doubled. Limavady is within Causeway Coast and Glens Borough.

London
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LND
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LND
coordinate: 51°30′56″N 00°05′35″W
elevation: 21 m (69 ft)
latitude: -0.09306
longitude: 51.51556
population: 9,401 (67th)
comment: The City of London is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the historic centre and the primary central business district of London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the modern city named London has since grown far beyond the City of London boundary. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of London; however, the City of London is not a London borough, a status reserved for the other 32 districts . It is also a separate ceremonial county, being an enclave surrounded by Greater London, and is the smallest ceremonial county in the United Kingdom.

Larne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LRN
coordinate: 54°51′06″N 05°48′48″W
latitude: -5.81333
longitude: 54.85167
population: 18,755 (2011 Census)
comment: Larne is a town on the east coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland, with a population of 18,755 at the 2011 Census. It is a major passenger and freight roll-on roll-off port. Larne is administered by Mid and East Antrim Borough Council. Together with parts of the neighbouring districts of Antrim and Newtownabbey and Causeway Coast and Glens, it forms the East Antrim constituency for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly. The civil parish is in the historic barony of Glenarm Upper.

Lisburn
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LSB
coordinate: 54°30′43″N 6°01′52″W
latitude: -6.031
longitude: 54.512
population: 45,370 (2011 Census)
comment: Lisburn is a city in Northern Ireland. It is 8 mi southwest of Belfast city centre, on the River Lagan, which forms the boundary between County Antrim and County Down. Lisburn is part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It had a population of 45,370 people in the 2011 Census.

Luton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LUT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LUT
coordinate: 51°52′42″N 00°24′53″W
density: 4,939/km2 (12,790/sq mi)
latitude: -0.41472
longitude: 51.87833
population: 213,052
comment: Luton is a large town, borough and unitary authority situated in Bedfordshire, south east England, but in the East of England region for administrative purposes. It has a population of 213,052 and is one of the most populous towns without city status in the United Kingdom. It is also the most populous town in Bedfordshire. The town is situated on the River Lea, about 29 miles northwest of London. The town's foundation dates to the sixth century as a Saxon outpost on the River Lea, from which Luton derives its name. Luton is recorded in the Domesday Book as Loitone and Lintone and one of the largest churches in Bedfordshire, St Mary's Church, was built in the 12th century. There are local museums which explore Luton's history in Wardown Park and Stockwood Park.

Manchester
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MAN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MAN
coordinate: 53°28′46″N 2°14′43″W
density: 4,735/km2 (12,260/sq mi)
elevation: 38 m (125 ft)
latitude: -2.24528
longitude: 53.47944
population: 552,858
comment: Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. The city has the country's fifth-largest population at 547,627 and lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.7 million, third most-populous county, at around 2.8 million, and third-most populous metropolitan area, with a population of 3.3 million. It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council.

Middlesbrough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MDB
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MDB
coordinate: 54°34′34″N 1°14′02″W
density: 2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
latitude: -1.234
longitude: 54.576
population: 140,980
comment: The Borough of Middlesbrough is a borough and unitary authority in North Yorkshire, Northern England, based on the town of Middlesbrough. The borough had a population of 140,980, in the mid-2019 est.

Medway
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MDW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MDW
coordinate: 51°23′N 0°32′E
density: 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
latitude: 0.54
longitude: 51.39
population: 278,556
comment: Medway is a conurbation and unitary authority in Kent in the region of South East England. It is a county for the purposes of the Lieutenancies. It had a population in 2019 of 278,016. The unitary authority was formed in 1998 when the City of Rochester-upon-Medway amalgamated with Gillingham Borough Council and part of Kent County Council to form Medway Council, a unitary authority independent of Kent County Council.

Magherafelt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MFT
coordinate: 54°45′N 6°37′W
latitude: -6.61
longitude: 54.75
population: 8,805 (2011 Census)
comment: Magherafelt is a small town and civil parish in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 8,805 at the 2011 Census. It is the biggest town in the south of the county and is the social, economic and political hub of the area. It is part of Mid-Ulster District.

Milton Keynes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MIK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MIK
coordinate: 52°02′N 0°46′W
density: 740/km²
latitude: -0.767
longitude: 52.033
population: 248,821
comment: The Borough of Milton Keynes is a unitary authority and borough of the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire. It is the northernmost district of the South East England Region. It was originally one of five non-metropolitan districts of Buckinghamshire, but on 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England, it became a self-governing non-metropolitan county, independent from Buckinghamshire County Council.

Midlothian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MLN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MLN
coordinate: 55°53′39″N 3°04′07″W
density: 260/km2 (670/sq mi)
latitude: -3.06861
longitude: 55.89417
population: 91,340
comment: Midlothian is a historic county, registration county, lieutenancy area and one of 32 council areas of Scotland used for local government. Midlothian lies in the east-central Lowlands, bordering the City of Edinburgh, East Lothian and the Scottish Borders.

Monmouthshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MON
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MON
coordinate: 51°47′N 2°52′W
density: 111/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -2.867
longitude: 51.783
population: 94,590
comment: Monmouthshire is a principal area in Wales. The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern three-fifths. The largest town is Abergavenny. Other towns and large villages are Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth, Magor and Usk. It borders Torfaen, Newport and Blaenau Gwent to the west; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east; and Powys to the north.

Merton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MRT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MRT
coordinate: 51°23′N 0°10′W
density: 5,500/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.167
longitude: 51.383
population: 206,548
comment: The borough was formed under the London Government Act 1963 in 1965 by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Mitcham, the Municipal Borough of Wimbledon and the Merton and Morden Urban District, all formerly within Surrey. The main commercial centres in Merton are Mitcham, Morden and Wimbledon, of which Wimbledon is the largest. Other smaller centres include Raynes Park, Colliers Wood, South Wimbledon, Wimbledon Park and Pollards Hill. The borough is the host of the Wimbledon tournament, one of tennis's Grand Slam competitions.

Moray
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MRY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MRY
coordinate: 57°25′N 3°15′W
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -3.25
longitude: 57.417
population: 95,520
comment: Moray is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland. It lies in the north-east of the country, with coastline on the Moray Firth, and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland.

Merthyr Tydfil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MTY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MTY
coordinate: 51°45′N 3°23′W
density: 540 / km2 (1398/ sq mi)
latitude: -3.383
longitude: 51.75
population: 60,326
comment: Merthyr Tydfil County Borough has been one of the 22 unitary authorities in Wales since 1 April 1996 . Merthyr Tydfil County Borough today has a population of 60,183 . It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and takes its name from Merthyr Tydfil town. The County Borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley. It borders the counties of Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west, Caerphilly county borough to the east, and Powys to the north.

Moyle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MYL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MYL
coordinate: 55°10′00″N 6°10′00″W
density: 35/km²
latitude: -6.255017
longitude: 55.14832
population: 16,700 (2007)

North Ayrshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NAY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NAY
coordinate: 55°40′N 4°47′W
density: 150/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: -4.783
longitude: 55.667
population: 135,280
comment: North Ayrshire is one of 32 council areas in Scotland. It has a population of roughly 135,280 people. It is located in the southwest of Scotland, and borders the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the northeast and East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire to the east and south respectively. North Ayrshire Council is a hung Council. North Ayrshire also forms part of the east coast of the Firth of Clyde.

Northumberland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NBL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NBL
coordinate: 55°10′N 2°00′W
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -2.0
longitude: 55.167
population: 320,274
comment: Northumberland is a historic county, ceremonial county and unitary authority in Northern England. The latter has a headquarters at Morpeth and borders east Cumbria, north County Durham and north Tyne and Wear. The historic county town is Alnwick.

North Down
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NDN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NDN
coordinate: 54°37′34″N 5°40′23″W
density: 966/km²
latitude: -5.673
longitude: 54.626
population: 78,700 (2007)
comment: North Down Borough Council was a Local Council in County Down in Northern Ireland. It merged with Ards Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become North Down and Ards District Council.

North East Lincolnshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NEL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NEL
coordinate: 53°33′N 0°06′W
density: 830/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
latitude: -0.1
longitude: 53.55
population: 159,563
comment: North East Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire in England. It borders the unitary authority of North Lincolnshire and the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire, the three areas making up the ceremonial county. The population of the Unitary Authority at the 2011 Census was 159,616. North East Lincolnshire is part of the Yorkshire and the Humber region.

Newcastle upon Tyne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NET
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NET
coordinate: 55°00′28″N 1°39′28″W
latitude: -1.6578
longitude: 55.0077
population: 302,820
comment: Newcastle upon Tyne, often simply Newcastle, is the most populous city and metropolitan borough in North East England. It forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Tyne's northern bank, approximately 8.5 mi from the North Sea.

Norfolk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NFK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NFK
coordinate: 52°40′N 1°00′E
density: 168/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 1.0
longitude: 52.667
population: 903,680
comment: Norfolk is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the northwest, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and to the northwest, The Wash. The county town is the city of Norwich. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, Norfolk is a largely rural county with a population density of 401 per square mile . Of the county's population, 40% live in four major built up areas: Norwich, Great Yarmouth, King's Lynn, and Thetford .

Nottingham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NGM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NGM
coordinate: 52°57′N 1°09′W
density: 4,437/km2 (11,490/sq mi)
elevation: 151 ft (46 m)
latitude: -1.15
longitude: 52.95
population: 321,500
comment: Nottingham is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, England. Part of the East Midlands region, it is 128 miles north of London and 45 miles northeast of Birmingham. Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making, bicycle, and tobacco industries. It was granted its city charter in 1897, as part of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Nottingham is a tourist destination; in 2018, the city received the second-highest number of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest number in the East Midlands.

North Lanarkshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NLK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NLK
coordinate: 55°49′44″N 3°55′19″W
density: 720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: -3.922
longitude: 55.829
population: 340,180
comment: North Lanarkshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the northeast of the City of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgow's suburbs and commuter towns and villages. It also borders East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Stirling, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian. The council covers parts of the traditional counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire.

North Lincolnshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NLN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NLN
coordinate: 53°36′N 0°39′W
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: -0.65
longitude: 53.6
population: 172,292
comment: North Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in Lincolnshire, England, with a population of 167,446 in the 2011 census. There are six significant towns: Scunthorpe, Brigg, Haxey, Crowle, Epworth and Barton-upon-Humber.

North Somerset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NSM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NSM
coordinate: 51°28′N 2°39′W
latitude: -2.65
longitude: 51.46
population: 215,052
comment: North Somerset is a unitary district in Somerset, South West England. Whilst its area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset, it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare.

Newtownabbey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTA
coordinate: 54°40′24″N 05°54′49″W
latitude: -5.91361
longitude: 54.67333
population: 65,646 (2011 Census)
comment: Newtownabbey is a large settlement north of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Sometimes considered to be a suburb of Belfast, it is separated from the rest of the city by Cavehill and Fortwilliam golf course. At the 2011 Census, Metropolitan Newtownabbey Settlement had a population of 65,646, making it the third largest settlement in Northern Ireland. It is part of Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council.

Northamptonshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTH
coordinate: 52°17′N 0°50′W
density: 316/km2 (820/sq mi)
latitude: -0.833
longitude: 52.283
population: 747,622
comment: Northamptonshire, archaically known as the County of Northampton, is a county in the East Midlands of England. In 2015, it had a population of 723,000. The county is administered by two unitary authorities: North Northamptonshire and West Northamptonshire. It is known as "The Rose of the Shires".

Neath Port Talbot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTL
coordinate: 51°38′44″N 3°44′42″W
density: 324/km2 (840/sq mi)
latitude: -3.745
longitude: 51.64556
population: 143,315
comment: Neath Port Talbot is a county borough and one of the unitary authority areas of Wales. Its principal towns are Neath, Port Talbot and Pontardawe.

Nottinghamshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTT
coordinate: 53°10′N 1°00′W
density: 535/km2 (1,390/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 53.167
population: 1,154,195
comment: Nottinghamshire is a county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based at County Hall in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.

North Tyneside
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NTY
coordinate: 55°00′44″N 1°32′44″W
density: 2,326.5/km2 (6,026/sq mi)
latitude: -1.5456
longitude: 55.0123
population: 207,913
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, North East England. It forms a part of the greater Tyneside conurbation. The North Tyneside Council is headquartered at Cobalt Business Park, Wallsend.

Newham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NWM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NWM
coordinate: 51°31′N 0°02′E
density: 9,700/km2 (25,000/sq mi)
latitude: 0.033
longitude: 51.517
population: 353,134
comment: The London Borough of Newham /ˈnjuːəm/ is a London borough created in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. It covers an area previously administered by the Essex county boroughs of West Ham and East Ham, authorities that were both abolished by the same act. The name Newham reflects its creation and combines the compass points of the old borough names. Situated on the borders of inner and outer East London, Newham has a population of 353,134, which is the third highest of the London boroughs and also makes it the 20th most populous district in England. The local authority is Newham London Borough Council.

Newport
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NWP
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NWP
coordinate: 51°35′N 3°00′W
density: 795.21/km2 (2,059.6/sq mi)
elevation: 52 ft (16 m)
latitude: -3.0
longitude: 51.583
population: 154,676 (council region)
comment: Newport is a city and principal area in Wales, situated on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary, 12 miles northeast of Cardiff. With a population of 145,700 at the 2011 census, Newport is the third-largest city in Wales. Newport became a unitary authority in 1996 and forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area with a population of 1,09 million. Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain, the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists. This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School.

North Yorkshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NYK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NYK
coordinate: 54°10′N 1°20′W
density: 134/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -1.333
longitude: 54.167
population: 1,158,816
comment: North Yorkshire is the largest non-metropolitan county and lieutenancy area in England, covering an area of 8,654 square kilometres . Around 40% of the county is covered by national parks, including most of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors. It is one of four counties in England to hold the name Yorkshire; the three other counties are the East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire.

Newry and Mourne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NYM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NYM
coordinate: 54°10′34″N 6°15′22″W
density: 106/km²
latitude: -6.256
longitude: 54.176
population: 95,500 (2007)
comment: Newry and Mourne District Council was a local council in Northern Ireland. It merged with Down District Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.

Oldham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-OLD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-OLD
coordinate: 53°32′N 2°07′W
density: 1,543/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
elevation: 1,778 ft (542 m)
latitude: -2.117
longitude: 53.533
population: 237,110
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It has a population of 237,110, and spans 55 square miles . The borough is named after its largest town, Oldham, but also includes the outlying towns of Chadderton, Failsworth, Royton and Shaw and Crompton, the village of Lees, and the parish of Saddleworth.

Omagh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-OMH
coordinate: 54°35′53″N 7°18′32″W
latitude: -7.309
longitude: 54.598
population: 19,659 (2011 Census)
comment: Omagh is the county town of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated where the rivers Drumragh and Camowen meet to form the Strule. Northern Ireland's capital city Belfast is 68 miles to the east of Omagh, and Derry is 34 miles to the north.

Orkney Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ORK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ORK
coordinate: 59°0′N 3°2′W
density: 20/km²
latitude: -3.033
longitude: 59.0
population: 22,100 (2017)
comment: Orkney, also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles north of the coast of Caithness and has about 70 islands, of which 20 are inhabited. The largest island, Mainland, is often referred to as "the Mainland", and has an area of 523 square kilometres, making it the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles. Orkney’s largest settlement, and also its administrative centre, is Kirkwall.

Oxfordshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-OXF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-OXF
coordinate: 52°10′6.58″N 1°19′54.92″W
density: 264/km2 (680/sq mi)
latitude: -1.3319222
longitude: 52.168495
population: 687,524
comment: Oxfordshire is a landlocked county in the far west of the government statistical region of South East England. The ceremonial county borders Warwickshire to the north-west, Northamptonshire to the north-east, Buckinghamshire to the east, Berkshire to the south, Wiltshire to the south-west and Gloucestershire to the west.

Pembrokeshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-PEM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-PEM
coordinate: 51°50′42″N 4°50′32″W
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -4.84222
longitude: 51.845
population: 125,818
comment: Pembrokeshire is a county in the southwest of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and the sea everywhere else.

Perth and Kinross
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-PKN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-PKN
coordinate: 56°30′00″N 3°45′00″W
density: 29/km2 (74/sq mi)
latitude: -3.884868
longitude: 56.540516
population: 151,290
comment: Perth and Kinross is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and a Lieutenancy Area. It borders onto the Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Clackmannanshire, Dundee, Fife, Highland and Stirling council areas. Perth is the administrative centre. With the exception of a large area of south-western Perthshire, the council area mostly corresponds to the historic counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire.

Plymouth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-PLY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-PLY
coordinate: 50°22′17″N 4°08′32″W
density: 3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
elevation: 509 ft (155 m)
latitude: -4.14222
longitude: 50.37139
population: 262,100
comment: Plymouth is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately 37 miles south-west of Exeter and 190 miles south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west.

Poole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-POL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-POL
coordinate: 50°43′N 1°59′W
density: 2,133/km2 (5,520/sq mi)
latitude: -1.983
longitude: 50.717
population: 151,500
comment: Poole is a large coastal town and seaport in Dorset, on the south coast of England. The town is 21 miles east of Dorchester and adjoins Bournemouth to the east. Since 1 April 2019, the local authority is Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council which is a unitary authority. Poole had an estimated population of 151,500 making it the second-largest town in the ceremonial county of Dorset. Together with Bournemouth and Christchurch, the conurbation has a total population of nearly 400,000.

Portsmouth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-POR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-POR
coordinate: 50°48′21″N 01°05′14″W
density: 4,912/km²
latitude: -1.08722
longitude: 50.80583
population: 238,800 (ranked 76th)
comment: Portsmouth is a port city primarily built on Portsea Island in the county of Hampshire, South East England. It is also known colloquially as Pompey, a nickname shared with HMNB Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club. It is the United Kingdom's only island city. Portsmouth is situated 70 miles south-west of London and 19 miles south-east of Southampton. Portsmouth's population was recorded as 205,100 in the 2011 UK Census. The city forms part of the South Hampshire conurbation.

Powys
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-POW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-POW
coordinate: 52°18′N 3°25′W
density: 26/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: -3.417
longitude: 52.3
population: 132,435
comment: Powys is a principal area and county, and one of the preserved counties of Wales. It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.

Peterborough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-PTE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-PTE
coordinate: 52°35′N 0°15′W
density: 585/km2 (1,520/sq mi)
latitude: -0.25
longitude: 52.583
population: 202,259
comment: Peterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 202,110 in 2017. Originally part of Northamptonshire, it became part of Cambridgeshire from 1974. The city is 76 miles north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 miles to the north-east. The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. Peterborough is also the largest city in the East Anglia area of England.

Redcar and Cleveland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RCC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RCC
coordinate: 54°34′45″N 1°02′03″W
density: 560/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -1.03409
longitude: 54.57923
population: 137,150
comment: Redcar and Cleveland is a borough and unitary authority area within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire in North East England. The main settlements are Redcar, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Guisborough, and towns and villages of Brotton, Eston, Grangetown, South Bank, Kirkleatham, Loftus and Skelton. It had a resident population of 135,200 in 2011.

Rochdale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RCH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RCH
coordinate: 53°37′00″N 2°09′24″W
density: 1,359/km2 (3,521/sq mi)
latitude: -2.15667
longitude: 53.61667
population: 222,412
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. It is named after its largest town, Rochdale, but spans a far larger area which includes the towns of Middleton, Heywood, Littleborough, and Milnrow, as well as the village of Wardle.

Rhondda Cynon Taf
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RCT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RCT
coordinate: 51°39′00″N 3°26′24″W
density: 566/km2 (1,470/sq mi)
latitude: -3.44
longitude: 51.65
population: 241,264
comment: Rhondda Cynon Taf, also spelt Rhondda Cynon Taff, is a county borough in south Wales. It consists of five valleys: the Rhondda Fawr, Rhondda Fach, Cynon, Taff and Ely valleys, plus a number of towns and villages away from the valleys. Results from the 2011 census showed 19.1% of its 234,410 residents self-identified as having some ability in the use of the Welsh language.

Redbridge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RDB
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RDB
coordinate: 51°34′N 0°05′E
density: 5,400/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
latitude: 0.083
longitude: 51.567
population: 305,222
comment: The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in East London, England. It is home to Redbridge Institute of Adult Education and Redbridge Football Club. It borders four other London boroughs: Waltham Forest to the west, Newham to the south-west, Barking and Dagenham to the south-east and Havering to the east, as well as the shire county of Essex to the north.

Reading
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RDG
coordinate: 51°27′15″N 0°58′23″W
density: 4,040/km2 (10,500/sq mi)
elevation: 61 m (200 ft)
latitude: -0.97306
longitude: 51.45417
population: 161,780
comment: Reading is a historic market town in Berkshire, England, in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and Kennet. It is on the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, 40 miles east of Swindon, 25 miles south of Oxford, 40 miles west of London, 15 miles north of Basingstoke, 13 miles southwest of Maidenhead and 15 miles east of Newbury.

Renfrewshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RFW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RFW
coordinate: 55°49′47″N 4°32′34″W
density: 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: -4.542838
longitude: 55.829857
population: 177,790
comment: Renfrewshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.

Richmond upon Thames
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RIC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RIC
coordinate: 51°25′N 0°20′W
density: 3,400/km2 (8,900/sq mi)
latitude: -0.333
longitude: 51.417
population: 198,019
comment: The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in southwest London forms part of Outer London and is the only London borough on both sides of the River Thames. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. It is governed by Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council and is divided into nineteen wards. The population is 198,019 and the major settlements are Barnes, East Sheen, Mortlake, Richmond, Twickenham, Teddington and Hampton.

Rotherham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ROT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ROT
coordinate: 53°25′51″N 1°21′17″W
density: 930/km2 (2,400/sq mi)
latitude: -1.35472
longitude: 53.43083
population: 265,411
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham is a metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. It is named after its largest town, Rotherham, but also spans the outlying towns of Maltby, Swinton, Wath-upon-Dearne, Dinnington and also the villages of Rawmarsh and Laughton. A large valley also spans the entire borough. Locally known as the Rother Valley.

Rutland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-RUT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-RUT
coordinate: 52°39′N 0°38′W
density: 104/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: -0.633
longitude: 52.65
population: 39,697
comment: Rutland is a landlocked county in the East Midlands of England, bounded to the west and north by Leicestershire, to the northeast by Lincolnshire and the southeast by Northamptonshire.

Sandwell
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SAW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SAW
coordinate: 52°30′19″N 2°1′2″W
density: 3,752/km2 (9,720/sq mi)
latitude: -2.01722
longitude: 52.50528
population: 328,450
comment: Sandwell is a metropolitan borough of the West Midlands county in England. The borough is named after the Sandwell Priory, and spans a densely populated part of the West Midlands conurbation. According to Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, the borough comprises the six amalgamated towns of Oldbury, Rowley Regis, Smethwick, Tipton, Wednesbury, and West Bromwich, although these places consist of numerous smaller settlements and localities. Sandwell's Strategic Town Centre is designated as West Bromwich, the largest town in the borough, while Sandwell Council House is situated in Oldbury.

South Ayrshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SAY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SAY
coordinate: 55°17′N 4°42′W
density: 92/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -4.7
longitude: 55.283
population: 112,550
comment: South Ayrshire is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland, covering the southern part of Ayrshire. It borders onto Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire.

Scottish Borders
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SCB
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SCB
coordinate: 55°21′36″N 2°29′24″W
density: 24/km2 (63/sq mi)
latitude: -2.49
longitude: 55.36
population: 115,270
comment: The Scottish Borders is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Dumfries and Galloway, East Lothian, Midlothian, South Lanarkshire, West Lothian and, to the south-west, south and east, the English counties of Cumbria and Northumberland. The administrative centre of the area is Newtown St Boswells.

Suffolk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SFK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SFK
coordinate: 52°10′N 1°00′E
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: 1.0
longitude: 52.167
population: 758,556
comment: Suffolk is an East Anglian county of ancient origin in England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket, and Felixstowe, one of the largest container ports in Europe.

Sefton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SFT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SFT
coordinate: 53°26′42″N 2°59′53″W
density: 1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi)
latitude: -2.998
longitude: 53.445
population: 273,790
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Sefton is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England. It was formed on 1 April 1974, by the amalgamation of the county boroughs of Bootle and Southport, the municipal borough of Crosby, the urban districts of Formby and Litherland, and part of West Lancashire Rural District. It consists of a coastal strip of land on the Irish Sea which extends from Southport in the north to Bootle in the south, and an inland part to Maghull in the south-east, bounded by the city of Liverpool to the south, the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley to the south-east, and West Lancashire to the east.

South Gloucestershire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SGC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SGC
coordinate: 51°28′44″N 2°22′48″W
density: 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -2.38
longitude: 51.479
population: 285,093
comment: South Gloucestershire is a unitary authority area in South West England. It comprises multiple suburban areas to the north and east of Bristol as well as a large rural hinterland. South Gloucestershire was created in 1996 from the northern section of the county of Avon, which was abolished at that time.

Sheffield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SHF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SHF
coordinate: 53°23′N 1°28′W
density: 1,583/km2 (4,100/sq mi)
latitude: -1.467
longitude: 53.383
population: 584,853
comment: The City of Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough includes the administrative centre of Sheffield, the town of Stocksbridge and larger village of Chapeltown and part of the Peak District. It has a population of 584,853, making it technically the third largest city in England by population behind Birmingham and Leeds, since London is not considered a single entity. It is governed by Sheffield City Council.

St Helens
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SHN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SHN
coordinate: 53°27′14″N 2°44′46″W
density: 1301/km²
latitude: -2.746
longitude: 53.454
population: 180,585 (Ranked 104th)
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of St Helens is a metropolitan borough in the ceremonial county of Merseyside and historic county of Lancashire, in North West England. It is named after its largest town St Helens, and covers an area which also includes the settlements of Earlestown, Rainhill, Eccleston, Clock Face, Haydock, Billinge, Rainford and Newton-le-Willows.

Shropshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SHR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SHR
coordinate: 52°37′N 2°43′W
density: 143/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: -2.717
longitude: 52.617
population: 498,073
comment: Shropshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. It is bordered by Wales to the west and the English counties of Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the southeast, and Herefordshire to the south. Shropshire Council was created in 2009, a unitary authority taking over from the previous county council and five district councils, covering Shropshire district. The borough of Telford and Wrekin has been a separate unitary authority since 1998, but remains part of the ceremonial county.

Stockport
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SKP
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SKP
coordinate: 53°24′20″N 2°09′33″W
density: 2,315/km2 (6,000/sq mi)
elevation: 256 ft (78 m)
latitude: -2.15917
longitude: 53.40556
population: 293,423
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. As well as the town of Stockport, it includes the outlying areas of Bramhall, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Marple, Bredbury, Reddish, Woodley and Romiley. In 2001, it had a population of 284,500.

Salford
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SLF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SLF
coordinate: 53°30′35″N 2°20′04″W
density: 2,243/km2 (5,810/sq mi)
elevation: 223 ft (68 m)
latitude: -2.33444
longitude: 53.50972
population: 258,834
comment: The City of Salford is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, named after its main settlement Salford. The borough extends west from Salford to include the towns of Eccles, Worsley, Swinton, Walkden, Little Hulton, and Irlam. The city has a population of 245,600, and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton.

Slough
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SLG
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SLG
coordinate: 51°31′N 0°35′W
density: 5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.59
longitude: 51.51
population: 164,455
comment: Slough is a large town in Berkshire, England, 20 miles west of central London and 19 miles north-east of Reading. It is in the Thames Valley and within the London metropolitan area at the intersection of the M4, M40 and M25 motorways. Slough had a population of 164,000 in 2018.

South Lanarkshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SLK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SLK
coordinate: 55°36′N 3°47′W
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
latitude: -3.783
longitude: 55.6
population: 319,020
comment: South Lanarkshire is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the City of Glasgow and contains some of Greater Glasgow's suburbs, also containing many towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and West Lothian. It includes part of the historic county of Lanarkshire.

Sunderland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SND
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SND
coordinate: 54°54′36″N 1°23′06″W
density: 2,003/km2 (5,190/sq mi)
latitude: -1.385
longitude: 54.91
population: 277,962
comment: The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough with city status in North East England. It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but spans a far larger area, including nearby towns including Hetton-le-Hole and Houghton-le-Spring, as well as the surrounding suburban villages.

Solihull
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SOL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SOL
coordinate: 52°24′32″N 1°46′51″W
density: 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
latitude: -1.78092
longitude: 52.4088
population: 216,374
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Solihull is a metropolitan borough in West Midlands county, England. It is named after its largest town, Solihull, from which Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council is based. It is sometimes locally nicknamed "Solihullshire". For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region and is one of seven boroughs or unitary districts that comprise the "West Midlands" NUTS 2 region. Much of the large residential population in the north of the borough centres on the communities of Castle Bromwich, Chelmsley Wood, Fordbridge, Kingshurst, Marston Green and Smith's Wood. In the south are the towns of Solihull and Shirley as well as the large villages of Knowle, Dorridge, Meriden and Balsall Common.

Somerset
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SOM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SOM
coordinate: 51°06′N 2°54′W
density: 232/km2 (600/sq mi)
latitude: -2.9
longitude: 51.1
population: 965,424
comment: Somerset is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west. It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel, its coastline facing southeastern Wales. Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon. Somerset's county town is Taunton.

Southend-on-Sea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SOS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SOS
coordinate: 51°33′N 0°43′E
density: 4,370/km2 (11,300/sq mi)
latitude: 0.71
longitude: 51.55
population: 183,125
comment: Southend-on-Sea, commonly referred to simply as Southend, is a large coastal town and unitary authority area with borough status in southeastern Essex, England. It lies on the north side of the Thames Estuary, 40 miles east of central London. It is bordered to the north by Rochford and to the west by Castle Point. It is home to the longest leisure pier in the world, Southend Pier. London Southend Airport is located 1.5 NM north of the town centre.

Surrey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SRY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SRY
coordinate: 51°15′N 0°25′W
density: 716/km2 (1,850/sq mi)
latitude: -0.417
longitude: 51.25
population: 1,189,934
comment: Surrey is a county in South East England which borders Kent to the east, a very short border with East Sussex to the southeast, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west, Berkshire to the northwest, and Greater London to the northeast. With about 1.2 million people, Surrey is the 12th-most populous English county, the third-most populous home county, after Kent and Essex, and the third-most populous in the Southeast, after Hampshire and Kent.

Strabane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STB
coordinate: 54°50′N 7°28′W
latitude: -7.47
longitude: 54.83
population: 13,172 (2011 Census)
comment: Strabane, is a town in west Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

Stoke-on-Trent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STE
coordinate: 53°00′N 2°11′W
density: 2,738/km2 (7,090/sq mi)
elevation: 820 ft (250 m)
latitude: -2.183
longitude: 53.0
population: 256,375
comment: Stoke-on-Trent is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England, with an area of 36 square miles . In 2019, the city had an estimated population of 256,375. It is the largest settlement in Staffordshire.

Stirling
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STG
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STG
coordinate: 56°30′00″N 4°00′00″W
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -4.0
longitude: 56.5
population: 94,330
comment: The Stirling council area is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 94,330 . It was created under the Local Government etc Act 1994 with the boundaries of the Stirling district of the former Central local government region, and it covers most of Stirlingshire and the south-western portion of Perthshire. Both counties were abolished for local government purposes under the Local Government Act 1973.

Southampton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STH
coordinate: 50°54′N 1°24′W
density: 5,065/km2 (13,120/sq mi)
latitude: -1.4
longitude: 50.9
population: 269,781
comment: Southampton is a city and port in Hampshire, South East England. It is located on the southern coast of Great Britain, approximately 70 miles south-west of London and 15 miles west of Portsmouth.

Sutton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STN
coordinate: 51°20′00″N 100°10′00″W
density: 4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.191727
longitude: 51.360443
population: 206,349
comment: The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Outer London. It covers an area of 43 km2 and is the 80th largest local authority in England by population. It borders the London Borough of Croydon to the east, the London Borough of Merton to the north and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the north-west; it also borders the Surrey boroughs of Epsom and Ewell and Reigate and Banstead to the west and south respectively. The local authority is Sutton London Borough Council. Its principal town is the eponymous Sutton.

Staffordshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STS
coordinate: 52°50′N 2°00′W
density: 417/km2 (1,080/sq mi)
latitude: -2.0
longitude: 52.833
population: 1,131,052
comment: Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It borders Cheshire to the northwest, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the southeast, the West Midlands County and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west.

Stockton-on-Tees
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STT
coordinate: 54°33′N 1°20′W
density: 960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: -1.333
longitude: 54.55
population: 197,348
comment: The Borough of Stockton-on-Tees, commonly called Stockton Borough, is a local authority and borough which extends from County Durham to North Yorkshire. It is part of the Tees Valley in Northern England. The main town is Stockton, which lies on the north bank of the River Tees. In the 2011 census, the town and borough had a population of 82,880 and 191,600 respectively.

South Tyneside
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-STY
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-STY
coordinate: 54°57′32″N 1°26′17″W
density: 2,385.5/km2 (6,178/sq mi)
latitude: -1.438
longitude: 54.959
population: 148,127
comment: South Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, North East England. It forms part of the Tyneside conurbation.

Swansea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SWA
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SWA
coordinate: 51°37′N 3°57′W
density: 601/km2 (1,560/sq mi)
latitude: -3.95
longitude: 51.617
population: 246,993
comment: Swansea is a coastal city and county, officially known as the City and County of Swansea in Wales. The county area includes Swansea Bay and the Gower Peninsula. Swansea's position on the southwest coast of Wales is within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr. Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom. Swansea is the second most populous local authority area in Wales with a population of 241,300 in 2014. Together with Neath and Port Talbot, Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011.

Swindon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SWD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SWD
coordinate: 51°33′47″N 1°45′47″W
density: 970/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: -1.763
longitude: 51.563
population: 222,193
comment: The Borough of Swindon is a local government authority in South West England, centred on the town of Swindon and forming part of the ceremonial county of Wiltshire.

Southwark
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-SWK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-SWK
coordinate: 51°28′N 0°05′W
density: 11,000/km2 (29,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.083
longitude: 51.467
population: 318,830
comment: The London Borough of Southwark in south London forms part of Inner London and is connected by bridges across the River Thames to the City of London and London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. All districts of the area are within the London postal district. It is governed by Southwark London Borough Council.

Tameside
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-TAM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-TAM
coordinate: 53°29′24″N 2°05′39″W
density: 2,078/km2 (5,380/sq mi)
elevation: 495 ft (151 m)
latitude: -2.09417
longitude: 53.49
population: 226,493
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. It is named after the River Tame, which flows through the borough, and includes the towns of Ashton-under-Lyne, Audenshaw, Denton, Droylsden, Dukinfield, Hyde, Mossley and Stalybridge. Its western border is approximately 4 miles east of Manchester city centre. Tameside is bordered by the metropolitan boroughs of Stockport and Oldham to the south and north respectively, the city of Manchester to the west and the borough of High Peak in Derbyshire to the east across Longdendale. As of 2011 the overall population was 219,324.

Telford and Wrekin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-TFW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-TFW
coordinate: 52°40′52″N 2°26′19″W
density: 570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -2.43861
longitude: 52.68111
population: 166,800
comment: Telford and Wrekin is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England with borough status. The district was created in 1974 as The Wrekin, then a non-metropolitan district of Shropshire. In 1998 the district became a unitary authority and was renamed Telford and Wrekin. It remains part of the Shropshire ceremonial county and shares institutions such as the Fire and Rescue Service and Community Health with the rest of Shropshire.

Thurrock
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-THR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-THR
coordinate: 51°30′00″N 0°25′00″E
density: 1,055/km2 (2,730/sq mi)
latitude: 0.41667
longitude: 51.5
population: 174,341
comment: Thurrock is a unitary authority area with borough status in the English ceremonial county of Essex. It is part of the London commuter belt and an area of regeneration within the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone. The local authority is Thurrock Council.

Torbay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-TOB
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-TOB
coordinate: 50°27′8″N 3°33′25″W
density: 2134/km²
elevation: 0 ft (0 m)
latitude: -3.55694
longitude: 50.45222
population: 130,959
comment: Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon, England, administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council. It consists of 62.87 square kilometres of land, spanning the towns of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham, against an east-facing natural harbour Tor Bay of the Lyme Bay sheltered part of the English Channel. A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns, Torbay's sandy beaches, mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera.

Torfaen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-TOF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-TOF
coordinate: 51°43′N 3°03′W
density: 740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: -3.05
longitude: 51.717
population: 93,961
comment: Torfaen is a county borough in Wales within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. It was originally formed in 1974 as a district of the county of Gwent and in 1996 it was reconstituted as a principal area.

Trafford
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-TRF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-TRF
coordinate: 53°26′N 2°18′W
density: 2,229/km2 (5,770/sq mi)
elevation: 100 ft (30 m)
latitude: -2.3
longitude: 53.433
population: 237,354
comment: Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, with an estimated population of 235,493 in 2017. It covers 41 square miles and includes the area of Old Trafford and the towns of Altrincham, Stretford, Urmston, Timperley, Partington and Sale. The borough was formed in 1974 as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Altrincham, Sale, and Stretford, the urban districts of Bowdon, Hale and Urmston and part of Bucklow Rural District. The River Mersey flows through the borough, separating North Trafford from South Trafford, and the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.

Tower Hamlets
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-TWH
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-TWH
coordinate: 51°31′N 0°03′W
density: 16,000/km2 (43,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.05
longitude: 51.517
population: 324,745
comment: The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough covering much of the traditional East End. It was formed in 1965 from the merger of the former metropolitan boroughs of Stepney, Poplar and Bethnal Green. The new authority's historical name refers to an alternative title for the Tower Division; the area of south-east Middlesex, focused on the area of the modern borough, which owed military service to the Tower of London.

Vale of Glamorgan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-VGL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-VGL
coordinate: 51°25′N 3°25′W
density: 399/km2 (1,030/sq mi)
latitude: -3.417
longitude: 51.417
population: 133,587
comment: The Vale of Glamorgan, often referred to as The Vale, is a county borough in Wales, bordering Bridgend, Cardiff, and Rhondda Cynon Taf. With an economy based largely on agriculture and chemicals, it is the southernmost unitary authority in Wales. Attractions include Barry Island Pleasure Park, the Barry Tourist Railway, Medieval wall paintings in St Cadoc's Church, Llancarfan, Porthkerry Park, St Donat's Castle, Cosmeston Lakes Country Park and Cosmeston Medieval Village.

Warwickshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WAR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WAR
coordinate: 52°20′00″N 1°35′00″W
density: 289/km2 (750/sq mi)
latitude: -1.567075
longitude: 52.321323
population: 571,010
comment: Warwickshire is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, and the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon and Victorian novelist George Eliot,, at Nuneaton. Other significant towns include Rugby, Leamington Spa, Bedworth and Kenilworth. The county offers a mix of historic towns and large rural areas. It is a popular destination for international and domestic tourists to explore both medieval and more recent history.

West Berkshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WBK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WBK
coordinate: 51°24′03″N 1°19′25″W
density: 230/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: -1.3235
longitude: 51.4009
population: 158,450
comment: West Berkshire is a local government district in Berkshire, England, administered from Newbury by West Berkshire Council.

West Dunbartonshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WDU
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WDU
coordinate: 55°59′24″N 4°30′54″W
density: 560/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -4.515
longitude: 55.99
population: 89,130
comment: West Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland. The area lies to the west of the City of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgow's commuter towns and villages. West Dunbartonshire also borders Argyll and Bute, East Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire and Stirling.

Waltham Forest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WFT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WFT
coordinate: 51°34′N 0°02′W
density: 7,100/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.033
longitude: 51.567
population: 276,983
comment: The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in north-east London, England. Its population is estimated to be 276,983 in 2019. It borders five other London boroughs: Enfield to the north-west, Haringey to the west, Hackney to the south-west, Newham to the south-east and Redbridge to the east, as well as the non-metropolitan county of Essex to the north.

Wigan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WGN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WGN
coordinate: 53°32′N 2°37′W
latitude: -2.617
longitude: 53.533
population: 328,662
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. It is named after the former county borough and includes the towns and villages of Wigan, Leigh, part of Ashton-in-Makerfield, Abram, Ince-in-Makerfield, Hindley, Orrell, Standish, Atherton, Tyldesley, Golborne, Lowton, part of Billinge, Astley, Haigh and Aspull. The borough was formed in 1974 and is an amalgamation of several former local government districts and parishes. The borough has three civil parishes and lies directly to the west of the City of Salford and southwest of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The local authority is Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council.

Wiltshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WIL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WIL
coordinate: 51°20′N 1°55′W
density: 207/km2 (540/sq mi)
latitude: -1.917
longitude: 51.333
population: 720,060
comment: Wiltshire is a county in South West England with an area of 3,485 km2 . It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. The county town was originally Wilton, after which the county is named, but Wiltshire Council is now based in the county town of Trowbridge. Within the county's boundary are two unitary authority areas, Wiltshire and Swindon, governed respectively by Wiltshire Council and Swindon Borough Council.

Wakefield
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WKF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WKF
coordinate: 53°40′59″N 1°29′56″W
density: 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
latitude: -1.499
longitude: 53.683
population: 348,312
comment: The City of Wakefield is a local government district in West Yorkshire, England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. Wakefield is the district's administrative centre. The population of the City of Wakefield at the 2011 Census was 325,837. The district includes the Five Towns, Normanton, Pontefract, Featherstone, Castleford and Knottingley. Other towns include Ossett, Horbury, Hemsworth, South Kirkby and Moorthorpe and South Elmsall. The City and borough are governed by Wakefield Metropolitan District Council.

Walsall
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WLL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WLL
coordinate: 52°34′48″N 1°58′48″W
density: 2,681/km2 (6,943/sq mi)
latitude: -1.98
longitude: 52.58
population: 285,478
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is named after its largest settlement, Walsall, but covers a larger area which also includes Aldridge, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Pelsall and Willenhall. It also serves as the post town for nearby Cannock Chase District and Lichfield District respectively.

West Lothian
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WLN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WLN
coordinate: 55°55′N 3°30′W
density: 430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: -3.5
longitude: 55.917
population: 182,140
comment: West Lothian is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and was one of its historic counties. The county, which was known as Linlithgowshire, was bounded geographically by the Avon to the west and the Almond to the east. The modern council area occupies a larger area than the historic county. It was reshaped following local government reforms in the late 20th century: some areas in the west were transferred to Falkirk; some areas in the east were transferred to Edinburgh; and some areas that had formerly been part of in Midlothian were added.

Wolverhampton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WLV
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WLV
coordinate: 52°35′N 2°08′W
density: 3,407/km2 (8,820/sq mi)
elevation: 163 m (535 ft)
latitude: -2.133
longitude: 52.583
population: 263,357
comment: Wolverhampton is a city, metropolitan borough, and administrative centre in the West Midlands, England. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 249,470. Natives of the city are called "Wulfrunians".

Wandsworth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WND
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WND
coordinate: 51°27′26.3″N 0°11′41.5″W
density: 9,600/km2 (25,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.194861
longitude: 51.457306
population: 329,677
comment: Wandsworth is a London borough in southwest London; it forms part of Inner London and has an estimated population of 329,677 inhabitants. Its main settlements are Battersea, Putney, Tooting and Wandsworth Town. The borough borders the London Borough of Lambeth to the east, the London Borough of Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the south, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the west and to the north three boroughs, namely the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. The local authority is Wandsworth London Borough Council.

Windsor and Maidenhead
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WNM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WNM
coordinate: 51°28′00″N 0°40′00″W
density: 760/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.6667
longitude: 51.4667
population: 151,422
comment: The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead is a Royal Borough of Berkshire, in South East England. It is home to Windsor Castle, Eton College, Legoland Windsor and Ascot Racecourse. It is one of four boroughs entitled to be prefixed Royal and is one of six unitary authorities in its county, which has historic and ceremonial status.

Wokingham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WOK
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WOK
coordinate: 51°24′37″N 0°50′36″W
density: 960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
latitude: -0.8432
longitude: 51.4102
population: 171,119
comment: The Borough of Wokingham is a local government district in Berkshire, United Kingdom. It is named after its main town, Wokingham. Other places in the district include Arborfield, Barkham, Charvil, Earley, Finchampstead, Hurst, Sonning, Remenham, Ruscombe, Shinfield, Twyford, Wargrave, Three Mile Cross, Winnersh, Spencers Wood and Woodley.

Worcestershire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WOR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WOR
coordinate: 52°12′N 2°10′W
density: 340/km2 (880/sq mi)
latitude: -2.167
longitude: 52.2
population: 592,057
comment: Worcestershire is a non-metropolitan administrative, ceremonial and historic county, located in the West Midlands region of England.

Wirral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WRL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WRL
coordinate: 53°23′49″N 3°00′43″W
density: 2,058/km2 (5,330/sq mi)
latitude: -3.011914
longitude: 53.396973
population: 324,011
comment: The Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, in North West England. It has a population of 321,238, and encompasses 60 square miles of the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula. Major settlements include Birkenhead, Wallasey, Bebington, Heswall, Hoylake and West Kirby. The city of Liverpool over the Mersey, faces the northeastern side of Wirral.

Warrington
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WRT
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WRT
coordinate: 53°23′30″N 2°35′50″W
density: 1,160/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
latitude: -2.59722
longitude: 53.39167
population: 210,014
comment: Warrington is a large town and unitary authority area in Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Mersey. It is 20 miles east of Liverpool, and 16 miles west of Manchester. The population in 2019 was estimated at 165,456 for the town's urban area, and just over 210,014 for the entire borough, the latter being more than double that of 1968 when it became a new town. Warrington is the largest town in the county of Cheshire.

Wrexham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WRX
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WRX
coordinate: 53°03′N 3°00′W
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: -3.0
longitude: 53.05
population: 135,957
comment: Wrexham County Borough is a local government principal area centred on the town of Wrexham in northeast Wales. The county borough has a population of nearly 135,000 inhabitants. Around 63,000 of these live either within the town of Wrexham or in the surrounding conurbation of urban villages and its only urban town, Chirk. The remainder live to the south and east of the town in more rural areas, including the borough's large salient in the Ceiriog Valley. The area has strong links with coal-mining.

Westminster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WSM
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WSM
coordinate: 51°30′44″N 00°09′48″W
density: 12,000/km2 (32,000/sq mi)
latitude: -0.16333
longitude: 51.51222
population: 261,317
comment: The City of Westminster is an inner London city and borough. It forms a core part of Central London. It is the site of the United Kingdom's Houses of Parliament and much of the British government. The city and borough's southern boundary is the Thames. It occupies a large area of central Greater London, including most of the West End. To the City of Westminster's east is the City of London and to its west is the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. To its north is the London Borough of Camden. Historically, Westminster was a part of the ceremonial county of Middlesex, but is still part of the historic county. Many London landmarks are within the borough, including Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, Whitehall, 10 Downing Street, and Trafalgar Square.

West Sussex
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-WSX
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-WSX
coordinate: 50°55′N 0°30′W
density: 431/km2 (1,120/sq mi)
latitude: -0.5
longitude: 50.917
population: 858,852
comment: West Sussex is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the shire districts of Adur, Arun, Chichester, Horsham, and Mid Sussex, and the boroughs of Crawley and Worthing. Covering an area of 1,991 square kilometres, West Sussex borders Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north, and East Sussex to the east. The county town and only city in West Sussex is Chichester, located in the south-west of the county. Administratively the ancient county of Sussex had been divided into 6 rapes with the 3 western rapes being administered separately from the eastern rapes. This was legally formalised with the establishment of West Sussex Council in 1888 but within the ceremonial Sussex. After the reorganisation of local government in 1974, the ceremonially fictions of the historic county of Sussex was divided into two separate counties, with the western half becoming West Sussex and the eastern half East Sussex. The existing East and West Sussex councils taking control respectively, with Mid Sussex and parts of Crawly being transferred to West Sussex administration from East Sussex. In the 2011 census, West Sussex recorded a population of 806,900.

York
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-YOR
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-YOR
coordinate: 53°57′30″N 1°4′49″W
density: 687/km2 (1,780/sq mi)
latitude: -1.08028
longitude: 53.95833
population: 210,618
comment: York is a cathedral city and unitary authority area, at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss, in England. The city has long-standing buildings and structures, such as a minster, castle and ancient city walls.

Shetland Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ZET
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ZET
coordinate: 60°20′N 1°20′W
elevation: 450 m (1,480 ft)
latitude: -1.333
longitude: 60.333
population: 22,920 (2019)
comment: Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland, is a subarctic archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated in the Northern Atlantic, between Great Britain, the Faroe Islands and Norway. It is the northernmost part of Scotland and of the wider United Kingdom.

Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-BCP
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-BCP
coordinate: 50°43′23″N 1°52′55″W
density: 6,350/sq mi (2,453/km2)
latitude: -1.882
longitude: 50.723
population: 395,331
comment: Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. It was created on 1 April 2019 by the merger of the areas that were previously administered by the unitary authorities of Bournemouth and Poole, and the non-metropolitan district of Christchurch. The authority covers much of the area of the South Dorset conurbation.

Central Bedfordshire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CBF
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CBF
density: 1,000/sq mi (400/km2)
latitude: -0.703
longitude: 51.997
population: 288,648
comment: Central Bedfordshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It was created from the merger of Mid Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire District Councils and Bedfordshire County Council on 1 April 2009.

Cheshire East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CHE
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CHE
coordinate: 53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W
density: 840/sq mi (326/km2)
latitude: -2.367
longitude: 53.146
population: 384,152
comment: Cheshire East is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The local authority is Cheshire East Council. The main towns within the area are Crewe, Macclesfield, Congleton, Sandbach and Nantwich. The council is based in Sandbach.

Cheshire West and Chester
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CHW
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CHW
coordinate: 53°12′47″N 2°54′07″W
density: 960/sq mi (371/km2)
elevation: 745 ft (227 m)
latitude: -2.902
longitude: 53.213
population: 343,071
comment: Cheshire West and Chester is a unitary authority with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It was established on 1 April 2009 as part of the 2009 local government changes, by virtue of an order under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007. It superseded the boroughs of Ellesmere Port and Neston and Vale Royal and the City of Chester; its council assumed the functions and responsibilities of the former Cheshire County Council within its area. The remainder of ceremonial Cheshire is composed of Cheshire East, Halton and Warrington.

Antrim and Newtownabbey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ANN
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ANN
coordinate: 54°43′N 6°13′W
density: 650/sq mi (250/km2)
latitude: -6.217
longitude: 54.717
population: 142,492
comment: Antrim and Newtownabbey is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Antrim with the Borough of Newtownabbey. The local authority is Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council.

Ards and North Down
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-AND
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-AND
coordinate: 54°33′43″N 5°38′13″W
density: 900/sq mi (350/km2)
latitude: -5.637
longitude: 54.562
population: 160,864
comment: Ards and North Down is a local government district in Northern Ireland. It was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ards and the Borough of North Down. The local authority is Ards and North Down Borough Council.

Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-ABC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-ABC
coordinate: 54°21′04″N 6°29′31″W
density: 410/sq mi (160/km2)
latitude: -6.492
longitude: 54.351
population: 214,090
comment: Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created as Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon on 1 April 2015 by merging the City and District of Armagh, Banbridge District and most of the Borough of Craigavon. The word "City" was added to the name on 24 February 2016, to reflect Armagh's city status. The local authority is Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council.

Causeway Coast and Glens
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-CCG
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-CCG
coordinate: 55°12′11″N 6°30′00″W
density: 190/sq mi (73/km2)
latitude: -6.5
longitude: 55.203
population: 144,246
comment: Causeway Coast and Glens is a local government district covering most of the northern part of Northern Ireland. It was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ballymoney, the Borough of Coleraine, the Borough of Limavady and the District of Moyle. The local authority is Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council.

Derry and Strabane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-DRS
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-DRS
coordinate: 54°55′37″N 7°25′26″W
density: 320/sq mi (120/km2)
latitude: -7.424
longitude: 54.927
population: 150,679
comment: Derry City and Strabane is a local government district that was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the City of Derry District and Strabane District. It covers most of the northwest of Northern Ireland. The local authority is Derry City and Strabane District Council.

Fermanagh and Omagh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-FMO
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-FMO
coordinate: 54°32′42″N 7°29′38″W
density: 110/sq mi (41/km2)
latitude: -7.494
longitude: 54.545
population: 116,835
comment: Fermanagh and Omagh is a local government district that was created on 1 April 2015 by merging Fermanagh District and Omagh District. It covers most of the Southwest of Northern Ireland. The local authority is Fermanagh and Omagh District Council, which likewise replaced Fermanagh District Council and Omagh District Council.

Lisburn and Castlereagh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-LBC
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-LBC
coordinate: 54°31′23″N 5°58′23″W
density: 740/sq mi (290/km2)
latitude: -5.973
longitude: 54.523
population: 144,381
comment: Lisburn and Castlereagh is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015. It consists of the combined area of the City of Lisburn with the Borough of Castlereagh, but not including "the localities of Gilnahirk, Tullycarnet, Braniel, Castlereagh, Merok, Cregagh, Wynchurch, Glencregagh and Belvoir, Collin Glen, Poleglass, Lagmore, Twinbrook, Kilwee and Dunmurry" which transferred to Belfast. The local authority is Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.

Mid and East Antrim
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MEA
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MEA
coordinate: 54°49′41″N 6°04′41″W
density: 340/sq mi (130/km2)
latitude: -6.078
longitude: 54.828
population: 138,773
comment: Mid and East Antrim is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ballymena, the Borough of Larne and the Borough of Carrickfergus. The local authority is Mid and East Antrim Borough Council.

Mid-Ulster
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-MUL
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-MUL
coordinate: 54°40′05″N 6°40′44″W
density: 210/sq mi (81/km2)
latitude: -6.679
longitude: 54.668
population: 147,392
comment: Mid Ulster is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015 by merging Magherafelt District, Cookstown District, and the Borough of Dungannon and South Tyrone. The local authority is Mid Ulster District Council.

Newry, Mourne and Down
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: United Kingdom
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GB-NMD
area: ISO 3166-2:GB-NMD
coordinate: 54°06′40″N 6°09′40″W
density: 290/sq mi (110/km2)
latitude: -6.161
longitude: 54.111
population: 180,012
comment: Newry, Mourne and Down is a local government district in Northern Ireland that was created on 1 April 2015 by merging Newry and Mourne District and Down District. It covers most of the southeastern part of Northern Ireland. The local authority is Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.

St. Andrew
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-01
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-01
coordinate: 12°07′09″N 61°37′35″W
density: 249/km2 (640/sq mi)
latitude: -61.62639
longitude: 12.11917
population: 26,749
comment: Saint Andrew's is the largest parish in Grenada. The main town is Grenville, which is also Grenada's second largest town after St George's. Grenville is also known as La Baye .

St. David
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-02
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-02
coordinate: 12°02′40″N 61°40′50″W
density: 261/km2 (680/sq mi)
latitude: -61.68056
longitude: 12.04444
population: 12,486
comment: Saint David's Parish is the fourth largest of the parishes of Grenada in the island's southeast. The parish's main town is St. David's, located between La Tante and Westerhall. Because St David's is so small, the parish is sometimes referred to as "The Virgin Parish".

St. George
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-03
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-03
coordinate: 12°3′N 61°45′W
density: 547/km2 (1,420/sq mi)
latitude: -61.75
longitude: 12.05
population: 40,057
comment: Saint George is one of the parishes of Grenada, located on the south-western end of the island. The capital of Grenada, St. George's, is located in this parish, and it is regarded as the most picturesque capital in the Caribbean. Its horseshoe-shaped harbour is surrounded by the pastel colors of warehouses and it is not uncommon to see red-tiled roofs on traditional shops and homes. Saint George is also the home of the world-famous Grand Anse Beach and many of the island's holiday resorts.

St. John
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-04
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-04
coordinate: 12°10′N 61°44′W
density: 244/km2 (630/sq mi)
latitude: -61.733
longitude: 12.167
population: 8,591
comment: Saint John is one of the parishes of Grenada. Its capital is Gouyave. Fishing is the main industry. Gouyave is also the home of Grenada's biggest nutmeg factory and of the Dougladston Estate, an old spice plantation. There is almost no tourism in this parish of Grenada, with only a few small guesthouses such as the Mango Bay Cottages in Woodford.

St. Mark
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-05
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-05
coordinate: 12°11′N 61°42′W
density: 158/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: -61.7
longitude: 12.183
population: 3,994
comment: St Mark Parish is a parish on the west coast of Grenada, in the Grenadines. It is the smallest parish on the island.

St. Patrick
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-06
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-06
coordinate: 12°12′11″N 61°38′26″W
density: 253/km2 (660/sq mi)
latitude: -61.64056
longitude: 12.20306
population: 10,674
comment: A spectacular coastline with several fine bays faces several small islands to the north. Its most famous beach is Bathway Beach. The principal town in St. Patrick is Sauteurs. One landmark is Leapers' Hill, where legend states that Chief Kairouane and other 40 indigenous Caribs jumped over the cliff and into the sea to escape colonization by the French. Several volcanic cones and craters are located within the parish, such as Punchbowl and Lake Antoine.

Southern Grenadine Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Grenada
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GD-10
area: ISO 3166-2:GD-10
coordinate: 12°28.9′N 61°27.5′W
latitude: -61.4583
longitude: 12.4817
population: 6,081
comment: Carriacou and Petite Martinique, also known as the Southern Grenadines, is a dependency of Grenada, lying north of Grenada island and south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Lesser Antilles. The islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique belong to the island State of Grenada. Together they all form the 3-island country of Grenada, Carriacou, and Petite Martinique.

Abkhazia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-AB
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-AB
coordinate: 43°00′N 40°59′E
density: 28/km2 (72.5/sq mi)
latitude: 40.983
longitude: 43.0
population: 245,246
comment: Abkhazia, also known as Apkhazeti, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognized state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which views the region as an autonomous republic. It lies on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,665 square kilometres and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital is Sukhumi.

Adjara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-AJ
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-AJ
coordinate: 41°39′N 42°0′E
density: 135.32/km2 (350.5/sq mi)
latitude: 42.0
longitude: 41.65
population: 349,000
comment: Adjara or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, is a historical, geographic and political-administrative region of Georgia. Located in the country's southwestern corner, Adjara lies on the coast of the Black Sea near the foot of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, north of Turkey. It is an important tourist destination and includes Georgia's second-largest city of Batumi as its capital. About 350,000 people live on its 2,880 km2 .

Guria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-GU
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-GU
coordinate: 41°58′N 42°12′E
density: 56/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 42.2
longitude: 41.967
population: 113,000
comment: Guria is a region in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea. The region has a population of 113,000, with Ozurgeti as the regional capital.

Imereti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-IM
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-IM
coordinate: 42°10′N 42°59′E
density: 73/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 42.983
longitude: 42.167
population: 486,986
comment: Imereti is a region of Georgia situated western part of republic along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni River. Imereti is the most populous region in Georgia. It consists of 11 municipalities and the city of Kutaisi, which is the capital of the region.

Kakheti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-KA
coordinate: 41°45′N 45°43′E
density: 27/km2 (71/sq mi)
latitude: 45.717
longitude: 41.75
population: 310,051
comment: Kakheti is a region formed in the 1990s in eastern Georgia from the historical province of Kakheti and the small, mountainous province of Tusheti. Telavi is its capital. The region comprises eight administrative districts: Telavi, Gurjaani, Qvareli, Sagarejo, Dedoplistsqaro, Signagi, Lagodekhi and Akhmeta. Kakheti is bordered by the Russian Federation with the adjcented subdivisons (Chechnya to the north, and Dagestan to the northeast, the country of Azerbaijan to the southeast, and among with Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Kvemo Kartli to the west. Kakheti has a strong linguistic and cultural identity, since its ethnographic subgroup of Kakhetians speak Kakhetian dialect.

Kvemo Kartli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-KK
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-KK
coordinate: 41°31′N 44°31′E
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 44.517
longitude: 41.517
population: 434,241
comment: Kvemo Kartli is a historic province and current administrative region in southeastern Georgia. The city of Rustavi is a regional capital.

Mtskheta-Mtianeti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-MM
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-MM
coordinate: 42°17′N 44°45′E
density: 16/km2 (42/sq mi)
latitude: 44.75
longitude: 42.283
population: 93,430
comment: Mtskheta-Mtianeti is a region in eastern Georgia comprising the town of Mtskheta, which serves as a regional capital, together with its district and the adjoining mountainous areas. The western part of the region, mainly Akhalgori Municipality is controlled by the breakaway South Ossetia since 2008 Russo-Georgian War.

Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-RL
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-RL
coordinate: 42°38′N 43°08′E
density: 6.2/km2 (16/sq mi)
latitude: 43.133
longitude: 42.633
population: 29,080
comment: Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti is a region in northwestern Georgia which includes the historical provinces of Racha, Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti . It covers an area of 4,954 km² and has a population of 31,927, but nominally also a section of northwest occupied territory of South Ossetia, over which Georgia currently has no control. It is the most sparsely populated region in the country. The capital is Ambrolauri.

Samtskhe-Javakheti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-SJ
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-SJ
coordinate: 41°35′N 43°16′E
density: 24/km2 (61/sq mi)
latitude: 43.267
longitude: 41.583
population: 152,114
comment: Samtskhe–Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia which includes the historical Georgian provinces of Meskheti, Javakheti and Tori. Akhaltsikhe is its capital.

Shida Kartli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-SK
coordinate: 42°11′N 44°00′E
latitude: 44.0
longitude: 42.183
population: 254,081; (est. 284,081)
comment: Shida Kartli is a landlocked administrative region in eastern Georgia. Comprises a central part of the historical-geographic province of Shida Kartli. With an area of 5,729 square kilometres, Shida Kartli is the 8th largest Georgian region by land area. With 284,081 inhabitants, it is Georgia's seventh-most-populous region. Shida Kartli's capital and largest city, Gori, is the 5th largest city in Georgia.

Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-SZ
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-SZ
coordinate: 42°30′N 41°51′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 41.85
longitude: 42.5
population: 311,113
comment: Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti is a region in western Georgia which includes the historical Georgian provinces of Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti and has Zugdidi as its capital.

Tbilisi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Georgia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GE-TB
area: ISO 3166-2:GE-TB
coordinate: 41°43′21″N 44°47′33″E
density: 3,194.38/km2 (8,273.4/sq mi)
elevation: 770 m (2,530 ft)
latitude: 44.7925
longitude: 41.7225
population: 1,171,100
comment: Tbilisi, in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people. Tbilisi was founded in the 5th century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, and since then has served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tiflis was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy, governing both Southern and Northern Caucasus.

Awala-Yalimapo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°44′28″N 53°55′40″W
density: 7.6/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: -53.9278
longitude: 5.7411
population: 1,430
comment: Awala-Yalimapo is a commune on the north coast of French Guiana, close to the border with Suriname. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Awala where the town hall is located. Other settlements in the commune are: Yalimapo, Ayawande, and Piliwa. The majority of the inhabitants are Kaliña Amerindian people.

Mana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°40′11″N 53°46′41″W
density: 1.8/km2 (4.6/sq mi)
latitude: -53.778
longitude: 5.6697
population: 11,234
comment: Mana is a commune and town in French Guiana. It was founded on 16 August 1828 by Sister Anne-Marie Javouhey. It borders the river Mana, from where it gets its name; and is nearby the river Maroni. Mana is the primary producer of rice in French Guiana, which it exports to Suriname.

Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°29′58″N 54°01′52″W
density: 9.4/km2 (24/sq mi)
latitude: -54.0311
longitude: 5.4994
population: 45,576
comment: Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (French pronunciation: ​ is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is one of the two sub-prefectures of French Guiana and the seat of the Arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. It is the second most populous city of French Guiana, with 45,576 inhabitants at the January 2018 census.

Apatou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°09′12″N 54°20′10″W
density: 4.6/km2 (12/sq mi)
latitude: -54.336
longitude: 5.1533
population: 9,381
comment: Apatou is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France in South America. Apatou is home to Maroons of the Aluku, Paramacca, Ndyuka, and Saramaka tribes.

Grand-Santi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 4°16′26″N 54°22′58″W
density: 4.1/km2 (11/sq mi)
latitude: -54.3828
longitude: 4.2739
population: 8,698
comment: Grand-Santi is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Most of the inhabitants are Ndyuka Maroons and Surinamese immigrants.

Papaïchton
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 3°48′25″N 54°08′58″W
density: 2.4/km2 (6.1/sq mi)
latitude: -54.1495
longitude: 3.807
population: 6,212
comment: Papaichton is a commune in the overseas region and department of French Guiana. The village lies on the shores of the Lawa River. Papaichton is served by the Maripasoula Airport.

Saül
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 3°37′22″N 53°12′34″W
density: 0.034/km2 (0.088/sq mi)
latitude: -53.2094
longitude: 3.6228
population: 152
comment: Saül is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.

Maripasoula
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 3°38′40″N 54°02′02″W
density: 0.65/km2 (1.7/sq mi)
latitude: -54.0338
longitude: 3.6444
population: 11,994
comment: Maripasoula is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. With a land area of 18,360 km2, Maripasoula is the largest commune of France.

Camopi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 3°09′56″N 52°20′28″W
density: 0.18/km2 (0.47/sq mi)
latitude: -52.3411
longitude: 3.1655
population: 1,834
comment: Camopi is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Camopi is mainly inhabited by Amerindians of the Wayampi and Teko tribes.

Saint-Georges
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 3°53′20″N 51°48′04″W
density: 1.8/km2 (4.7/sq mi)
latitude: -51.8012
longitude: 3.8889
population: 4,188
comment: Saint-Georges is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. It lies on the Oyapock River, opposite the Brazilian town of Oiapoque. The town contains a town hall, a French Foreign Legion detachment, and some hotels .

Ouanary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 4°12′33″N 51°40′15″W
density: 0.20/km2 (0.53/sq mi)
latitude: -51.6709
longitude: 4.2091
population: 220
comment: Ouanary is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Ouanary lies at the mouth of the river Oiapoque. The settlement of Ouanary is accessible only by boat, helicopter, or light aircraft at Ouanary Airport, a 750 metres dirt runway.

Regina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 4°18′42″N 52°08′13″W
density: 0.071/km2 (0.18/sq mi)
latitude: -52.137
longitude: 4.3116
population: 865
comment: Régina is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. With a land area of 12,130 km2, it is the second-largest commune of France. The town is named after the first merchant who settled in the area.
alternative label: Régina

Roura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 4°43′27″N 52°19′17″W
density: 0.87/km2 (2.2/sq mi)
elevation: 0–462 m (0–1,516 ft) (avg. 231 m or 758 ft)
latitude: -52.3215
longitude: 4.7242
population: 3,390
comment: Roura is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city of Roura is bordered by Matoury and Montsinéry-Tonnegrande in the North, Kourou and Saint-Elie in the North West and West, and finally by Régina in the South and East.

Saint-Elie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 4°49′22″N 53°16′35″W
density: 0.038/km2 (0.098/sq mi)
latitude: -53.2764
longitude: 4.8227
population: 216
comment: Saint-Élie is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. In 1930, Saint-Élie became capital of the Inini territory. From 1953 onward, the commune was called Centre. In 1969, it was renamed to Saint-Élie.
alternative label: Saint-Élie

Iracoubo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°28′46″N 53°12′14″W
density: 0.64/km2 (1.7/sq mi)
latitude: -53.2039
longitude: 5.4795
population: 1,773
comment: Iracoubo is a commune on the coast of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America].

Sinnamary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°22′39″N 52°57′35″W
density: 2.2/km2 (5.6/sq mi)
latitude: -52.9596
longitude: 5.3774
population: 2,895
comment: Sinnamary is a town and commune on the coast of French Guiana, between Kourou and Iracoubo. Sinnamary was the second French settlement founded in French Guiana: the town was founded in 1664.

Kourou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°09′35″N 52°39′01″W
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: -52.6503
longitude: 5.1597
population: 24,959
comment: Kourou is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. In addition to being an administrative district in French Guiana, it is also the main town in that district.

Macouria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 5°00′50″N 52°28′27″W
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
elevation: 0–183 m (0–600 ft)
latitude: -52.4742
longitude: 5.0139
population: 15,602
comment: Macouria is a commune of French Guiana located midway between Cayenne and Kourou, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Tonate, and so the commune is also known unofficially as Macouria-Tonate. The French Guiana Zoo is located in the commune.

Montsinery-Tonnegrande
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: French Guiana
coordinate: 4°53′31″N 52°29′36″W
density: 4.4/km2 (11/sq mi)
elevation: 0–112 m (0–367 ft)
latitude: -52.4933
longitude: 4.8919
population: 2,772
comment: Montsinéry-Tonnegrande is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.
alternative label: Montsinéry-Tonnegrande

Castel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°28′26″N 2°36′11″W
density: 870/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: -2.603
longitude: 49.474
population: 8,795
comment: Castel is the largest parish in Guernsey in terms of area.

Forest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°25′33″N 2°35′51″W
density: 370/km2 (950/sq mi)
latitude: -2.5976
longitude: 49.4258
population: 1,546
comment: The Forest is a parish in Guernsey. It is the highest parish on the island, with altitudes of up to about 100 m. The full title of the parish is Ste Marguerite de la Foret, after the parish church.

St Andrew
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°26′53″N 2°34′41″W
density: 520/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: -2.57806
longitude: 49.44806
population: 2,295
comment: Saint Andrew is located in the centre of Guernsey and as such is the only parish on the island to be landlocked.

St Martin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°26′13″N 2°33′25″W
density: 900/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
latitude: -2.55694
longitude: 49.43694
population: 6,593
comment: Saint Martin is a parish in Guernsey, The Channel Islands. The islands lie in the English Channel between Great Britain and France.

St Peter Port
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°27′20″N 2°32′12″W
density: 2,900/km2 (7,600/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -2.5368
longitude: 49.4555
population: 18,958
comment: St. Peter Port is a town and one of the ten parishes on the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is the capital of the Bailiwick of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2019 was 18,958.

St Pierre du Bois
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°26′28″N 2°38′28″W
density: 330/km2 (850/sq mi)
latitude: -2.64111
longitude: 49.44111
population: 2,036
comment: St Peter's, known officially as Saint Pierre du Bois is a parish in Guernsey. It is the centre for the Guernsey Western Parishes which includes Torteval, St Saviour's and the Forest.

St Sampson
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°28′55″N 2°32′28″W
density: 1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
latitude: -2.54111
longitude: 49.48194
population: 8,966
comment: Saint Sampson, is one of the parishes of Guernsey, Channel Islands. The parish is divided into two non-contiguous sections, the bulk of the parish lying on the east coast, with a smaller section lying on the west coast. The parish of Vale borders the parish to the north and also extends between the two parts of St. Sampson. What is currently the northern boundary of the parish originally ran along the south coast of Le Braye du Valle, a tidal channel that made the northern extremity of Guernsey, Le Clos du Valle, a tidal island. La Braye du Valle was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. The eastern end of the former channel became the town and harbour of St. Sampson's, now the second biggest port in Guernsey. The western end of La Braye is now Le Grand Havre. The roadway called The Bridge across the end of the harbour at St. Sampson's recalls the bridge that formerly linked the two parts of Guernsey at high tide.

St Saviour
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°27′0″N 2°37′23″W
density: 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: -2.62306
longitude: 49.45
population: 2,765
comment: St Saviour is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey. It is situated on the west coast of the island, west of the parish of Castel, east of St Pierre du Bois, and south of Perelle bay.

Torteval
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°25′47″N 2°38′46″W
density: 330/km2 (850/sq mi)
latitude: -2.64611
longitude: 49.42972
population: 1,017
comment: Torteval is the smallest of the ten parishes of Guernsey, one of the western parishes. Its name comes from the Guernésiais words for "twisting valley". The parish is split in two by the parish of St. Pierre du Bois, with the part in the east known as Torteval. The detached peninsula to the west is named Pleinmont-Torteval. It includes the westernmost point in Guernsey, and a nature reserve. The reserve, designed for birds in the 1970s, was to be redeveloped for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 2012.

Vale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°29′34″N 2°31′22″W
density: 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
latitude: -2.52278
longitude: 49.49278
population: 9,514
comment: Vale is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands.

St Anne, Alderney
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°42′48″N 2°12′21″W
elevation: 296 ft (90 m)
latitude: -2.20583
longitude: 49.71333
population: 2,039
comment: Alderney is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown dependency. It is 3 miles long and 1+1⁄2 miles wide.

St Peter, Sark
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guernsey
coordinate: 49°25′N 2°22′W
density: 110.09/km2 (285.1/sq mi)
latitude: -2.367
longitude: 49.417
population: 492
comment: Sark is a part of the Channel Islands in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France. It is a royal fief, which forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, with its own set of laws based on Norman law and its own parliament. It has a population of about 500. Sark has an area of 2.10 square miles . Little Sark is a peninsula joined by a natural but high and very narrow isthmus to the rest of Sark.

Greater Accra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-AA
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-AA
coordinate: 5°45′00″N 0W°0W′0W″W
density: 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
latitude: 0.1
longitude: 5.769435
population: 4,010,054
comment: The Greater Accra Region has the smallest area of Ghana's 16 administrative regions, occupying a total land surface of 3,245 square kilometres. This is 1.4 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. It is the second most populated region, after the Ashanti Region, with a population of 4,010,054 in 2010, accounting for 16.3 per cent of Ghana's total population.

Ashanti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-AH
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-AH
coordinate: 6°45′00″N 1°30′00″W
density: 200/km2 (510/sq mi)
latitude: -1.358333
longitude: 6.683333
population: 4,780,380
comment: The Ashanti Region is located in south Ghana and it is the third largest of 16 administrative regions, occupying a total land surface of 24,389 km2 or 10.2 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. In terms of population, however, it is the most populated region with a population of 4,780,380 according to the 2011 census, accounting for 19.4% of Ghana's total population. The Ashanti Region is known for its major gold bar and cocoa production. The largest city and regional capital is Kumasi.

Brong-Ahafo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-BA
coordinate: 7°45′N 1°30′W
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: -1.5
longitude: 7.75
population: 2,310,983
comment: The Brong-Ahafo region was a region in southern Ghana. Brong-Ahafo was bordered to the north by the Black Volta river and to the east by the Lake Volta, and to the south by the Ashanti, Eastern and Western regions. The capital of Brong-Ahafo is Sunyani. Brong-Ahafo was created on 14 April 1959 from the then Western Ashanti and named after the dominant and native inhabitants, Akans, Brong and Ahafo. In 2019, as a result of the 2018 Ghanaian new regions referendum, the region was divided into three, namely Bono, Bono East and Ahafo regions, and ceased to exist.

Central
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-CP
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-CP
coordinate: 5°30′N 1°00′W
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 5.5
population: 2,201,863
comment: The Central Region is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. It is bordered by Ashanti and Eastern regions to the north, Western region to the west, Greater Accra region to the east, and to the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The Central region is renowned for its many elite higher education institutions and an economy based on an abundance of industrial minerals and tourism. The Central region attains many tourist attractions such as castles, forts and beaches stretched along the Central region's coastline.

Eastern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-EP
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-EP
coordinate: 6°30′N 0°30′W
density: 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: -0.5
longitude: 6.5
population: 2,633,154
comment: The Eastern Region is located in south Ghana and is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. Eastern region is bordered to the east by the Lake Volta, to the north by Bono East Region and Ashanti region, to the west by Ashanti region, to the south by Central region and Greater Accra Region. Akans are the dominant inhabitants and natives of Eastern region and Akan, Ewe, Krobo, Hausa and English are the main spoken languages. The capital town of Eastern Region is Koforidua.The Eastern region is the location of the Akosombo dam and the economy of the Eastern region is dominated by its high-capacity electricity generation. Eastern region covers an area of 19,323 square kilometres, which is about 8.1% of Ghana's total landform.

Northern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-NP
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-NP
coordinate: 9°30′N 1°00′W
density: 35/km2 (91/sq mi)
latitude: -1.0
longitude: 9.5
population: 2,479,461
comment: The Northern Region is one of the sixteen regions of Ghana. It is located in the north of the country and was the largest of the sixteen regions, covering an area of 70,384 square kilometres or 31 percent of Ghana's area until December 2018 when the Savannah Region and North East Region were created from it. The Northern Region is divided into 14 districts. The region's capital is Tamale.

Volta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-TV
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-TV
coordinate: 7°00′N 0°30′E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: 0.5
longitude: 7.0
population: 2,118,252
comment: Volta Region is one of Ghana's sixteen administrative regions, with Ho designated as its capital. It is located west of Republic of Togo and to the east of Lake Volta. Divided into 25 administrative districts, the region is multi-ethnic and multilingual, including groups such as the Ewe, the Guan, and the Akan peoples. The Guan peoples include the Lolobi, Likpe, Akpafu, Buem, and Nkonya people. This region was carved out of the Volta Region in December 2018 by the New Patriotic Party

Upper East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-UE
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-UE
coordinate: 10°45′00″N 450°45′00″W
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: -0.753362
longitude: 10.733333
population: 1,046,545
comment: The Upper East Region is located in north Ghana and is the second smallest of 10 now 16 administrative regions in Ghana, occupying a total land surface of 8,842 square kilometers or 2.7 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. The Upper East regional capital is Bolgatanga, sometimes referred to as Bolga. Other major towns in the region include Navrongo, Paga, Bawku and Zebilla.

Upper West
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-UW
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-UW
coordinate: 10°20′N 2°15′W
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -2.25
longitude: 10.333
population: 868,479
comment: The Upper West Region of Ghana is located in the north-western corner of Ghana and is bordered by Upper East region to the east, Northern region to the south, and Burkina Faso to the west and north. The Upper West regional capital and largest settlement is Wa. Upper West is the youngest region, created in Ghana by the then Head of State, Flight-Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings in 1983 under the Provisional National Defense Council . The area was carved out of the former Upper Region, which is now the Upper East Region.

Western
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-WP
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-WP
coordinate: 5°30′N 2°30′W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -2.5
longitude: 5.5
population: 3,093,201
comment: The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi-Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The region covers an area of 23,921 sq. km, and had a population of 2,376,021 at the 2010 Census; the latest official projected population is 3,093,201.

Ahafo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-AF
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-AF
coordinate: 7°00′N 2°27′W
latitude: -2.45
longitude: 7.0
comment: The Ahafo Region is a newly created Region in Ghana with Goaso as its capital. The region had administrative and governmental legislature like all the ten already existing regions in Ghana. The region was carved out of the south-eastern part of the Brong Ahafo Region and was in fulfillment of a campaign promise made by New Patriotic Party. Prior to the 2016 Ghanaian general election, the then candidate Nana Akufo-Addo declared that when elected, he would explore the possibility of creating new regions out of some of the existing regions in Ghana in order to bring government closer to citizens.

Bono
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-BO
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-BO
coordinate: 7°39′N 2°30′W
latitude: -2.5
longitude: 7.65
population: 1,082,520
comment: The Bono region is one of the 16 administrative regions of Ghana. It is as a result of the remainder of Brong-Ahafo region when Bono East region and Ahafo region were created. Sunyani, also known as the green city of Ghana is the regional capital. Sunyani can pride itself as the cleanest capital city and a major conference destination.

Bono East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-BE
coordinate: 7°45′N 1°03′W
latitude: -1.05
longitude: 7.75
population: 1,034,421
comment: The Bono East region of Ghana is a new region carved out of the Brong Ahafo region. The capital of the new region is Techiman. This creation of this new region was in fulfillment of a promise made by the New Patriotic Party prior to the 2016 Ghana general election. Upon winning the elections, the President, Nana Akuffo Addo created the Ministry of Regional Reorganization to oversee policy formulation and implementation. In all six new regions are to be created from the existing ten regions of Ghana. The other regions are Bono, Western North, Ahafo, Savannah, North East, and Oti regions.

North East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-NE
coordinate: 10°31′N 0°22′W
latitude: -0.367
longitude: 10.517
population: 588,800
comment: The North East Region is one of the sixteen regions of Ghana. It is located in the north of the country and was created in December 2018 after a referendum was voted upon to break it off of the Northern region. The region's capital is Nalerigu.

Oti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-OT
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-OT
coordinate: 7°54′N 0°18′E
latitude: 0.3
longitude: 7.9
population: 742,664
comment: The Oti Region is one of the six regions created regions of Ghana in December 2018. The region was carved out of the northern part of the Volta Region and will be in fulfillment of a campaign promise made by New Patriotic Party. Prior to the 2016 Ghanaian general election, the then candidate Nana Akufo-Addo declared that when elected, he would explore the possibility of creating new regions out of some of the existing regions in Ghana in order to bring government closer to citizens.

Savannah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-SV
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-SV
coordinate: 9°05′N 1°49′W
latitude: -1.817
longitude: 9.083
population: 581,368
comment: The Savannah Region is one of the newest regions of Ghana and yet the largest region in the country. The creation of the Region follows presentation of a petition by the Gonja Traditional Council, led by the Yagbonwura Tumtumba Boresa Jakpa I. Upon receiving favourable responses from all stakeholders in the Northern Region, the Brobbey Commission, a referendum was conducted on the 27th December 2018. The result was a resounding yes of 99.7%. The President of the Republic of Ghana signed and presented the Constitutional Instrument 115 to the Yagbonwura in the Jubilee House, Accra on 12 February 2019. The launch was well attended by sons and daughters of Gonjaland including all current and past Mps, MDCEs and all appointees with Gonjaland descent. Damongo was declared the capital of the new Savannah Region. It is located in the north of the country. The Savannah Region is divided into 7 districts; Bole, Central Gonja, North Gonja, East Gonja, Sawla/Tuna/Kalba, West Gonja, North East Gonja and 7 Constituencies; Bole/Bamboi, Damongo, Daboya/Mankarigu, Salaga North, Salaga South, Sawla/Tuna/Kalba and Yapei/Kusawgu.

Western North
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ghana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GH-WN
area: ISO 3166-2:GH-WN
coordinate: 6°18′N 2°48′W
latitude: -2.8
longitude: 6.3
population: 928,309
comment: The Western North Region is one of the six new regions of Ghana created in 2019. The region is bounded by the Ivory Coast on the west, the Central region in the southeast, and the Ashanti, Ahafo, Bono East and Bono regions in the north. The Western North Region has the highest rainfall in Ghana, lush green hills, and fertile soils. There are numerous small and large-scale gold mines companies in the region. The ethnic culture of the region is dominated by the Sefwis. The main languages spoken are Sefwi, Akan, French and English.

East Side
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

North District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

Reclamation Areas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

Sandpits Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

South District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

Town Area
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

Upper Town
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gibraltar

Kommune Kujalleq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greenland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL-KU
area: ISO 3166-2:GL-KU
coordinate: 61°00′N 45°00′W
density: 0.223/km2 (0.58/sq mi)
latitude: -45.0
longitude: 61.0
population: 6,439
comment: Kujalleq is a municipality on the southern tip of Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009. The administrative center of the municipality is in Qaqortoq . The municipality consists of the former municipalities of southern Greenland, each named after the biggest settlement:

Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greenland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL-SM
area: ISO 3166-2:GL-SM
coordinate: 66°00′N 40°00′W
density: 0.043/km2 (0.11/sq mi)
latitude: -40.0
longitude: 66.0
population: 23,123
comment: Sermersooq is a municipality in Greenland, formed on 1 January 2009 from five earlier, smaller municipalities. Its administrative seat is the city of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, and it is the most populous municipality in the country, with 23,123 inhabitants as of January 2020. The municipality consists of former municipalities of eastern and southwestern Greenland, each named after the largest settlement at the time of formation:

Qaasuitsup Kommunia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greenland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL-QA
coordinate: 69°13′N 51°06′W
latitude: -51.1
longitude: 69.217
comment: Qaasuitsup was a municipality in Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2017. As of January 2013 its population was 17,498. The administrative centre of the municipality was in Ilulissat . The municipality consisted of the former municipalities of western and northern Greenland, each named after the biggest settlement:

Qeqqata Kommunia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greenland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL-QE
area: ISO 3166-2:GL-QE
coordinate: 66°30′N 48°00′W
density: 0.081/km2 (0.21/sq mi)
latitude: -48.0
longitude: 66.5
population: 9,378
comment: Qeqqata is a municipality in western Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009. The municipality was named after its location in the central-western part of the country. Its population is 9,378 as of January 2020. The administrative center of the municipality is in Sisimiut . It consists of the previously unincorporated area of Kangerlussuaq, as well as two former municipalities of western Greenland:

Avannaata Kommunia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greenland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL-AV
area: ISO 3166-2:GL-AV
coordinate: 76°00′N 57°00′W
density: 0.02/km2 (0.05/sq mi)
latitude: -57.0
longitude: 76.0
population: 10,726
comment: Avannaata, is a new municipality of Greenland created on 1 January 2018 from the bulk of the former Qaasuitsup municipality. It encompasses an area of 522,700 km2 and has 10,726 inhabitants.

Kommune Qeqertalik
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greenland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GL-QT
area: ISO 3166-2:GL-QT
coordinate: 68°42′N 52°52′W
latitude: -52.867
longitude: 68.7
population: 6,340
comment: Qeqertalik is a new municipality of Greenland created in 2018 from four southern regions of the former Qaasuitsup Municipality.

Banjul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gambia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM-B
area: ISO 3166-2:GM-B
coordinate: 13°27′11″N 16°34′39″W
density: 2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -16.5775
longitude: 13.45306
population: 31,301
comment: Banjul, officially the City of Banjul, is the capital and fourth largest city of The Gambia. It is the centre of the eponymous administrative division which is home to an estimated 400,000 residents, making it The Gambia's largest and most densely populated metropolitan area. Banjul is on St Mary's Island, where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the city proper is 31,301, with the Greater Banjul Area, which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing Municipal Council, at a population of 413,397 . The island is connected to the mainland to the west and the rest of Greater Banjul Area via bridges. There are also ferries linking Banjul to the mainland at the other side of the river.

Central River
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gambia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM-M
area: ISO 3166-2:GM-M
coordinate: 13°34′N 14°47′W
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -14.783
longitude: 13.567
population: 226,018
comment: Central River was the largest of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Janjanbureh, on MacCarthy Island. The largest settlement was Bansang, with an estimated population in 2008 of 8,381.

Lower River
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gambia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM-L
area: ISO 3166-2:GM-L
coordinate: 13°34′N 14°47′W
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: -14.783
longitude: 13.567
population: 82,361
comment: Lower River Division is one of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital is Mansa Konko. The city and area council elections were held during April 2002, when Wally S.M. Sanneh, an APRC candidate became the Mayor, winning unopposed. The council was led by Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction, which won all the 12 seats.

North Bank
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gambia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM-N
area: ISO 3166-2:GM-N
coordinate: 13°29′10″N 15°55′48″W
density: 98/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -15.93
longitude: 13.48611
population: 221,054
comment: North Bank was one of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Kerewan. It was subsequently reorganised as the Kerewan Local Government Area, without any change in the area covered.

Upper River
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gambia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM-U
coordinate: 13°23′40″N 14°10′31″W
latitude: -14.17528
longitude: 13.39444
comment: Upper River was one of the five Divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Basse Santa Su. It was subsequently reorganised as the Basse Local Government Area, without any change in the area covered.

Western
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Gambia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GM-W
area: ISO 3166-2:GM-W
coordinate: 13°15′N 16°19′W
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: -16.317
longitude: 13.25
population: 699,704
comment: West Coast Region, originally the Western Division, also known as Foni or Fonyi, was one of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Brikama. It was subsequently reorganised as the Brikama Local Government Area, without any change in the area covered.

Beyla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-BE
coordinate: 8°41′12″N 8°39′28″W
density: 24/km2 (62/sq mi)
latitude: -8.65778
longitude: 8.68667
population: 326,082
comment: Beyla is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Beyla. The prefecture covers an area of 13,612 km.² and has an estimated population of 326,082.

Boffa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-BF
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-BF
coordinate: 10°11′03″N 14°02′38″W
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -14.04389
longitude: 10.18417
population: 212,583
comment: Boffa is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Boffa. The prefecture covers an area of 5,050 km2 and has a population of 212,583.

Boke
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-BK
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-BK
coordinate: 10°56′28″N 14°17′54″W
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -14.29833
longitude: 10.94111
population: 449,405
comment: Boké is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Boké. The prefecture covers an area of 11,124 km.² and has a population of 449,405. It contains several economically important areas of the country, including those engaged in fishing, mining, and agriculture.
alternative label: Boké

Coyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-CO
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-CO
coordinate: 9°42′01″N 13°23′02″W
density: 210/km2 (540/sq mi)
latitude: -13.38389
longitude: 9.70028
population: 263,861
comment: Coyah is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Coyah. The prefecture covers an area of 1,375 km.² and has a population of 263,861.

Dabola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-DB
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-DB
coordinate: 10°44′53″N 11°06′22″W
density: 29/km2 (75/sq mi)
latitude: -11.10611
longitude: 10.74806
population: 182,951
comment: Dabola is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Dabola. The prefecture covers an area of 6,350 km.² and has an estimated population of 182,951.

Dinguiraye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-DI
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-DI
coordinate: 11°18′03″N 10°43′05″W
density: 25/km2 (64/sq mi)
latitude: -10.71806
longitude: 11.30083
population: 195,662
comment: Dinguiraye is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Dinguiraye. The prefecture covers an area of 7,965 km.² and has a population of 195,662.

Dalaba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-DL
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-DL
coordinate: 10°41′30″N 12°15′00″W
latitude: -12.25
longitude: 10.6917
population: 155,000
comment: Dalaba is a prefecture located in the Mamou Region of Guinea. The capital is Dalaba. The prefecture covers an area of 4,400 km² and has an estimated population of 155,000.

Dubreka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-DU
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-DU
coordinate: 9°47′03″N 13°31′03″W
density: 76/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -13.5175
longitude: 9.78417
population: 330,548
comment: Dubréka is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Dubréka. The prefecture covers an area of 4,350 km² and has a population of 330,548.
alternative label: Dubréka

Faranah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-FA
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-FA
coordinate: 10°02′20″N 10°43′12″W
density: 22/km2 (56/sq mi)
latitude: -10.72
longitude: 10.03889
population: 280,511
comment: Faranah is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Faranah. The prefecture covers an area of 12,966 km2 and has an estimated population of 280,511.

Forecariah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-FO
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-FO
coordinate: 9°26′05″N 13°05′07″W
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: -13.08528
longitude: 9.43472
population: 242,942
comment: Forécariah is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Forécariah. The prefecture covers an area of 4,384 km2 and has a 2014 census population of 242,942.
alternative label: Forécariah

Fria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-FR
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-FR
coordinate: 10°22′07″N 13°35′08″W
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -13.58556
longitude: 10.36861
population: 96,527
comment: Fria is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Fria. The prefecture covers an area of 2,016 km .² and has a population of 96,527. It is the site of the first alumina factory in Africa.

Gaoual
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-GA
coordinate: 11°45′01″N 13°12′04″W
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: -13.20111
longitude: 11.75028
population: 194,245
comment: Gaoual is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Gaoual. The prefecture covers an area of 7,758 km.² and has a population of 194,245.

Guekedou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-GU
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-GU
coordinate: 8°34′00″N 10°08′00″W
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: -10.1333
longitude: 8.5667
population: 290,611
comment: Guéckédou is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Guéckédou. The prefecture covers an area of 4,750 km.² and has a population of 290,611.
alternative label: Guékédou

Kankan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KA
coordinate: 10°23′05″N 9°18′25″W
density: 24/km2 (62/sq mi)
latitude: -9.30694
longitude: 10.38472
population: 473,359
comment: Kankan is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Kankan. The prefecture covers an area of 19,750 km.² and has a population of 473,359.

Koubia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KB
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KB
coordinate: 11°35′00″N 11°54′00″W
latitude: -11.9
longitude: 11.5833
population: 114,000
comment: Koubia is a prefecture located in the Labé Region of Guinea in the Fouta Djallon mountains. Fulas are the majority ethnic group in the region with Fula as the primary language. The capital is Koubia. The prefecture covers an area of 2,800 km.² and has an estimated population of 114,000.

Kindia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KD
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KD
coordinate: 10°03′29″N 12°52′08″W
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -12.86889
longitude: 10.05806
population: 439,614
comment: Kindia is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Kindia. The prefecture covers an area of 9,648 km.² with a population of 439,614.

Kerouane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KE
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KE
coordinate: 9°15′59″N 9°01′02″W
density: 30/km2 (77/sq mi)
latitude: -9.01722
longitude: 9.26639
population: 207,547
comment: Kérouané is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Kérouané. The prefecture covers an area of 7,020 km.² and has a population of 207,547.
alternative label: Kérouané

Koundara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KN
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KN
coordinate: 12°29′02″N 13°18′08″W
density: 25/km2 (64/sq mi)
latitude: -13.30222
longitude: 12.48389
population: 130,205
comment: Koundara is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Koundara. The prefecture covers an area of 5,238 km2 and has a population of 130,205.

Kouroussa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KO
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KO
coordinate: 10°39′10″N 9°53′06″W
density: 19/km2 (50/sq mi)
latitude: -9.885
longitude: 10.65278
population: 268,630
comment: Kouroussa is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Kouroussa. The prefecture covers an area of 14,050 km.² and has a population of 268,630. With Kouroussa town by far the largest in the Prefecture numbering only 10,000, the vast majority of the Prefecture's population live in small rural communities, making their living from subsistence and small scale cash crop agriculture, as well as small scale trade and mining. The majority of the population are members of the Malinke ethnic group or related Mande speakers. The eastern portion of the prefecture is formed from the Niger River valley, while most of the area characterized by low rolling hills and dry savanna grasslands or scrub-like forest.

Kissidougou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-KS
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-KS
coordinate: 9°11′13″N 10°06′25″W
density: 34/km2 (88/sq mi)
latitude: -10.10694
longitude: 9.18694
population: 283,609
comment: Kissidougou is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Kissidougou. The prefecture covers an area of 8,300 km.² and has a population of 283,609.

Labe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-LA
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-LA
coordinate: 11°19′05″N 12°17′10″W
latitude: -12.28611
longitude: 11.31806
population: 204,000
comment: Labé is a prefecture in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Labé. The prefecture covers an area of 3,014 km.² and has an estimated population of 204,000.
alternative label: Labé

Lelouma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-LE
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-LE
coordinate: 11°11′00″N 12°56′00″W
latitude: -12.9333
longitude: 11.1833
population: 163 069
comment: Lélouma is a prefecture located in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Lélouma. The prefecture covers an area of 2,140 km.² In census of 2014, it had population of 163,000.
alternative label: Lélouma

Lola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-LO
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-LO
coordinate: 7°48′00″N 8°32′00″W
density: 37/km2 (95/sq mi)
latitude: -8.5333
longitude: 7.8
population: 171,561
comment: Lola is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Lola. The prefecture covers an area of 4,688 km.² and has a population of 171,561.

Macenta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-MC
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-MC
coordinate: 8°32′37″N 9°28′22″W
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -9.47278
longitude: 8.54361
population: 278,456
comment: Macenta is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Macenta. The prefecture covers an area of 7,056 km.² and has an estimated population of 278,456.

Mandiana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-MD
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-MD
coordinate: 10°38′02″N 8°42′04″W
density: 26/km2 (68/sq mi)
latitude: -8.70111
longitude: 10.63389
population: 335,999
comment: Mandiana is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Mandiana. The prefecture covers an area of 12,825 km.² and has a population of 335,999.

Mali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-ML
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-ML
coordinate: 12°05′02″N 12°18′05″W
density: 11/km²
latitude: -12.3014
longitude: 12.0839
population: 246,000
comment: Mali is a prefecture, also known as the Préfecture De Mali, located in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Mali. The prefecture covers an area of 9,790 km.² and has an estimated population of 246,000.

Mamou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-MM
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-MM
coordinate: 10°23′00″N 12°05′00″W
latitude: -12.0833
longitude: 10.3833
population: 222,000
comment: Mamou is a prefecture located in the Mamou Region of Guinea. The capital is Mamou. The prefecture covers an area of 8,000 km.² and has an estimated population of 222,000.

Nzerekore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-NZ
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-NZ
coordinate: 7°45′00″N 8°49′00″W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -8.8167
longitude: 7.75
population: 396,949
comment: Nzérékoré is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Nzérékoré. The prefecture covers an area of 3,632 km.² and has an estimated population of 396,949.
alternative label: Nzérékoré

Pita
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-PI
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-PI
coordinate: 11°03′32″N 12°23′58″W
latitude: -12.3995
longitude: 11.0588
population: 266,000
comment: Pita is a prefecture located in the Mamou Region of Guinea. The capital is Pita. The prefecture covers an area of 4,320 km.² and has an estimated population of 266,000.

Siguiri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-SI
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-SI
coordinate: 11°25′20″N 9°10′11″W
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
latitude: -9.16972
longitude: 11.42222
population: 687,002
comment: Siguiri is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Siguiri. The prefecture covers an area of 18,500 km2 and has a population of 687,002.

Telimele
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-TE
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-TE
coordinate: 10°54′22″N 13°02′36″W
density: 31/km2 (80/sq mi)
latitude: -13.04333
longitude: 10.90611
population: 284,409
comment: Télimélé is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Télimélé. The prefecture covers an area of 9,216 km.² and has an estimated population of 284,409.
alternative label: Télimélé

Tougue
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-TO
coordinate: 11°27′00″N 11°41′00″W
latitude: -11.6833
longitude: 11.45
population: 132,000
comment: Tougué is a prefecture located in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Tougué. The prefecture covers an area of 6,400 km2. and has an estimated population of 132,000.
alternative label: Tougué

Yomou
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GN-YO
area: ISO 3166-2:GN-YO
coordinate: 7°33′58″N 9°15′12″W
density: 29/km2 (76/sq mi)
latitude: -9.2533
longitude: 7.5661
population: 114,371
comment: Yomou is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital and principal town of the prefecture is Yomou. The prefecture covers an area of 3,920 km.² and has an estimated population of 114,371.

Anse-Bertrand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°28′N 61°31′W
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -61.51
longitude: 16.47
population: 4,136
comment: Anse-Bertrand is a commune in Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France in the Lesser Antilles.

Baie-Mahault
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°16′N 61°35′W
density: 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
elevation: 0–112 m (0–367 ft)
latitude: -61.58
longitude: 16.27
population: 31,193
comment: Baie-Mahault is a commune in France and is the second most populated commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, after Les Abymes. The extensive industrial zone of Jarry in Baie-Mahault is by far the most industrialized commune in the islands and the largest industrial park in the Lesser Antilles. It is part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe, located in the northwest.

Baillif
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°01′N 61°45′W
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
elevation: 0–1,354 m (0–4,442 ft) (avg. 15 m or 49 ft)
latitude: -61.75
longitude: 16.02
population: 5,404
comment: Baillif is a commune of Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France located in the Lesser Antilles. Baillif is a suburb of Basse-Terre, the prefecture and second-largest urban area of Guadeloupe located on Basse-Terre Island .

Basse-Terre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°59′45″N 61°43′45″W
density: 1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)
latitude: -61.7292
longitude: 15.9958
population: 10,046
comment: Basse-Terre is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is also the prefecture of Guadeloupe. The city of Basse-Terre is located on Basse-Terre Island, the western half of Guadeloupe.

Bouillante
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°06′N 61°45′W
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
elevation: 0–1,096 m (0–3,596 ft)
latitude: -61.75
longitude: 16.1
population: 6,935
comment: Bouillante is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles.

Capesterre-Belle-Eau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°03′N 61°34′W
density: 180/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: -61.57
longitude: 16.05
population: 18,131
comment: Capesterre-Belle-Eau is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is located in the south-east of Basse-Terre Island. Capesterre-Belle-Eau covers an area of 103.3 km² . The 1999 population was 19,568. The population density is 189 persons per km2. The inhabitants are called Capesterriens.

Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°54′N 61°13′W
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -61.22
longitude: 15.9
population: 3,293
comment: Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante is a commune on the island of Marie-Galante, in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, itself in the Lesser Antilles.

Deshaies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°18′N 61°48′W
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: -61.8
longitude: 16.3
population: 4,033
comment: Deshaies is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is on the northwest coast of Basse-Terre Island.

Gourbeyre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°00′N 61°42′W
density: 350/km2 (890/sq mi)
latitude: -61.7
longitude: 16.0
population: 7,778
comment: Gourbeyre is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is a suburb of the city of Basse-Terre.

Goyave
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°08′N 61°34′W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -61.57
longitude: 16.13
population: 7,588
comment: Goyave is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe.

Grand-Bourg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°53′N 61°19′W
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: -61.32
longitude: 15.88
population: 4,941
comment: Grand-Bourg is a commune on the island of Marie-Galante, in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles Caribbean. It is located in the southwest of Marie-Galante, and is the most populous of the three communes on the island.

La Desirade
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°18′10″N 61°04′31″W
density: 68/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: -61.0753
longitude: 16.3028
population: 1,432
comment: La Désirade is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. The commune of La Désirade is made up of the island of La Désirade and the uninhabited Petite Terre Islands located about 10 kilometres south of it.
alternative label: La Désirade

Lamentin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°16′N 61°38′W
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
elevation: 0–0 m (0–0 ft)
latitude: -61.63
longitude: 16.27
population: 16,536
comment: Lamentin is a commune in the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. It is part of the agglomeration of Pointe-à-Pitre, in the north part of Basse-Terre. Three islets are included in the commune: Christopher, Fajou, Caret.

Le Gosier
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°12′22″N 61°29′39″W
density: 590/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -61.4942
longitude: 16.2061
population: 26,692
comment: Le Gosier is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Located on the south side of the island of Grande-Terre and part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, it is the largest conurbation in Guadeloupe.

Le Moule
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°19′50″N 61°20′40″W
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: -61.3444
longitude: 16.3306
population: 22,315
comment: Le Moule is the sixth-largest commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is located on the northeast side of the island of Grande-Terre.

Les Abymes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°16′N 61°31′W
density: 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
elevation: 0–120 m (0–394 ft)
latitude: -61.52
longitude: 16.27
population: 53,082
comment: Les Abymes is the most populated commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is located on the west side of the island of Grande-Terre, and is part of the metropolitan area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest urban area in Guadeloupe.

Morne-a-l'Eau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°19′56″N 61°27′25″W
density: 260/km2 (680/sq mi)
latitude: -61.4569
longitude: 16.3322
population: 16,875
comment: In March or April each year since 1993, the town organises a crab festival which features crab races and many stalls selling crab-based dishes. In 2008 the event's 18th edition attracted over 20,000 visitors and included a Brazilian music plus a cycle-race passing through the already congested town.
alternative label: Morne-à-l'Eau

Petit-Bourg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°11′35″N 61°35′30″W
density: 190/km2 (490/sq mi)
latitude: -61.5917
longitude: 16.1931
population: 24,522
comment: Petit-Bourg is the seventh-largest commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is located on the east side of the island of Basse-Terre, and is part of the metropolitan area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe.

Petit-Canal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°23′00″N 61°29′00″W
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -61.4834
longitude: 16.3834
population: 8,212
comment: Petit-Canal is a commune in the department of Guadeloupe. Petit-Canal is a coastal commune on Grande-Terre.

Pointe-a-Pitre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°14′28″N 61°31′59″W
density: 5,800/km2 (15,000/sq mi)
latitude: -61.5331
longitude: 16.2411
population: 15,410
comment: Pointe-à-Pitre is the largest city of Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France located in the Lesser Antilles, of which it is a sous-préfecture, being the seat of the Arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre.
alternative label: Pointe-à-Pitre

Pointe-Noire
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°13′00″N 61°46′00″W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
elevation: 0–775 m (0–2,543 ft)
latitude: -61.7667
longitude: 16.2167
population: 6,069
comment: Pointe-Noire is a commune on Guadeloupe, a French overseas department in the Caribbean. It is located on the northwest coast of the island of Basse-Terre.

Port-Louis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°25′00″N 61°32′00″W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -61.5333
longitude: 16.4167
population: 5,635
comment: Port-Louis is situated in the north-west of Grande-Terre. Port-Louis is home to the Gaschet lake which flows from the Gaschet ravine towards the Caribbean Sea. The climate is tropical.

Saint-Claude
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°02′00″N 61°42′00″W
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: -61.7
longitude: 16.0333
population: 10,659
comment: Saint-Claude is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It lies in the interior of southern Basse-Terre Island, just northeast of the capital city of Basse-Terre.

Saint-François
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°15′00″N 61°17′00″W
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
elevation: 0–67 m (0–220 ft)
latitude: -61.2833
longitude: 16.25
population: 12,348
comment: Saint-François is a commune of the Guadeloupe department in the south-east point of the main island Grande-Terre.

Saint-Louis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°57′00″N 61°19′00″W
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -61.3167
longitude: 15.95
population: 2,421
comment: Saint-Louis is a commune in the overseas department of Guadeloupe. Saint-Louis lies on the north of the island of Marie-Galante, and is the island's largest commune. Many beaches lie on the west coast of the commune.

Sainte-Anne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°14′00″N 61°23′00″W
density: 300/km2 (770/sq mi)
elevation: 0–135 m (0–443 ft)
latitude: -61.3833
longitude: 16.2333
population: 23,767
comment: Sainte-Anne is a city in the southern part of Grande-Terre, considered by some to be one of the most touristy towns of Guadeloupe .

Sainte-Rose
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°20′00″N 61°42′00″W
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
elevation: 0–758 m (0–2,487 ft)
latitude: -61.7
longitude: 16.3333
population: 18,650
comment: Sainte-Rose is a commune in the department of Guadeloupe. It is the second largest commune of Guadeloupe, in terms of area, after Petit-Bourg. Sainte-Rose lies on the coast of the island of Basse-Terre.

Terre-de-Bas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°51′00″N 61°39′00″W
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
elevation: 0–293 m (0–961 ft)
latitude: -61.65
longitude: 15.85
population: 1,011
comment: Terre-de-Bas is a commune in the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Terre-de-Bas is made up of Terre-de-Bas Island and several uninhabited islands and islets in the group of Les Saintes islands, to the southwest of Guadeloupe's mainland.

Terre-de-Haut
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°52′00″N 61°35′00″W
density: 250/km2 (660/sq mi)
elevation: 0–306 m (0–1,004 ft)
latitude: -61.5833
longitude: 15.8667
population: 1,526
comment: Terre-de-Haut is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe, including Terre-de-Haut Island and a few other small uninhabited islands of the archipelago . It is the most populous island of the archipelago of the les Saintes. The Fort Napoléon is located in this commune.

Trois-Rivieres
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°59′00″N 61°39′00″W
density: 260/km2 (670/sq mi)
latitude: -61.65
longitude: 15.9833
population: 7,991
comment: Trois-Rivières is a commune in the overseas department of Guadeloupe, and the chef-lieu of the Canton of Trois-Rivières. It is on the south coast of the island of Basse-Terre. It is surrounded with the towns of Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Vieux-Fort and Gourbeyre.
alternative label: Trois-Rivières

Vieux-Fort
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 15°57′00″N 61°42′00″W
density: 250/km2 (660/sq mi)
latitude: -61.7
longitude: 15.95
population: 1,844
comment: Vieux-Fort is a commune in the overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is on the island of Basse-Terre.

Vieux-Habitants
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guadeloupe
coordinate: 16°03′N 61°45′W
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: -61.75
longitude: 16.05
population: 7,154
comment: Vieux-Habitants is a commune on Guadeloupe, a French overseas department in the Caribbean. It is located on the southwest coast of the island of Basse-Terre.

Annobon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-AN
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-AN
coordinate: 01°26′06″S 05°38′15″E
density: 310/km2 (810/sq mi)
elevation: 598 m (1,962 ft)
latitude: 5.6375
longitude: -1.435
population: 5,314
comment: Annobón, and formerly as Anno Bom and Annabona, is a province of Equatorial Guinea consisting of the island of Annobón, formerly also Pigalu and Pagalu, and its associated islets in the Gulf of Guinea. According to the 2015 census, Annobón had 5,314 inhabitants, a small population increase from the 5,008 registered by the 2001 census. The official language is Spanish but most of the inhabitants speak a creole form of Portuguese. The island's main industries are fishing and forestry.
alternative label: Annobón

Bioko Norte
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-BN
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-BN
coordinate: 3°45′33″N 8°54′30″E
density: 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 8.90833
longitude: 3.75917
population: 300,374
comment: Bioko Norte is the most populated of the seven provinces of Equatorial Guinea. Both the provincial capital, Rebola, and the national capital, Malabo are located here. Heavily forested with little urban development, the southern central part includes part of the Parque Nacional del Pico Basilé, a 330 square kilometres national park which was established in 2000. On the northeast coast is a hotel run by the Sofitel chain.

Bioko Sur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-BS
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-BS
coordinate: 3°26′24″N 8°38′24″E
density: 28/km2 (72/sq mi)
latitude: 8.64
longitude: 3.44
population: 34,674
comment: Bioko Sur is a province of Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is Luba. It occupies the southern part of the island of Bioko, the remainder of which is part of Bioko Norte.

Centro Sur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-CS
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-CS
coordinate: 1°33′N 10°17′E
density: 14/km2 (37/sq mi)
latitude: 10.29
longitude: 1.55
population: 141,986
comment: Centro Sur is a province of Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is Evinayong.

Kie-Ntem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-KN
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-KN
coordinate: 2°00′N 11°00′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 11.0
longitude: 2.0
population: 183,664
alternative label: Kié-Ntem

Litoral
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-LI
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-LI
coordinate: 1°32′N 9°48′E
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 9.8
longitude: 1.54
population: 367,348
comment: Litoral is the most populous province of Equatorial Guinea, recording a population of 367,348 in the 2015 national census. Its capital is Bata; the other two cities are Mbini and Kogo.

Wele-Nzas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-WN
area: ISO 3166-2:GQ-WN
coordinate: 1°30′N 11°00′E
density: 38/km2 (99/sq mi)
latitude: 11.0
longitude: 1.5
population: 192,017
comment: Wele-Nzas Province is a province in the eastern portion of continental Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is Mongomo. It borders the Equatoguinean provinces of Centro Sur to the west and Kié-Ntem to the north, with Gabon's Woleu-Ntem Province to the east and south. As of 2015, the population of Wele-Nzas was 192,017. It derives its name from the Benito River and the Piedra Nzas mountain range.

Djibloho
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Equatorial Guinea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GQ-DJ
coordinate: 1°36′N 10°48′E
latitude: 10.8
longitude: 1.6
comment: Djibloho, officially the Administrative City of Djibloho, is the newest province of Equatorial Guinea, formally established by law in 2017. The administrative city was initially carved out of Añisok, a district in Wele-Nzas, on 1 August 2015, and was created to eventually replace Malabo as Equatorial Guinea's future national capital.

Aetolia-Acarnania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-01
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-01
coordinate: 38°40′N 21°25′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 21.417
longitude: 38.667
population: 210,802
comment: Aetolia-Acarnania is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the geographic region of Central Greece and the administrative region of West Greece. A combination of the historical regions of Aetolia and Acarnania, it is the country's largest regional unit. Its capital is Missolonghi for historical reasons, with its biggest city and economic centre at Agrinio. The area is now connected with the Peloponnese peninsula via the Rio-Antirio Bridge. The surrounding regional units take in Arta in Epirus, a narrow length bordering Karditsa of Thessaly, Evrytania to the northeast, and Phocis to the east.

Boeotia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-03
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-03
coordinate: 38°25′N 23°05′E
density: 37/km2 (95/sq mi)
latitude: 23.083
longitude: 38.417
population: 117,920
comment: Boeotia, sometimes alternatively Latinised as Boiotia or Beotia ə; Greek: Βοιωτία, Modern: , Ancient: ; modern transliteration Voiotía or Viotía), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its largest city is Thebes.

Euboea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-04
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-04
coordinate: 38°30′N 24°00′E
density: 54/km²
elevation: 1,743 m (5719 ft)
latitude: 24.0
longitude: 38.5
population: 191,206 (2011)
comment: Euboea or Evia is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait . In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about 180 km long, and varies in breadth from 50 km to 6 km . Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.

Evrytania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-05
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-05
coordinate: 39°0′N 21°40′E
density: 11/km2 (28/sq mi)
latitude: 21.667
longitude: 39.0
population: 20,081
comment: Evrytania is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Karpenisi .

Phthiotis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-06
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-06
coordinate: 38°54′N 22°32′E
density: 36/km2 (92/sq mi)
latitude: 22.533
longitude: 38.9
population: 158,231
comment: Phthiotis is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. The capital is the city of Lamia. It is bordered by the Malian Gulf to the east, Boeotia in the south, Phocis in the south, Aetolia-Acarnania in the southwest, Evrytania in the west, Karditsa regional unit in the north, Larissa regional unit in the north, and Magnesia in the northeast. The name dates back to ancient times. It is best known as the home of Achilles.

Phocis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-07
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-07
coordinate: 38°30′N 22°15′E
density: 19/km2 (49/sq mi)
latitude: 22.25
longitude: 38.5
population: 40,343
comment: Phocis /ˈfoʊsɪs/ is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. It stretches from the western mountainsides of Parnassus on the east to the mountain range of Vardousia on the west, upon the Gulf of Corinth. It is named after the ancient region of Phocis, but the modern regional unit also includes parts of ancient Aetolia, Locris and Doris.

Argolis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-11
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-11
coordinate: 37°40′N 22°50′E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 22.833
longitude: 37.667
population: 97,044
comment: Argolis or Argolida is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese, situated in the eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula and part of the tripoint area of Argolis, Arcadia and Corinthia. Much of the territory of this region is situated in the Argolid Peninsula.

Arcadia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-12
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-12
coordinate: 37°35′N 22°15′E
density: 23/km²
latitude: 22.25
longitude: 37.583
population: 100,611 (2005)
comment: Arcadia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese. It is in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness.

Achaea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-13
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-13
coordinate: 38°05′N 21°50′E
density: 101/km²
latitude: 21.833
longitude: 38.083
population: 296,945
comment: Achaea or Achaia, sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital is Patras which is the third largest city in Greece.

Ilia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-14
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-14
coordinate: 37°40′N 21°30′E
density: 76/km²
latitude: 21.5
longitude: 37.667
population: 198,763 (2005)
comment: Elis or Ilia is a historic region in the western part of the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece. It is administered as a regional unit of the modern region of Western Greece. Its capital is Pyrgos. Until 2011 it was Elis Prefecture, covering the same territory.

Corinthia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-15
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-15
coordinate: 38°12′00″N 22°30′00″E
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 22.607
longitude: 37.977
population: 145,082
comment: Corinthia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese. It is situated around the city of Corinth, in the north-eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.

Laconia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-16
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-16
coordinate: 36°55′N 22°40′E
density: 25/km2 (63/sq mi)
latitude: 22.667
longitude: 36.917
population: 89,138
comment: Laconia or Lakonia is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparta. The word laconic—to speak in a blunt, concise way—is derived from the name of this region, a reference to the ancient Spartans who were renowned for their verbal austerity and blunt, often pithy remarks.

Messinia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-17
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-17
coordinate: 37°10′N 22°0′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 22.0
longitude: 37.167
population: 159,954
comment: Messenia or Messinia is a regional unit in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese region, in Greece. Until the implementation of the Kallikratis plan on 1 January 2011, Messenia was a prefecture covering the same territory. The capital and largest city of Messenia is Kalamata.

Zakynthos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-21
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-21
coordinate: 37°48′N 20°45′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 20.75
longitude: 37.8
population: 40,759
comment: Zakynthos or Zante is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Zakynthos is a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and its only municipality. It covers an area of 405.55 km2 and its coastline is roughly 123 km in length. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. In Greek mythology the island was said to be named after Zakynthos, the son of the legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus.

Corfu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-22
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-22
coordinate: 39°35′N 19°52′E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
elevation: 906 m (2,972 ft)
latitude: 19.867
longitude: 39.583
population: 102,071
comment: Corfu uː/) or Kerkyra (Greek: Κέρκυρα, romanized: Kérkyra, pronounced ) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The island is part of the Corfu regional unit, and is administered by three municipalities with the islands of Othonoi, Ereikoussa, and Mathraki. The principal city of the island (pop. 32,095) is also named Corfu. Corfu is home to the Ionian University.

Kefallinia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-23
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-23
coordinate: 38°15′54″N 20°33′09″E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
elevation: 1,628 m (5,341 ft)
latitude: 20.552
longitude: 38.265
population: 35,801
comment: Kefalonia or Cephalonia, formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia, is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes, and Chios. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. It was also a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia. The capital city of Cephalonia is Argostoli.

Lefkada
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-24
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-24
coordinate: 38°43′N 20°39′E
density: 64/km²
latitude: 20.65
longitude: 38.717
population: 22,652
comment: Lefkada, also known as Lefkas or Leukas and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Greece, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Lefkada. It is situated on the northern part of the island, approximately 25 minutes by automobile away from Aktion National Airport. The island is part of the regional unit of Lefkada.

Arta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-31
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-31
coordinate: 39°15′N 21°15′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 21.25
longitude: 39.25
population: 67,877
comment: Arta is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital is the town of Arta.

Thesprotia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-32
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-32
coordinate: 39°35′N 20°20′E
density: 29/km2 (75/sq mi)
latitude: 20.333
longitude: 39.583
population: 43,587
comment: Thesprotia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital and largest town is Igoumenitsa. Thesprotia is named after the Thesprotians, an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region in antiquity.

Ioannina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-33
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-33
coordinate: 39°45′N 20°50′E
density: 34/km2 (87/sq mi)
latitude: 20.833
longitude: 39.75
population: 167,901
comment: It is part of the region of Epirus. Its capital is the city of Ioannina. It is the largest regional unit in Epirus, and one of the largest regional units of Greece, with a population of 167,901 people, according to the 2011 census.

Preveza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-34
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-34
coordinate: 39°10′N 20°45′E
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 20.75
longitude: 39.167
population: 57,491
comment: Preveza is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital is the town of Preveza.

Karditsa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-41
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-41
coordinate: 39°20′N 22°00′E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 22.0
longitude: 39.333
population: 113,544
comment: Karditsa is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its name is derived from its capital Karditsa, a small city of approximately 40,000 people.

Larissa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-42
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-42
coordinate: 39°40′N 22°30′E
density: 53/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 22.5
longitude: 39.667
population: 284,325
comment: Larissa is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Larissa. Total population 284,325 .

Magnesia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-43
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-43
coordinate: 39°25′N 22°50′E
density: 80/km²
latitude: 22.833
longitude: 39.417
population: 210,330 (2005)
comment: Magnesia, Ancient Greek: Magnēsía, deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Volos. About 70% of the population of Magnesia live in the Greater Volos area, which is the second-largest city in Thessaly and the third busiest commercial port in Greece.

Trikala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-44
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-44
coordinate: 39°40′N 21°40′E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 21.667
longitude: 39.667
population: 131,085
comment: Trikala is one of the regional units of Greece, forming the northwestern part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the town of Trikala. The regional unit includes the town of Kalampaka and the Meteora monastery complex.

Grevena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-51
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-51
coordinate: 40°0′N 21°20′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: 21.333
longitude: 40.0
population: 31,757
comment: Grevena is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia. Its capital is the town of Grevena.

Drama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-52
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-52
coordinate: 41°15′N 24°10′E
density: 28/km2 (73/sq mi)
latitude: 24.167
longitude: 41.25
population: 98,287
comment: Drama is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its capital is the town of Drama. The regional unit is the northernmost within the geographical region of Macedonia and the westernmost in the administrative region of East Macedonia and Thrace. The northern border with Bulgaria is formed by the Rhodope Mountains.

Imathia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-53
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-53
coordinate: 40°35′N 22°15′E
density: 83/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 22.25
longitude: 40.583
population: 140,611
comment: Imathia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia, within the geographic region of Macedonia. The capital of Imathia is the city of Veroia.

Thessaloniki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-54
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-54
coordinate: 40°40′N 23°10′E
density: 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
latitude: 23.167
longitude: 40.667
population: 1,110,312
comment: Thessaloniki is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki.

Kavala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-55
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-55
coordinate: 41°00′00″N 24°30′00″E
density: 70/km²
latitude: 24.3606
longitude: 40.89589
population: 147,884 (2005)
comment: Kavala Prefecture was one of the prefectures of Greece. Its capital was Kavala. It was established in 1915, soon after its territory was incorporated into Greece in the Balkan Wars. The prefecture was disbanded on 1 January 2011 by the Kallikratis programme, and split into the regional units of Kavala and Thasos.

Kastoria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-56
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-56
coordinate: 40°30′N 21°15′E
density: 29/km2 (76/sq mi)
latitude: 21.25
longitude: 40.5
population: 50,322
comment: Kastoria is one of the 74 regional units of Greece and is part of the region of Western Macedonia. Its capital is the homonymous city of Kastoria.

Kilkis
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-57
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-57
coordinate: 41°0′N 22°50′E
density: 32/km2 (83/sq mi)
latitude: 22.833
longitude: 41.0
population: 80,419
comment: Kilkis is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kilkis.

Kozani
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-58
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-58
coordinate: 40°20′N 21°40′E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 21.667
longitude: 40.333
population: 150,196
comment: Kozani is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kozani.

Pella
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-59
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-59
coordinate: 40°55′N 22°05′E
density: 56/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 22.083
longitude: 40.917
population: 139,680
comment: Pella is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia. It is named after the ancient city of Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia and the birthplace of Alexander the Great. The capital of Pella is Edessa with a population of 19,036 inhabitants according to the census of 2011, while the largest town is Giannitsa. Other towns include Aridaia, Skydra, Arnissa and Krya Vrysi.

Pieria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-61
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-61
coordinate: 40°15′00″N 22°25′00″E
density: 89/km²
latitude: 22.449686
longitude: 40.259476
population: 134,739 (2005)

Serres
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-62
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-62
coordinate: 41°05′N 23°35′E
density: 44/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 23.583
longitude: 41.083
population: 176,430
comment: Serres is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Serres. The total population reaches just over 175,000.

Florina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-63
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-63
coordinate: 40°45′N 21°25′E
density: 27/km2 (69/sq mi)
latitude: 21.417
longitude: 40.75
population: 51,414
comment: Florina is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia, Greece. Its capital is the town of Florina with a population of around 49.500 (2019)

Chalcidice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-64
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-64
coordinate: 40°20′N 23°30′E
density: 36/km2 (94/sq mi)
latitude: 23.5
longitude: 40.333
population: 105,908
comment: Chalkidiki also spelled Chalkidike, Chalcidice, Khalkidhiki, or Halkidiki, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece. The autonomous Mount Athos region constitutes the easternmost part of the peninsula, but not of the regional unit.

Mount Athos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-69
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-69
coordinate: 40°09′26″N 24°19′35″E
density: 5.40/km2 (14.0/sq mi)
latitude: 24.32639
longitude: 40.15722
population: 1,811
comment: Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece and an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism. It is governed as an autonomous polity within the Hellenic Republic. Mount Athos is home to 20 monasteries under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

Evros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-71
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-71
coordinate: 41°10′N 26°05′E
density: 35/km²
latitude: 26.083
longitude: 41.167
population: 147,530
comment: Evros is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its name is derived from the river Evros, which appears to have been a Thracian hydronym. Evros is the northernmost regional unit. It borders Turkey to the east, across the river Evros, and it borders Bulgaria to the north and the northwest. Its capital is Alexandroupoli. Together with the regional units Rhodope and Xanthi, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace. The population density was 34.77 per km2 .

Xanthi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-72
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-72
coordinate: 41°10′N 24°55′E
density: 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 24.917
longitude: 41.167
population: 111,222
comment: Xanthi is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace. The capital is Xanthi. Together with the regional units Rhodope and Evros, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace.

Rhodope
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-73
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-73
coordinate: 41°05′N 25°25′E
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 25.417
longitude: 41.083
population: 112,039
comment: Rhodope is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its name is derived from the Rhodope Mountains, which cover the northern part of its territory. Together with the regional units Evros and Xanthi, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace. The capital of the prefecture is the city of Komotini. The second largest town is Sapes. Most of the Muslims of Thrace, the only officially recognized minority in Greece, are settled in this area, where they form around half of the population.

Dodecanese
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-81
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-81
coordinate: 36°22′23″N 27°13′05″E
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 27.218
longitude: 36.373
population: 200,452
comment: The Dodecanese are a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Turkey's Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group.

Cyclades
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-82
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-82
coordinate: 37°00′N 25°10′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 25.167
longitude: 37.0
population: 119,549
comment: The Cyclades are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around the sacred island of Delos. The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos, however the most populated one is Syros.

Lesbos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-83
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-83
coordinate: 39°10′N 26°20′E
density: 51/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 26.333
longitude: 39.167
population: 110,220
comment: Lesbos Prefecture was one of the prefectures of Greece. It comprised three main islands: Lesbos itself, Lemnos, and the smaller island of Agios Efstratios. Its capital was the town of Mytilene, on Lesbos. In 2011 the prefecture was abolished and the territory was divided between the regional units of Lesbos and Lemnos.

Samos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-84
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-84
coordinate: 37°44′N 26°50′E
density: 57/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 26.833
longitude: 37.733
population: 44,114
comment: Samos Prefecture was a prefecture in Greece, consisting of the islands of Samos, Ikaria and the smaller islands of Fournoi Korseon. In 2011 the prefecture was abolished and the territory is now covered by the regional units of Samos and Ikaria. Its capital was the town of Vathy, on Samos.

Chios
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-85
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-85
coordinate: 38°22′39″N 26°03′54″E
density: 62/km²
elevation: 1,297 m (4,255 ft)
latitude: 26.065
longitude: 38.3775
population: 54,030
comment: Chios is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the northern Aegean Sea. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is "the Mastic Island". Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th-century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Heraklion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-91
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-91
coordinate: 35°20′25″N 25°8′4″E
density: 1,263/km²
elevation: 33 m (108 ft)
latitude: 25.13444
longitude: 35.34028
population: 211,370
comment: Heraklion or Iraklion is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in Greece with a population of 211,370 according to the 2011 census. The population of the municipality was 173,993.

Lasithi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-92
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-92
coordinate: 35°05′N 25°50′E
density: 41/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 25.833
longitude: 35.083
population: 75,381
comment: Lasithi is the easternmost regional unit on the island of Crete, to the east of Heraklion. Its capital is Agios Nikolaos, the other major towns being Ierapetra, Sitia and Neapoli. The mountains include the Dikti in the west and the Thrypti in the east. The Sea of Crete lies to the north and the Libyan Sea to the south.

Rethymno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-93
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-93
coordinate: 35°15′N 24°35′E
density: 57/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 24.583
longitude: 35.25
population: 85,609
comment: Rethymno is one of the four regional units of Crete, Greece. Its capital is the city of Rethymno. Today its main income is tourism. The countryside is also based economically on agriculture and herding.

Chania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-94
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-94
coordinate: 35°25′N 23°55′E
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 23.917
longitude: 35.417
population: 156,585
comment: Chania is one of the four regional units of Crete; it covers the westernmost quarter of the island. Its capital is the city of Chania. Chania borders only one other regional unit: that of Rethymno to the east. The western part of Crete is bounded to the north by the Cretan Sea, and to the west and south by the Mediterranean Sea. The regional unit also includes the southernmost island of Europe, Gavdos.

Attica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Greece
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GR-A1
area: ISO 3166-2:GR-A1
coordinate: 38°05′0″N 23°30′0″E
density: 1,009/km²
latitude: 23.5
longitude: 38.08333
population: 3,841,408 (2005)
comment: Attica, or the Attic peninsula, is an historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and its countryside. It is a peninsula projecting into the Aegean Sea, bordering on Boeotia to the north and Megaris to the west. The southern tip of the peninsula, known as Laurion, was an important mining region.

Alta Verapaz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-AV
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-AV
coordinate: 15°30′N 90°20′W
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
elevation: 2,800 m (9,200 ft)
latitude: -90.333
longitude: 15.5
population: 1,215,038
comment: Alta Verapaz is a department in the north central part of Guatemala. The capital and chief city of the department is Cobán. Verapaz is bordered to the north by El Petén, to the east by Izabal, to the south by Zacapa, El Progreso, and Baja Verapaz, and to the west by El Quiché.

Baja Verapaz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-BV
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-BV
coordinate: 15°06′05″N 90°19′07″W
density: 96/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: -90.31861
longitude: 15.10139
population: 299,476
comment: Baja Verapaz is a department in Guatemala. The capital is Salamá.

Chimaltenango
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-CM
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-CM
coordinate: 14°33′48″N 90°58′55″W
density: 310/km2 (810/sq mi)
latitude: -90.98206
longitude: 14.563316
population: 615,776
comment: Located to the east are Guatemala Department, home to Guatemala City, and Sacatepéquez Department, while also bordered by Quiché Department and Baja Verapaz Department to the north, Escuintla Department and Suchitepéquez Department to the south, and Sololá Department to the west. The capital of Chimaltenango is located about 54 kilometers away from Guatemala City.

Chiquimula
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-CQ
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-CQ
coordinate: 14°47′58″N 89°32′37″W
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
elevation: 424 m (1,391 ft)
latitude: -89.54361
longitude: 14.79944
population: 415,063
comment: Chiquimula is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala, in Central America. The departmental capital is also called Chiquimula. The department was established by decree in 1871, and forms a part of the northeastern region of Guatemala. Physically, it is mountainous, with a climate that varies between tropical and temperate, depending on the location.

Escuintla
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-ES
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-ES
coordinate: 14°17′52″N 90°47′13″W
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: -90.78694
longitude: 14.29778
population: 733,181
comment: Escuintla is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. The capital of the department is the city of Escuintla. Escuintla covers an area of 4,384 km² and is situated in the coastal lowland region, directly south of Guatemala City, and bordered by the Pacific Ocean. Escuintla produces about 43 percent of gross domestic product of Guatemala.

Guatemala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-GU
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-GU
coordinate: 14°38′29″N 90°30′47″W
density: 1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
latitude: -90.51306
longitude: 14.64139
population: 3,015,081
comment: Guatemala is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. The capital is Guatemala City, which also serves as the national capital. The department consists of Guatemala City and several of its suburbs.

Huehuetenango
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-HU
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-HU
coordinate: 15°18′51″N 91°28′33″W
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
elevation: 3,352 m (10,997 ft)
latitude: -91.47583
longitude: 15.31417
population: 1,170,669
comment: Huehuetenango is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. It is situated in the western highlands and shares borders with the Mexican state of Chiapas in the north and west; with El Quiché in the east, with Totonicapán, Quetzaltenango and San Marcos to the south. The capital is the city of Huehuetenango.

Izabal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-IZ
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-IZ
coordinate: 15°44′0″N 88°36′0″W
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: -88.6
longitude: 15.73333
population: 408,688
comment: Izabal is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its coastal areas form part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.

Jalapa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-JA
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-JA
coordinate: 14°38′02″N 89°58′52″W
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: -89.98111
longitude: 14.63389
population: 342,923
comment: Jalapa is a department of Guatemala, in the south east-of the republic. The capital is the city of Jalapa.

Jutiapa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-JU
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-JU
coordinate: 14°16′58″N 89°53′33″W
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: -89.8925
longitude: 14.28278
population: 488,395
comment: Jutiapa Department is a department of Guatemala that borders along El Salvador and the Pacific Ocean. The capital is the city of Jutiapa. As of 2018, it has a population of 488,395. The department is divided into seventeen municipalities. Jutiapa is the country's southeasternmost department. The main crops are sorghum, tobacco, onion and corn. The climate is dry. An important attraction is the cattle fair. It is at 405 m above sea level.

El Peten
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-PE
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-PE
coordinate: 16°54′N 89°54′W
latitude: -89.9
longitude: 16.9
population: 545,600
comment: Petén is a department of Guatemala. It is geographically the northernmost department of Guatemala, as well as the largest by area — at 35,854 km2 it accounts for about one third of Guatemala's area. The capital is Flores. The population at the 2018 census was 545,600.
alternative label: El Petén

El Progreso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-PR
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-PR
coordinate: 14°51′14″N 90°04′07″W
density: 92/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -90.06861
longitude: 14.85389
population: 176,632
comment: El Progreso is a department in Guatemala. The departmental capital is Guastatoya. The Spanish established themselves in the region by 1551, after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. El Progreso was declared a department in 1908, but was dissolved in 1920 before being reestablished in 1934. Guastatoya was badly affected by the 1976 Guatemala earthquake.

El Quiche
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-QC
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-QC
coordinate: 15°1′48″N 91°9′0″W
elevation: 3,200 m (10,500 ft)
latitude: -91.15
longitude: 15.03
population: 949,261
comment: Quiché is a department of Guatemala. It is in the heartland of the K'iche' people, to the north-west of Guatemala City. The capital is Santa Cruz del Quiché. The word K'iche comes from the language of the same name, which means "many trees".
alternative label: El Quiché

Quetzaltenango
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-QZ
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-QZ
coordinate: 14°50′45″N 91°31′08″W
density: 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
elevation: 2,333 m (7,654 ft)
latitude: -91.51889
longitude: 14.84583
population: 799,101
comment: Quetzaltenango is a department in the western highlands of Guatemala. The capital is the city of Quetzaltenango, the second largest city in Guatemala. The department is divided up into 24 municipalities. The inhabitants include Spanish-speaking Ladinos and the K'iche' and Mam Maya groups, both with their own Maya language. The department consists of mountainous terrain, with its principal river being the Samalá River. the department is seismically active, suffering from both earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Retalhuleu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-RE
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-RE
coordinate: 14°32′07″N 91°40′42″W
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: -91.6783
longitude: 14.5353
population: 326,828
comment: Retalhuleu is a department located in the south-west of Guatemala, extending from the mountains to the Pacific Ocean coast. It has an area of 1856 km². In 2018 the population of the Department of Retalhuleu was 326,828. The capital is the city of Retalhuleu.

Sacatepequez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-SA
coordinate: 14°33′24″N 90°44′02″W
density: 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: -90.73389
longitude: 14.556666
population: 330,469
comment: Sacatepéquez is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. The name comes from Sacatepéquez, a city from November 21, 1542 until July 29, 1773 when it was destroyed by the 1773 Guatemalan Earthquake . Sacatepéquez means grasshill in the Nahuatl language. The capital of Sacatepéquez is Antigua Guatemala which is home to an extensive textile marketplace. Other important cities include Ciudad Vieja and San Lucas Sacatepéquez, which also hosts a marketplace and is a culinary attraction. The Chajoma were a group of indigenous people who were Kaqchikel speaking Indians identified Mixco Viejo as their capital, and spread throughout the Sacatepequez Department until their capital was moved to Ciudad Vieja, in Antigua.
alternative label: Sacatepéquez

San Marcos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-SM
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-SM
coordinate: 14°57′40″N 91°47′44″W
latitude: -91.79556
longitude: 14.96111
population: 1,032,277
comment: San Marcos is a department in northwestern Guatemala, on the Pacific Ocean and along the western Guatemala-Mexico border.

Solola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-SO
coordinate: 14°46′N 91°11′W
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: -91.183
longitude: 14.767
population: 421,583
comment: Sololá is a department in the west of Guatemala. The capital is the city of Sololá. Lake Atitlan is a key feature surrounded by a number of the municipalities.
alternative label: Sololá

Santa Rosa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-SR
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-SR
coordinate: 14°16′42″N 90°18′00″W
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
elevation: 1,330 m (4,360 ft)
latitude: -90.3
longitude: 14.27833
population: 396,607
comment: Santa Rosa is a department in Guatemala. The capital is Cuilapa.

Suchitepequez
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-SU
coordinate: 14°32′02″N 91°30′11″W
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: -91.503
longitude: 14.534
population: 554,695
comment: Suchitepéquez is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its capital is Mazatenango. It is situated in the southwestern region of Guatemala, bordering Quetzaltenango, Sololá, and Chimaltenango to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south, Escuintla to the east, and Retalhuleu to the west.
alternative label: Suchitepéquez

Totonicapan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-TO
coordinate: 14°54′45″N 91°21′36″W
density: 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: -91.36
longitude: 14.9125
population: 418,569
comment: Historical chronicler Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán, described the municipalities of Totonicapán in his 1689 “Recordación Florida.” This record confirms the area's pre-Columbian origins.
alternative label: Totonicapán

Zacapa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guatemala
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GT-ZA
area: ISO 3166-2:GT-ZA
coordinate: 14°58′21″N 89°31′42″W
density: 91/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -89.52833
longitude: 14.9725
population: 245,374
comment: Zacapa is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. It lies in eastern Guatemala with its capital in the city of Zacapa, approximately 112 kilometers from Guatemala City.

Agana Heights
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°28′06″N 144°44′45″E
latitude: 144.74583
longitude: 13.46833
population: 3,808
comment: Agana Heights is one of the nineteen villages in the United States territory of Guam. It is located in the hills south of Hagåtña, in the central part of the island. United States Naval Hospital Guam is located in this largely residential village.

Agat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°22′53″N 144°39′17″E
latitude: 144.65472
longitude: 13.38139
population: 4,917
comment: Agat is a village in the United States territory of Guam. It is located south of Apra Harbor on the island's western shore. The village's population has decreased since the island's 2000 census.

Asan Maina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°28′17″N 144°42′50″E
latitude: 144.71388
longitude: 13.47139
population: 2,137
comment: Asan-Maina is a village located on the western shore of the United States territory of Guam. The municipality combines the names of the coastal community of Asan with Maina, a community along the slopes of the Fonte River valley to the east. Asan was the northern landing site for United States Marines during Guam's liberation from the Japanese during World War II. Asan Beach Park is part of the War in the Pacific National Historic Park. The third community comprising Asan-Maina is Nimitz Hill Annex in the hills above Asan and Maina, which is the location of the Joint Region Marianas headquarters. Asan-Maina is located in the Luchan District.

Barrigada
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°28′06″N 144°47′56″E
latitude: 144.79889
longitude: 13.46833
population: 8,875
comment: Barrigada is a village in the United States territory of Guam. A largely residential municipality, its main village is located south of the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport near the intersections of Routes 8, 10, and 16. The community east of the airport known as Barrigada Heights is considered an affluent neighborhood on the island, where homes have excellent views overlooking much of Guam including the island's airport and hotels along Tumon Bay. Another significant location is Mount Barrigada, nearly 200 meters above sea level. Its location in the center of the island means it houses most of the island's radio masts and towers; the position and height make it easier for radio signals to reach the entire island.

Chalan Pago Ordot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°26′26″N 144°46′17″E
latitude: 144.7714
longitude: 13.44056
population: 6,822
comment: Chalan Pago-Ordot is a village in the United States territory of Guam, containing the communities of Chalan Pago and Ordot. It is located in the eastern-central part of the island and is part of the Kattan District. The village's population has increased slightly following the island's 2000 census.

Dededo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°30′34.17″N 144°50′11.50″E
density: 578.4/km2 (1,498.1/sq mi)
latitude: 144.83653
longitude: 13.509492
population: 44,943
comment: Dededo is the most populated village in the United States territory of Guam. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Dededo's population was just under 45,000 in 2010. The village is located on the coral plateau of Northern Guam. The greater Dededo-Machanao-Apotgan Urban Cluster had a population of 139,825 as of the 2010 census, making up 87.7% of Guam's population and 29.8% of its area.

Hagatna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°28′45″N 144°45′00″E
latitude: 144.75
longitude: 13.47917
population: 1,051
comment: Hagåtña is the capital village of the United States territory of Guam. From the 18th through mid-20th century, it was Guam's population center, but today it is the second smallest of the island's 19 villages in both area and population. However, it remains one of the island's major commercial districts in addition to being the seat of government.

Inalahan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°16′32″N 144°44′36″E
latitude: 144.74333
longitude: 13.27556
population: 2,273
comment: Inalåhan is a village located on the southeastern coast of the United States territory of Guam. The village's original Chamoru name, Inalåhan, was altered when transliterated during Spanish control of the island.

Mangilao
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°26′56″N 144°48′01″E
latitude: 144.80028
longitude: 13.44889
population: 15,191
comment: Mangilao is a village on the eastern shore of the United States territory of Guam. The village's population has increased slightly following the island's 2000 census.

Merizo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°15′48″N 144°40′11″E
latitude: 144.66972
longitude: 13.26333
population: 1,850
comment: Merizo, is the southernmost village in the United States territory of Guam. Cocos Island is a part of the municipality. The village's population has decreased since the island's 2000 census.

Mongmong Toto Maite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°28′19″N 144°46′13″E
latitude: 144.77028
longitude: 13.47194
population: 6,825
comment: Mongmong-Toto-Maite is a municipality in the United States territory of Guam composed of three separate villages east of Hagåtña that experienced development after the Second World War.

Piti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°27′39″N 144°41′27″E
latitude: 144.69083
longitude: 13.46083
population: 1,454
comment: Piti is a village located on the central west coast of the United States territory of Guam. It contains northern and eastern coastlines of Apra Harbor, including Cabras Island, which has the commercial Port of Guam and the island's largest power plants. Piti was a pre-Spanish CHamoru village and, after Spanish colonization, became the primary port town on Guam. The town was largely destroyed during the 1944 liberation of Guam and the population relocated during the wartime construction of Apra Harbor.

Santa Rita
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°23′10″N 144°40′08″E
latitude: 144.66888
longitude: 13.38611
population: 6,084
comment: Santa Rita is a village located on the southwest coast of the United States territory of Guam with hills overlooking Apra Harbor. According to the 2000 census it has a population of 7,500, down from 11,857 in 1990. Santa Rita is the newest village in Guam, having been established after the Second World War.

Sinajana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°27′38″N 144°45′07″E
latitude: 144.75194
longitude: 13.46056
population: 2,592
comment: Sinajana is the smallest of the nineteen villages in the United States territory of Guam by area. It is located in the hills south of Hagåtña . The village's name may have come from the word "china-jan," cookware used to cook wild yams that once grew in the area.

Talofofo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°21′06″N 144°45′11″E
latitude: 144.75307
longitude: 13.35167
population: 3,050
comment: Talofofo is a village located in the southern part of the United States territory of Guam, on the east coast. The village center is located in the hills above the coast, while the smaller coastal community below the cliff is known as Ipan.

Tamuning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°29′02″N 144°46′36″E
latitude: 144.77667
longitude: 13.48389
population: 19,685
comment: Tamuning, also known as Tamuning-Tumon-Harmon is a village located on the western shore of the United States territory of Guam. The village of Tamuning is the economic center of Guam, containing tourist center Tumon, Harmon Industrial Park, and other commercial districts. Its central location along Marine Corps Drive, the island's main thoroughfare, has aided in its development.

Umatac
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°17′53″N 144°39′32″E
latitude: 144.65889
longitude: 13.29806
population: 782
comment: Umatac, formerly called Umata, is a village on the southwestern coast of the United States territory of Guam. The month of March in the Chamorro language is "Umatalaf," or "to catch guatafi," which is believed to be the root word of Umatac. The village's population has decreased since the island's 2000 census, and it is by far the least populated village on the island.

Yigo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°32′04″N 144°53′08″E
elevation: 1,232,133 ft (375,554 m)
latitude: 144.88556
longitude: 13.53444
population: 20,539
comment: Yigo, Guam is the northernmost village of the United States territory of Guam, and is the location of Andersen Air Force Base. The municipality of Yigo is the largest village on the island in terms of area. It contains a number of populated places, including Asatdas and Agafo Gumas.

Yona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guam
coordinate: 13°24′35″N 144°46′24″E
latitude: 144.77333
longitude: 13.40972
population: 6,480
comment: Yona was historically a farming community but today is mostly residential. During World War II, the Japanese forced the indigenous Chamorros to march from camps in northern Guam to prison camps in Yona shortly before the Americans liberated the island. Japanese tanks in the area near the Segua River serve as reminders of the war.

Bafata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-BS
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-BS
coordinate: 11°51′N 15°34′W
density: 5,009/km2 (12,974/sq mi)
elevation: 0 m (0 ft)
latitude: -15.567
longitude: 11.85
population: 492,004
comment: Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. In 2015, Bissau had a population of 492,004. Bissau is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, and is Guinea-Bissau's largest city, major port, and its administrative and military centre.

Biombo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-BA
coordinate: 12°10′N 14°45′W
density: 38/km2 (98/sq mi)
latitude: -14.75
longitude: 12.167
population: 225,516
comment: Bafatá is a region in north-central Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Bafatá. It is an inland region covered with Savannah or light Savannah woodland and receives an annual rainfall of more than 2,000 mm .

Bissau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-BM
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-BM
coordinate: 11°50′N 15°45′W
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -15.75
longitude: 11.833
population: 97,120
comment: Biombo is a region in western Guinea-Bissau, with an area of 840 km2 and its capital is Quinhámel. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99, and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest, tangled forest, and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm .

Bolama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-BL
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-BL
coordinate: 11°20′N 16°5′W
density: 13/km2 (34/sq mi)
latitude: -16.083
longitude: 11.333
population: 34,563
comment: Bolama is an administrative region in Guinea-Bissau, consisting primarily of the Bijagós Archipelago of the country's southern coast, together with a small coastal strip centred on the coastal town of São João. It has an area of 2,624 km2. Its capital is Bolama, on the island of the same name. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm .

Cacheu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-CA
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-CA
coordinate: 12°10′N 16°0′W
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
latitude: -16.0
longitude: 12.167
population: 192,508
comment: Cacheu is a region in western Guinea-Bissau, on the border with Senegal. It has an area of 5,175 km2 and a population estimated in 2004 at 164,676. Its capital is Cacheu. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm (39 in)

Gabu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-GA
coordinate: 12°10′N 14°10′W
density: 24/km2 (61/sq mi)
latitude: -14.167
longitude: 12.167
population: 215,530
comment: Gabú Region is the easternmost region in Guinea-Bissau. Its capital is Gabú. The region borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the east and south and the Guinea-Bissau regions of Tombali and Bafatá to the west. It covers an area of 9,150 km2, making it the largest of Guinea-Bissau's administrative regions. It is an inland region covered with Savannah or light Savannah woodland and receives an annual rainfall of more than 2,000 mm .

Oio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-OI
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-OI
coordinate: 12°15′N 15°15′W
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: -15.25
longitude: 12.25
population: 224,644
comment: Oio is a region in Guinea-Bissau. Its capital is Farim. Other major cities and towns include Nhacra, Mansôa, Bissorã and Cumeré. The region borders Senegal to the north, the Guinea-Bissau regions of Bafatá, Bissau and Biombo to the east, the Rio Geba/Guinea-Bissau region of Quinara to the south and the Guinea-Bissau region of Cacheu to the west. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm, while the inland has Savannah woodlands.

Quinara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-QU
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-QU
coordinate: 11°40′N 15°10′W
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
latitude: -15.167
longitude: 11.667
population: 63,610
comment: Quinara is a region in central Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Fulacunda. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm .

Tombali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guinea-Bissau
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GW-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:GW-TO
coordinate: 11°15′N 15°0′W
density: 25/km2 (66/sq mi)
latitude: -15.0
longitude: 11.25
population: 94,939
comment: Tombali is one of the eight regions in southern Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Catió. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm (39 in)

Barima-Waini
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-BA
coordinate: 7°40′01″N 59°45′00″W
density: 1.3/km2 (3.4/sq mi)
latitude: -59.75
longitude: 7.667
population: 26,941
comment: Barima-Waini is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.

Cuyuni-Mazaruni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-CU
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-CU
coordinate: 6°27′34″N 60°12′40″W
density: 0.43/km2 (1.1/sq mi)
latitude: -60.211075
longitude: 6.459522
population: 20,280
comment: Cuyuni-Mazaruni is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.

Demerara-Mahaica
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-DE
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-DE
coordinate: 6°45′N 57°59′W
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: -57.983
longitude: 6.75
population: 313,429
comment: Demerara-Mahaica is a region of Guyana, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of Mahaica-Berbice to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara to the west.

East Berbice-Corentyne
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-EB
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-EB
coordinate: 4°06′29″N 58°11′00″W
density: 3.0/km2 (7.8/sq mi)
latitude: -58.18337
longitude: 4.107943
population: 109,431
comment: East Berbice-Corentyne is one of ten regions in Guyana covering the whole of the east of the country. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Suriname to the east, Brazil to the south and the regions of Mahaica-Berbice, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Potaro-Siparuni and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo to the west.

Essequibo Islands-West Demerara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-ES
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-ES
coordinate: 6°42′54″N 58°32′56″W
density: 29/km2 (74/sq mi)
latitude: -58.54902
longitude: 6.715056
population: 107,416
comment: Essequibo Islands-West Demerara is a region of Guyana. It is claimed with additional territories by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba.

Mahaica-Berbice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-MA
coordinate: 6°13′46″N 57°53′13″W
density: 12/km2 (31/sq mi)
latitude: -57.886845
longitude: 6.229522
population: 49,723
comment: Mahaica-Berbice is a region of Guyana, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Demerara-Mahaica to the west.

Pomeroon-Supenaam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-PM
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-PM
coordinate: 7°12′N 58°48′W
density: 7.6/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: -58.8
longitude: 7.2
population: 46,810
comment: Pomeroon-Supenaam is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.

Potaro-Siparuni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-PT
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-PT
coordinate: 4°46′11″N 59°15′55″W
density: 0.51/km2 (1.3/sq mi)
latitude: -59.265392
longitude: 4.769702
population: 10,190
comment: Potaro-Siparuni is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.

Upper Demerara-Berbice
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-UD
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-UD
coordinate: 5°16′09″N 58°16′01″W
density: 2.3/km2 (6.0/sq mi)
latitude: -58.267075
longitude: 5.269126
population: 39,452
comment: Upper Demerara-Berbice is a region of Guyana, bordering the regions of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Demerara-Mahaica and Mahaica-Berbice to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, and the regions of Potaro-Siparuni and Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the west.

Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Guyana
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:GY-UT
area: ISO 3166-2:GY-UT
coordinate: 2°54′04″N 58°56′07″W
density: 0.42/km2 (1.1/sq mi)
latitude: -58.93517
longitude: 2.900996
population: 24,212
comment: Upper Takutu-Upper Esequibo is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Esequiban Guyana.

Atlantida
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-AT
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-AT
coordinate: 15°38′36″N 87°07′54″W
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -87.13167
longitude: 15.64333
population: 449,822
comment: Atlántida is a department located on the north Caribbean shore of Honduras, Central America. The capital is the port city of La Ceiba.
alternative label: Atlántida

Choluteca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-CH
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-CH
coordinate: 13°19′N 87°13′W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -87.217
longitude: 13.317
population: 447,852
comment: Choluteca is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is city of Choluteca. The Choluteca River runs through the department.

Colon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-CL
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-CL
coordinate: 15°55′N 86°0′W
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -86.0
longitude: 15.917
population: 319,786
comment: Colón is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. It was created in 1881. The departmental capital is Trujillo, and the other main city is Tocoa. Trujillo was the site of the first Catholic Mass on the American mainland, held when Christopher Columbus reached the Honduran shore in 1502.
alternative label: Colón

Comayagua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-CM
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-CM
coordinate: 14°27′N 87°38′W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -87.633
longitude: 14.45
population: 511,943
comment: Comayagua is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Comayagua.

Copan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-CP
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-CP
coordinate: 14°46′N 88°47′W
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: -88.783
longitude: 14.767
population: 382,722
comment: Copán is one of the departments in the western part of Honduras. The departmental capital is the town of Santa Rosa de Copán. The department is well known for its tobacco and fine cigars.
alternative label: Copán

Cortes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-CR
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-CR
coordinate: 15°30′10″N 88°0′49″W
density: 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
elevation: 2,242 m (7,356 ft)
latitude: -88.01361
longitude: 15.50278
population: 1,621,762
comment: Cortés is one of the 18 departments of Honduras. The department covers an area of 3,954 km² and, in 2015, had an estimated population of 1,612,762, making it the most populous in Honduras. The Merendón Mountains rise in western Cortés, but the department is mostly a tropical lowland, the Sula Valley, crossed by the Ulúa and Chamelecon rivers.
alternative label: Cortés

El Paraiso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-EP
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-EP
coordinate: 13°56′N 86°51′W
latitude: -86.85
longitude: 13.933
population: 502,944
comment: El Paraíso is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided.
alternative label: El Paraíso

Francisco Morazan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-FM
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-FM
coordinate: 14°6′N 87°13′W
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
latitude: -87.217
longitude: 14.1
population: 1,553,379
comment: Francisco Morazán, FMO is one of the departments of Honduras.
alternative label: Francisco Morazán

Gracias a Dios
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-GD
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-GD
coordinate: 15°16′N 83°46′W
density: 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi)
latitude: -83.767
longitude: 15.267
population: 94,450
comment: Gracias a Dios is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Puerto Lempira; until 1975 it was Brus Laguna.

Islas de la Bahia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-IB
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-IB
coordinate: 16°17′27″N 86°24′39″W
density: 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: -86.41083
longitude: 16.29083
population: 110,000
comment: The Bay Islands is a group of islands off the coast of Honduras. Collectively, the islands form one of the 18 Departments of Honduras. The departmental capital is Coxen Hole, on the island of Roatán.
alternative label: Islas de la Bahía

Intibuca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-IN
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-IN
coordinate: 14°19′N 88°09′W
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -88.15
longitude: 14.317
population: 241,568
comment: Intibucá is one of the 18 departments in the Republic of Honduras. Intibucá covers a total surface area of 1,186.1 square miles . Its capital is the city of La Esperanza, in the municipality of La Esperanza.
alternative label: Intibucá

Lempira
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-LE
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-LE
coordinate: 14°35′N 88°35′W
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -88.583
longitude: 14.583
population: 333,125
comment: Lempira is one of the 18 departments in Honduras. located in the western part of the country, it is bordered by the departments of Ocotepeque and Copán to the west, Intibucá to the east, and Santa Bárbara to the north. To its south lies the El Salvador–Honduras border. The departmental capital is Gracias.

La Paz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-LP
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-LP
coordinate: 14°20′N 87°41′W
density: 81/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: -87.683
longitude: 14.333
population: 206,065
comment: La Paz is one of the 18 political and geographic departments of Honduras. The departmental capital is the city of La Paz.

Ocotepeque
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-OC
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-OC
coordinate: 14°26′N 89°11′W
density: 93/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: -89.183
longitude: 14.433
population: 151,516
comment: Ocotepeque is one of the 18 departments of Honduras, Central America, located in the West and bordering both El Salvador and Guatemala. It was formed in 1906 from part of Copán department. The capital and main city is Nueva Ocotepeque.

Olancho
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-OL
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-OL
coordinate: 14°36′N 86°12′W
density: 22/km2 (58/sq mi)
latitude: -86.2
longitude: 14.6
population: 537,306
comment: Olancho is the largest of all the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The department covers a total surface area of 24,057 km² and has an estimated 2015 population of 537,306 inhabitants.

Santa Barbara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-SB
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-SB
coordinate: 14°55′N 88°14′W
density: 87/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -88.233
longitude: 14.917
population: 434,896
comment: Santa Bárbara is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Santa Bárbara.
alternative label: Santa Bárbara

Valle
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-VA
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-VA
coordinate: 13°32′N 87°29′W
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: -87.483
longitude: 13.533
population: 178,561
comment: The departmental capital is Nacaome. The department faces the Gulf of Fonseca and contains mangrove swamps; inland, it is very hot and dry.

Yoro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Honduras
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HN-YO
area: ISO 3166-2:HN-YO
coordinate: 15°08′N 87°06′W
density: 75/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: -87.1
longitude: 15.133
population: 587,375
comment: Yoro is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The department contains rich agricultural lands, concentrated mainly on the valley of the Aguan River and the Sula Valley, on opposite ends. The departmental capital is Yoro. The department covers a total surface area of 7,939 km² and, in 2005, had an estimated population of 503,886 people. It is famous for the Lluvia de Peces, a tradition by which fish fall from the sky during very heavy rains.

Zagreb
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-01
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-01
coordinate: 45°44′56″N 15°34′16″E
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 15.571
longitude: 45.749
population: 317,606
comment: Zagreb County is a county in central Croatia. It surrounds – but does not contain – the nation's capital Zagreb, which is a separate territorial unit. For that reason, the county is often nicknamed "Zagreb ring" . According to the 2011 census, the county has 317,606 inhabitants, most of which live in smaller urban satellite towns.

Krapina-Zagorje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-02
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-02
coordinate: 46°07′30″N 15°48′25″E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 15.807
longitude: 46.125
population: 132,892
comment: Krapina-Zagorje County is a county in northern Croatia, bordering Slovenia. It encompasses most of the historic region called Hrvatsko Zagorje.

Sisak-Moslavina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-03
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-03
coordinate: 45°13′15″N 16°15′05″E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 16.25139
longitude: 45.22083
population: 172,439
comment: Sisak-Moslavina County is a Croatian county in eastern Central Croatia and southwestern Slavonia. It is named after the city of Sisak and the region Moslavina just across the river Sava. According to 2011 census it is inhabited by 172,000 people.

Karlovac
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-04
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-04
coordinate: 45°29′35″N 15°33′21″E
density: 36/km2 (92/sq mi)
latitude: 15.55583
longitude: 45.49306
population: 128,899
comment: Karlovac County is a county in central Croatia, with the administrative center in Karlovac.

VaraZdin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-05
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-05
coordinate: 46°19′16″N 16°13′52″E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 16.231
longitude: 46.321
population: 175,951
comment: Varaždin County is a county in northern Croatia. It is named after its county seat, the city of Varaždin.
alternative label: Varaždin

Koprivnica-KriZevci
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-06
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-06
coordinate: 46°10′12″N 16°54′32″E
density: 66/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 16.909
longitude: 46.17
population: 115,584
comment: Koprivnica-Križevci County is a county in northern Croatia. Its hyphenated name comes from two entities: the two of its largest cities, Koprivnica and Križevci; Koprivnica is the official capital of the county.
alternative label: Koprivnica-Križevci

Bjelovar-Bilogora
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-07
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-07
coordinate: 45°54′10″N 16°50′51″E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 16.8475
longitude: 45.90278
population: 119,764
comment: Bjelovar-Bilogora County is a county in central Croatia.

Primorje-Gorski Kotar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-08
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-08
coordinate: 45°27′14″N 14°35′38″E
density: 83/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 14.594
longitude: 45.454
population: 296,195
comment: Primorje-Gorski Kotar County is a county in western Croatia that includes the Bay of Kvarner, the surrounding Northern Croatian Littoral, and the mountainous region of Gorski kotar. Its center is Rijeka. The county's population was 296,195 at the 2011 census.

Lika-Senj
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-09
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-09
coordinate: 44°42′25″N 15°10′26″E
density: 9.5/km2 (25/sq mi)
latitude: 15.174
longitude: 44.707
population: 50,927
comment: Lika-Senj County is a county in Croatia that includes most of the Lika region and some northern coastline of the Adriatic near the town of Senj, including the northern part of the Pag island. Its center is Gospić.

Virovitica-Podravina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-10
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-10
coordinate: 45°52′23″N 17°30′18″E
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 17.505
longitude: 45.873
population: 84,836
comment: Virovitica-Podravina County is a northern Slavonian county in Croatia. Its county seat is in Virovitica and it includes the area around the Drava river, hence the name Podravina. Other notable towns are Slatina and Orahovica.

PoZega-Slavonia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-11
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-11
coordinate: 45°18′40″N 17°44′24″E
density: 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 17.74
longitude: 45.311
population: 78,034
comment: Požega-Slavonia County is a Croatian county in western Slavonia. Its capital is Požega. Its population was 78,034 as of the 2011 census.
alternative label: Požega-Slavonia

Brod-Posavina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-12
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-12
coordinate: 45°09′27″N 18°01′13″E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 18.02028
longitude: 45.1575
population: 158,575
comment: Brod-Posavina County is the southern Slavonian county in Croatia. Its center is the city of Slavonski Brod and it spreads along the left bank of the Sava river, hence the name Posavina. Other notable towns include Nova Gradiška.

Zadar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-13
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-13
coordinate: 44°01′05″N 15°53′42″E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 15.895
longitude: 44.018
population: 170,017
comment: Zadar County is a county in Croatia, it encompasses northern Dalmatia and southeastern Lika. Its center is the city of Zadar.

Osijek-Baranja
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-14
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-14
coordinate: 45°38′13″N 18°37′05″E
density: 73/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 18.618
longitude: 45.637
population: 305,032
comment: Osijek-Baranja County is a county in Croatia, located in northeastern Slavonia and Baranja. Its center is Osijek; other towns include Đakovo, Našice, Valpovo, Belišće, Beli Manastir.

Sibenik-Knin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-15
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-15
coordinate: 43°55′44″N 16°03′43″E
density: 37/km2 (95/sq mi)
latitude: 16.062
longitude: 43.929
population: 109,375
comment: Šibenik-Knin County is a county in southern Croatia, located in the north-central part of Dalmatia. The biggest city in the county is Šibenik, which also serves as county seat. Other notable towns in the county are Knin, Vodice, Drniš and Skradin.
alternative label: Šibenik-Knin

Vukovar-Srijem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-16
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-16
coordinate: 45°13′43″N 18°55′00″E
density: 73/km2 (190/sq mi)
elevation: 78−224 m (255−734 ft)
latitude: 18.91667
longitude: 45.22861
population: 180,117
comment: Vukovar-Syrmia County, Vukovar-Sirmium County or Vukovar-Srijem County is the easternmost Croatian county. It includes the eastern parts of the region of Slavonia and the western parts of the region of Syrmia, as well as the lower Sava river basin, Posavina and Danube river basin Podunavlje. Due to the overlapping definitions of geographic regions, division on Slavonia and Syrmia approximately divides the county vertically into north-west and south-east half, while division on Posavina and Podunavlje divides it horizontally on north-east and south-west half.

Split-Dalmatia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-17
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-17
coordinate: 43°10′N 16°30′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 16.5
longitude: 43.167
population: 454,798
comment: Split-Dalmatia County is a central-southern Dalmatian county in Croatia. The administrative center is Split. The population of the county is 455,242 . The land area is 4540 km2. Split-Dalmatia County is Croatia's most rapidly urbanising and developing region, as economic opportunities and living standards are among the highest alongside capital Zagreb and Istria County.

Istria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-18
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-18
coordinate: 45°14′21″N 13°56′19″E
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 13.93861
longitude: 45.23917
population: 208,055
comment: Istria County is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula, or 89%).

Dubrovnik-Neretva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-19
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-19
coordinate: 42°39′13″N 18°05′41″E
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 18.09472
longitude: 42.65361
population: 122,568
comment: The Dubrovnik-Neretva County is the southernmost Croatian county, located in south Dalmatia. The county seat is Dubrovnik and other large towns are Korčula, Metković, Opuzen and Ploče. The Municipality of Neum, which belongs to neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, divides the county in two parts.

Medimurje
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-20
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-20
coordinate: 46°27′58″N 16°24′50″E
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: 16.414
longitude: 46.466
population: 113,804
comment: Međimurje County is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia, roughly corresponding to the historical and geographical region of Međimurje. Despite being the smallest Croatian county by size, it is the most densely populated one . The county seat is Čakovec, which is also the largest city of the county.
alternative label: Međimurje

City of Zagreb
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Croatia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HR-21
area: ISO 3166-2:HR-21
coordinate: 45°49′N 15°59′E
density: 1,223.9/km²
elevation: 158 m (518 ft)
latitude: 15.983
longitude: 45.817
population: 790,017
comment: Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m above sea level. The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 804,507. The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,153,255, approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia.

Artibonite
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-AR
coordinate: 19°27′00″N 72°41′00″W
density: 350/km2 (900/sq mi)
latitude: -72.6833
longitude: 19.45
population: 1,727,524
comment: Artibonite is one of the ten departments of Haiti. With an area of 4,887 km2 it is Haiti's largest department. As of 2015, its estimated population was 1,727,524. The region is the country's main rice-growing area. The main cities are Gonaïves and Saint-Marc. In February 2004 an insurgency tried unsuccessfully to declare Artibonite's independence.

Centre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-CE
coordinate: 19°09′00″N 72°01′00″W
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
latitude: -72.0167
longitude: 19.15
population: 746,236
comment: Centre is one of the ten departments of Haiti, located in the center of the country along the border with the Dominican Republic. As of 2015, its estimated population was 746,236. Its capital is Hinche. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east and is the only landlocked department in Haiti.

GrandAnse
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-GA
coordinate: 18°40′00″N 74°07′00″W
density: 240/km2 (630/sq mi)
latitude: -74.1167
longitude: 18.6667
population: 468,301
comment: Grand'Anse is one of the ten departments of Haiti. Its capital is Jérémie.

Nippes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-NI
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-NI
coordinate: 18°27′N 73°6′W
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: -73.1
longitude: 18.45
population: 342,325
comment: Nippes is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It is the most recently created department, having been split from Grand'Anse in 2003. The capital of the department is Miragoâne.

Nord
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-ND
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-ND
coordinate: 19°46′00″N 72°12′00″W
density: 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: -72.2
longitude: 19.7667
population: 1,067,177
comment: Nord is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 2,114.91 km² and a population of 1,067,177 . Its capital is Cap-Haïtien.

Nord-Est
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-NE
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-NE
coordinate: 19°40′04″N 71°50′23″W
density: 240/km2 (630/sq mi)
latitude: -71.8397
longitude: 19.6678
population: 393,967
comment: Nord-Est is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 1,623 km², making it the smallest of all the departments. It had an estimated population of 393,967 as of 2015. Its capital is Fort-Liberté. It was a part of the Nord department.

Nord-Ouest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-NO
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-NO
coordinate: 19°57′00″N 72°50′00″W
density: 350/km2 (900/sq mi)
latitude: -72.8333
longitude: 19.95
population: 728,807
comment: Nord-Ouest is one of the ten departments of Haiti as well as the northernmost one. It has an area of 2,102.88 km² and a population of 728,807 . Its capital is Port-de-Paix.

Ouest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-OU
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-OU
coordinate: 18°40′00″N 72°20′00″W
density: 810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
latitude: -72.333
longitude: 18.667
population: 4,029,705
comment: Ouest is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It is the jurisdictional seat of the national capital, the city of Port-au-Prince. It has an area of 4,982.56 square kilometres and a population of 4,029,705 . It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

Sud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-SD
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-SD
coordinate: 18°12′N 73°45′W
density: 290/km2 (760/sq mi)
latitude: -73.75
longitude: 18.2
population: 774,976
comment: Sud is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 2,653.60 square kilometres and a population of 774,976. Its capital is Les Cayes.

Sud-Est
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Haiti
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HT-SE
area: ISO 3166-2:HT-SE
coordinate: 18°14′00″N 72°32′00″W
density: 310/km2 (810/sq mi)
latitude: -72.5333
longitude: 18.2333
population: 632,601
comment: Sud-Est is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 2,034.10 km2 and a population of 632,601 . Its capital is Jacmel.

Baranya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-BA
coordinate: 46°04′06″N 18°12′19″E
density: 81/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 18.20528
longitude: 46.06833
population: 360,704
comment: Baranya is a county in southern Hungary. It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century. Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II. It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia to the south.

Bekescsaba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-BC
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-BC
coordinate: 46°40′44″N 21°05′28″E
density: 342/km²
elevation: 89 m (292 ft)
latitude: 21.091
longitude: 46.679
population: 59,732
comment: Békéscsaba is a city in Southeast Hungary, the capital of Békés County.
alternative label: Békéscsaba

Bekes
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-BE
coordinate: 46°44′15″N 21°2′41″E
density: 69.6/km²
latitude: 21.04472
longitude: 46.7375
population: 351,148
comment: Békés is an administrative division in south-eastern Hungary, on the border with Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Csongrád, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, and Hajdú-Bihar. The capital of Békés county is Békéscsaba. The county is also part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa euroregion.
alternative label: Békés

Bacs-Kiskun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-BK
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-BK
coordinate: 46°30′N 19°25′E
density: 63/km²
latitude: 19.417
longitude: 46.5
population: 513,687
comment: Bács-Kiskun is a county located in southern Hungary. It was created as a result of World War II, merging the pre war Bács-Bodrog and the southern parts of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun counties. With an area of 8,445 km2, Bács-Kiskun is the largest county in the country. The terrain is mostly flat with slight emergences around Baja. The county seat and largest city of Bács-Kiskun is Kecskemét.
alternative label: Bács-Kiskun

Budapest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-BU
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-BU
coordinate: 47°29′33″N 19°03′05″E
density: 3,388/km2 (8,770/sq mi)
elevation: 96 m to 527 m (315 to 1,729 ft)
latitude: 19.05139
longitude: 47.4925
population: 1,752,286
comment: Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres . Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres and a population of 3,303,786, comprising 33% of the population of Hungary.

Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-BZ
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-BZ
coordinate: 48°15′N 21°00′E
density: 98/km²
latitude: 21.0
longitude: 48.25
population: 667,594
comment: Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén is an administrative county in north-eastern Hungary, on the border with Slovakia . It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Nógrád, Heves, Hajdú-Bihar and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg. The capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county is Miskolc. Of the seven statistical regions of Hungary it belongs to the region Northern Hungary.
alternative label: Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén

Csongrad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-CS
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-CS
coordinate: 46°25′N 20°15′E
density: 100/km²
latitude: 20.25
longitude: 46.417
population: 406,205
comment: Csongrád-Csanád is the name of an administrative county in southern Hungary, straddling the river Tisza, on the border with Serbia and Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Bács-Kiskun County, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County and Békés. The administrative centre of Csongrád-Csanád county is Szeged. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
alternative label: Csongrád

Debrecen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-DE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-DE
coordinate: 47°31′48″N 21°38′21″E
density: 442.09/km2 (1,145.0/sq mi)
elevation: 121 m (396.98 ft)
latitude: 21.63916
longitude: 47.52997
population: 202,402
comment: Debrecen (/ˈdɛbrətsɛn/ DEB-rət-sen, Hungarian: is Hungary's second-largest city, after Budapest, the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar County. It was the largest Hungarian city in the 18th century and it is one of the Hungarian people's most important cultural centres. Debrecen was also the capital city of Hungary during the revolution in 1848–1849. During the revolution, the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty was declared in the Reformed Great Church. The city also served as the capital of Hungary by the end of the World War II in 1944–1945. It is home of the University of Debrecen.

Dunaujvaros
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-DU
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-DU
coordinate: 46°58′50″N 18°54′46″E
density: 935/km²
elevation: 97 m (318 ft)
latitude: 18.91268
longitude: 46.98065
population: 44,640
comment: Dunaújváros is an industrial city in Fejér County, Central Hungary. Situated 43 miles south of Budapest on the Danube, the city is best known for its steelworks, which is the largest in the country. It was built in the 1950s on the site of the former village of Dunapentele and was originally given the name of Sztálinváros before acquiring its current name in 1961.
alternative label: Dunaújváros

Eger
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-EG
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-EG
coordinate: 47°53′56″N 20°22′29″E
density: 610.8/km²
elevation: 165 m (541 ft)
latitude: 20.3747
longitude: 47.89902
population: 53,876
comment: Eger is the county seat of Heves, and the second largest city in Northern Hungary . Eger is best known for its castle, thermal baths, baroque buildings, the northernmost Ottoman minaret, dishes and red wines. Its population according to the census of 2011 makes it the 19th largest centre of population in Hungary. The town is located on the Eger Stream, on the hills of the Bükk Mountains.

Fejer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-FE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-FE
coordinate: 47°10′N 18°35′E
density: 98/km²
latitude: 18.583
longitude: 47.167
population: 417,651
comment: Fejér is an administrative county in Central Hungary. It lies on the west bank of the river Danube and nearly touches the eastern shore of Lake Balaton. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Veszprém, Komárom-Esztergom, Pest, Bács-Kiskun, Tolna and Somogy. The capital of Fejér county is Székesfehérvár.
alternative label: Fejér

Gyor-Moson-Sopron
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-GS
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-GS
coordinate: 47°40′N 17°15′E
density: 103/km²
latitude: 17.25
longitude: 47.667
population: 463,201
comment: Győr-Moson-Sopron is an administrative county in north-western Hungary, on the border with Slovakia and Austria . It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Komárom-Esztergom, Veszprém and Vas. The capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county is Győr. The county is a part of the Centrope Project.
alternative label: Győr-Moson-Sopron

Gyor
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-GY
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-GY
coordinate: 47°41′03″N 17°38′04″E
density: 730.71/km²
elevation: 108 m (354 ft)
latitude: 17.6344
longitude: 47.6842
population: 129,301
comment: Győr is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and Western Transdanubia region, and—halfway between Budapest and Vienna—situated on one of the important roads of Central Europe. It is the sixth largest city in Hungary, and one of its seven main regional centres.
alternative label: Győr

Hajdu-Bihar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-HB
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-HB
coordinate: 47°25′N 21°30′E
density: 87/km²
latitude: 21.5
longitude: 47.417
population: 537,268
comment: Hajdú-Bihar is an administrative county in eastern Hungary, on the border with Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok and Békés. The capital of Hajdú-Bihar county is Debrecen. Together with Bihor County in Romania it constitutes the Biharia Euroregion.
alternative label: Hajdú-Bihar

Heves
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-HE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-HE
coordinate: 47°50′N 20°15′E
density: 87,1/km²
latitude: 20.25
longitude: 47.833
population: 301,296
comment: Heves lies in northern Hungary. It lies between the right bank of the river Tisza and the Mátra and Bükk mountains. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Pest, Nógrád, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok. Eger is the county seat.

Hodmezovasarhely
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-HV
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-HV
coordinate: 46°25′49″N 20°19′08″E
density: 97.87/km2 (253.5/sq mi)
latitude: 20.31881
longitude: 46.43039
population: 44,009
comment: Hódmezővásárhely is a city in south-east Hungary, on the Great Hungarian Plain, at the meeting point of the Békés-Csanádi Ridge and the clay grassland surrounding the river Tisza.
alternative label: Hódmezővásárhely

Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-JN
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-JN
coordinate: 47°15′N 20°30′E
density: 72/km²
latitude: 20.5
longitude: 47.25
population: 379,897
comment: Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok is the name of an administrative county in Hungary. It lies in central Hungary and shares borders with the Hungarian counties Pest, Heves, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hajdú-Bihar, Békés, Csongrád, and Bács-Kiskun. The rivers Tisza and Körös flow through the county. The capital of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county is Szolnok. Its area is 5582 km². The county is named after the Ossetians and Cumans who settled there, along with Szolnok. The county was part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion between 1997 and 2004.
alternative label: Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok

Komarom-Esztergom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-KE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-KE
coordinate: 47°35′N 18°20′E
density: 142/km²
latitude: 18.333
longitude: 47.583
population: 299,110
comment: Komárom-Esztergom is an administrative Hungarian county in Central Transdanubia Region; its shares its northern border the Danube with Slovakia. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties of Győr-Moson-Sopron, Veszprém, Fejér and Pest and the Slovakian Nitra Region . Its county seat is Tatabánya.
alternative label: Komárom-Esztergom

Kecskemet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-KM
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-KM
coordinate: 46°54′27″N 19°41′30″E
density: 336.96/km²
elevation: 105 m (344 ft)
latitude: 19.69175
longitude: 46.90745
population: 110,813
comment: Kecskemét is a city in the central part of Hungary. It is the eighth-largest city in the country, and the county seat of Bács-Kiskun.
alternative label: Kecskemét

Kaposvar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-KV
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-KV
coordinate: 46°21′50″N 17°46′56″E
density: 565.89/km2 (1,465.6/sq mi)
elevation: 153 m (502 ft)
latitude: 17.78225
longitude: 46.36383
population: 64,280
comment: Kaposvár is a city in the southwestern part of Hungary, south from the Lake Balaton. It is one of the leading cities of Transdanubia and it is the capital of Somogy County as well as the seat of Kaposvár District and of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaposvár.
alternative label: Kaposvár

Miskolc
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-MI
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-MI
coordinate: 48°06′15″N 20°47′30″E
density: 664.09/km2 (1,720.0/sq mi)
elevation: 131 m (430 ft)
latitude: 20.79167
longitude: 48.10417
population: 154 521
comment: Miskolc is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary . It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary.

Nagykanizsa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-NK
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-NK
coordinate: 46°27′18″N 16°59′33″E
density: 320/km2 (830/sq mi)
latitude: 16.9925
longitude: 46.455
population: 47,349
comment: Nagykanizsa is a medium-sized city in Zala County in southwestern Hungary.

Pest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-NO
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-NO
coordinate: 48°00′N 19°34′E
density: 83/km²
latitude: 19.57
longitude: 48.0
population: 195,923
comment: Pest is a county in central Hungary. It covers an area of 6,393.14 square kilometres, and has a population of 1,213,090 . It surrounds the national capital Budapest and the majority of the county's population live in the suburbs of Budapest. It shares borders with Slovakia and the Hungarian counties Nógrád, Heves, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Bács-Kiskun, Fejér, and Komárom-Esztergom. The River Danube flows through the county. The capital of Pest County is Budapest, but it is planned to completely separate the capital from the county at least until 2020, as it loses catch-up aids from the European Union because of the high development of Budapest.

Nyiregyhaza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-NY
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-NY
coordinate: 47°57′11″N 21°43′38″E
density: 425.92/km2 (1,103.1/sq mi)
elevation: 116 m (381 ft)
latitude: 21.72713
longitude: 47.95306
population: 117,689
comment: Nyíregyháza is a city in northeastern Hungary and the county capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg. With a population of 118,001, it is the seventh-largest city in Hungary and the largest in Northern Hungary and the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain . Its development has been ongoing since the 18th century, making it the economic and cultural center of the region. Nyíregyháza Zoo, with over 500 species, is recognized throughout Europe.
alternative label: Nyíregyháza

Pest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-PE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-PE
coordinate: 47°25′N 19°20′E
density: 191.8/km2 (497/sq mi)
latitude: 19.333
longitude: 47.417
population: 1,226,115
comment: Pest is a county in central Hungary. It covers an area of 6,393.14 square kilometres, and has a population of 1,213,090 . It surrounds the national capital Budapest and the majority of the county's population live in the suburbs of Budapest. It shares borders with Slovakia and the Hungarian counties Nógrád, Heves, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Bács-Kiskun, Fejér, and Komárom-Esztergom. The River Danube flows through the county. The capital of Pest County is Budapest, but it is planned to completely separate the capital from the county at least until 2020, as it loses catch-up aids from the European Union because of the high development of Budapest.

Pecs
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-PS
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-PS
coordinate: 46°04′17″N 18°13′59″E
density: 963.43/km2 (2,495.3/sq mi)
elevation: 153 m (502 ft)
latitude: 18.23311
longitude: 46.07125
population: 145,347
comment: Pécs is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia. It is the administrative and economic centre of Baranya County. Pécs is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs.
alternative label: Pécs

Szeged
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SD
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SD
coordinate: 46°15′18″N 20°08′42″E
density: 612.28/km2 (1,585.8/sq mi)
elevation: 76 m (249.34 ft)
latitude: 20.145
longitude: 46.255
population: 160,766
comment: Szeged is the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county. The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary.

Szekesfehervar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SF
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SF
coordinate: 47°11′20″N 18°24′50″E
density: 571.23/km2 (1,479.5/sq mi)
elevation: 118 m (387 ft)
latitude: 18.41384
longitude: 47.18877
population: 97,617
comment: Székesfehérvár, known colloquially as Fehérvár, is a city in central Hungary, and the country's ninth-largest city. It is the regional capital of Central Transdanubia, and the centre of Fejér county and Székesfehérvár District. The area is an important rail and road junction between Lake Balaton and Lake Velence.
alternative label: Székesfehérvár

Szombathely
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SH
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SH
coordinate: 47°14′06″N 16°37′19″E
density: 800.09/km2 (2,072.2/sq mi)
elevation: 209 m (686 ft)
latitude: 16.62191
longitude: 47.23512
population: 78,025
comment: Szombathely is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative centre of Vas county in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria. Szombathely lies by the streams Perint and Gyöngyös, where the Alpokalja mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain. The oldest city in Hungary, it is known as the birthplace of Saint Martin of Tours.

Szolnok
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SK
coordinate: 47°10′29″N 20°11′47″E
density: 403/km²
elevation: 68 m (223 ft)
latitude: 20.19649
longitude: 47.17467
population: 71,285
comment: Szolnok is the county seat of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county in central Hungary. Its location on the banks of the Tisza river, at the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain, has made it an important cultural and economic crossroads for centuries.

Sopron
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SN
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SN
coordinate: 47°41′06″N 16°34′59″E
density: 342.45/km²
latitude: 16.58305
longitude: 47.68489
population: 62,246
comment: Sopron is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő.

Somogy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SO
coordinate: 46°25′N 17°35′E
density: 54/km²
latitude: 17.583
longitude: 46.417
population: 312,084
comment: Somogy is an administrative county in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary.

Szekszard
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SS
coordinate: 46°21′21″N 18°42′14″E
density: 359.98/km2 (932.3/sq mi)
elevation: 83 m (272 ft)
latitude: 18.70382
longitude: 46.35597
population: 33,720
comment: Szekszárd is a small city in southern Hungary and the capital of Tolna county. By population, Szekszárd is the smallest county capital in Hungary; by area, it is the second-smallest .
alternative label: Szekszárd

Salgotarjan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-ST
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-ST
coordinate: 48°06′15″N 19°48′27″E
density: 419.44/km²
elevation: 299 m (981 ft)
latitude: 19.807455
longitude: 48.104042
population: 34,627
comment: Salgótarján is the capital of Nógrád county, north-eastern Hungary, making it the third smallest county capital based on population.
alternative label: Salgótarján

Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-SZ
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-SZ
coordinate: 48°00′N 22°10′E
density: 96/km²
latitude: 22.167
longitude: 48.0
population: 562,357
comment: Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is an administrative county in north-eastern Hungary, bordering Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania . It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Hajdú-Bihar and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. The capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county is Nyíregyháza.
alternative label: Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg

Tatabanya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-TB
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-TB
coordinate: 47°35′10″N 18°23′41″E
density: 772.4/km²
elevation: 167 m (548 ft)
latitude: 18.39485
longitude: 47.58616
population: 65,849
comment: Tatabánya is a city of 65,849 inhabitants in northwestern Hungary, in the Central Transdanubian region. It is the capital of Komárom-Esztergom County.
alternative label: Tatabánya

Tolna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-TO
coordinate: 46°30′N 18°35′E
density: 64/km²
latitude: 18.583
longitude: 46.5
population: 225,936
comment: Tolna is an administrative county in present Hungary as it was of the former Kingdom of Hungary. It lies in central Hungary, on the west bank of the river Danube. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Fejér, Bács-Kiskun, and Baranya. The capital of Tolna county is Szekszárd. Its area is 3703 km².

Vas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-VA
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-VA
coordinate: 47°10′N 16°45′E
density: 78/km²
latitude: 16.75
longitude: 47.167
population: 253,997
comment: Vas is an administrative county of Hungary. It was also one of the counties of the former Kingdom of Hungary. It is part of the Centrope Project.

Veszprem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-VE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-VE
coordinate: 47°10′N 17°45′E
density: 81/km²
latitude: 17.75
longitude: 47.167
population: 346,647
comment: Veszprém is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. It lies approximately 15 km north of the Lake Balaton. It is the administrative center of the county of the same name.
alternative label: Veszprém

Veszprem
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-VM
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-VM
coordinate: 47°05′35″N 17°54′50″E
density: 448.49/km2 (1,161.6/sq mi)
elevation: 266 m (873 ft)
latitude: 17.91377
longitude: 47.09296
population: 56,927
comment: Veszprém is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. It lies approximately 15 km north of the Lake Balaton. It is the administrative center of the county of the same name.
alternative label: Veszprém

Zala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-ZA
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-ZA
coordinate: 46°40′N 16°50′E
density: 77/km²
latitude: 16.833
longitude: 46.667
population: 277,290
comment: Zala is an administrative county in south-western Hungary. It is named after the Zala River. It shares borders with Croatia and Slovenia and the Hungarian counties Vas, Veszprém and Somogy. The capital of Zala county is Zalaegerszeg. Its area is 3,784 square kilometres . Lake Balaton lies partly in the county.

Zalaegerszeg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-ZE
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-ZE
coordinate: 46°50′43″N 16°50′50″E
density: 621.70/km2 (1,610.2/sq mi)
elevation: 166 m (545 ft)
latitude: 16.84721
longitude: 46.84538
population: 61,970
comment: Zalaegerszeg is the administrative center of Zala county in western Hungary.

Erd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Hungary
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:HU-ER
area: ISO 3166-2:HU-ER
coordinate: 47°22′42″N 18°55′19″E
density: 1,041.9/km2 (2,699/sq mi)
latitude: 18.922
longitude: 47.37837
population: 69,431
comment: Érd is a town in Pest County, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary.
alternative label: Érd

Aceh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-AC
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-AC
coordinate: 5°33′N 95°19′E
density: 90/km2 (230/sq mi)
elevation: 125 m (410 ft)
latitude: 95.317
longitude: 5.55
population: 5,274,871
comment: Aceh, formerly Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern end of Sumatra, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. Granted a special autonomous status, Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region's population. Due to strict religious practices including public flogging, despite among Indonesia's highest birthrates, population outflow is common, particularly out of Banda Aceh itself.

Bali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-BA
coordinate: 8°20′06″S 115°05′17″E
density: 750/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
elevation: 3,031 m (9,944 ft)
latitude: 115.08806
longitude: -8.335
population: 4,317,404
comment: Bali is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. The provincial capital, Denpasar, is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia. The upland town of Ubud is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy.

Bangka-Belitung
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-BB
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-BB
coordinate: 2°8′S 106°7′E
density: 92/km2 (240/sq mi)
elevation: 665 m (2,182 ft)
latitude: 106.117
longitude: -2.133
population: 1,517,590
comment: The Bangka Belitung Islands is a province of Indonesia. Situated off the southeastern coast of Sumatra, the province comprises two main islands, Bangka and Belitung and numerous smaller ones. Bangka Belitung is bordered by the Bangka Strait to the west, the Natuna Sea to the north, the Java Sea is to the south and the Karimata Strait to the east. The province's capital and largest city is Pangkal Pinang. The province covers an area of 16,424.06 km2 and, as of the 2020 census, the population of Bangka Belitung was 1,517,590.

Bengkulu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-BE
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-BE
coordinate: 3°48′00″S 102°16′00″E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
elevation: 2,852 m (9,357 ft)
latitude: 101.85926
longitude: -3.587795
population: 2,010,670
comment: Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra. It was formed on 18 November 1968 by separating out the former Bengkulu Residency area from the province of South Sumatra under Law No. 9 of 1967 and was finalized by Government Regulation No. 20 of 1968. Spread over 19,813 km2, it is bordered by the provinces of West Sumatra to the north, Jambi to the northeast, Lampung to the southeast, and South Sumatra to the east, and by the Indian Ocean to the northwest, south, southwest, and west.

Banten
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-BT
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-BT
coordinate: 6°30′S 106°15′E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
elevation: 1,929 m (6,329 ft)
latitude: 106.25
longitude: -6.5
population: 11,904,562
comment: Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java, in Indonesia. Its provincial capital city is Serang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta to the east, the Java Sea to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the Sunda Strait to the west, which separates Java from the neighbouring island of Sumatra. The area of the province is 9,662.82 km2, and it had a population of over 11.9 million at the 2020 Census, up from over 10.6 million during the 2010 census. Formerly part of the province of West Java, Banten became a separate province in 2000. The province is a transit corridor to the neighbouring Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Banten region is the homeland of the Sundanese Banten people and has historically had a slightly different culture from the Sundanese people in the West Java region. In recent years, the northern half, particularly those areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast, have experienced rapid rises in population and urbanization, while the southern half, particularly that facing the Indian Ocean, maintains a more traditional character.

Gorontalo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-GO
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-GO
coordinate: 0°40′N 123°00′E
density: 104.08/km2 (269.6/sq mi)
elevation: 2,211 m (7,254 ft)
latitude: 123.0
longitude: 0.667
population: 1,171,681
comment: Gorontalo is a province of Indonesia on the island of Sulawesi. Located on the Minahasa Peninsula, Gorontalo was formerly part of the province of North Sulawesi until its inauguration as a separate province on 5 December 2000. In Indonesian history, the only Indonesian President from the Gorontaloan people is the third President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. DR. Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie. His father, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie, comes from the "Habibie" clan.

Papua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-IJ
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-IJ
coordinate: 2°32′S 140°43′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
elevation: 4,884 m (16,024 ft)
latitude: 140.717
longitude: -2.533
population: 4,303,707
comment: Papua, formerly Irian Jaya, is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia, comprising most of Western New Guinea. The province is located on the island of New Guinea. It is bordered by the state of Papua New Guinea to the east, the province of West Papua to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the north, and the Arafura Sea to the south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau to the north. The province is divided into twenty-eight regencies and one city. Its capital and largest city is Jayapura. The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Puncak Jaya is the province's highest mountain and the highest point in Indonesia. Papua, along with West Papua, has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces.

Jambi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-JA
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-JA
coordinate: 1°35′S 103°37′E
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
elevation: 500 m (1,600 ft)
latitude: 103.617
longitude: -1.583
population: 3,548,228
comment: Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and spans to the Barisan Mountains in the west. Its capital and largest city is Jambi. The province has a land area of 50,160.05 km2, and a sea area of 3,274.95 km2. It had a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 Census and 3,548,228 according to the 2020 Census.

Jawa Timur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-JI
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-JI
coordinate: 7°16′S 112°45′E
density: 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
elevation: 3,676 m (12,060 ft)
latitude: 112.75
longitude: -7.267
population: 40,665,696
comment: East Java is a province of Indonesia. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali. Located in eastern Java, it also includes the island of Madura, as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east and Masalembu archipelagos in the north. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java.

Jakarta Raya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-JK
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-JK
coordinate: 6°12′S 106°49′E
density: 16,262/km2 (42,120/sq mi)
elevation: 8 m (26 ft)
latitude: 106.817
longitude: -6.2
population: 10,562,088
comment: Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia. It lies on the northwest coast of Java . Jakarta is the centre of the economy, culture and politics of Indonesia. It has province level status which had a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020. Although Jakarta extends over only 699.5 square kilometres, and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres, and is the world's second-most populous urban area, after Tokyo. It has a population of about 35.934 million as of 2020. Jakarta's business opportunities, and its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living than is available in other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta's nickname is "the Big Durian", after the thorny, strong-smelling fruit of that name that is native to the region. Calling Jakarta "the Big Durian" is seen as a nod to New York's nickname, "the Big Apple".

Jawa Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-JR
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-JR
coordinate: 6°45′S 107°30′E
density: 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
elevation: 3,078 m (10,098 ft)
latitude: 107.5
longitude: -6.75
population: 48,274,160
comment: West Java is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. The province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese.

Jawa Tengah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-JT
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-JT
coordinate: 7°30′S 110°00′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
elevation: 3,428 m (11,247 ft)
latitude: 110.0
longitude: -7.5
population: 36,516,035
comment: Central Java is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south, East Java in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. It has a total area of 32,800.69 km², with a population of 36,516,035 at the 2020 Census making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java. The province also includes the island of Nusakambangan in the south, and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea. Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta. However, administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a separate special region since the country's independence, and is administrated separately. Although known as the "heart" of Javanese culture, there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups, such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java. Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province.

Kalimantan Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-KB
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-KB
coordinate: 0°0′N 110°30′E
density: 37/km2 (95/sq mi)
elevation: 1,659 m (5,443 ft)
latitude: 110.5
longitude: 0.0
population: 5,414,390
comment: West Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city is Pontianak. The province has an area of 147,307 km², and had a population of 4,395,983 at the 2010 Census and 5,414,390 at the 2020 Census. Ethnic groups include the Dayak, Malay, Chinese, Javanese, Bugis, and Madurese. The borders of West Kalimantan roughly trace the mountain ranges surrounding the vast watershed of the Kapuas River, which drains most of the province. The province shares land borders with Central Kalimantan to the southeast, East Kalimantan to the east, and the Malaysian territory of Sarawak to the north.

Kalimantan Timur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-KI
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-KI
coordinate: 1°3′N 116°19′E
density: 30/km2 (77/sq mi)
elevation: 1,636 m (5,367 ft)
latitude: 116.317
longitude: 1.05
population: 3,766,039
comment: East Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 Census, 3.42 million at the 2015 Census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census. Its capital is the city of Samarinda.

Kalimantan Selatan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-KS
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-KS
coordinate: 2°30′S 115°30′E
density: 110/km2 (270/sq mi)
elevation: 1,901 m (6,237 ft)
latitude: 115.5
longitude: -2.5
population: 4,073,584
comment: South Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is the smallest province in Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of Borneo. The provincial capital is Banjarmasin. The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census, and at 4.07 million at the 2020 Census. One of the five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east, Central Kalimantan in the west and north, the Java Sea in the south, and East Kalimantan in the north. The province also includes the island of Laut, located off the eastern coast of Kalimantan. The province is divided into 11 regencies and 2 cities. South Kalimantan is the traditional homeland of the Banjar people, although some parts of East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are also included in this criteria. Nevertheless, South Kalimantan, especially the capital city Banjarmasin has always been the cultural capital of Banjarese culture. Many Banjarese have migrated to other parts of Indonesia, as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. In addition, other ethnic groups also inhabit the province, such as several groups of the Dayaks, who mostly live in the interior part of the province, as well as the Javanese, who mostly migrated from Java due to the Transmigration program which dated from the Dutch colonial era.

Kalimantan Tengah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-KT
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-KT
coordinate: 2°13′S 113°55′E
density: 17/km2 (45/sq mi)
elevation: 2,300 m (7,546 ft)
latitude: 113.917
longitude: -2.217
population: 2,670,000
comment: Central Kalimantan, is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the 2015 Intermediate Census showed a rise to 2.49 million and the 2020 Census showed a total of 2.67 million.

Lampung
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-LA
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-LA
coordinate: 5°27′S 105°16′E
density: 250/km2 (660/sq mi)
elevation: 2,262 m (7,421 ft)
latitude: 105.267
longitude: -5.45
population: 9,007,848
comment: Lampung is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.

Maluku
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-MA
coordinate: 3°42′18″S 128°10′12″E
density: 29/km2 (76/sq mi)
elevation: 3,027 m (9,931 ft)
latitude: 128.17
longitude: -3.705
population: 1,848,923
comment: Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the central and southern regions of the Maluku Islands. The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. The land area is 62,946 km2, and the total population of this province at the 2010 census was 1,533,506 people, rising to 1,848,923 at the 2020 Census. Maluku is located in Eastern Indonesia. It is directly adjacent to North Maluku and West Papua in the north, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi in the west, Banda Sea, East Timor and East Nusa Tenggara in the south and Arafura Sea and Papua in the east.

Maluku Utara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-MU
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-MU
coordinate: 0°47′N 127°22′E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
elevation: 2,111 m (6,926 ft)
latitude: 127.367
longitude: 0.783
population: 1,278,864
comment: North Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Halmahera Sea to the east, the Molucca Sea to the west, and the Seram Sea to the south. The provincial capital is Sofifi on the largest island of Halmahera, while the largest city is the island city of Ternate. The population of North Maluku was 1,038,087 in the 2010 census, making it one of the least-populous provinces in Indonesia, but by the 2020 Census the population had risen to 1,278,764.

Nusa Tenggara Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-NB
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-NB
coordinate: 8°35′S 116°7′E
density: 260/km2 (680/sq mi)
elevation: 3,727 m (12,228 ft)
latitude: 116.117
longitude: -8.583
population: 5,320,092
comment: West Nusa Tenggara is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the exception of Bali which is its own province. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. The 2010 census recorded the population at 4,500,212; the total rose to 4,830,118 at the 2015 Census and 5,320,092 at the 2020 Census. The province's area is 20,153.15 km2. The two largest islands by far in the province are Lombok in the west and the larger Sumbawa island in the east.

Nusa Tenggara Timur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-NT
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-NT
coordinate: 10°11′S 123°35′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
elevation: 2,427 m (7,963 ft)
latitude: 123.583
longitude: -10.183
population: 5,325,566
comment: East Nusa Tenggara is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It comprises the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. It consists of more than 500 islands, with the largest ones being Sumba, Flores, and the western part of Timor; the latter shares a land border with the separate nation of East Timor. The province is subdivided into twenty-one regencies and the regency-level city of Kupang, which is the capital and largest city.

Riau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-RI
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-RI
coordinate: 0°32′N 101°27′E
density: 75/km2 (190/sq mi)
elevation: 1,284 m (4,213 ft)
latitude: 101.45
longitude: 0.533
population: 6,494,087
comment: Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. Until 2004 the province included the offshore Riau Islands, a large group of small islands located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore, before these islands were split off as a province in July 2004. The provincial capital and the largest city of Riau is Pekanbaru. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south. The total area for Riau province is 87,023.66 square kilometres, which stretches from the slopes of the Bukit Barisan to the Strait of Malacca. Riau has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging between 2000 and 3000 millimeters per year, and the average rainfall per year is about 160 days. Riau is currently one of the richest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber, palm oil and fibre plantations. Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau, and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region. Riau is considered part of the Malay world. It is currently considered as the cultural center of the Malays in Indonesia. Nevertheless, Riau is considered a very diverse province, as it is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as Malay, Minangkabau, Chinese and Batak. The local Riau dialect of Malay is considered as the lingua franca in the province, but Indonesian, the standardized form of Malay is used as the official language and also as the second language of many people. Other than that, different languages such as Minangkabau, Hokkien and varieties of Batak languages are also spoken.

Sumatera Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SB
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SB
coordinate: 1°00′S 100°30′E
density: 100.3/km²
elevation: 3,805 m (12,484 ft)
latitude: 100.5
longitude: -1.0
population: 5,534,472
comment: West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. On the west coast of the island of Sumatra, the province has an area of 42,012.89 km2, and it had a population of 4,846,909 at the 2010 Census and 5,534,472 at the 2020 Census. The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau and Jambi to the east, and Bengkulu to the southeast. West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java, although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. Padang is the province's capital and largest city.

Sulawesi Tenggara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SG
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SG
coordinate: 3°57′00″S 122°30′00″E
density: 69/km2 (180/sq mi)
elevation: 2,650 m (8,694 ft)
latitude: 122.5
longitude: -3.95
population: 2,624,875
comment: Southeast Sulawesi is a province on the island of Sulawesi, forming the southeastern peninsula of that island, together with a number of substantial offshore islands such as Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawonii, together with many smaller islands. The capital is the city of Kendari, on the east coast of the peninsula.

Sumatera Selatan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SL
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SL
coordinate: 2°45′S 103°50′E
density: 93/km2 (240/sq mi)
elevation: 3,173 m (10,410 ft)
latitude: 103.833
longitude: -2.75
population: 8,497,196
comment: South Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra, The province spans 91,592.43 km2 and an estimated population of 8,497,196. The capital of the province is Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north, Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south. The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka, which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province. This province is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. The province is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, with Palembang people the largest ethnic group. Most speak Palembang Malay, which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay. Other ethnic groups include the Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau and Chinese. Most are concentrated in urban areas and are largely immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.

Sulawesi Selatan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SN
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SN
coordinate: 4°20′S 120°15′E
density: 190/km2 (500/sq mi)
elevation: 3,478 m (11,411 ft)
latitude: 120.25
longitude: -4.333
population: 9,073,500
comment: South Sulawesi is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital is Makassar. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south.

Sulawesi Tengah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-ST
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-ST
coordinate: 1°00′S 121°00′E
density: 48/km2 (130/sq mi)
elevation: 2,887 m (9,472 ft)
latitude: 121.0
longitude: -1.0
population: 2,985,734
comment: Central Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female. Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,841.29 km2, the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province is Indonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while there are several indigenous language spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi. Islam is the dominant religion in the province, followed by Christianity which is mostly adhered to by the people in the eastern part of the province.

Sumatera Utara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SU
coordinate: 2°00′N 99°00′E
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
elevation: 2,819 m (9,249 ft)
latitude: 99.0
longitude: 2.0
population: 14,799,361
comment: North Sumatra is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java, East Java and Central Java. The province covers an area of 72,981 km2. According to the 2020 population census, the province had a population of 14,799,361.

Sulawesi Utara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SW
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SW
coordinate: 1°15′N 124°50′E
density: 190/km2 (490/sq mi)
elevation: 2,020 m (6,630 ft)
latitude: 124.833
longitude: 1.25
population: 2,621,923
comment: North Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders Davao and Soccsksargen regions of the Philippines to the north, the Maluku Sea to the east, Gorontalo and Celebes Sea to the west and the Gulf of Tomini to the southwest. With Miangas, it is the northernmost province of Indonesia. The province's area is 13,892.47 square kilometres, and its population was 2,270,596 according to the 2010 census; this rose to 2,621,923 at the 2020 Census.

Yogyakarta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-YO
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-YO
coordinate: 7°47′S 110°22′E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
elevation: 2,955 m (9,695 ft)
latitude: 110.367
longitude: -7.783
population: 3,668,719
comment: The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a provincial-level autonomous region of Indonesia in the southern Java. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south, as well as sharing all the land borders to the province of Central Java. Ruled by the Yogyakarta Sultanate, the region is the only officially recognized monarchy within the government of Indonesia. The city of Yogyakarta is a popular tourist destination and cultural center of the region.

Jawa Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-JB
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-JB
coordinate: 6°45′S 107°30′E
density: 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
elevation: 3,078 m (10,098 ft)
latitude: 107.5
longitude: -6.75
population: 48,274,160
comment: West Java is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. The province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese.

Kalimantan Utara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-KU
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-KU
coordinate: 3°00′N 116°20′E
density: 9.8/km2 (25/sq mi)
elevation: 2,080 m (6,824 ft)
latitude: 116.333
longitude: 3.0
population: 701,784
comment: North Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west, and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to the south. Tanjung Selor serves as the capital of the province, while Tarakan is the largest city and the financial centre.

Kepulauan Riau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-KR
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-KR
coordinate: 3°56′N 108°09′E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
elevation: 2−5 m (−14 ft)
latitude: 108.15
longitude: 3.933
population: 2,064,564
comment: The Riau Islands is a province of Indonesia. It comprises a total of 1,796 islands scattered between Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo including the Riau Archipelago. Situated on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea, the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei. The Riau Islands also has a relatively large potential of mineral resources, energy, as well as marine resources. The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang and the largest city is Batam.

Papua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-PA
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-PA
coordinate: 2°32′S 140°43′E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
elevation: 4,884 m (16,024 ft)
latitude: 140.717
longitude: -2.533
population: 4,303,707
comment: Papua, formerly Irian Jaya, is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia, comprising most of Western New Guinea. The province is located on the island of New Guinea. It is bordered by the state of Papua New Guinea to the east, the province of West Papua to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the north, and the Arafura Sea to the south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau to the north. The province is divided into twenty-eight regencies and one city. Its capital and largest city is Jayapura. The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Puncak Jaya is the province's highest mountain and the highest point in Indonesia. Papua, along with West Papua, has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces.

Papua Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-PB
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-PB
coordinate: 0°52′S 134°5′E
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
elevation: 2,955 m (9,695 ft)
latitude: 134.083
longitude: -0.867
population: 1,134,068
comment: West Papua, formerly Irian Jaya Barat or Irian Barat, is a province of Indonesia. It covers the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea, Bird's Head Peninsula and Bomberai Peninsula, along with nearby islands. The province is bordered to the north by the Pacific Ocean, to the west by the Halmahera Sea and the Ceram Sea, to the south by the Banda Sea, and to the east by the province of Papua and the Cenderawasih Bay. Manokwari is the province's capital, while Sorong is its largest city. West Papua is the second-least populous province in Indonesia, with a population of 1,134,068 at the 2020 Census.

Sulawesi Barat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SR
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SR
coordinate: 2°41′S 118°54′E
density: 91/km2 (230/sq mi)
elevation: 3,074 m (10,085 ft)
latitude: 118.9
longitude: -2.683
population: 1,536,115
comment: West Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the western of the Sulawesi island. It covers an area of 16,937.16 km2, and its capital is Mamuju. The 2010 Census recorded a population of 1,158,651, while that in 2015 recorded 1,279,994; the latest official estimate is 1,536,115.

Sulawesi Utara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SA
coordinate: 1°15′N 124°50′E
density: 190/km2 (490/sq mi)
elevation: 2,020 m (6,630 ft)
latitude: 124.833
longitude: 1.25
population: 2,621,923
comment: North Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders Davao and Soccsksargen regions of the Philippines to the north, the Maluku Sea to the east, Gorontalo and Celebes Sea to the west and the Gulf of Tomini to the southwest. With Miangas, it is the northernmost province of Indonesia. The province's area is 13,892.47 square kilometres, and its population was 2,270,596 according to the 2010 census; this rose to 2,621,923 at the 2020 Census.

Sumatera Selatan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Indonesia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:ID-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:ID-SS
coordinate: 2°45′S 103°50′E
density: 93/km2 (240/sq mi)
elevation: 3,173 m (10,410 ft)
latitude: 103.833
longitude: -2.75
population: 8,497,196
comment: South Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra, The province spans 91,592.43 km2 and an estimated population of 8,497,196. The capital of the province is Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north, Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south. The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka, which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province. This province is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. The province is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, with Palembang people the largest ethnic group. Most speak Palembang Malay, which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay. Other ethnic groups include the Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau and Chinese. Most are concentrated in urban areas and are largely immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.

Cork
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-C
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-C
coordinate: 51°58′N 8°35′W
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
elevation: 706 m (2,316 ft)
latitude: -8.583
longitude: 51.967
population: 542,868
comment: County Cork is the largest and the southernmost county of Ireland, situated in the province of Munster and named after the city of Cork, Ireland's second-largest city. Its largest market towns are Mallow, Macroom, Midleton, and Skibbereen. As of 2016 the county had a population of 542,868, making it the third-most populous county in Ireland. The Cork County Council is the local authority for the county. Notable Corkonians include Michael Collins, Jack Lynch, and Sonia O'Sullivan.

Clare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-CE
coordinate: 52°50′N 9°00′W
elevation: 532 m (1,745 ft)
latitude: -9.0
longitude: 52.833
population: 118,817
comment: County Clare is a county in Ireland, in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster, bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Clare County Council is the local authority. The county had a population of 118,817 at the 2016 census. The county town and largest settlement is Ennis.

Cavan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-CN
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-CN
coordinate: 53°55′N 7°15′W
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
elevation: 665 m (2,182 ft)
latitude: -7.25
longitude: 53.917
population: 76,176
comment: County Cavan is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster and is part of the Border Region. It is named after the town of Cavan and is based on the historic Gaelic territory of East Breffny . Cavan County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 76,176 at the 2016 census.

Carlow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-CW
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-CW
coordinate: 52°40′N 6°50′W
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
elevation: 794 m (2,605 ft)
latitude: -6.833
longitude: 52.667
population: 56,932
comment: County Carlow is a county located in the South-East Region of Ireland, within the province of Leinster. Carlow is the second smallest and the third least populous of Ireland's 32 traditional counties. Carlow County Council is the governing local authority.

Dublin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-D
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-D
coordinate: 53°25′N 6°15′W
density: 1,459/km2 (3,780/sq mi)
elevation: 757 m (2,484 ft)
latitude: -6.25
longitude: 53.417
population: 1,345,402
comment: County Dublin is one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, located on the island's east coast, within the province of Leinster. The county was formerly administered by Dublin City Council and Dublin County Council. In 1994 the latter was abolished and three new administrative county councils were established: Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. For various statistical and local government purposes, the county's four local authorities are collectively referred to as the Dublin Region, with which County Dublin is co-extensive.

Donegal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-DL
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-DL
coordinate: 54°55′01″N 8°00′00″W
density: 32.6/km2 (84/sq mi)
elevation: 751 m (2,464 ft)
latitude: -8.0
longitude: 54.917
population: 159,192
comment: County Donegal is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Donegal in the south of the county. It has also been known as County Tyrconnell, after the historic territory of the same name, on which it was based. Donegal County Council is the local council and Lifford the county town.

Galway
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-G
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-G
coordinate: 53°20′N 9°00′W
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
elevation: 729 m (2,392 ft)
latitude: -9.0
longitude: 53.333
population: 258,058
comment: County Galway is a county in Ireland. It is in the West of Ireland, taking up the south of the province of Connacht.

Kildare
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-KE
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-KE
coordinate: 53°10′N 6°45′W
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
elevation: 379 m (1,243 ft)
latitude: -6.75
longitude: 53.167
population: 222,504
comment: County Kildare is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county, which has a population of 222,504.

Kilkenny
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-KK
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-KK
coordinate: 52°35′N 7°15′W
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
elevation: 515 m (1,690 ft)
latitude: -7.25
longitude: 52.583
population: 99,232
comment: County Kilkenny is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region. It is named after the city of Kilkenny. Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county. As of the 2016 census the population of the county was 99,232. The county was based on the historic Gaelic kingdom of Ossory, which was co-terminus with the Diocese of Ossory.

Kerry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-KY
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-KY
coordinate: 52°10′N 9°45′W
density: 31/km2 (80/sq mi)
elevation: 1,039 m (3,409 ft)
latitude: -9.75
longitude: 52.167
population: 147,707
comment: County Kerry is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and forms part of the province of Munster. It is named after the Ciarraige who lived in part of the present county. The population of the county was 147,707 at the 2016 census.

Longford
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-LD
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-LD
coordinate: 53°40′N 7°45′W
density: 37/km2 (97/sq mi)
elevation: 278 m (912 ft)
latitude: -7.75
longitude: 53.667
population: 40,873
comment: County Longford is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Longford. Longford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 40,873 at the 2016 census. The county is based on the historic Gaelic territory of Annaly, formerly known as Teffia .

Louth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-LH
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-LH
coordinate: 53°50′N 6°30′W
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
elevation: 589 m (1,932 ft)
latitude: -6.5
longitude: 53.833
population: 128,884
comment: County Louth is a county in the Republic of Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the village of Louth. Louth County Council is the local authority for the county. According to the 2016 census, the population of the county was 128,884.

Limerick
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-LK
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-LK
coordinate: 52°30′N 8°45′W
elevation: 918 m (3,012 ft)
latitude: -8.75
longitude: 52.5
population: 194,899
comment: County Limerick is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster, and is also part of the Mid-West Region. It is named after the city of Limerick. Limerick City and County Council is the local council for the county. The county's population at the 2016 census was 194,899 of whom 94,192 lived in Limerick City, the county capital.

Leitrim
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-LM
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-LM
coordinate: 54°07′01″N 8°00′00″W
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
elevation: 631 m (2,070 ft)
latitude: -8.0
longitude: 54.117
population: 32,044
comment: County Leitrim is a county in the Republic of Ireland. It is in the province of Connacht and is part of the Border Region. It is named after the village of Leitrim. Leitrim County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 32,044 according to the 2016 census.

Laois
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-LS
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-LS
coordinate: 53°00′N 7°24′W
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
elevation: 527 m (1,729 ft)
latitude: -7.4
longitude: 53.0
population: 84,697
comment: County Laois is a county in Ireland. It is located in the south of the Midlands Region and in the province of Leinster. It was formerly known as Queen's County. The modern county takes its name from Loígis, a medieval kingdom. Historically, it has also been known as County Leix.

Meath
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-MH
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-MH
coordinate: 53°40′N 6°40′W
density: 83/km2 (220/sq mi)
elevation: 276 m (906 ft)
latitude: -6.667
longitude: 53.667
population: 195,044
comment: County Meath is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the historic Kingdom of Meath . Meath County Council is the local authority for the county. At the 2016 census, the population of the county was 195,044. The county town of Meath is Navan. Other towns in the county include Trim, Kells, Laytown, Ashbourne, Dunboyne, Slane and Bettystown.

Monaghan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-MN
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-MN
coordinate: 54°14′38″N 7°02′24″W
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
elevation: 373 m (1,224 ft)
latitude: -7.04
longitude: 54.244
population: 61,386
comment: County Monaghan is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Monaghan. Monaghan County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 61,386 according to the 2016 census.

Mayo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-MO
coordinate: 53°54′N 9°15′W
density: 23/km2 (60/sq mi)
latitude: -9.25
longitude: 53.9
population: 130,507
comment: County Mayo is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, it is named after the village of Mayo, now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority. The population was 130,507 at the 2016 census. The boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time.

Offaly
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-OY
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-OY
coordinate: 53°15′N 7°30′W
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
elevation: 527 m (1,729 ft)
latitude: -7.5
longitude: 53.25
population: 77,961
comment: County Offaly is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Uí Failghe. It was formerly known as King's County. Offaly County Council is the local authority for the county. The county population was 77,961 at the 2016 census.

Roscommon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-RN
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-RN
coordinate: 53°45′N 8°15′W
density: 25/km2 (66/sq mi)
elevation: 428 m (1,404 ft)
latitude: -8.25
longitude: 53.75
population: 64,544
comment: County Roscommon is a county in Ireland. In the western region, it is part of the province of Connacht. It is the 11th largest Irish county by area and 27th most populous. Its county town and largest town is Roscommon. Roscommon County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 64,544 as of the 2016 census.

Sligo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-SO
coordinate: 54°15′N 8°40′W
density: 36/km2 (92/sq mi)
elevation: 647 m (2,123 ft)
latitude: -8.667
longitude: 54.25
population: 65,535
comment: County Sligo is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Border Region and is part of the province of Connacht. Sligo is the administrative capital and largest town in the county. Sligo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 65,535 at the 2016 census. It is noted for Benbulben Mountain, one of Ireland's most distinctive natural landmarks.

Tipperary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-TA
coordinate: 52°40′N 7°50′W
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
elevation: 918 m (3,012 ft)
latitude: -7.833
longitude: 52.667
population: 159,553
comment: County Tipperary is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster. The county is named after the town of Tipperary, and was established in the early thirteenth century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland. The population of the county was 159,553 at the 2016 census. The largest towns are Clonmel, Nenagh and Thurles.

Waterford
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-WD
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-WD
coordinate: 52°15′N 7°30′W
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
elevation: 792 m (2,598 ft)
latitude: -7.5
longitude: 52.25
population: 116,176
comment: County Waterford is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Munster and is part of the South-East Region. It is named after the city of Waterford. Waterford City and County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county at large, including the city, was 116,176 according to the 2016 census. The county is based on the historic Gaelic territory of the Déise. There is an Irish-speaking area, Gaeltacht na nDéise, in the south-west of the county.

Westmeath
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-WH
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-WH
coordinate: 53°30′N 7°30′W
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
elevation: 258 m (846 ft)
latitude: -7.5
longitude: 53.5
population: 88,770
comment: County Westmeath is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Midlands Region. It originally formed part of the historic Kingdom of Meath. It was named Mide because the kingdom was located in the geographical centre of Ireland . Westmeath County Council is the administrative body for the county, and the county town is Mullingar. At the 2016 census, the population of the county was 88,770.

Wicklow
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-WW
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-WW
coordinate: 53°00′N 6°25′W
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
elevation: 925 m (3,035 ft)
latitude: -6.417
longitude: 53.0
population: 142,425
comment: County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The last of the traditional 32 counties, having been formed as late as 1606, it is part of the Mid-East Region and the traditional province of Leinster. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the east and the counties of Wexford to the south, Carlow to the southwest, Kildare to the west, and Dublin to the north. It is named after its county town of Wicklow, which derives from the name Víkingaló . Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 142,425 at the 2016 census. Colloquially known as the "Garden of Ireland", it is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 counties by area and the 16th largest by population. It is also the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth largest in terms of population.

Wexford
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Ireland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IE-WX
area: ISO 3166-2:IE-WX
coordinate: 52°30′N 6°45′W
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
elevation: 794 m (2,605 ft)
latitude: -6.75
longitude: 52.5
population: 149,722
comment: County Wexford is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella, whose capital was Ferns. Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 149,722 at the 2016 census.

South District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Israel
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL-D
area: ISO 3166-2:IL-D
coordinate: 30°37′N 34°48′E
latitude: 34.8
longitude: 30.617
population: 1,244,200
comment: The Southern District is one of Israel's six administrative districts, the largest in terms of land area but the most sparsely populated. It covers most of the Negev desert, as well as the Arava valley. The population of the Southern District is 1,086,240 and its area is 14,185 km2. Its population is 79.66% Jewish and 12.72% Arab, with 7.62% Others. The district capital is Beersheba, while the largest city is Ashdod. Beersheba's dormitory towns of Omer, Meitar, and Lehavim are all relatively affluent, while the development towns and the seven Bedouin cities are lower on the socio-economic scale.

Haifa District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Israel
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL-HA
area: ISO 3166-2:IL-HA
coordinate: 32°35′N 35°00′E
latitude: 35.0
longitude: 32.583
population: 996,300
comment: Haifa District is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of seven administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km2 .

Jerusalem District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Israel
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL-JM
area: ISO 3166-2:IL-JM
coordinate: 31°45′N 35°00′E
latitude: 35.0
longitude: 31.75
population: 1,159,900
comment: The Jerusalem District is one of six administrative districts of Israel. The district capital is Jerusalem. The Jerusalem District has a land area of 652 km². The population of 1,159,900 is 66.3% Jewish and 32.1% Arab. A fifth of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem District, which includes both East and West Jerusalem. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem has not been recognized by the international community.

Center District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Israel
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL-M
area: ISO 3166-2:IL-M
coordinate: 31°56′N 34°52′E
latitude: 34.867
longitude: 31.933
population: 2,115,800
comment: The Central District of Israel is one of six administrative districts, including most of the Sharon region. It is further divided into 4 sub-districts: Petah Tikva, Ramla, Sharon, and Rehovot. The district's largest city is Rishon LeZion. Its population as of 2017 was 2,115,800. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 88% of the population is Jewish, 8.2% is Arab, and 4% are “non-classified”, being mostly former Soviet Union immigrants of partial or nominal Jewish ethnic heritage or household members of Jews.

Tel Aviv District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Israel
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:IL-TA
coordinate: 32°05′N 34°48′E
latitude: 34.8
longitude: 32.083
population: 1,388,400
comment: The Tel Aviv District is the smallest and most densely populated of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1.35 million residents. It is 98.9% Jewish and 1.10% Arab .

North District
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Israel
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IL-Z
area: ISO 3166-2:IL-Z
coordinate: 32°50′N 35°20′E
latitude: 35.333
longitude: 32.833
population: 1,401,300
comment: The Northern District is one of Israel's six administrative districts. The Northern District has a land area of 4,478 km², which increases to 4,638 km² when both land and water are included. The district capital is Nof HaGalil and the largest city is Nazareth.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-AN
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-AN
coordinate: 11°41′N 92°46′E
density: 46/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 92.77
longitude: 11.68
population: 380,520
comment: Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India consisting of 572 islands, of which 38 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.

Andhra Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-AP
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-AP
coordinate: 16°30′N 80°38′E
density: 308/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 80.64
longitude: 16.5
population: 49,386,799
comment: Andhra Pradesh is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km2 and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km . Andhra Pradesh is the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953. The state was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of ruins, chaityas and stupas It is also known as the land of the world-famous diamond Koh-i-Noor and many other globally known diamonds due to their source in its Kollur Mine. It is also known as the "rice bowl of India" for being a major producer of rice in India. Its official language is Telugu; one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India and the 11th-most spoken language in the world.

Arunachal Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-AR
coordinate: 27°04′N 93°22′E
density: 17/km2 (43/sq mi)
latitude: 93.37
longitude: 27.06
population: 1,382,611
comment: Arunachal Pradesh is an Indian state in Northeast India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region.

Assam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-AS
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-AS
coordinate: 26°08′N 91°46′E
density: 397/km2 (1,030/sq mi)
elevation: 45−1,960 m (148−6,430 ft)
latitude: 91.77
longitude: 26.14
population: 31,169,272
comment: Assam is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur to the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor, a 22 kilometres wide strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India. Assamese is the official and most commonly spoken language of the state, followed by Bengali, which is official in the Barak Valley and Bodo which is official in Bodoland Territorial Region.

Bihar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-BR
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-BR
coordinate: 25°24′N 85°06′E
density: 1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi)
latitude: 85.1
longitude: 25.4
population: 104,099,452
comment: Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory, with an area of 94,163 km2 . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges, which flows from west to east. Three main cultural regions converge in the state: Magadh, Mithila, and Bhojpur. Bihar is also the world's fourth-most populous subnational entity.

Chandigarh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-CH
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-CH
coordinate: 30°45′N 76°47′E
density: 9,262/km2 (23,988/sq mi)
elevation: 321 m (1,053 ft)
latitude: 76.78
longitude: 30.75
population: 1,055,450
comment: Chandigarh is a city, district and union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana.

Chhattisgarh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-CT
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-CT
coordinate: 21°15′N 81°36′E
density: 220/km2 (560/sq mi)
latitude: 81.6
longitude: 21.25
population: 29,436,231
comment: Chhattisgarh is a state located in the region of Central India. Formerly part of Madhya Pradesh, it was granted statehood on November 1, 2000. It is the 9th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,192 km2 . As of 2020, it has a population of roughly 29.4 million, making it the 17th most populated state in the country.

Daman and Diu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-DD
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-DD
coordinate: 15°35′00″N 74°00′00″E
density: 1,216/km²
latitude: 72.86715
longitude: 20.432106
population: 158,059
comment: Daman and Diu is a former union territory in western India. It was a separate union territory until 26 January 2020 before it was merged with Dadra and Nagar Haveli union territory to form a single UT due to its small landmass. With an area of 112 km2, it was the smallest federal division of India on the mainland. The territory comprised two distinct areas—Daman and Diu—that are geographically separated by the Gulf of Khambhat. The state of Gujarat and the Arabian Sea bordered the territory. A Portuguese colony since the 1500s, the territories were annexed by India in 1961. Daman and Diu were administered as part of the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu between 1961 and 1987, when they became a separate union territory. In 2019, legislation was passed to merge the union territory of Daman and Diu with its neighbouring union territory, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, to form the new union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu with effect from 26 January 2020.

Delhi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-DL
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-DL
coordinate: 28°36′36″N 77°13′48″E
density: 11,312/km2 (29,298/sq mi)
elevation: 200–250 m (650–820 ft)
latitude: 77.23
longitude: 28.61
population: 16,787,941
comment: Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east. The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres . According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million, the second-highest in India after Mumbai, while the whole NCT's population was about 16.8 million. Delhi's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries, and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in an area called the National Capital Region and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people, making it the world's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations. Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires. Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index. Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India. Delhi is of great historical significance as an important commercial, transport, and cultural hub, as well as the political centre of India.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-DN
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-DN
coordinate: 20°16′N 73°01′E
density: 700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
elevation: 16 m (52 ft)
latitude: 73.02
longitude: 20.27
population: 343,709
comment: Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a district of the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu in western India. It is composed of two separate geographical entities: Nagar Haveli, wedged between Maharashtra and Gujarat and 1 kilometre to the northwest, the smaller enclave of Dadra, which is surrounded by Gujarat. Silvassa is the administrative headquarters of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Goa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-GA
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-GA
coordinate: 15°30′N 73°50′E
density: 363/km²
latitude: 73.83
longitude: 15.5
population: 1,458,545
comment: Goa is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the region known as the Konkan, and geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is surrounded by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast. It is India's smallest state by area and its fourth-smallest by population. Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states, two and a half times as high as the GDP per capita of the country as a whole. The Eleventh Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-placed state because of its infrastructure, and India’s National Commission on Population rated it as having the best quality of life in India . It is the third-highest ranking among Indian states in human development index.

Gujarat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-GJ
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-GJ
coordinate: 23°13′N 72°41′E
density: 308/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 72.683
longitude: 23.217
population: 60,439,692
comment: Gujarat is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a population of 60.4 million. It is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and the ninth-largest state by population. Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. The Gujarati people of India are indigenous to the state, and their language Gujarati, is the state's official language. The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest in India, with a gross state domestic product of ₹18.5 trillion and has the country's 11th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹216,000 . Gujarat ranks 21st among Indian states in human development index. The state traditionally has low unemployment and is widely considered one of the most industrially developed states of India and a manufacturing hub.

Himachal Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-HP
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-HP
coordinate: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E
density: 123/km2 (320/sq mi)
elevation: 6,816 m (22,362 ft)
latitude: 77.17222
longitude: 31.10333
population: 6,864,602
comment: Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh is the northernmost state of India and shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, Uttarakhand to the southeast and a very narrow border with Uttar Pradesh to the South. The state also shares an international border to the east with the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Himachal Pradesh is also known as 'Dev Bhoomi' or 'Land of Gods and Goddess'.

Haryana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-HR
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-HR
coordinate: 30°44′N 76°47′E
density: 573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)
latitude: 76.78
longitude: 30.73
population: 25,353,081
comment: Haryana is a state in India located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 22nd in terms of area, with less than 1.4% of India's land area. Chandigarh is the state capital, Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state, and Gurgaon is a leading financial hub of the NCR, with major Fortune 500 companies located in it. Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.

Jharkhand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-JH
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-JH
coordinate: 23°21′N 85°20′E
density: 414/km2 (1,070/sq mi)
latitude: 85.33
longitude: 23.35
population: 32,988,134
comment: Jharkhand is a state in eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km2 . It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state. The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites. The state was formed in 2000, from the territory that had previously been part of Bihar.

Jammu and Kashmir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-JK
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-JK
coordinate: 33°30′N 75°00′E
density: 290/km2 (750/sq mi)
elevation: 7,135 m (23,409 ft)
latitude: 75.0
longitude: 33.5
population: 12,267,013
comment: Jammu and Kashmir is a region administered by India as a union territory and consists of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962. The Line of Control separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh, which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.

Karnataka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-KA
coordinate: 12°58′N 77°30′E
density: 320/km2 (830/sq mi)
elevation: 1,925 m (6,316 ft)
latitude: 77.5
longitude: 12.97
population: 61,130,704
comment: Karnataka is the largest state in South India and sixth largest in India. The state is in the south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔːr/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The state corresponds to the Carnatic region. Its capital and largest city is Bangalore.

Kerala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-KL
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-KL
coordinate: 10°N 76°E
density: 890/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
elevation: 2,695 m (8,842 ft)
latitude: 76.0
longitude: 10.0
population: 34,630,192
comment: Kerala is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Travancore. Spread over 38,863 km2, Kerala is the twenty-first largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.

Lakshadweep
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-LD
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-LD
coordinate: 10°34′N 72°38′E
density: 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi)
latitude: 72.64
longitude: 10.57
population: 64,473
comment: Lakshadweep is a union territory of India. It is an archipelago of 36 islands in the Arabian sea, located 200 to 440 km off of the mainland's southwestern coast.

Maharashtra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-MH
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-MH
coordinate: 18°58′12″N 72°49′12″E
density: 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 72.82
longitude: 18.97
population: 126,189,673
comment: Maharashtra is a state in the western and central peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. The centre of India is in this state. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India as well as the third-most populous country subdivision in the world. It was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the bilingual Bombay State, which had existed since 1956, into majority Marathi-speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati-speaking Gujarat. Thus Maharashtra is a Marathi linguistic state. The state is divided into 6 divisions and 36 districts, with the state capital being Mumbai, also the most populous urban area in India and Nagpur serving as the winter capital. The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state. Marathi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The forest cover in the state is 16.47% of the state's geographical area. Out of total cultivable land in Maharashtra about 60% land is under food grain crops with Jowar being the dominating crop.

Meghalaya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-ML
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-ML
coordinate: 25°34′N 91°53′E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 91.88
longitude: 25.57
population: 2,964,007
comment: Meghalaya is a state in Northeast India. Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam: the United Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills, and the Garo Hills on 21 January 1972. Meghalaya was previously part of Assam, but on 21 January 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya. The population of Meghalaya as of 2016 is estimated to be 3,211,474. Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,430 square kilometres, with a length-to-breadth ratio of about 3:1.

Manipur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-MN
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-MN
coordinate: 25°00′00″N 94°00′00″E
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: 93.88334
longitude: 24.818787
population: 2,855,794
comment: Manipur is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 square kilometres and has a population of almost 3 million, including the Meitei, who are the majority group in the state, the Meitei Pangals, Naga tribes, Kuki/Zo tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years. It has long connected the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, China, Siberia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.

Madhya Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-MP
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-MP
coordinate: 23°30′00″N 78°30′00″E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 78.524284
longitude: 23.90199
population: 72,626,809
comment: Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Gwalior, Ujjain, Satna being the other major cities. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 72 million residents. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.

Mizoram
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-MZ
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-MZ
coordinate: 23°22′N 92°48′E
density: 52/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 92.8
longitude: 23.36
population: 1,091,014
comment: Mizoram is a state in northeastern India, with Aizawl as its seat of government and capital city. The name of the state is derived from "Mizo", the self described name of the native inhabitants, and "Ram", which in the Mizo language means "land." Thus "Mizo-ram" means "land of the Mizos". Within India's northeast old-Assam region, it is the southernmost landlocked state, sharing borders with three of the Seven Sister States of old Assam, namely Tripura, Assam and Manipur. The state also shares a 722-kilometre border with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Nagaland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-NL
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-NL
coordinate: 25°40′N 94°07′E
density: 119/km2 (310/sq mi)
elevation: 3,826 m (12,552 ft)
latitude: 94.12
longitude: 25.67
population: 1,980,602
comment: Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in northeastern India. It is bordered by the state of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar to the east. Its capital city is Kohima and its largest city is Dimapur. It has an area of 16,579 square kilometres with a population of 1,980,602 per the 2011 Census of India, making it one of India's smallest states.

Orissa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-OR
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-OR
coordinate: 20°16′N 85°49′E
density: 236/km²
latitude: 85.82
longitude: 20.27
population: 41,974,218
comment: Odisha, formerly Orissa, is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India. It neighbours the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west, Andhra Pradesh to the south, and a very negligible border with Telangana to the southwest. Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres along the Bay of Bengal. The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India's national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana". The language of Odisha is Odia, which is one of the Classical Languages of India.

Punjab
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-PB
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-PB
coordinate: 30°47′N 75°50′E
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
elevation: 551 m (1,808 ft)
latitude: 75.84
longitude: 30.79
population: 27,743,338
comment: Punjab is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest, by the Indian union territory of Chandigarh to the east, and by the region of Jammu and Kashmir administered by India as a union territory, to the north. It is bordered by Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, 1.53% of India's total geographical area. It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs and Hindus as the dominant religious groups. The state capital is Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are the Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum rivers; the Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers flow through the Indian Punjab.

Pondicherry
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-PY
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-PY
coordinate: 11°54′40″N 79°48′45″E
density: 2,900/km2 (7,500/sq mi)
latitude: 79.81253
longitude: 11.911082
population: 1,394,467
comment: Puducherry, also known as Pondicherry, is a union territory of India. It was formed out of four territories of former French India, namely Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé and Yanaon, excluding Chandannagar. It is named after the largest district, Puducherry. Historically known as Pondicherry, the territory changed its official name to Puducherry on 20 September 2006.

Rajasthan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-RJ
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-RJ
coordinate: 26°36′N 73°48′E
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: 73.8
longitude: 26.6
population: 68,548,437
comment: Rajasthan is a state located in northern India. The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. It is bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its geographical location is 23.3 to 30.12 North latitude and 69.30 to 78.17 East longitude, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through the southernmost tip of the state.

Sikkim
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-SK
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-SK
coordinate: 27°33′N 88°30′E
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 88.5
longitude: 27.55
population: 610,577
comment: Sikkim is a state in northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to India's Siliguri Corridor near Bangladesh. Sikkim is the least populous and second smallest among the Indian states. A part of the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity, including alpine and subtropical climates, as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga, the highest peak in India and third highest on Earth. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok. Almost 35% of the state is covered by the Khangchendzonga National Park – a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Tamil Nadu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-TN
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-TN
coordinate: 13°05′N 80°16′E
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 80.27
longitude: 13.09
population: 72,147,030
comment: Tamil Nadu is a state in South India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri Mountains, the Meghamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world.

Tripura
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-TR
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-TR
coordinate: 23°50′N 91°17′E
density: 305/km²
latitude: 91.28
longitude: 23.84
population: 3,671,032
comment: Tripura is a state in northeastern India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491.69 km2 and is bordered by Bangladesh to the north, south, and west, and the Indian states of Assam and Mizoram to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting 0.3% of the country's population.

Uttarakhand
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-UL
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-UL
coordinate: 30°20′N 78°04′E
density: 189/km2 (490/sq mi)
elevation: 7,816 m (25,643 ft)
latitude: 78.06
longitude: 30.33
population: 10,086,292
comment: Uttarakhand, formerly known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas, the Bhabar and the Terai regions. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the state, which is a rail head. Gairsain, a town in Chamoli district is the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The High Court of the state is located in Nainital.

Uttar Pradesh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-UP
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-UP
coordinate: 26°51′N 80°55′E
density: 830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
elevation: 957 m (3,140 ft)
latitude: 80.91
longitude: 26.85
population: 199,812,341
comment: Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India. With over 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule, and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950, giving it the acronym UP. The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts, with the state capital being Lucknow, and Allahabad serving as the judicial capital. On 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttaranchal, was carved from the state's Himalayan hill region. The two major rivers of the state, the Ganges and Yamuna, join at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad and flow further east as Ganges. Other prominent rivers are Gomti and Saryu. The forest cover in the state is 6.1% of the state's geographical area. The cultivable area is 82% of total geographical area and net area sown is 68.5% of cultivable area.

West Bengal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-WB
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-WB
coordinate: 22°34′N 88°22′E
density: 1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi)
latitude: 88.367
longitude: 22.567
population: 91,347,736
comment: West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal. With over 91 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous state and the fourteenth-largest state by area in India. Covering an area of 88,752 km2, it is also the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. Part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the third-largest metropolis, and seventh largest city by population in India. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans. The state's main ethnic group are the Bengalis, with the Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority.

Telangana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-TG
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-TG
coordinate: 17°21′58″N 78°28′30″E
density: 307/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 78.475
longitude: 17.366
population: 35,193,978
comment: Telangana is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills, mountain ranges, and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 . As of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts.
alternative label: Telangāna

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-DH
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-DH
coordinate: 20°25′N 72°50′E
density: 970/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
elevation: 8 m (26 ft)
latitude: 72.83
longitude: 20.42
population: 585,764
comment: Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu is a union territory in western India. It was created through the merger of the former union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Plans for the proposed merger were announced by the Government of India in July 2019 and the necessary legislation was passed in the Parliament of India in December 2019 and came into effect on 26 January 2020. The territory is made up of four separate geographical entities Dadra, Nagar Haveli, Daman and the island of Diu. All four areas were part of Portuguese India with the capital in Velha Goa, they came under Indian administration in the mid-20th century after the Annexation of Goa and Damaon. The capital city is Daman while Silvassa is the largest city.
alternative label: Dādra and Nagar Haveli and Damān and Diu

Ladakh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: India
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IN-LA
area: ISO 3166-2:IN-LA
coordinate: 34°00′N 77°30′E
density: 4.6/km2 (12/sq mi)
elevation: 7,742 m (25,400 ft)
latitude: 77.5
longitude: 34.0
population: 274,289
comment: Ladakh /ləˈdɑːk/ is a region administered by India as a union territory, and constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. Ladakh is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, both the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan to the west, and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the main Great Himalayas to the south. The eastern end, consisting of the uninhabited Aksai Chin plains, is claimed by the Indian Government as part of Ladakh, and has been under Chinese control since 1962.
alternative label: Ladākh

Baghdad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-BG
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-BG
coordinate: 33°20′N 44°26′E
latitude: 44.433
longitude: 33.333
population: 13,932,264
comment: Baghdad Governorate, also known as the Baghdad Province, is the capital governorate of Iraq. It includes the capital Baghdad as well as the surrounding metropolitan area. The governorate is the smallest of the 19 provinces of Iraq but the most populous.

Salah ad Din
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-SD
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-SD
coordinate: 34°27′N 43°35′E
latitude: 43.583
longitude: 34.45
population: 1,595,235
comment: The Saladin or Salah ad Din Governorate is a governorate in Iraq, north of Baghdad. The governorate has an area of 24,363 square kilometres . The estimated population in 2003 was 1,042,200 people. The capital is Tikrit; the governorate also contains the significantly larger city of Samarra. Before 1976 the governorate was part of Baghdad Governorate.

Diyala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-DI
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-DI
coordinate: 33°53′N 45°4′E
latitude: 45.067
longitude: 33.883
population: 1,637,226
comment: Diyala Governorate or Diyala Province is a governorate in eastern Iraq.

Wasit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-WA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-WA
coordinate: 32°40′N 45°45′E
latitude: 45.75
longitude: 32.667
population: 1,149,059
comment: Wasit Governorate is a governorate in eastern Iraq, south-east of Baghdad and bordering Iran. Prior to 1976 it was known as Kut Province. Major cities include the capital Al Kut, Al-Hai and Al-Suwaira. The governorate contains the Mesopotamian Marshes of Shuwayja, Al-Attariyah, and Hor Aldelmj. Its name comes from the Arabic word meaning "middle," as the former city of Wasit lay along the Tigris about midway between Baghdad and Basra. Wasit city was abandoned after the Tigris shifted course.

Maysan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-MA
coordinate: 31°54′N 47°2′E
latitude: 47.033
longitude: 31.9
population: 1,112,673
comment: Maysan Governorate is a governorate in southeastern Iraq, bordering Iran. Its administrative centre is the city of Amarah, and it is composed of six districts. Before 1976, it was named Amara Province.

Al Basrah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-BA
coordinate: 30°22′N 47°22′E
latitude: 47.367
longitude: 30.367
population: 2,900,000
comment: Basra Governorate is a governorate in southern Iraq, bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra, located in the Basrah district. Other districts of Basra include Al-Qurna, Al-Zubair, Al-Midaina, Shatt Al-Arab, Abu Al-Khaseeb and Al-Faw located on the Persian Gulf. It is the only governorate with a coastline.

Dhi Qar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-DQ
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-DQ
coordinate: 31°14′N 46°19′E
latitude: 46.317
longitude: 31.233
population: 2,000,000
comment: Dhi Qar Governorate is a governorate in southern Iraq. The provincial capital is Nasiriyah. Prior to 1976 the governorate was known as Muntafiq Governorate. Dhi Qar was the heartland of the ancient Iraqi civilization of Sumer, and includes the ruins of Ur, Eridu, Lagash, Larsa, Girsu, Umma, and Bad-tibira. The southern area of the governorate is covered by Mesopotamian Marshes.

Al Muthanna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-MU
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-MU
coordinate: 30°12′N 45°21′E
latitude: 45.35
longitude: 30.2
population: 770,500
comment: Muthanna Governorate or Al Muthanna Province, is a province in Iraq, named after the 7th-century Arab general al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. It is in the south of the country, bordering Saudi Arabia And Kuwait. Its capital is the city of Samawah.

Al-Qadisiyyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-QA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-QA
coordinate: 31°51′N 45°3′E
latitude: 45.05
longitude: 31.85
population: 1,320,000 (10% of total)
comment: Al-Qadisiyah Governorate is one of the governorates of Iraq. It is in the center-south of the country. The estimated population of the province is about a million and a half million people, according to the census of 2014. Its capital is Al Diwaniyah. Before 1976, it was part of the ad-Diwāniyah Governorate, along with al-Muthannā and Najaf. The province is named after the historical city of Al-Qādisiyah, the site of the Battle of al-Qādisiyah, where in 636 CE the Islamic Rashidun forces defeated the forces of the Sassanid Empire. The governorate is predominantly Shia Arab. It includes the Mesopotamian marsh of Hor Aldelmj.

Babil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-BB
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-BB
coordinate: 32°37′N 44°33′E
latitude: 44.55
longitude: 32.617
population: 2,065,042
comment: Babil Governorate or Babylon Province is a governorate in central Iraq. It has an area of 5,119 square kilometres, with an estimated population of 2,065,042 people in 2018. The provincial capital is the city of Hillah, which lies opposite the ancient city of Babylon, on the Euphrates river.

Karbala
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-KA
coordinate: 32°27′N 43°48′E
density: 240/km2 (630/sq mi)
latitude: 43.8
longitude: 32.45
population: 1,218,732
comment: Karbala Governorate is a governorate in central Iraq. Its administrative center is the city of Karbala, a holy city for Shia Muslims for housing the shrine of the revered Imam Hussein. The population is majority Shia. The governorate includes part of the artificial Lake Milh.

An Najaf
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-NA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-NA
coordinate: 31°7′N 43°48′E
latitude: 43.8
longitude: 31.117
population: 1,400,000
comment: Najaf Governorate or Najaf Province is a governorate in central and southern Iraq. The capital is the city of Najaf. The other major city is Al Kufah. Both cities are holy to Shia Muslims, who form the majority of the population.

Al Anbar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-AN
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-AN
coordinate: 32°54′N 41°36′E
density: 13/km2 (33/sq mi)
elevation: 45 m (148 ft)
latitude: 41.6
longitude: 32.9
population: 1,771,656
comment: Al Anbar Governorate, or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area. Encompassing much of the country's western territory, it shares borders with Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The provincial capital is Ramadi; other important cities include Fallujah and Al-Qa'im.

Ninawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-NI
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-NI
coordinate: 36°0′N 42°28′E
latitude: 42.467
longitude: 36.0
population: 3,730,000
comment: Nineveh Governorate is a governorate in northern Iraq that contains the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. It was an integral part of Assyria from the 25th century BC to the seventh century AD. It has an area of 37,323 km2 and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people in 2003. Its chief city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient Nineveh. Tal Afar is the second-biggest city. Before 1976, it was called Mosul Province and included the present-day Dohuk Governorate, which is now part of the autonomous Kurdistan Region.

Dahuk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-DA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-DA
coordinate: 37°3′N 43°9′E
latitude: 43.15
longitude: 37.05
population: 1,292,535
comment: Duhok Governorate is a governorate in the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital is the city of Duhok. It includes Zakho, near the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing with Şırnak Province, Turkey. It borders the Al-Hasakah Governorate of Syria. Before 1969, it was part of Nineveh Governorate, which was called Mosul Governorate. The estimated population in 2018 was 1,292,535.

Arbil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-AR
coordinate: 36°11′N 44°2′E
latitude: 44.033
longitude: 36.183
population: 2,932,800
comment: Erbil Governorate, sometimes referred to by the alternative spelling Arbil Governorate, is a governorate of Iraq in Kurdistan Region. It is the capital and economic hub of the autonomous region of Kurdistan Region.

As Sulaymaniyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-SU
coordinate: 35°31′N 45°19′E
latitude: 45.317
longitude: 35.517
population: 739,182
comment: Sulaymaniyah Governorate or Sulaymaniyah Province is a mountainous governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its largest city is Sulaymaniyah. Halabja Governorate was formerly the Halabja District of Sulaymaniyah, until it became a separate governorate in 2014.

Kirkuk
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-KI
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-KI
coordinate: 35°22′N 44°8′E
latitude: 44.133
longitude: 35.367
population: 1,597,876
comment: Kirkuk Governorate or Kirkuk Province is a governorate in northern Iraq. The governorate has an area of 9,679 square kilometres . In 2017 the estimated population was 1,259,561 people. The provincial capital is the city of Kirkuk. It is divided into four districts.
alternative label: Kirkūk

Halabja
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iraq
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IQ-HA
area: ISO 3166-2:IQ-HA
coordinate: 35°12′N 46°00′E
latitude: 46.0
longitude: 35.2
population: 109,000+
comment: Halabja Governorate is a governorate in the autonomous region of Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The governorate was established in 2014, splitting off from Sulaymaniyah Governorate and becoming the fourth governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Its capital is the city of Halabja.

East Azerbaijan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-01
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-01
coordinate: 37°16′39″N 49°35′20″E
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
latitude: 49.589
longitude: 37.2774
population: 2,530,696
comment: Gilan Province, is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It lies along the Caspian Sea, in Iran's Region 3, west of the province of Mazandaran, east of the province of Ardabil, and north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin. It borders Azerbaijan in the north.

West Azerbaijan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-02
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-02
coordinate: 36°33′56″N 53°03′32″E
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: 53.0588
longitude: 36.5656
population: 3,073,943
comment: Mazandaran Province and, is an Iranian province located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, in central-northern Iran.

Ardabil
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-03
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-03
coordinate: 38°04′36″N 46°16′48″E
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 46.28
longitude: 38.0766
population: 3,909,652
comment: East Azerbaijan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in Iranian Azerbaijan, bordering with Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, Ardabil Province, West Azerbaijan Province, and Zanjan Province. The capital of East Azerbaijan is Tabriz. East Azerbaijan Province is in Regions 3 of Iran, with its secretariat located in its capital city, Tabriz.

Esfahan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-04
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-04
coordinate: 37°33′10″N 45°04′33″E
density: 87/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 45.0759
longitude: 37.5528
population: 3,265,219
comment: West Azerbaijan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, bordering Turkey, Iraq and Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, as well as the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan and Kurdistan. The province is part of Region 3. It is separated from Armenia by Turkey's short border with the Azerbaijan Republic. The province of West Azerbaijan covers an area of 39,487 km², or 43,660 km² including Lake Urmia. As of the 2016 census, the province had a population of 3,265,219, in 935,956 households. The capital city and largest city of the province is Urmia.

Ilam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-05
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-05
coordinate: 34°19′03″N 47°05′13″E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 47.0869
longitude: 34.3176
population: 1,952,434
comment: Kermanshah Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The province was known from 1969 to 1986 as Kermanshahan and from 1986 to 1995 as Bakhtaran. According to a 2014 segmentation by the Ministry of Interior it is center of Region 4, with the region's central secretariat located at the province's capital city, Kermanshah. A majority of people in Kermanshah Province are Shia, and there are Sunni and Yarsani minority groups.

Bushehr
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-06
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-06
coordinate: 31°19′38″N 48°41′38″E
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 48.694
longitude: 31.3273
population: 4,711,000
comment: Khuzestan or Xuzestan province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahvaz and it covers an area of 63,238 square kilometres . Since 2014 it has been part of Iran's Region 4.

Tehran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-07
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-07
coordinate: 29°37′30″N 52°31′54″E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 52.53167
longitude: 29.625
population: 4,851,274
comment: Fars Province, also known as Pars as well as Persis and Persia, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. With an area of 122,400 km², it is located in Iran's southwest, in Region 2, and its administrative center is Shiraz. As of 2011, Fars had a population of 4.6 million people, of which 67.6% were registered as urban dwellers, 32.1% villagers, and 0.3% nomad tribes.

Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-08
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-08
coordinate: 30°17′27″N 57°04′04″E
density: 17/km2 (45/sq mi)
elevation: 192 m (630 ft)
latitude: 57.0679
longitude: 30.2907
population: 3,164,718
comment: Kerman Province is the largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5. Mentioned in ancient times as the Achamenid satrapy of Carmania, it is the largest province of Iran with an area of 183,285 km2, that encompasses nearly 11 percent of the land area of Iran. The population of the province is about 3 million .

Khorasan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-09
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-09
coordinate: 36°17′53″N 59°36′21″E
density: 54/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 59.6057
longitude: 36.298
population: 6,434,501
comment: Razavi Khorasan Province is a province located in northeastern Iran. Mashhad is the center and capital of the province. Other cities are Quchan, Dargaz, Chenaran, Sarakhs, Shahr Jadid-e Golbahar, Fariman, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Torbat-e Jam, Salehabad, Taybad, Khaf, Roshtkhar, Kashmar, Rivash, Bardaskan, Nishapur, Sabzevar, Gonabad, Kalat. Razavi Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan Province in 2004. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5 with Mashhad as the location of the region's secretariat.

Khuzestan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-10
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-10
coordinate: 32°39′28″N 51°40′09″E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 51.6692
longitude: 32.6577
population: 5,120,850
comment: Isfahan Province, also transliterated as Esfahan, Espahan, Isfahan, or Isphahan, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is located in the center of the country in Iran's Region 2. Its secretariat is located in the city of Isfahan.

Zanjan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-11
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-11
coordinate: 29°29′33″N 60°52′01″E
density: 15/km2 (40/sq mi)
latitude: 60.8669
longitude: 29.4924
population: 2,775,014
comment: Sistan and Balochistan Province is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran, after Kerman Province. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan and its capital is Zahedan. The province is the second largest province in Iran with an area of 180,726 km2 and a population of 2.5 million. The counties of the province are Chabahar County, Qasr-e Qand County, Dalgan County, Golshan County, Hirmand County, Iranshahr County, Khash County, Konarak County, Nik Shahr County, Saravan County, Sarbaz County, Sib and Suran County, Taftan County, Zabol County, Mehrestan County, Zahedan County, Zehak County, Hamun County, Nimruz County, Bampur County, Mirjaveh County and Fanuj County.

Semnan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-12
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-12
coordinate: 35°18′41″N 46°59′46″E
density: 55/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 46.996
longitude: 35.3113
population: 1,603,011
comment: Kurdistan Province or Kordestan Province, is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The province of Kurdistan is 28,817 km² in area. It is located in the west of Iran, in Region 3 and bound by Kurdistan Region of Iraq on the west, the province of West Azerbaijan to its north, Zanjan to the northeast, Hamedan to the east and Kermanshah to the south. The capital of Kurdistan Province is the city of Sanandaj. Other counties with their major cities are Saqqez, Baneh, Diwandarreh, Bijar, Qorveh, Dehgolan, Kamyaran, Sarvabad and Marivan.

Sistan and Baluchistan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-13
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-13
coordinate: 34°47′54″N 48°30′53″E
density: 91/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 48.5146
longitude: 34.7982
population: 1,758,268
comment: Hamadan Province, is an Iranian province located in the Zagros Mountains. Its center is Hamadan city. The province of Hamadan covers an area of 19,546 km². In the year 1996, Hamadan province had a population of approximately 1.7 million people; according to the National Census held in 2011 the population of the Province was 1,758,268 people. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.

Fars
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-14
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-14
coordinate: 32°19′39″N 50°51′17″E
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 50.8546
longitude: 32.3275
population: 947,763
comment: Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It lies in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital is Shahr-e Kord.

Kerman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-15
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-15
coordinate: 33°29′14″N 48°21′14″E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 48.3538
longitude: 33.4871
population: 1,716,527
comment: Lorestan Province is a province of western Iran in the Zagros Mountains. The population of Lorestan was 1,760,649 people in 2016, according to the last conducted census. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.

Kurdistan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-16
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-16
coordinate: 33°38′18″N 46°25′21″E
density: 29/km2 (75/sq mi)
elevation: 2,775 m (9,104 ft)
latitude: 46.4226
longitude: 33.6384
population: 580,158
comment: Ilam Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2, while sharing 425 km of the border with Iraq, and also bordering on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan. The largest city and also the provincial capital is the city of Ilam with a population 194,030. As of 2016 census, the population of the province was 580,158 people and is the least populated province in Iran.

Kermanshah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-17
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-17
coordinate: 30°40′N 51°36′E
density: 42/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 51.6
longitude: 30.67
population: 658,629
comment: Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is in the south-west of the country, in Iran's Region 2, and its capital is Yasuj. The province covers an area of 15,563 square kilometers, and in 2006 had a population of 634,000. According to the National Population and Housing Census, the population of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in 2011 was 658,629. The people mainly speak the Luri language. The counties of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province are Bahmai County, Landeh County, Boyer-Ahmad County, Charam County, Dana County, Basht County and Gachsaran County.

Kohkiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-18
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-18
coordinate: 28°55′06″N 50°50′18″E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 50.8382
longitude: 28.9184
population: 1,463,400
comment: Bushehr Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country, with a long coastline onto the Persian Gulf. Its center is Bushehr, the provincial capital. The province has ten counties: Asaluyeh, Bushehr, Dashtestan, Dashti, Deyr, Deylam, Jam, Kangan, Ganaveh and Tangestan. In 2011, the province had a population of approximately 1 million people.

Gilan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-19
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-19
coordinate: 36°40′30″N 48°29′04″E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 48.4845
longitude: 36.6751
population: 1,015,734
comment: Zanjan or Zangan Province is a Northwestern Iranian province hosting a more than a million people, largely Turkic speaking. It is a mountainous province with close to 22,000 km2 of land placed in Iran's third region. Most of the inhabitants live in the two major cities of Zanjan and Abhar. One third of the population live in rural areas.

Lorestan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-20
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-20
coordinate: 35°34′37″N 53°23′43″E
density: 6.5/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: 53.3953
longitude: 35.5769
population: 631,218
comment: Semnan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country, and its center is Semnan. The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range and borders to Dasht-e Kavir desert in its southern parts.

Mazandaran
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-21
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-21
coordinate: 31°53′41″N 54°21′25″E
density: 15/km2 (39/sq mi)
latitude: 54.357
longitude: 31.8948
population: 1,138,533
comment: Yazd Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the centre of the country, and its administrative center is the city of Yazd. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.

Markazi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-22
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-22
coordinate: 27°11′18″N 56°16′36″E
density: 25/km2 (65/sq mi)
latitude: 56.2768
longitude: 27.1884
population: 1,776,415
comment: Markazi Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The word Markazi means central in Persian. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.

Hormozgan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-23
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-23
coordinate: 35°42′42″N 51°24′25″E
density: 710/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: 51.407
longitude: 35.7117
population: 13,267,637
comment: Tehran Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It covers an area of 18,814 square kilometres and is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran.

Hamadan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-24
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-24
coordinate: 38°15′05″N 48°17′50″E
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 48.2973
longitude: 38.2514
population: 1,270,420
comment: Ardabil Province is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, in Region 3, bordering the Republic of Azerbaijan, the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and Gilan. Its administrative centre is the city of Ardabil. The province was established in 1993 from the eastern part of East Azerbaijan.

Yazd
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-25
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-25
coordinate: 34°38′44″N 50°52′47″E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 50.8798
longitude: 34.6456
population: 1,151,672
comment: Qom Province, pre-Islamic Komishan/Qomishan, is one of the 31 provinces of Iran with 11,237 km², covering 0.89% of the total area in Iran. It is in the northern portion of the country, and its provincial capital is the city of Qom. It was formed from part of Tehran Province in 1995. In 2011, the province had a population of 1,151,672 out of which 95.2% resided in urban areas and 4.8% in rural vicinities. The province contains the cities of Qom, Jafariyeh, Dastjerd, Kahak, Qanavat & Salafchegan. Qom County is the sole county in the province.

Qom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-26
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-26
coordinate: 36°16′09″N 50°00′10″E
density: 82/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 50.0029
longitude: 36.2693
population: 1,273,761
comment: Qazvin Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north-west of the country, and its center is the city of Qazvin. The province was created in 1993 out of part of Tehran Province. The counties of Qazvin Province are Qazvin County, Takestan County, Abyek County, Buin Zahra County, Mobarakeh County, Alborz County & Avaj County. The largest cities are Qazvin, Takestan, Abyek, Alvand, Iran, Bidestan, Mobarakeh, Mohammadiyeh & Eqbaliyeh.

Golestan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-27
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-27
coordinate: 36°50′21″N 54°26′40″E
density: 92/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 54.4444
longitude: 36.8393
population: 1,868,819
comment: Golestān Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Gorgan.

Qazvin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-28
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-28
coordinate: 37°28′34″N 57°19′54″E
density: 31/km2 (79/sq mi)
latitude: 57.3317
longitude: 37.4761
population: 867,727
comment: North Khorasan Province is a province located in northeastern Iran. Bojnord is the capital of the province. The counties of North Khorasan Province are Shirvan County, Esfarayen County, Maneh and Samalqan County, Raz and Jargalan County, Jajarm County, Faruj County, and Garmeh County. North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.

Alborz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-30
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-30
coordinate: 35°29′N 50°35′E
density: 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 50.58
longitude: 35.48
population: 2,712,400
comment: Alborz Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, centered in Karaj. The majority of population of Alborz identify as ethnic Persians.

Khorasan-e Jonubi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-29
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-29
coordinate: 32°51′55″N 59°12′59″E
density: 5.1/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: 59.2164
longitude: 32.8653
population: 768,898
comment: South Khorasan Province is a province located in eastern Iran. Birjand is the centre of the province. The other major cities are Ferdows, Tabas and Qaen. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.
alternative label: Khorāsān-e Jonūbī

Markazi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iran
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IR-00
area: ISO 3166-2:IR-00
coordinate: 34°05′43″N 49°41′27″E
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 49.6909
longitude: 34.0954
population: 1,429,475
comment: Markazi Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The word Markazi means central in Persian. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.
alternative label: Markazī

Capital region
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-1
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-1
coordinate: 64°11′05″N 21°36′47″W
density: 214.9/km2 (557/sq mi)
latitude: -21.6131
longitude: 64.1846
population: 233,034
comment: Greater Reykjavík is a region in southwestern Iceland that comprises the national capital Reykjavík and six municipalities around it. Each municipality has its own elected council. Municipal governments cooperate extensively in various fields: for example waste policy, shared public transport and a joint fire brigade.

Southern Peninsula
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-2
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-2
coordinate: 63°52′12″N 22°33′30″W
density: 24.5/km2 (63/sq mi)
latitude: -22.55833
longitude: 63.87
population: 27,829
comment: Southern Peninsula is an administrative unit and part of Reykjanesskagi, or Reykjanes Peninsula, a region in southwest Iceland. It was named after Reykjanes, the southwestern tip of Reykjanesskagi.

Westland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-3
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-3
coordinate: 64°32′N 21°55′W
density: 1.6/km2 (4/sq mi)
latitude: -21.917
longitude: 64.533
population: 16,662
comment: Western Region is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located on the western coast of the island. It is the only region for which the largest town, Akranes, is not the municipal capital.

Western Fjords
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-4
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-4
coordinate: 65°44′15″N 22°10′14″W
density: 0.3/km2 (0.8/sq mi)
latitude: -22.17056
longitude: 65.7375
population: 7,115
comment: The Westfjords or West Fjords is a large peninsula in northwestern Iceland and an administrative district. It lies on the Denmark Strait, facing the east coast of Greenland. It is connected to the rest of Iceland by a 7-km-wide isthmus between Gilsfjörður and Bitrufjörður. The Westfjords are very mountainous; the coastline is heavily indented by dozens of fjords surrounded by steep hills. These indentations make roads very circuitous and communications by land difficult. In addition many of the roads are closed by ice and snow for several months of the year. The Vestfjarðagöng road tunnel from 1996 has improved that situation. The cliffs at Látrabjarg comprise the longest bird cliff in the northern Atlantic Ocean and are at the westernmost point in Iceland. The Drangajökull glacier is located in the north of the peninsula and is the fifth-largest of the country, but the only glacier of the region.

Northwest
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-5
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-5
coordinate: 65°44′46″N 19°38′22″W
density: 0.6/km2 (2/sq mi)
latitude: -19.63944
longitude: 65.74611
population: 7,322
comment: Northwestern Region is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located in the north of the island. The biggest town in the region is Sauðárkrókur, with a population of 3000.

Northeast
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-6
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-6
coordinate: 65°41′N 18°06′W
density: 1.3/km2 (3/sq mi)
latitude: -18.1
longitude: 65.683
population: 30,600
comment: Northeastern Region is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located in the north of the island. The biggest town in the region is Akureyri, with a population of 17,300.

East
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-7
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-7
coordinate: 65°17′N 14°23′W
density: 0.6/km2 (2/sq mi)
latitude: -14.383
longitude: 65.283
population: 13,173
comment: Eastern Region is a region in eastern Iceland. Its area is 22,721 square kilometres and in 2020 its population was 13,173. The Eastern Regions has a jagged coastline of fjords, referred to as the Eastfjords .

South
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Iceland
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IS-8
area: ISO 3166-2:IS-8
coordinate: 63°55′59″N 20°59′49″W
density: 1.17/km2 (3.0/sq mi)
latitude: -20.99694
longitude: 63.93306
population: 28,399
comment: Southern Region is a region of Iceland. The population of the region was 28,399 . The largest town in the region is Selfoss, with a population of 6,000.

Agrigento
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AG
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AG
coordinate: 37°19′N 13°35′E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 13.583
longitude: 37.317
population: 454,370
comment: The Province of Agrigento is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy, situated on its south-western coast. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Agrigento. It has an area of 3,041.90 square kilometres, and a total population of 474,493. There are 43 comunes in the province.

Alessandria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AL
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AL
coordinate: 44°54′48″N 8°37′12″E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 8.62
longitude: 44.91333
population: 425,297
comment: The Province of Alessandria is an Italian province, with a population of some 425,000, which forms the southeastern part of the region of Piedmont. The provincial capital is the city of Alessandria.

Ancona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AN
coordinate: 43°37′N 13°31′E
density: 250/km2 (640/sq mi)
latitude: 13.517
longitude: 43.617
population: 482,886
comment: The province of Ancona is a province in the Marche region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Ancona, and the province borders the Adriatic Sea. The city of Ancona is also the capital of Marche.

Aosta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AO
coordinate: 45°44′49″N 7°26′21″E
density: 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 7.43917
longitude: 45.74694
population: 126,933
comment: The Aosta Valley ; French: Vallée d'Aoste; Arpitan: Val d'Outa; Walser: Augschtalann or Ougstalland; Piedmontese: Val d'Osta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is bordered by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France, to the west, Valais, Switzerland, to the north, and by Piedmont, Italy, to the south and east. The regional capital is Aosta.

Ascoli Piceno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AP
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AP
coordinate: 42°51′17″N 13°34′31″E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 13.57528
longitude: 42.85472
population: 211,226
comment: The province of Ascoli Piceno is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno, and the province is bordered by the Adriatic Sea to the east, the province of Macerata to the north, and it faces the regions of Umbria and Abruzzo to the south. There are 33 comuni in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Ascoli Piceno.

LAquila
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AQ
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AQ
coordinate: 42°25′22″N 13°23′40″E
density: 60/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 13.3945
longitude: 42.4228
population: 300,409
comment: The Province of L'Aquila is the largest, most mountainous and least densely populated province of the Abruzzo region of Southern Italy. It comprises about half the landmass of Abruzzo and occupies the western part of the region. It has borders with the provinces of Teramo to the north, Pescara and Chieti to the east, Isernia to the south and Frosinone, Rome and Rieti to the west. Its capital is the city of L'Aquila.

Arezzo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AR
coordinate: 43°28′24″N 11°52′12″E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 11.87
longitude: 43.47333
population: 343,676
comment: The province of Arezzo is the easternmost province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Arezzo. The province is bordered by the regions of Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, and the provinces Siena and Florence of Tuscany. It has an area of 3,233 square kilometres, a total population of about 344,000 in 36 comuni (singular: comune)

Asti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AT
coordinate: 44°53′56″N 8°12′28″E
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: 8.20778
longitude: 44.89889
population: 215,871
comment: The Province of Asti is a province in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Its capital is the city of Asti. To the northwest it borders on the Metropolitan City of Turin; to the southwest it borders on the province of Cuneo. To the east it borders on the province of Alessandria, while in the south it shares a very short border with the Ligurian province of Savona. It has an area of 1,504.5 square kilometres, and, As of 2017, a total population of 215,871.

Avellino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-AV
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-AV
coordinate: 40°54′55″N 14°47′23″E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 14.78972
longitude: 40.91528
population: 423,932
comment: The Province of Avellino is a province in the Campania region of Southern Italy. The area is characterized by numerous small towns and villages scattered across the province; only two towns have a population over 20,000: its capital city Avellino and Ariano Irpino .

Bari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BA
coordinate: 41°7′31″N 16°52′0″E
density: 250/km2 (640/sq mi)
latitude: 16.86667
longitude: 41.12528
population: 1,261,954
comment: The Province of Bari was a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Bari.

Bergamo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BG
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BG
coordinate: 45°41′42″N 9°40′12″E
density: 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 9.67
longitude: 45.695
population: 1,112,187
comment: The Province of Bergamo is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. It has a population of 1,112,187, an area of 2,754.91 square kilometers, and contains 243 comuni. Its capital is the city of Bergamo.

Biella
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BI
coordinate: 45°34′39″N 8°3′4″E
density: 200/km2 (510/sq mi)
latitude: 8.05111
longitude: 45.5775
population: 178,551
comment: The Province of Biella is a province of Italy located in Piedmont. It was created in 1992 and its capital is the city of Biella.

Belluno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BL
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BL
coordinate: 46°8′27″N 12°12′56″E
density: 56/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 12.21556
longitude: 46.14083
population: 202,950
comment: The Province of Belluno is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Belluno.

Benevento
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BN
coordinate: 41°8′N 14°47′E
density: 130/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: 14.783
longitude: 41.133
population: 279,308
comment: The Province of Benevento is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Benevento.

Bologna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BO
coordinate: 44°29′38″N 11°20′34″E
density: 255/km²
latitude: 11.34278
longitude: 44.49389
population: 944,297 (2005)
comment: The province of Bologna was a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its provincial capital was the city of Bologna. The province of Bologna covered an area of 3,702.32 square kilometres and had a total population of 1,004,323 inhabitants as of 31 December 2014, giving it a population density of 271.27 inhabitants per square kilometre. It was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Bologna starting from January 2015.

Brindisi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BR
coordinate: 40°38′18″N 17°56′45″E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 17.94583
longitude: 40.63833
population: 401,652
comment: The Province of Brindisi is a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Brindisi. It has an area of 1,839 square kilometres and a total population of 401,652 .

Brescia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BS
coordinate: 45°38′N 10°18′E
density: 260/km2 (690/sq mi)
latitude: 10.3
longitude: 45.633
population: 1,265,964
comment: The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, northern Italy. It has a population of some 1,265,964 and its capital is the city of Brescia.

Barletta-Andria-Trani
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BT
coordinate: 41°19′N 16°17′E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 16.283
longitude: 41.317
population: 384,293
comment: The Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani is a province of Italy in the Apulia region. The establishment of the province took effect in June 2009, and Andria was appointed as its seat of government on 21 May 2010.

Bolzano
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-BZ
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-BZ
coordinate: 46°43′00″N 11°30′00″E
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 11.354103
longitude: 46.495167
population: 531,178
comment: South Tyrol is an autonomous province in northern Italy, one of the two that make up the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The province is the northernmost of Italy, the second largest, with an area of 7,400 square kilometres and has a total population of 531,178 inhabitants as of 2019. Its capital and largest city is Bolzano .

Cagliari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CA
coordinate: 39°13′09″N 9°07′02″E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 9.11722
longitude: 39.2192
population: 551,053
comment: Cagliari was a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy and its capital city was Cagliari.

Campobasso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CB
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CB
coordinate: 41°34′N 14°40′E
density: 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 14.667
longitude: 41.567
population: 223,871
comment: The province of Campobasso is a province in the Molise region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Campobasso.

Caserta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CE
coordinate: 41°10′N 14°13′E
density: 350/km2 (900/sq mi)
latitude: 14.217
longitude: 41.167
population: 924,414
comment: The Province of Caserta is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Caserta, situated about 36 kilometres by road north of Naples. The province has an area of 2,651.35 square kilometres, and a total population of 924,414 as of 2016. The Palace of Caserta is located near to the city, a former royal residence which was constructed for the Bourbon kings of Naples. It was the largest palace and one of the largest buildings erected in Europe during the 18th century. In 1997, the palace was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Chieti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CH
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CH
coordinate: 42°21′N 14°10′E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 14.167
longitude: 42.35
population: 387,649
comment: The province of Chieti is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Chieti, which has a population of 50,770 inhabitants. The province has a total population of 387,649 inhabitants as of 2017 and spans an area of 2,599.58 square kilometres . It is divided into 104 comuni and the provincial president is Mario Pupillo.

Carbonia-Iglesias
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CI
coordinate: 39°09′00″N 8°31′00″E
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 8.5167
longitude: 39.15
population: 131,890
comment: The province of Carbonia-Iglesias was a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. It included the historical area of Sulcis-Iglesiente and it was the smallest province of Sardinia. It is bordered by the provinces of Cagliari and Medio Campidano. All three provinces have been suppressed by the regional decree in 2016.

Caltanissetta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CL
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CL
coordinate: 37°29′N 14°03′E
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: 14.05
longitude: 37.49
population: 271,758
comment: The Province of Caltanissetta is a province in the southern part of Sicily, Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Caltanissetta. It contains 22 comuni, which are listed at Comuni of the Province of Caltanissetta. Its coat of arms is a red crest and two green leaf stems on top with a laurel leaf on the right and a crown in the middle. The River Salso is the main river of the province; it is 122 kilometres long and originates in the province of Palermo, and it flows into the Mediterranean in this province at the end of the Gulf of Gela.

Cuneo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CN
coordinate: 44°23′N 7°33′E
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 7.55
longitude: 44.383
population: 590,309
comment: Cuneo or Coni is a province in the southwest of the Piedmont region of Italy. To the west it borders on the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . To the north it borders with the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the east it borders with the province of Asti. To the south it borders with the Ligurian provinces of Savona and Imperia. It is also known as La Provincia Granda, Piedmontese for "The Big Province", because it is the fourth largest province in Italy and the largest one in Piedmont. Briga Marittima and Tenda were part of this province before cession to France in 1947.

Como
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CO
coordinate: 45°49′N 9°5′E
density: 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 9.083
longitude: 45.817
population: 599,905
comment: The Province of Como is a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy and borders the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni to the North, the Italian provinces of Sondrio and Lecco to the East, the Province of Monza and Brianza to the south and the Province of Varese to the West. The city of Como is its capital — other large towns, with more than 10,000 inhabitants, include Cantù, Erba, Mariano Comense and Olgiate Comasco. Campione d'Italia also belongs to the province and is enclaved in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

Cremona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CR
coordinate: 45°8′N 10°2′E
density: 200/km2 (530/sq mi)
latitude: 10.033
longitude: 45.133
population: 358,908
comment: The Province of Cremona is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital city is Cremona.

Cosenza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CS
coordinate: 39°18′N 16°15′E
density: 110/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 16.25
longitude: 39.3
population: 710,189
comment: The province of Cosenza is a province in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Cosenza. It contains 150 comuni, listed at list of communes of the Province of Cosenza.

Catania
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CT
coordinate: 37°31′N 15°4′E
density: 302/km²
latitude: 15.067
longitude: 37.517
population: 1,073,881 (2005)
comment: The Province of Catania was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in southern Italy. Its capital was the city of Catania. It had an area of 3,552 square kilometres and a total population of about 1,116,917 as of 31 December 2014.

Catanzaro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-CZ
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-CZ
coordinate: 38°54′36″N 16°35′15″E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 16.5875
longitude: 38.91
population: 361,783
comment: The province of Catanzaro is a province of the Calabria region of Italy. The city Catanzaro is both capital of the province and capital of the region of Calabria. The province contains a total of 80 municipalities . Its provincial president is Sergio Abramo.

Enna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-EN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-EN
coordinate: 37°34′N 14°16′E
density: 65/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 14.267
longitude: 37.567
population: 168,052
comment: Enna is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Enna. Its capital is the city of Enna, located on a mountain and the highest provincial capital in Sicily. Located in the center of the island, it is the only landlocked province in Sicily.

Ferrara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FE
coordinate: 44°50′42″N 11°37′58″E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 11.63278
longitude: 44.845
population: 350,238
comment: The province of Ferrara is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Ferrara. As of 2016, it has a population of 354,238 inhabitants over an area of 2,635.12 square kilometres . It contains 23 comuni, listed at list of communes of the Province of Ferrara. Its president is Barbara Paron.

Foggia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FG
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FG
coordinate: 41°28′N 15°34′E
density: 89/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 15.567
longitude: 41.467
population: 627,102
comment: The Province of Foggia is a province in the Apulia region of southern Italy.

Firenze
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FI
coordinate: 43°46′17″N 11°15′15″E
density: 265/km²
latitude: 11.25417
longitude: 43.77139
population: 933,860 (2004)
comment: The province of Florence was a province in the northeast of Tuscany region of Italy. The city or comune of Florence was both the capital of the Province of Florence, and of the Region of Tuscany. It had an area of 3,514 square kilometres and a population of 1,012,180 as of 31 December 2014. The territory of the province was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance.

Fermo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FM
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FM
coordinate: 43°9′37.51″N 13°43′5.16″E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: 13.7181
longitude: 43.16042
population: 174,358
comment: The province of Fermo is a province in the Marche region of central Italy. It was established in 2004 and became operational in 2009. Its administrative centre and provincial capital is the city of Fermo . Other major cities include Porto Sant'Elpidio, Porto San Giorgio, Sant'Elpidio a Mare, and Montegranaro . As of 2017, the province has a population of 174,358 inhabitants and spans an area of 862.77 square kilometres . It contains 40 comuni.

Forli-Cesena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FO
coordinate: 44°13′21″N 12°2′27″E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: 12.04083
longitude: 44.2225
population: 398,322
comment: The province of Forlì-Cesena is a province in the Emilia–Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Forlì. The province has a population of 394,273 as of 2016 over an area of 2,378.4 square kilometres . It contains 30 comuni and the provincial president is Davide Drei. Although located close to the independent Republic of San Marino, Forlì-Cesena does not share a land border with the sovereign state.
alternative label: Forlì-Cesena

Frosinone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FR
coordinate: 41°38′N 13°21′E
density: 151/km²
latitude: 13.35
longitude: 41.633
population: 486,093
comment: The Province of Frosinone is a province in the Lazio region of Italy, with 91 comuni . Its capital is the city of Frosinone. It has an area of 3,247 square kilometres and a total population of 493,605 .

Genova
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-GE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-GE
coordinate: 44°24′40.16″N 8°55′57.58″E
density: 480/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 8.932661
longitude: 44.411156
population: 880,361
comment: The Province of Genoa was a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Genoa. It was replaced by Metropolitan City of Genoa.

Gorizia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-GO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-GO
coordinate: 45°56′23″N 13°37′24″E
density: 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
latitude: 13.6234
longitude: 45.9398
population: 139,902
comment: The Province of Gorizia was a province in the autonomous Friuli–Venezia Giulia region of Italy, which was disbanded on 30 September 2017.

Grosseto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-GR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-GR
coordinate: 42°45′00″N 11°06′30″E
density: 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 11.10833
longitude: 42.75
population: 225,098
comment: The province of Grosseto is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Grosseto. As of 2013 the province had a total population of 225,098 people.

Imperia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-IM
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-IM
coordinate: 43°53′11.28″N 8°01′46.75″E
density: 190/km2 (480/sq mi)
latitude: 8.029653
longitude: 43.886467
population: 214,878
comment: The Province of Imperia is a mountainous and hilly province, in the Liguria region of Italy, situated between France to the north and the west, and the Ligurian Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Its capital is the city of Imperia.

Isernia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-IS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-IS
coordinate: 41°39′N 14°16′E
density: 56/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 14.267
longitude: 41.65
population: 86,405
comment: The province of Isernia is a province in the region of Molise in Italy. The provincial capital is the city Isernia and the president of the province is Alfredo Ricci. The province of Isernia has an area of 1,535.24 square kilometres and a population of 86,405 inhabitants as of 2016. It contains 52 comunes in the province, listed at comunes of the Province of Isernia.

Crotone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-KR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-KR
coordinate: 39°5′N 17°7′E
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 17.117
longitude: 39.083
population: 174,890
comment: The province of Crotone is a province in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It was formed in 1992 out of a section of the province of Catanzaro. The provincial capital is the city of Crotone. It borders the provinces of Cosenza, Catanzaro, and also the Ionian Sea. It contains the mountain Pizzuta, the National Park of the Sila, Montagnella Park, and the Giglietto Valley. Crotone was founded in 710 BCE. It participated in the Second Punic War against the Roman Republic.

Lecco
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-LC
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-LC
coordinate: 45°51′N 9°24′E
density: 420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 9.4
longitude: 45.85
population: 337,211
comment: The Province of Lecco is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lecco.

Lecce
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-LE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-LE
coordinate: 40°21′7.24″N 18°10′8.9″E
density: 290/km2 (740/sq mi)
latitude: 18.16914
longitude: 40.352013
population: 802,807
comment: The Province of Lecce is a province in the Apulia region of Italy whose capital is the city of Lecce. The province is called the "Heel of Italy". Located on the Salento peninsula, it is the second most-populous province in Apulia and the 21st most-populous province in Italy.

Livorno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-LI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-LI
coordinate: 43°33′N 10°19′E
density: 280/km2 (720/sq mi)
latitude: 10.317
longitude: 43.55
population: 337,992
comment: The province of Livorno or, traditionally, province of Leghorn is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It includes several islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, including Elba and Capraia. Its capital is the city of Livorno. When formed in 1861, the province included only Livorno and Elba Island. It was extended in 1925 with land from the provinces of Pisa and Genoa. It has an area of 1,211 square kilometres and a total population of 343,003 . There are 19 comuni in the province. The coastline of the area is known as "Costa degli Etruschi" .

Lodi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-LO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-LO
coordinate: 45°19′N 9°30′E
density: 290/km2 (760/sq mi)
latitude: 9.5
longitude: 45.317
population: 229,741
comment: The province of Lodi is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Lodi. As of 2017, it has a population of 229,541 inhabitants over an area of c. 783 square kilometres, giving the province a population density of 293.2 inhabitants per square kilometre. The provincial president is Francesco Passerini.

Latina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-LT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-LT
coordinate: 41°28′3.35″N 12°54′13.32″E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 12.9037
longitude: 41.467598
population: 561,189
comment: The Province of Latina is an area of local government at the level of province in the Republic of Italy. It is one of five provinces that form the region of Lazio. The provincial capital is the city of Latina. It is bordered by the provinces of Frosinone to the north-east and by the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital to the north-west.

Lucca
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-LU
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-LU
coordinate: 43°51′N 10°31′E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 10.517
longitude: 43.85
population: 390,025
comment: The province of Lucca is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lucca.

Macerata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MC
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MC
coordinate: 43°18′0.90″N 13°27′11.89″E
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 13.453302
longitude: 43.30025
population: 316,936
comment: The province of Macerata is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Macerata. The province includes 55 comunes in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Macerata. Located between the rivers Potenza and Chienti, both of which originate in the province, the city of Macerata is located on a hill.

Medio Campidano
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MD
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MD
coordinate: 43°18′0.90″N 13°27′11.89″E
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 13.453302
longitude: 43.30025
population: 316,936
comment: The province of Macerata is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Macerata. The province includes 55 comunes in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Macerata. Located between the rivers Potenza and Chienti, both of which originate in the province, the city of Macerata is located on a hill.

Messina
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-ME
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-ME
coordinate: 38°11′N 15°33′E
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: 15.55
longitude: 38.183
population: 651,921
comment: Messina was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Its capital was the city of Messina. It was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Messina.

Milano
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MI
coordinate: 45°27′50.98″N 9°11′25.21″E
density: 2,000/km2 (5,300/sq mi)
latitude: 9.190336
longitude: 45.46416
population: 3,195,211
comment: The Province of Milan was a province in the Lombardy region, Italy. Its capital was the city of Milan. The provincial territory was highly urbanized, resulting in the third highest population density among the Italian provinces with more than 2,000 inhabitants/km2, just behind the provinces of Naples and the bordering Monza e Brianza, created in 2004 splitting the north-eastern part from the province of Milan itself. On January 1, 2015 it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Milan.

Mantova
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MN
coordinate: 44°54′N 12°30′E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 12.5
longitude: 44.9
population: 413,663
comment: The Province of Mantua is a province in the Lombardy region of Northern Italy. Its capital is the city of Mantua. It is bordered to the north-east by the Province of Verona, to the east by that of Rovigo, to the south by those of Ferrara, Modena, Reggio Emilia and Parma, to the west by the Province of Cremona and to the north-west by that of Brescia.

Modena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MO
coordinate: 44°38′41″N 10°55′32″E
density: 260/km2 (680/sq mi)
latitude: 10.925556
longitude: 44.644722
population: 700,722
comment: The Province of Modena is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Modena.

Massa-Carrara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MS
coordinate: 44°18′N 10°00′E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
latitude: 10.0
longitude: 44.3
population: 195,832
comment: The province of Massa-Carrara is a province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. It is named after the provincial capital Massa, and Carrara, the other main town in the province.

Matera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MT
coordinate: 40°40′N 16°36′E
density: 58/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 16.6
longitude: 40.667
population: 200,581
comment: The province of Matera is a province in the Basilicata region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Matera. It has an area of 3,447 square kilometres and a total population of 201,133; the city Matera has a population of 61,204. There are 31 comunes in the province . The province of Matera is bordered by the province of Potenza in the west and south, the region of Calabria also to the south, the region of Apulia to the east and north, and by the Ionian Sea to the southeast.

Monza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MZ
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MZ
coordinate: 45°35′N 9°16′E
density: 2,200/km2 (5,600/sq mi)
latitude: 9.267
longitude: 45.583
population: 871,735
comment: The province of Monza and Brianza,, is an administrative province of Lombardy region, Italy.

Napoli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-NA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-NA
coordinate: 40°50′N 14°15′E
density: 2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
latitude: 14.25
longitude: 40.833
population: 3,052,763
comment: The Province of Naples was a province in the Campania region of southern Italy.

Novara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-NO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-NO
coordinate: 45°27′N 8°37′E
density: 280/km2 (720/sq mi)
latitude: 8.617
longitude: 45.45
population: 373,081
comment: Novara is a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Novara.

Nuoro
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-NU
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-NU
coordinate: 40°19′N 9°20′E
density: 37/km2 (97/sq mi)
latitude: 9.333
longitude: 40.317
population: 210,972
comment: The province of Nuoro is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia, Italy. Its capital is the city of Nuoro.

Ogliastra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-OG
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-OG
coordinate: 39°53′00″N 9°33′00″E
density: 31/km2 (81/sq mi)
latitude: 9.55
longitude: 39.8833
population: 58,026
comment: The province of Ogliastra was a former province in eastern Sardinia, Italy. Ogliastra was the most mountainous province in Sardinia. With only some 57,642 inhabitants, it was also the least populous province of Italy. The province had a population density of 31.08 inhabitants per square kilometer and the president of the province was Bruno Pilia. It corresponded roughly to the medieval Giudicato of Agugliastra. The province of Ogliastra contained 23 comuni, see the list of communes of the Province of Ogliastra.

Oristano
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-OR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-OR
coordinate: 39°54′N 8°35′E
density: 55/km²
latitude: 8.583
longitude: 39.9
population: 159,474
comment: The province of Oristano is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Oristano. It has an area of 3,040 square kilometres, a total population of 160,746, and a population density of 53.7 people per square kilometer. There are 87 municipalities in the province).

Olbia-Tempio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-OT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-OT
coordinate: 39°54′N 8°35′E
density: 55/km²
latitude: 8.583
longitude: 39.9
population: 159,474
comment: The province of Oristano is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Oristano. It has an area of 3,040 square kilometres, a total population of 160,746, and a population density of 53.7 people per square kilometer. There are 87 municipalities in the province).

Palermo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PA
coordinate: 38°06′56″N 13°21′41″E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 13.36139
longitude: 38.11556
population: 1,249,533
comment: The Province of Palermo was a province in the autonomous region of Sicily, a major island in Southern Italy. Its capital was the city of Palermo. On 4 August 2015, it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Palermo.

Piacenza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PC
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PC
coordinate: 45°3′N 9°42′E
density: 110/km2 (290/sq mi)
latitude: 9.7
longitude: 45.05
population: 286,572
comment: The province of Piacenza is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Piacenza. As of 2016, it has a total population of 286,572 inhabitants over an area of 2,585.86 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 111.38 inhabitants per square kilometre. The city Piacenza has a population of 102,269, as of 2015. The provincial president is Patrizia Barbieri and it contains 48 comuni . The province dates back to its founding by the Romans in 218 BCE.

Padova
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PD
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PD
coordinate: 45°24′23″N 11°52′40″E
density: 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 11.87778
longitude: 45.40639
population: 938,957
comment: The Province of Padua is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Padua.

Pescara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PE
coordinate: 42°27′50″N 14°12′51″E
density: 260/km2 (670/sq mi)
latitude: 14.21417
longitude: 42.46389
population: 319,936
comment: The province of Pescara is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Pescara, which has a population of 119,483 inhabitants. As of 2017, it has a total population of 319,936 inhabitants over an area of 1,230.33 square kilometres . The provincial president is Antonio Zaffiri and the province contains 46 comuni.

Perugia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PG
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PG
coordinate: 43°6′43.56″N 12°23′19.68″E
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 12.3888
longitude: 43.1121
population: 664,155
comment: The Province of Perugia is the larger of the two provinces in the Umbria region of Italy, comprising two-thirds of both the area and population of the region. Its capital is the city of Perugia. The province covered all of Umbria until 1927, when the province of Terni was carved out of its southern third. The province of Perugia has an area of 6,334 km² covering two-thirds of Umbria, and a total population of about 660,000. There are 59 comunes in the province. The province has numerous tourist attractions, especially artistic and historical ones, and is home to the Lake Trasimeno, the largest lake of Central Italy. It is historically the ancestral origin of the Umbri, while later it was a Roman province and then part of the Papal States until the late 19th century.

Pisa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PI
coordinate: 43°43′N 10°24′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 10.4
longitude: 43.717
population: 421,642
comment: The province of Pisa is a province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Pisa. With an area of 2,448 square kilometres and a total population of 421,642, it is the second most populous and fifth largest province of Tuscany. It is subdivided into 37 comuni.

Pordenone
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PN
coordinate: 45°57′N 12°41′E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 12.683
longitude: 45.95
population: 312,794
comment: The province of Pordenone was a province in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy. Its capital was the city of Pordenone. The province was subdivided from the province of Udine in 1968. It had a total population of 312,794 inhabitants. The province was abolished on 30 September 2017.

Prato
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PO
coordinate: 43°52′50.93″N 11°5′47.62″E
density: 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
latitude: 11.096561
longitude: 43.880814
population: 248,292
comment: The province of Prato is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.

Parma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PR
coordinate: 44°47′42.2″N 10°19′52.3″E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 10.331194
longitude: 44.795055
population: 449,191
comment: The Province of Parma is a province in the Emilia–Romagna region of Italy. Its largest town and capital is the city of Parma.

Pesaro e Urbino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PS
coordinate: 43°54′36.54″N 12°54′47.88″E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 12.9133
longitude: 43.91015
population: 360,187
comment: The Province of Pesaro and Urbino is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pesaro. It also borders the state of San Marino. The province is surrounded by San Marino and Emilia Romagna in the north, Umbria and Tuscany in the west, Ancona in the south and the Adriatic Sea on the east. The province has an enclave of the Umbrian commune of Citta' di Castello named Monte Ruperto. The province is also known as "Riviera of Hills". It is mostly covered by hills and is popular for its beaches.

Pistoia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PT
coordinate: 43°56′N 10°55′E
density: 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
latitude: 10.917
longitude: 43.933
population: 291,815
comment: The province of Pistoia is a province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Pistoia and the province is landlocked. It has an area of 964.12 square kilometres and a total population of 291,788 inhabitants . There are 22 communes in the province.

Pavia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PV
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PV
coordinate: 45°11′N 9°9′E
density: 190/km2 (480/sq mi)
latitude: 9.15
longitude: 45.183
population: 548,722
comment: The province of Pavia is a province in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy; its capital is Pavia. As of 2015, the province has a population of 548,722 inhabitants and an area of 2,968.64 square kilometres ; the town of Pavia has a population of 72,205.

Potenza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PZ
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PZ
coordinate: 40°38′19″N 15°48′8″E
density: 56/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 15.80222
longitude: 40.63861
population: 369,538
comment: The Province of Potenza is a province in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Potenza.

Ravenna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RA
coordinate: 44°25′4″N 12°11′58″E
density: 210/km2 (550/sq mi)
latitude: 12.19944
longitude: 44.41778
population: 394,543
comment: The province of Ravenna is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ravenna. As of 2015, it has a population of 391,997 inhabitants over an area of 1,859.44 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 210.81 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its provincial president is Claudio Casadio.

Reggio Calabria
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RC
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RC
coordinate: 38°06′41″N 15°39′43″E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 15.66194
longitude: 38.11139
population: 559,675
comment: The Province of Reggio Calabria was a province in the Calabria region of Italy. It was the southernmost province in mainland Italy and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. The capital was the city of Reggio.

Reggio Emilia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RE
coordinate: 44°34′00″N 10°33′00″E
density: 230/km2 (600/sq mi)
latitude: 10.55
longitude: 44.5667
population: 531,942
comment: The Province of Reggio Emilia is one of the nine provinces of the Italian Region of Emilia-Romagna. The capital city, which is the most densely populated comune in the province, is Reggio Emilia.

Ragusa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RG
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RG
coordinate: 36°55′30″N 14°43′50″E
density: 200/km2 (510/sq mi)
latitude: 14.73056
longitude: 36.925
population: 321,192
comment: The Province of Ragusa was a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in southern Italy, located in the south-east of the island. Following the abolition of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Ragusa. Its capital is the city of Ragusa, which is the most southerly provincial capital in Italy.

Rieti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RI
coordinate: 42°24′30″N 12°51′36″E
density: 57/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 12.86
longitude: 42.40833
population: 157,887
comment: The Province of Rieti is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rieti. Established in 1927, it has an area of 2,750.52 square kilometres with a total population of 157,887 people as of 2017. There are 73 comuni in the province.

Roma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RM
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RM
coordinate: 41°53′35″N 12°28′58″E
density: 810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
latitude: 12.48278
longitude: 41.89306
population: 4,336,251
comment: The Province of Rome was one of the five provinces that formed part of the region of Lazio in Italy. It was established in 1870 and disestablished in 2014. It was essentially coterminous with the Rome metropolitan area. The city of Rome was the provincial capital. During the 1920s, the boundary of the province shrank as land was ceded to establish new provinces. The Province of Rome was the most populous province in Italy. On 1 January 2015, it was superseded by a new local government body - the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital.

Rimini
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RN
coordinate: 44°3′N 12°34′E
density: 370/km2 (950/sq mi)
latitude: 12.567
longitude: 44.05
population: 339,437
comment: The province of Rimini is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The provincial capital is the eponymous city of Rimini. The province borders the independent Republic of San Marino. As of 2019, the province has a population of 339,437 inhabitants over an area of 921.77 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 357 inhabitants per square kilometre. The built-up urban area of Rimini had a population of 147,578 inhabitants within city limits. There are 26 comuni in the province.

Rovigo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-RO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-RO
coordinate: 45°4′N 11°47′E
density: 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
latitude: 11.783
longitude: 45.067
population: 244,062
comment: The Province of Rovigo is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rovigo. It borders on the north with the provinces of Verona, Padua and Venice, on the south with the province of Ferrara, on the west with the province of Mantua, and on the east with the Adriatic Sea.

Salerno
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SA
coordinate: 40°41′N 14°46′E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 14.767
longitude: 40.683
population: 1,092,349
comment: The Province of Salerno is a province in the Campania region of Italy.

Siena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SI
coordinate: 43°20′N 11°20′E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 11.333
longitude: 43.333
population: 268,660
comment: The province of Siena is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Siena.

Sondrio
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SO
coordinate: 46°21′37″N 9°56′38″E
density: 57/km2 (150/sq mi)
latitude: 9.944
longitude: 46.3602
population: 181,403
comment: The Province of Sondrio is in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. Its provincial capital is the town Sondrio. As of 2017, it has a population of 181,403.

La Spezia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SP
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SP
coordinate: 44°06′28.95″N 09°49′43.94″E
density: 250/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 9.828872
longitude: 44.10804
population: 220,225
comment: The Province of La Spezia is a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of La Spezia.

Siracusa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SR
coordinate: 37°5′N 15°17′E
density: 188/km²
latitude: 15.283
longitude: 37.083
population: 396,175 (2001)
comment: The Province of Syracuse was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Its capital was the city of Syracuse, a town established by Greek colonists arriving from Corinth in the 8th century BC. It had an area of 2,109 square kilometres and a total population of 403,985 . Syracuse had 8% of the Sicilian population and 8.2% of Sicily's area.

Sassari
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SS
coordinate: 40°40′00″N 9°00′00″E
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 8.558468
longitude: 40.727165
population: 493,357
comment: The province of Sassari is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Sassari. As of 2017, the province had a population of 493,357 inhabitants.

Savona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SV
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SV
coordinate: 44°18′26.41″N 8°29′50.82″E
density: 180/km2 (470/sq mi)
latitude: 8.49745
longitude: 44.307335
population: 279,754
comment: The province of Savona is a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Savona, which has a population of 61,219 inhabitants. The province has a total population of 279,754.

Taranto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TA
coordinate: 40°28′N 17°14′E
density: 238/km²
latitude: 17.233
longitude: 40.467
population: 581,092
comment: The province of Taranto, previously known as the province of the Ionian, is a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Taranto. It has an area of 2,437 square kilometres, and a total population of 581,092 . There are 29 comuni in the province, all of which are listed at comunes of the Province of Taranto. The coat of arms of the province contains a scorpion, which Pyrrhus is thought to have seen when looking down at Taranto.

Teramo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TE
coordinate: 42°39′31″N 13°42′09″E
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: 13.7025
longitude: 42.65861
population: 312,311
comment: The Province of Teramo is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Teramo. The province has an area of 1,948 square kilometres, a population of 313,029, and is subdivided into 47 comunes, see Comunes of the Province of Teramo. The Province of Teramo shares its northern border with the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Marche Region, southern and southwestern borders with the Province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo Region, and a western border with the Province of Rieti in the Region of Lazio. To the south is the Abruzzo Province of Pescara and to the east is the Adriatic Sea.

Trento
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TN
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TN
coordinate: 46°26′44″N 11°10′23″E
density: 87/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 11.17306
longitude: 46.44556
population: 541,098
comment: Trentino officially the Autonomous Province of Trento, is an autonomous province of Italy, in the country's far north. The Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, an autonomous region under the constitution. The province is composed of 177 comuni . Its capital is the city of Trento . The province covers an area of more than 6,000 km2, with a total population of 541,098 in 2019. Trentino is renowned for its mountains, such as the Dolomites, which are part of the Alps.

Torino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TO
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TO
coordinate: 45°4′N 7°42′E
density: 340/km2 (880/sq mi)
latitude: 7.7
longitude: 45.067
population: 2,308,409
comment: The former Province of Turin was a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Turin. The province existed until 31 December 2014, when it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Turin.

Trapani
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TP
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TP
coordinate: 38°01′02″N 12°32′43″E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 12.54528
longitude: 38.01722
population: 433,826
comment: Trapani is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, southern Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Trapani. Its capital is the city of Trapani. It has an area of 2,469.62 square kilometres and a total population of 433,826 . There are 25 comunes in the province .

Terni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TR
coordinate: 42°34′N 12°39′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 12.65
longitude: 42.567
population: 228,236
comment: The Province of Terni is the smaller of the two provinces in the Umbria region of Italy, comprising one-third of both the area and population of the region. Its capital is the city of Terni. The province came into being in 1927, when it was carved out of the original unitary province of Umbria.

Trieste
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TS
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TS
coordinate: 45°38′10″N 13°48′15″E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: 13.80417
longitude: 45.63611
population: 234,668
comment: The Province of Trieste was a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Trieste. It had an area of 212 square kilometres and it had a total population of 234,668 . It had a coastal length of 48.1 kilometres .

Treviso
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-TV
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-TV
coordinate: 45°40′20″N 12°14′32″E
density: 360/km2 (920/sq mi)
latitude: 12.24222
longitude: 45.67222
population: 885,616
comment: The Province of Treviso is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Treviso. The province is surrounded by Belluno in the north, Vicenza in the west, Padua in southwest, Venice in the southeast and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the east. The river Piave passes through the province while the rivers Sile and Cagnan pass through the capital. The province's nickname is La Marca Trevigiana. It has a prosperous economy and is an important producer of wine. It encompasses an area of 750 square miles.

Udine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-UD
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-UD
coordinate: 46°04′N 13°14′E
density: 110/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: 13.233
longitude: 46.067
population: 530,849
comment: The province of Udine was a province in the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Italy, bordering Austria and Slovenia. Its capital was the city of Udine, which has a population of 99,242 inhabitants. It had a total population of 530,849 inhabitants over an area of 4,907.24 square kilometres . The province was abolished on 30 September 2017.

Varese
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VA
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VA
coordinate: 45°49′N 8°50′E
density: 740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
latitude: 8.833
longitude: 45.817
population: 889,410
comment: The province of Varese is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Varese, but its largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of the AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016, the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune of the province. As of 2015, it has a population of 889,410 inhabitants over an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres . The provincial president is Nicola Gunnar Vincenzi.

Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VB
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VB
coordinate: 45°56′N 8°32′E
density: 72/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 8.533
longitude: 45.933
population: 161,732
comment: Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is the northernmost province in the Italian region of Piedmont. It was created in 1992 through the fusion of three geographical areas which had previously been part of the Province of Novara. The area flanking the western shore of Verbano forms the eastern part of the province; Cusio and its environs form the southern part; while the north and west of the province consist of the Ossola, a region of Alpine mountains and valleys. The ISO code for the province is VB.

Vercelli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VC
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VC
coordinate: 45°19′N 8°25′E
density: 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 8.417
longitude: 45.317
population: 176,121
comment: Vercelli is a province in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Its capital is Vercelli.

Venezia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VE
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VE
coordinate: 45°27′N 12°24′E
density: 340/km2 (890/sq mi)
latitude: 12.4
longitude: 45.45
population: 846,962
comment: The Province of Venice was a province in the Veneto region of northern Italy. Its capital was the city of Venice. It had an area of 2,467 km2, and a total population of 846,962 . The province became the Metropolitan City of Venice by 1 January 2015.

Vicenza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VI
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VI
coordinate: 45°33′N 11°33′E
density: 340/km2 (890/sq mi)
latitude: 11.55
longitude: 45.55
population: 938,957
comment: The Province of Vicenza is a province in the Veneto region in northern Italy. Its capital city is Vicenza.

Verona
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VR
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VR
coordinate: 45°26′N 10°59′E
density: 300/km2 (770/sq mi)
latitude: 10.98
longitude: 45.43
population: 923,664
comment: The Province of Verona is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. The eastern bank of Lake Garda is near the province. Its capital is the city of Verona. The city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Viterbo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VT
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VT
coordinate: 42°25′7″N 12°6′15″E
density: 88/km2 (230/sq mi)
latitude: 12.10417
longitude: 42.41861
population: 318,163
comment: Viterbo is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Viterbo.

Vibo Valentia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-VV
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-VV
coordinate: 38°40′31″N 16°5′45.24″E
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: 16.0959
longitude: 38.67528
population: 162,697
comment: The province of Vibo Valentia is a province in the Calabria region of southern Italy, set up by a national law of 6 March 1992 which came into effect on 1 January 1996, and formerly part of the Province of Catanzaro. Its capital is the city of Vibo Valentia and its vehicle licence plate code is VV. The province has an area of 1,139 square kilometres, and a total population of 168,894 ; the city Vibo Valentia has a population of 35,405. There are 50 comuni in the province, see list of communes of the Province of Vibo Valentia.

Forlì-Cesena
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-FC
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-FC
coordinate: 44°13′21″N 12°2′27″E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
latitude: 12.04083
longitude: 44.2225
population: 398,322
comment: The province of Forlì-Cesena is a province in the Emilia–Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Forlì. The province has a population of 394,273 as of 2016 over an area of 2,378.4 square kilometres . It contains 30 comuni and the provincial president is Davide Drei. Although located close to the independent Republic of San Marino, Forlì-Cesena does not share a land border with the sovereign state.

Monza e Brianza
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-MB
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-MB
coordinate: 45°35′N 9°16′E
density: 2,200/km2 (5,600/sq mi)
latitude: 9.267
longitude: 45.583
population: 871,735
comment: The province of Monza and Brianza,, is an administrative province of Lombardy region, Italy.

Pesaro e Urbino
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-PU
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-PU
coordinate: 43°54′36.54″N 12°54′47.88″E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 12.9133
longitude: 43.91015
population: 360,187
comment: The Province of Pesaro and Urbino is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pesaro. It also borders the state of San Marino. The province is surrounded by San Marino and Emilia Romagna in the north, Umbria and Tuscany in the west, Ancona in the south and the Adriatic Sea on the east. The province has an enclave of the Umbrian commune of Citta' di Castello named Monte Ruperto. The province is also known as "Riviera of Hills". It is mostly covered by hills and is popular for its beaches.

Sud Sardegna
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Italy
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:IT-SU
area: ISO 3166-2:IT-SU
coordinate: 39°09′00″N 8°31′00″E
density: 54/km2 (140/sq mi)
latitude: 8.5167
longitude: 39.15
population: 354,554
comment: The province of South Sardinia is an Italian province of Sardinia instituted on 4 February 2016. It includes the suppressed provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano, a large part of the old Province of Cagliari, and two other municipalities.

Grouville
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
density: 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
latitude: -2.046336
longitude: 49.191216
population: 4,866
comment: Grouville is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. The parish is around 3.9 kilometres east of St Helier. The parish covers a surface area of 4,354 vergées .

Saint Brelade
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°11′49″N 2°11′48″W
density: 830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
latitude: -2.19658
longitude: 49.19696
population: 10,568
comment: St. Brelade is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is around 7 kilometres west of St Helier. Its population was 10,568 as of 2011.

Saint Clement
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°10′13″N 2°04′20″W
density: 2,200/km2 (5,700/sq mi)
latitude: -2.0723
longitude: 49.17037
population: 9,221
comment: St. Clement is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. Its parish hall is around 3.6 kilometres south-east of St. Helier. The parish has a population of 9,221 and is the second most densely populated.

Saint Helier
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°11′09″N 02°06′36″W
density: 3,500/km2 (9,200/sq mi)
latitude: -2.11
longitude: 49.18583
population: 37,540
comment: St. Helier is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. St. Helier has a population of about 37,540 – roughly one-third of the total population of Jersey – and is the capital of the island.

Saint John
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°14′42″N 2°08′09″W
density: 330/km2 (870/sq mi)
latitude: -2.1359
longitude: 49.245
population: 2,911
comment: St. John is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey and is around 7.3 kilometres north of St Helier on the north coast of the island. It has a surface area of 8.7 km2. St. John's Village is also the name of the main village in the parish.

Saint Lawrence
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°12′57″N 2°08′36″W
latitude: -2.14336
longitude: 49.2158
population: 5,418
comment: St. Lawrence is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is located 8.0 kilometres west of St. Helier. The parish covers 5,258 vergées and occupies the centre of the Island. St. Lawrence Village is also the name of a village in the parish.

Saint Martin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°12′33″N 2°02′17″W
density: 370/km2 (950/sq mi)
latitude: -2.03796
longitude: 49.20907
population: 3,763
comment: St. Martin is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is 5.5 kilometres north-east of St Helier. It has an area of 10.3 km2. It has a population of 3,763. The parish covers 10.3 km2 .

Saint Mary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°14′29″N 2°11′13″W
density: 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
latitude: -2.18697
longitude: 49.24136
population: 1,752
comment: Saint Mary is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, Channel Islands. It is 7.7 kilometres north-west of St Helier. It is the smallest parish by surface area, with an area of 3,604 vergées .

Saint Ouen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°14′25″N 2°13′13″W
density: 270/km2 (710/sq mi)
latitude: -2.22027
longitude: 49.24024
population: 4,097
comment: St. Ouen is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is around 8.8 kilometres north-west of St. Helier. It has a population of 4,097. The parish is the largest parish by surface area, covering 8,525 vergées, and is located in part on a peninsula.

Saint Peter
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°13′05″N 2°11′28″W
density: 430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
elevation: 84 m (276 ft)
latitude: -2.19109
longitude: 49.21805
population: 5,003
comment: St Peter is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is around 6.5 kilometres . The parish has a population of 5,003. It has a surface area of 10.6 square kilometres .

Saint Saviour
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°11′25″N 2°04′45″W
density: 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
latitude: -2.07916
longitude: 49.19023
population: 13,580
comment: St. Saviour is a parish of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is located directly east of St. Helier. It has a population of 13,580. It has a land surface area of 3.6 square miles and has a very small coastline at Le Dicq.

Trinity
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jersey
coordinate: 49°13′59″N 2°05′31″W
density: 260/km2 (660/sq mi)
elevation: 124 m (407 ft)
latitude: -2.092
longitude: 49.233
population: 3,156
comment: Trinity is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is 5.8 kilometres north of St Helier. It has a population of 3,156. The parish covers 6,975 vergées . Les Platons in the north of the parish is the highest point in Jersey. The parish borders St John, St Helier, St Saviour and St Martin.

Kingston
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-01
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-01
coordinate: 17°58′N 76°48′W
density: 3,600/km2 (9,200/sq mi)
latitude: -76.8
longitude: 17.967
population: 89,057
comment: Kingston is one of the 14 Parishes of Jamaica. Together with neighbouring St. Andrew Parish, it makes up the amalgamated Municipal Unit of Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation. The city of Kingston is the parish and national capital.

Saint Andrew
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-02
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-02
coordinate: 18°01′N 76°54′W
density: 1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
latitude: -76.9
longitude: 18.017
population: 573,369
comment: Saint Andrew is a parish, situated in the southeast of Jamaica in the county of Surrey. It lies north, west and east of Kingston, and stretches into the Blue Mountains. In the 2011 census, it had 573,369, the highest population of any of the parishes in Jamaica. George William Gordon, one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes, was born in this parish.

Saint Thomas
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-03
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-03
coordinate: 17°54′N 76°26′W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -76.433
longitude: 17.9
population: 94,939
comment: Saint Thomas, once known as Saint Thomas in the East, is a suburban parish situated at the south eastern end of Jamaica, within the county of Surrey. It is the birthplace of the Right Honourable Paul Bogle, designated in 1969 as one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes. Morant Bay, its chief town and capital, is the site of the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865, of which Bogle was a leader.

Portland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-04
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-04
coordinate: 18°08′N 76°32′W
density: 100/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: -76.533
longitude: 18.133
population: 82,183
comment: Portland, with its capital town Port Antonio, is a parish located on Jamaica's northeast coast. It is situated to the north of St Thomas and to the east of St Mary in Surrey County. It is one of the rural areas of Jamaica, containing part of the Blue Mountains, where the Jamaican Maroon communities of Moore Town and Charles Town, Jamaica are located.

Saint Mary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-05
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-05
coordinate: 18°19′N 76°54′W
density: 190/km2 (480/sq mi)
latitude: -76.9
longitude: 18.317
population: 114,227
comment: Saint Mary is a parish located in the northeast section of Jamaica. With a population of 114,227 it is one of Jamaica's smallest parishes, located in the county of Middlesex. Its chief town and capital is Port Maria, located on the coast. It is also the birthplace of established dancehall reggae artists, such as Capleton, Lady Saw, Ninjaman, Sizzla and Tanya Stephens. Other notable residents of St. Mary parish include bestselling author Colin Simpson, who is the great-great grandson of noted slavery abolitionist James Phillippo, famed Jamaican writer and community activist Erna Brodber, and acclaimed music producer Chris Blackwell who is credited with "discovering" Bob Marley.

Saint Ann
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-06
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-06
coordinate: 18°12′00″N 77°28′01″W
density: 140/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: -77.467
longitude: 18.2
population: 173,232
comment: Saint Ann is the largest parish in Jamaica. It is situated on the north coast of the island, in the county of Middlesex, roughly halfway between the eastern and western ends of the island. It is often called "the Garden Parish of Jamaica" on account of its natural floral beauty. Its capital is Saint Ann's Bay. Saint Ann comprises New Seville, the first Spanish Settlement in Jamaica.

Trelawny
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-07
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-07
coordinate: 18°23′N 77°38′W
density: 86/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: -77.633
longitude: 18.383
population: 75,558
comment: Trelawny is a parish in the county of Cornwall in northwest Jamaica. Its capital is Falmouth. It is bordered by the parishes of Saint Ann in the east, Saint James in the west, and Saint Elizabeth and Manchester in the south. Trelawny is known for producing several Olympic sprinters.

Saint James
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-08
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-08
coordinate: 18°23′N 77°53′W
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: -77.883
longitude: 18.383
population: 184,662
comment: St. James is a suburban parish, located on the north-west end of the island of Jamaica in the county of Cornwall. Its capital is Montego Bay . Montego Bay was officially named the second city of Jamaica, behind Kingston, in 1981, although Montego Bay became a city in 1980 through an act of the Jamaican Parliament. The parish is the birthplace of the Right Excellent Samuel Sharpe, one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes.

Hanover
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-09
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-09
coordinate: 18°25′01″N 78°07′59″W
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: -78.133
longitude: 18.417
population: 69,874
comment: Hanover is a parish located on the northwestern tip of the island of Jamaica. It is a part of the county of Cornwall, bordered by St. James in the east and Westmoreland in the south. With the exception of Kingston, it is the smallest parish on the island. Hanover is the birth parish of Alexander Bustamante, labour leader, first head of government of Jamaica under universal suffrage, and one of seven Jamaican National Heroes. Its capital is Lucea.

Westmoreland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-10
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-10
coordinate: 18°14′N 78°09′W
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: -78.15
longitude: 18.233
population: 144,817
comment: Westmoreland is the westernmost parish in Jamaica, located on the south side of the island. It is situated south of Hanover, southwest of Saint James, and northwest of Saint Elizabeth, in the county of Cornwall. The chief town and capital is Savanna-la-Mar. Negril, a famous tourist destination, is also situated in the parish.

Saint Elizabeth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-11
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-11
coordinate: 18°03′N 77°47′W
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: -77.783
longitude: 18.05
population: 150,993
comment: Saint Elizabeth, one of Jamaica's largest parishes, is located in the southwest of the island, in the county of Cornwall. Its capital, Black River, is located at the mouth of the Black River, the widest on the island.

Machester
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-12
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-12
coordinate: 18°03′N 77°32′W
density: 230/km2 (600/sq mi)
latitude: -77.533
longitude: 18.05
population: 190,812
comment: The Parish of Manchester is an parish located in west-central Jamaica, in the county of Middlesex. Its capital, Mandeville, is a major business centre, and the only parish capital not located on the coast or on a major river. Its St. Paul of the Cross Pro-Cathedral is the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Diocese of Mandeville.

Clarendon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-13
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-13
coordinate: 18°00′N 77°17′W
latitude: -77.283
longitude: 18.0
population: 246,322
comment: Clarendon is a parish in Jamaica. It is located on the south of the island, roughly halfway between the island's eastern and western ends. Located in the county of Middlesex, it is bordered by Manchester on the west, Saint Catherine in the east, and in the north by Saint Ann. Its capital and largest town is May Pen.

Saint Catherine
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jamaica
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JM-14
area: ISO 3166-2:JM-14
coordinate: 18°N 77°W
density: 430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: -77.0
longitude: 18.0
population: 518,345
comment: St Catherine is a parish in the south east of Jamaica. It is located in the county of Middlesex, and is one of the island's largest and most economically valued parishes because of its many resources. It includes the first capital of Jamaica, Spanish Town, originally known as San Jago de la Vega or Santiago de la Vega .

Ajloun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-AJ
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-AJ
coordinate: 32°20′00″N 35°45′00″E
density: 350/km2 (910/sq mi)
population: 146,900
comment: Ajloun Governorate is one of the governorates of Jordan, located north of Amman the capital of Jordan. Ajloun Governorate has the fourth highest population density in Jordan with a population density of 350.1 people/km² . It is bordered by Jerash Governorate from the south east and Irbid Governorate from the north and west.

Aqaba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-AQ
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-AQ
coordinate: 29°45′00″N 35°20′00″E
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
population: 139,200
comment: Aqaba is one of the governorates of Jordan, located south of Amman, capital of Jordan. Its capital is Aqaba. It is the fourth largest governorate in Jordan by area and is ranked 10th by population.

Balqa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-BA
coordinate: 32°00′00″N 35°40′00″E
density: 380/km2 (990/sq mi)
population: 428,000
comment: Balqa' is one of the governorates of Jordan. It is located northwest of Amman, Jordan's capital.

Karak
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-KA
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-KA
coordinate: 31°09′53″N 35°45′43″E
density: 71/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 35.76194
longitude: 31.16472
population: 249,100
comment: Karak is one of the governorates of Jordan, located south-west of Amman, Jordan's capital. Its capital is Al Karak. It s bordered by Madaba and the Capital governorates to the north, Ma'an Governorate to the east, Tafilah Governorate to the south, and the Dead Sea to the west.

Mafraq
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-MA
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-MA
coordinate: 32°20′00″N 37°55′00″E
density: 11/km2 (29/sq mi)
population: 300,300
comment: Mafraq is one of the governorates of Jordan, located to the north-east of Amman, capital of Jordan. It has a population of 287,300 making up 4.5% of Jordan's population. Its capital is Mafraq, which is known for its military bases.

Amman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-AM
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-AM
coordinate: 31°35′00″N 36°20′00″E
density: 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
population: 4,007,000
comment: Amman Governorate, officially known as Muhafazat al-Asima, is one of the governorates in Jordan. The governorate's capital is the city of Amman, which is also the country's capital. The administrative center of the governorate as well as all government offices and parliament are located in the Abdali district.

Tafilah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-AT
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-AT
coordinate: 30°50′09″N 35°36′44″E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 35.61222
longitude: 30.83583
population: 89,400
comment: Tafilah is one of the governorates of Jordan, located about 180 km south-west of Amman, Jordan's capital.

Zarqa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-AZ
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-AZ
coordinate: 31°54′N 36°45′E
density: 200/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: 36.75
longitude: 31.9
population: 951,800
comment: Zarqa Governorate is the third largest governorate in Jordan by population. The capital of Zarqa governorate is Zarqa City, which is the largest city in the governorate. It is located 25 kilometres east of the Jordanian capital Amman. The second largest city in the governorate is Russeifa.

Irbid
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-IR
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-IR
coordinate: 32°30′00″N 35°50′00″E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
population: 1,770,000
comment: Irbid or Irbed is a governorate in Jordan, located north of Amman, the country's capital. The capital of the governorate is the city of Irbid. The governorate has the second largest population in Jordan after Amman Governorate, and the highest population density in the country.

Jerash
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-JA
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-JA
coordinate: 32°16′37″N 35°54′20″E
density: 580/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: 35.9056
longitude: 32.2769
population: 237,000
comment: Jerash Governorate is one of 12 governorates in Jordan. It is located in the northwestern side of the country. The capital of the governorate is the city of Jerash.

Ma'an
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-MN
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-MN
coordinate: 30°23′N 36°32′E
density: 3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi)
latitude: 36.533
longitude: 30.383
population: 121,400
comment: Ma'an is one of the governorates of Jordan, it is located south of Amman, Jordan's capital. Its capital is the city of Ma'an. This governorate is the largest in the kingdom of Jordan by area.

Madaba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Jordan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JO-MD
area: ISO 3166-2:JO-MD
coordinate: 31°35′00″N 35°40′00″E
density: 170/km2 (440/sq mi)
population: 159,700
comment: Madaba is one of the governorates of Jordan. It is located southwest of Amman, the capital of Jordan, and its capital is Madaba. The governorate is ranked 8th by population and by area. It is bordered by Balqa Governorate to the north, The Capital Governorate to the east, Karak Governorate to the south and the Dead Sea to the west.

Hokkaido
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-01
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-01
coordinate: 43°N 142°E
density: 63/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 142.0
longitude: 43.0
population: 5,281,297
comment: Hokkaido is the second largest island of Japan and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel.

Aomori
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-02
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-02
coordinate: 40°49′28.8″N 140°44′26.3″E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
elevation: 1,624.7 m (5,330 ft)
latitude: 140.74065
longitude: 40.82467
population: 1,249,314
comment: Aomori Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan in the Tōhoku region. The prefecture's capital, largest city, and namesake is the city of Aomori. Aomori is the northernmost prefecture on Japan's main island, Honshu, and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, Iwate Prefecture to the southeast, Akita Prefecture to the southwest, the Sea of Japan to the west, and Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait to the north. Aomori Prefecture is the 8th-largest prefecture, with an area of 9,645.64 square kilometers, and the 31st-most populous prefecture, with more than 1.2 million people. Approximately 45 percent of Aomori Prefecture's residents live in its two core cities, Aomori and Hachinohe, which lie on coastal plains. The majority of the prefecture is covered in forested mountain ranges, with population centers occupying valleys and plains. Aomori is the third-most populous prefecture in the Tōhoku region, after Miyagi Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. Mount Iwaki, an active stratovolcano, is the prefecture's highest point, at almost 1,624.7 meters .

Iwate
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-03
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-03
coordinate: 39°42′13″N 141°9′9″E
density: 80/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 141.1525
longitude: 39.70361
population: 1,229,432
comment: Iwate Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. It is the second-largest Japanese prefecture at 15,275 square kilometres, with a population of 1,229,432 . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the west, and Miyagi Prefecture to the south.

Miyagi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-04
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-04
coordinate: 38°21′N 140°58′E
density: 320/km2 (820/sq mi)
latitude: 140.967
longitude: 38.35
population: 2,305,596
comment: Miyagi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Miyagi Prefecture has a population of 2,305,596 and has a geographic area of 7,282 km2 . Miyagi Prefecture borders Iwate Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the northwest, Yamagata Prefecture to the west, and Fukushima Prefecture to the south.

Akita
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-05
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-05
coordinate: 39°43′7″N 140°6′9″E
density: 83/km2 (210/sq mi)
latitude: 140.1025
longitude: 39.71861
population: 966,000
comment: Akita Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Its population is approximately 966,000 and its geographic area is 11,637 km2 . Akita Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north, Iwate Prefecture to the east, Miyagi Prefecture to the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture to the south.

Yamagata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-06
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-06
coordinate: 38°26′N 140°8′E
density: 120/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 140.133
longitude: 38.433
population: 1,079,950
comment: Yamagata Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Yamagata Prefecture has a population of 1,079,950 and has a geographic area of 9,325 km² . Yamagata Prefecture borders Akita Prefecture to the north, Miyagi Prefecture to the east, Fukushima Prefecture to the south, and Niigata Prefecture to the southwest.

Hukusima
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-07
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-07
coordinate: 37°24′N 140°28′E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 140.467
longitude: 37.4
population: 1,810,286
comment: Fukushima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Fukushima Prefecture has a population of 1,810,286 and has a geographic area of 13,783 square kilometres . Fukushima Prefecture borders Miyagi Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture to the north, Niigata Prefecture to the west, Gunma Prefecture to the southwest, and Tochigi Prefecture and Ibaraki Prefecture to the south.

Ibaraki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-08
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-08
coordinate: 36°14′N 140°17′E
density: 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 140.283
longitude: 36.233
population: 2,871,199
comment: Ibaraki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Ibaraki Prefecture has a population of 2,871,199 and has a geographic area of 6,097.19 square kilometres . Ibaraki Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Tochigi Prefecture to the northwest, Saitama Prefecture to the southwest, and Chiba Prefecture to the south.

Totigi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-09
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-09
coordinate: 36°31′N 139°49′E
density: 300/km2 (790/sq mi)
latitude: 139.817
longitude: 36.517
population: 1,943,886
comment: Tochigi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Tochigi Prefecture has a population of 1,943,886 and has a geographic area of 6,408 km2 . Tochigi Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the west, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the southeast.

Gunma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-10
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-10
coordinate: 36°22′N 139°7′E
density: 300/km2 (790/sq mi)
latitude: 139.117
longitude: 36.367
population: 1,937,626
comment: Gunma Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 and has a geographic area of 6,362 km2 . Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.

Saitama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-11
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-11
coordinate: 35°57′N 139°33′E
density: 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
latitude: 139.55
longitude: 35.95
population: 7,338,536
comment: Saitama Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 and has a geographic area of 3,797 km² . Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the west, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southwest, Tokyo to the south, Chiba Prefecture to the southeast, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the northeast.

Tiba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-12
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-12
coordinate: 35°36′18″N 140°07′24″E
density: 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
latitude: 140.12334
longitude: 35.605
population: 6,278,060
comment: Chiba Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Chiba Prefecture has a population of 6,278,060 and has a geographic area of 5,157 km2 . Chiba Prefecture borders Ibaraki Prefecture to the north, Saitama Prefecture to the northwest, and Tokyo to the south.

Tokyo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-13
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-13
coordinate: 35°41′23″N 139°41′32″E
density: 6,363/km2 (16,480/sq mi)
elevation: 2,017 m (6,617 ft)
latitude: 139.69221
longitude: 35.68972
population: 13,960,236
comment: Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.

Kanagawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-14
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-14
coordinate: 35°26′51.03″N 139°38′32.44″E
density: 3,770/km2 (9,800/sq mi)
elevation: 1,675 m (5,495 ft)
latitude: 139.64235
longitude: 35.44751
population: 9,058,094
comment: Kanagawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Kanagawa Prefecture is the second-most populous prefecture of Japan at 9,058,094 and has a geographic area of 2,415 km2 . Kanagawa Prefecture borders Tokyo to the north, Yamanashi Prefecture to the northwest and Shizuoka Prefecture to the west.

Niigata
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-15
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-15
coordinate: 37°37′N 138°52′E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 138.867
longitude: 37.617
population: 2,227,496
comment: Niigata Prefecture is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 and is the fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area at 12,584.18 km2 . Niigata Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Gunma Prefecture to the south, Fukushima Prefecture to the east, and Yamagata Prefecture to the northeast.

Toyama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-16
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-16
coordinate: 36°43′N 137°9′E
density: 250/km2 (640/sq mi)
latitude: 137.15
longitude: 36.717
population: 1,044,588
comment: Toyama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Toyama Prefecture has a population of 1,044,588 and has a geographic area of 4,247.61 km2 . Toyama Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture to the south, Nagano Prefecture to the east, and Niigata Prefecture to the northeast.

Isikawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-17
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-17
coordinate: 36°38′N 136°39′E
density: 272.47/km2 (705.7/sq mi)
latitude: 136.65
longitude: 36.633
population: 1,140,573
comment: Ishikawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu island. Ishikawa Prefecture has a population of 1,140,573 and has a geographic area of 4,186 km2 . Ishikawa Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the east, Gifu Prefecture to the southeast, and Fukui Prefecture to the south.

Hukui
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-18
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-18
coordinate: 35°59′N 136°11′E
density: 185.95/km2 (481.6/sq mi)
latitude: 136.183
longitude: 35.983
population: 778,943
comment: Fukui Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Fukui Prefecture has a population of 778,943 and has a geographic area of 4,190 km2 . Fukui Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the east, Shiga Prefecture to the south, and Kyoto Prefecture to the southwest.

Yamanasi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-19
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-19
coordinate: 35°37′N 138°37′E
density: 183/km2 (470/sq mi)
elevation: 3,778 m (12,395 ft)
latitude: 138.617
longitude: 35.617
population: 817,192
comment: Yamanashi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Yamanashi Prefecture has a population of 817,192 and has a geographic area of 4,465 km2 . Yamanashi Prefecture borders Saitama Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the northwest, Shizuoka Prefecture to the southwest, Kanagawa Prefecture to the southeast, and Tokyo to the east.

Nagano
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-20
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-20
coordinate: 36°15′N 138°6′E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 138.1
longitude: 36.25
population: 2,052,493
comment: Nagano Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Nagano Prefecture has a population of 2,052,493 and has a geographic area of 13,561 square kilometres . Nagano Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the northeast, Saitama Prefecture to the east, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southeast, Shizuoka Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south, and Gifu Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture to the west.

Gihu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-21
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-21
coordinate: 35°29′N 136°54′E
density: 190/km2 (490/sq mi)
latitude: 136.9
longitude: 35.483
population: 1,991,390
comment: Gifu Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Gifu Prefecture has a population of 1,991,390 and has a geographic area of 10,621 square kilometres . Gifu Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the north; Ishikawa Prefecture to the northwest; Fukui Prefecture to the west; Shiga Prefecture to the southwest; Mie Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south; and Nagano Prefecture to the east.

Sizuoka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-22
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-22
coordinate: 34°55′N 138°19′E
density: 470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
elevation: 3,778 m (12,395 ft)
latitude: 138.317
longitude: 34.917
population: 3,637,998
comment: Shizuoka Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. As of December 2019, Shizuoka Prefecture has a population of 3,637,998 and has a geographic area of 7,777.42 km2 . Shizuoka Prefecture borders Kanagawa Prefecture to the east, Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the north, and Aichi Prefecture to the west.

Aiti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-23
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-23
coordinate: 35°10′43″N 136°54′50″E
density: 1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
latitude: 136.9139
longitude: 35.17861
population: 7,552,873
comment: Aichi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 and a geographic area of 5,172.92 square kilometres with a population density of 1,460 inhabitants per square kilometre . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the north, and Shizuoka Prefecture to the east.

Mie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-24
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-24
coordinate: 34°42′N 136°30′E
density: 310/km2 (800/sq mi)
latitude: 136.5
longitude: 34.7
population: 1,781,948
comment: Mie Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Mie Prefecture has a population of 1,781,948 and has a geographic area of 5,774 square kilometers . Mie Prefecture borders Gifu Prefecture to the north, Shiga Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture to the northwest, Nara Prefecture to the west, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Aichi Prefecture to the east.

Siga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-25
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-25
coordinate: 35°7′N 136°4′E
density: 350/km2 (910/sq mi)
latitude: 136.067
longitude: 35.117
population: 1,412,916
comment: Shiga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 and has a geographic area of 4,017 km2 . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the northeast, Mie Prefecture to the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture to the west.

Kyoto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-26
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-26
coordinate: 35°1′18″N 135°45′20.2″E
density: 566/km2 (1,470/sq mi)
latitude: 135.75562
longitude: 35.02167
population: 2,579,921
comment: Kyoto Urban Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,562,005 and has a geographic area of 4,612 square kilometres . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast, Shiga Prefecture to the east, Mie Prefecture to the southeast, Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south, and Hyōgo Prefecture to the west.

Osaka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-27
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-27
coordinate: 34°41′11″N 135°31′12″E
density: 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
latitude: 135.52
longitude: 34.68639
population: 8,823,358
comment: Osaka Urban Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Osaka Prefecture has a population of 8,823,358 and has a geographic area of 1,905 square kilometres . Osaka Prefecture borders Hyōgo Prefecture to the northwest, Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Nara Prefecture to the southeast, and Wakayama Prefecture to the south.

Hyogo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-28
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-28
coordinate: 34°41′26.94″N 135°10′59.08″E
density: 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
latitude: 135.18307
longitude: 34.690815
population: 5,469,762
comment: Hyōgo Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 and has a geographic area of 8,400 square kilometres . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east, Osaka Prefecture to the southeast, and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west.

Nara
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-29
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-29
coordinate: 34°34′N 135°46′E
density: 358.10/km2 (927.5/sq mi)
latitude: 135.767
longitude: 34.567
population: 1,321,805
comment: Nara Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. As of 2020, Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,321,805 and has a geographic area of 3,691 square kilometres . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Osaka Prefecture to the northwest, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Mie Prefecture to the east.

Wakayama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-30
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-30
coordinate: 34°3′N 135°21′E
density: 199.87/km2 (517.7/sq mi)
latitude: 135.35
longitude: 34.05
population: 944,320
comment: Wakayama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Wakayama Prefecture has a population of 944,320 and has a geographic area of 4,724 square kilometres . Wakayama Prefecture borders Osaka Prefecture to the north, and Mie Prefecture and Nara Prefecture to the northeast.

Tottori
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-31
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-31
coordinate: 35°27′N 133°46′E
density: 163/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: 133.767
longitude: 35.45
population: 570,569
comment: Tottori Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Tottori Prefecture is the least populous prefecture of Japan at 570,569 and has a geographic area of 3,507 km2 . Tottori Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the west, Hiroshima Prefecture to the southwest, Okayama Prefecture to the south, and Hyōgo Prefecture to the east.

Simane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-32
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-32
coordinate: 35°13′N 132°40′E
density: 99/km2 (260/sq mi)
latitude: 132.667
longitude: 35.217
population: 665,205
comment: Shimane Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Shimane Prefecture is the second-least populous prefecture of Japan at 665,205 and has a geographic area of 6,708.26 km2. Shimane Prefecture borders Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest, Hiroshima Prefecture to the south, and Tottori Prefecture to the east.

Okayama
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-33
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-33
coordinate: 34°42′N 133°51′E
density: 270/km2 (690/sq mi)
latitude: 133.85
longitude: 34.7
population: 1,906,464
comment: Okayama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Okayama Prefecture has a population of 1,906,464 and has a geographic area of 7,114 km2 . Okayama Prefecture borders Tottori Prefecture to the north, Hyōgo Prefecture to the east, and Hiroshima Prefecture to the west.

Hirosima
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-34
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-34
coordinate: 34°26′N 132°45′E
density: 330/km2 (860/sq mi)
latitude: 132.75
longitude: 34.433
population: 2,811,410
comment: Hiroshima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Hiroshima Prefecture has a population of 2,811,410 and has a geographic area of 8,479 km² . Hiroshima Prefecture borders Okayama Prefecture to the east, Tottori Prefecture to the northeast, Shimane Prefecture to the north, and Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest.

Yamaguti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-35
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-35
coordinate: 34°4′N 131°30′E
density: 225.43/km2 (583.9/sq mi)
latitude: 131.5
longitude: 34.067
population: 1,377,631
comment: Yamaguchi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Yamaguchi Prefecture has a population of 1,377,631 and has a geographic area of 6,112 km² . Yamaguchi Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the north and Hiroshima Prefecture to the northeast.

Tokusima
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-36
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-36
coordinate: 34°2′N 134°26′E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 134.433
longitude: 34.033
population: 728,633
comment: Tokushima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Tokushima Prefecture has a population of 728,633 and has a geographic area of 4,146 km2 . Tokushima Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the north, Ehime Prefecture to the west, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southwest.

Kagawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-37
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-37
coordinate: 34°16′N 133°57′E
density: 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
latitude: 133.95
longitude: 34.267
population: 949,358
comment: Kagawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kagawa Prefecture has a population of 949,358 and is the smallest prefecture by geographic area at 1,877 square kilometres . Kagawa Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the southwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the south.

Ehime
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-38
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-38
coordinate: 33°50′N 132°50′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 132.833
longitude: 33.833
population: 1,342,011
comment: Ehime Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Ehime Prefecture has a population of 1,342,011 and has a geographic area of 5,676 km2 . Ehime Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the northeast, Tokushima Prefecture to the east, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southeast.

Koti
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-39
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-39
coordinate: 33°26′N 133°26′E
density: 106.68/km2 (276.3/sq mi)
latitude: 133.433
longitude: 33.433
population: 757,914
comment: Kōchi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kōchi Prefecture has a population of 757,914 and has a geographic area of 7,103 km2 . Kōchi Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the northwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the northeast.

Hukuoka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-40
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-40
coordinate: 33°36′N 130°35′E
density: 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
latitude: 130.583
longitude: 33.6
population: 5,109,323
comment: Fukuoka Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Fukuoka Prefecture has a population of 5,109,323 and has a geographic area of 4,986 km2 . Fukuoka Prefecture borders Saga Prefecture to the southwest, Kumamoto Prefecture to the south, and Ōita Prefecture to the southeast.

Saga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-41
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-41
coordinate: 33°36′N 129°51′E
density: 330/km2 (860/sq mi)
latitude: 129.85
longitude: 33.6
population: 809,248
comment: Saga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Saga Prefecture has a population of 809,248 and has a geographic area of 2,440 km2 . Saga Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northeast and Nagasaki Prefecture to the southwest.

Nagasaki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-42
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-42
coordinate: 32°58′N 129°48′E
density: 320/km2 (820/sq mi)
latitude: 129.8
longitude: 32.967
population: 1,314,078
comment: Nagasaki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Nagasaki Prefecture has a population of 1,314,078 and has a geographic area of 4,130 km2 . Nagasaki Prefecture borders Saga Prefecture to the northeast.

Kumamoto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-43
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-43
coordinate: 32°43′N 130°40′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 130.667
longitude: 32.717
population: 1,748,134
comment: Kumamoto Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Kumamoto Prefecture has a population of 1,748,134 and has a geographic area of 7,409 km2 . Kumamoto Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the north, Ōita Prefecture to the northeast, Miyazaki Prefecture to the southeast, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the south.

Oita
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-44
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-44
coordinate: 33°14′17.47″N 131°36′45.38″E
density: 180/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 131.61261
longitude: 33.238186
population: 1,136,245
comment: Ōita Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Ōita Prefecture has a population of 1,136,245 and has a geographic area of 6,340 km2 . Ōita Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northwest, Kumamoto Prefecture to the southwest, and Miyazaki Prefecture to the south.

Miyazaki
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-45
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-45
coordinate: 32°1′N 131°21′E
density: 140/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: 131.35
longitude: 32.017
population: 1,073,054
comment: Miyazaki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Miyazaki Prefecture has a population of 1,073,054 and has a geographic area of 7,735 km2 . Miyazaki Prefecture borders Ōita Prefecture to the north, Kumamoto Prefecture to the northwest, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the southwest.

Kagosima
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-46
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-46
coordinate: 31°24′N 130°31′E
density: 170/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: 130.517
longitude: 31.4
population: 1,599,779
comment: Kagoshima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands. Kagoshima Prefecture has a population of 1,599,779 and has a geographic area of 9,187 km2 . Kagoshima Prefecture borders Kumamoto Prefecture to the north and Miyazaki Prefecture to the northeast.

Okinawa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Japan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:JP-47
area: ISO 3166-2:JP-47
coordinate: 26°30′N 128°0′E
density: 640/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
latitude: 128.0
longitude: 26.5
population: 1,457,162
comment: Okinawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the Ryukyu Islands. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 and has a geographic area of 2,281 km2 .

Baringo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-01
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-01
coordinate: 0°40′N 36°00′E
density: 60/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 36.0
longitude: 0.667
population: 666,763
comment: Baringo County is one of the 47 Counties of Kenya. It is located in the former Rift Valley Province. Its headquarters and largest town is Kabarnet. The county is home to Lake Baringo.

Bomet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-02
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-02
coordinate: 0°48′00″S 35°14′00″E
density: 540/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
elevation: 1,962 m (6,437 ft)
latitude: 35.2333
longitude: -0.8
population: 875,689
comment: Bomet County Government, located county in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya, was created from the former Kericho district through Kenya gazette supplement no. 53 of 1992. It has a population of 875,689 in 2019 and an area of 1,630.0 km2.

Bungoma
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-03
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-03
coordinate: 0°35′N 34°35′E
density: 760/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
elevation: 4,321 m (14,177 ft)
latitude: 34.583
longitude: 0.583
population: 1,670,570
comment: Bungoma County is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya. Its capital is Bungoma or Bungoma Town. It has a population of 1,670,570 of which 812,146 are males 858,389 females as per the 2019 census and an area of 2,069 km2. In 2010, the neighbouring Mount Elgon District was eliminated and its lands were merged with Bungoma District to form Bungoma County. It has nine constituencies that are :Bumula Constituency, Kabuchai Constituency, Kanduyi Constituency, Kimilili Constituency, Mt. Elgon Constituency, Sirisia Constituency, Tongaren Constituency, Webuye West Constituency and Webuye East Constituency

Busia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-04
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-04
coordinate: 0°26′N 34°9′E
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 34.15
longitude: 0.433
population: 893,681
comment: Busia is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya. It borders Kakamega County to the east, Bungoma County to the north, Lake Victoria and Siaya County to the south and Busia District, Uganda to the west. The county has about 893,000 people and spans about 1,700 square kilometers making it one of the smallest counties in Kenya. Busia is inhabited by the Luhya tribe of Kenya with smaller groups of Teso and Luo. The Luhya communities include the Abakhayo, Marachi, Samia and Abanyala communities.

Elgeyo/Marakwet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-05
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-05
coordinate: 0°48′N 35°34′E
latitude: 35.567
longitude: 0.8
population: 454,480
comment: Elgeyo-Marakwet County is one of Kenya's 47 counties. Elgeyo Marakwet County is located in the former Rift Valley Province. Its capital and largest town is Iten. It borders the counties of West Pokot to the north, Baringo County to the east, southeast and south, Uasin Gishu to the southwest and west, and Trans Nzoia to the northwest.

Embu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-06
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-06
coordinate: 0°32′S 37°27′E
density: 220/km2 (560/sq mi)
latitude: 37.45
longitude: -0.533
population: 608,599
comment: Embu County is a county of Kenya. The capital of Embu County and the former Eastern province headquarters, Embu is a large and largely metropolitan area with a population of 608,599 persons. The county borders Kirinyaga to the west, Kitui to the east, Tharaka Nithi to the north, Machakos to the south. The county occupies an area of 2,821 km2.

Garissa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-07
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-07
coordinate: 0°27′25″S 39°39′30″E
density: 19/km2 (49/sq mi)
elevation: 1,138 m (3,734 ft)
latitude: 39.65833
longitude: -0.45694
population: 841,353
comment: Garissa County is an administrative County in Kenya. Its capital and largest urban area is Garissa. The county had a population of 841,353 at the 2019 Census, and a land area of about 44,753 km2 . As of 31 August 2016, Garissa County had more than 260,000 refugees in refugee camps at Dadaab, which is located in Garissa County.

Homa Bay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-08
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-08
coordinate: 0°41′00″S 34°27′00″E
latitude: 34.45
longitude: -0.683333
population: 1,131,950
comment: Homa Bay County is a county in the former Nyanza Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Homa Bay. The county has a population of 1,131,950 and an area of 3,154.7 km2. Lake Victoria is a major source of livelihood for Homa Bay County.

Isiolo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-09
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-09
coordinate: 0°53′00″N 38°40′00″E
density: 11/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: 38.6667
longitude: 0.883333
population: 268,002
comment: Isiolo County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its population is 268,002 and its capital and largest city is Isiolo. Isiolo County is to be the first county to be developed as part of the Kenya Vision 2030 program. Other upcoming urban centres are: Garbatulla, Modogashe, Kinna, Merti and Oldonyiro.

Kajiado
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-10
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-10
coordinate: 2°00′00″S 36°52′00″E
latitude: 36.8667
longitude: -2.0
population: 1,117,840
comment: Kajiado County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya. As of 2019, Kajiado county spanned an area of 21,292.7 km2, with a recorded population of 1,117,840. The county borders Nairobi and extends to the Tanzania border further south. The county capital is Kajiado town, but the largest town is Ongata Rongai. Its main tourist attraction is its wildlife.

Kakamega
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-11
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-11
coordinate: 0°17′00″N 34°45′00″E
latitude: 34.75
longitude: 0.283333
population: 1,867,579
comment: Kakamega County is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya and borders Vihiga County to the South, Siaya County to the West, Bungoma and Trans Nzoia Counties to the North and Nandi and Uasin Gishu Counties to the East. CIDP Its capital and largest town is Kakamega. It has a population of 1,867,579 and an area of 3,033.8 km2.

Kericho
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-12
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-12
coordinate: 0°24′S 35°18′E
latitude: 35.3
longitude: -0.4
population: 901,777
comment: Kericho County is one of the counties the republic of Kenya. The county seats between longitude 35°02' and 35°40' East and between the equator and latitude 0°23' South with an altitude of about 2002m above the sea level. It borders Uasin Gishu County to the North West, Baringo County to the North, Nandi County to the North-West, Nakuru County to the East and Bomet County to the South. It has a population of 901,777 and an area of 2,111 km². Its capital and largest town is Kericho.

Kiambu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-13
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-13
coordinate: 1°10′S 36°50′E
density: 990/km2 (2,600/sq mi)
latitude: 36.833
longitude: -1.167
population: 2,417,735
comment: Kiambu County is a county in the former Central Province of Kenya. Its capital is Kiambu and its largest town is Thika. Kiambu County borders Nairobi and Kajiado Counties to the South, Machakos to the East, Murang‘a to the North and North East, Nyandarua to the North West, and Nakuru to the West and has a population of 2,417,735.

Kilifi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-14
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-14
coordinate: 3°40′00″S 39°45′00″E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 39.75
longitude: -3.66667
population: 1,453,787
comment: Kilifi County is a county of Kenya. It was formed in 2010 as a result of a merger of Kilifi District and Malindi District. Its capital is Kilifi and its largest town is Malindi. The county has a population of 1,453,787. It covers an area of 12,245.90 km2 .

Kirinyaga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-15
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-15
coordinate: 0°30′S 37°17′E
latitude: 37.283
longitude: -0.5
population: 610,411
comment: Kirinyaga County is a county in the former Central Province of Kenya. Its capital is Kerugoya and its largest town is Wanguru. In 2019, the county had a population of 610,411 and an area of 1,478.1 km2. The county is bordered to the east and south by Embu County, to the south by a tiny part of Machakos County, to the southwest by Murang'a County and to the northwest by Nyeri County.

Kisii
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-16
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-16
coordinate: 0°40′00″S 34°45′00″E
latitude: 34.75
longitude: -0.666667
population: 1,266,860
comment: Kisii County is a county in the former Nyanza Province in southwestern Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kisii. The county has a population of 1,266,860 people. It borders Nyamira County to the North East, Narok County to the South and Homabay and Migori Counties to the West. The county covers an area of 1,317.5 km. The county is inhabited mostly by the Gusii people.

Kisumu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-17
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-17
coordinate: 0°15′S 34°55′E
density: 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
latitude: 34.917
longitude: -0.25
population: 1,155,574
comment: Kisumu County is one of 47 counties in the Republic of Kenya. Its borders follow those of the original Kisumu District, one of the former administrative districts of the former Nyanza Province in western Kenya. Its headquarters is Kisumu City which is the third largest city in Kenya after the capital Nairobi and the coastal city of Mombasa. It has a population of 1,155,574 . The land area of Kisumu County totals 2085.9 km2.

Kitui
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-18
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-18
coordinate: 1°29′S 38°23′E
density: 37/km2 (97/sq mi)
latitude: 38.383
longitude: -1.483
population: 1,136,187
comment: Kitui County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kitui, although Mwingi is also another major urban centre. The county has a population of 1,136,187 . and an area of 30,430 km2. It lies between latitudes 0°10 South and 3°0 South and longitudes 37°50 East and 39°0 East.

Kwale
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-19
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-19
coordinate: 4°10′S 39°27′E
density: 100/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: 39.45
longitude: -4.167
population: 866,820
comment: Kwale County is a county in the former Coast Province of Kenya. Its capital is Kwale, although Ukunda is the largest town.

Laikipia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-20
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-20
coordinate: 0°5′N 36°40′E
latitude: 36.667
longitude: 0.083
population: 518,560
comment: Laikipia County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya, located on the Equator in the former Rift Valley Province of the country. Laikipia is a cosmopolitan county and is county number 31. The county has two major urban centres: Nanyuki to the southeast, and Nyahururu to the southwest. Its capital is Rumuruti. The County lies between latitudes 0° 18” South and 0° 51” North and between longitude 36° 11” and 37° 24’ East. It borders Samburu County to the North, Isiolo County to the North East, Meru County to the East, Nyeri County to the South East, Nyandarua County to the South, Nakuru County to the South West and Baringo County to the West.

Lamu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-21
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-21
coordinate: 2°18′0″S 40°42′0″E
density: 23/km2 (59/sq mi)
elevation: 110 m (360 ft)
latitude: 40.7
longitude: -2.3
population: 143,920
comment: Lamu County is located in the Northern Coast of Kenya and is one of the Six Coastal Counties in Kenya. It borders Tana River County in the southwest, Garissa County to the north, Republic of Somalia to the northeast and the Indian Ocean to the South. It lies 1° 40’ and 2° 30’ south and longitude 40° 15’ and 40° 38’ east. The county has a land surface of 6,273.1 km that include the mainland and over 65 islands that form the Lamu Archipelago. The total length of the coastline is 130 km while land water mass area stands at 308 km.

Machakos
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-22
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-22
coordinate: 01°14′S 37°23′E
density: 240/km2 (610/sq mi)
elevation: 1,138 m (3,734 ft)
latitude: 37.383
longitude: -1.233
population: 1,421,932
comment: Machakos County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya. Its capital is Machakos. Its largest town is Machakos, the country's first administrative headquarters. The county had a population of 1,421,932 as of 2019. The county borders Nairobi and Kiambu counties to the west, Embu to the north, Kitui to the east, Makueni to the south, Kajiado to the south west, and Muranga and Kirinyaga to the north west.

Makueni
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-23
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-23
coordinate: 1°48′S 37°37′E
density: 120/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 37.617
longitude: -1.8
population: 987,653
comment: Makueni County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Wote. The county has a population of 987,653 . The county lies between Latitude 1o 35 ́ and 32 00 ́ South and Longitude 37o10 ́ and 38o 30 ́ east. It borders Machakos to the North, Kitui to the East, Taita Taveta to the South and Kajiado to the West and covers an area of 8,008.9 km2.

Mandera
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-24
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-24
coordinate: 3°25′00″N 40°40′00″E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 40.6667
longitude: 3.41667
population: 1,234,554
comment: Mandera County is a county in Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Mandera. The county is bordered by Ethiopia to the north, to the east and by Wajir County to the southwest. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 1,200,89,milion and an area of 25,939.8 km2. The main economic activity in the county is pastoralism, while others include cross-border trade with Ethiopia, artisanal mining, beekeeping and agriculture along the Dawa River.

Marsabit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-25
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-25
coordinate: 2°19′N 37°58′E
density: 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi)
latitude: 37.967
longitude: 2.317
population: 459,785
comment: Marsabit County is a county of Kenya. Covering a surface area of 66.923,1 square kilometres Marsabit is the largest county in Kenya. Its capital is Marsabit and its largest town Moyale. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 459,785. It is bordered to the North by Ethiopia, to the West by Turkana County to the South by Samburu County and Isiolo County, and to the East by Wajir County.

Meru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-26
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-26
coordinate: 0°3′N 37°38′E
density: 220/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: 37.633
longitude: 0.05
population: 1,545,714
comment: Meru County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya, located in the former Eastern Province. The county lies between 0° 6′ North and 0° 1′ South and between latitudes 37° West and 38° East. It borders Isiolo County to the North, Tharaka/Nithi County to the East, Nyeri County to the South West and Laikipia County to the West. It covers a total area of 7,006 Km2 out of which with part of it 972.3Km2 being gazetted as forest.

Migori
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-27
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-27
coordinate: 0°40′S 34°50′E
density: 430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
latitude: 34.833
longitude: -0.667
population: 1,116,436
comment: Migori County is a county in the former Nyanza Province of southwestern Kenya. It is located in Southwestern Kenya and borders Homa Bay County, Kisii County, Narok, Tanzania and Lake Victoria to the West. The county also borders Uganda via Migingo Island in Lake Victoria. The county is headquartered by Migori town, which is also its largest town. The Kenya National Census of 2019 indicated that Migori County had a population of 1,116,436 compared to 917, 170 in 2009 Census. Migori County is located in the sugar belt wetlands of Western Kenya and is mostly at the heart of the African tropics. However, the county enjoys a pleasant climate because of high altitude which modifies the climate alongside the cool breeze from Lake Victoria.

Mombasa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-28
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-28
coordinate: 4°03′S 39°40′E
density: 4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
elevation: 50 m (160 ft)
latitude: 39.667
longitude: -4.05
population: 1,208,333
comment: Mombasa County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya. It's the capital and the only city in the county of Mombasa. Initially it was one of the former districts of Kenya but in 2013 it was reconstituted as a county, on the same boundaries. It is the smallest county in Kenya, covering an area of 229.7 km2 excluding 65 km2 of water mass. The county is situated in the south eastern part of the former Coast Province. It borders Kilifi County to the north, Kwale County to the south west and the Indian Ocean to the east. Administratively, the county is divided into seven divisions, eighteen locations and thirty sub-locations.

Murang'a
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-29
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-29
coordinate: 0°45′S 37°7′E
density: 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 37.117
longitude: -0.75
population: 1,056,640
comment: Murang'a County is one of the counties of Kenya's former Central Province. Its largest town and capital is Murang'a, formerly referred to as Fort Hall during the colonial era. It is inhabited mainly by and is considered the home of the Gikuyu, the largest community in Kenya. The county has a population of 1,056,640 .

Nairobi City
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-30
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-30
coordinate: 1°17′00″S 36°49′00″E
density: 6,300/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
latitude: 36.8167
longitude: -1.2833
population: 4,397,073
comment: Nairobi County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya. The third smallest yet the most populous of the counties, it is coterminous with the city of Nairobi, which is also the capital and largest city of Kenya.

Nakuru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-31
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-31
coordinate: 0°30′S 36°0′E
latitude: 36.0
longitude: -0.5
population: 2,162,202
comment: Nakuru County is a county in Kenya. It is County number 32 out of the 47 Kenyan Counties. The capital and largest town is Nakuru, although Naivasha is another major significant urban centre. With a population of 2,162,202, it is the third most populous county in Kenya after Nairobi County and Kiambu County in that order. With an area of 7,496.5 km², it is the 19th largest County in size. Until 21 August 2010 it formed part of Rift Valley Province.

Nandi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-32
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-32
coordinate: 0°10′00″N 35°09′00″E
latitude: 35.15
longitude: 0.166667
population: 885,711
comment: Nandi County is in the North Rift of Kenya, occupying an area of 2,884.4 square kilometres. Its capital, Kapsabet, is the largest town in the county while other towns include Mosoriot, Tinderet, Kobujoi, Kaiboi, Kabiyet and Nandi Hills. According to a 2019 census, the county had a population of 885,711, made up of a number of Kenyan communities, the majority of whom belong to the native tribe called Nandi.

Narok
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-33
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-33
coordinate: 1°15′S 35°37′E
latitude: 35.617
longitude: -1.25
population: 1,157,873
comment: Narok County is a county in Kenya with a population projected at around 1,157,873 persons as of 2019, with the dominant ethnic groups being the Maasai and Kalenjin. Its capital and largest town is Narok. The other major urban centre in Narok County is Kilgoris.

Nyamira
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-34
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-34
coordinate: 0°45′S 35°00′E
latitude: 35.0
longitude: -0.75
population: 605,576
comment: Nyamira County is a county in the former Nyanza Province of Kenya. It was formerly known as Nyamira district separate from Gucha and Kisii districts which were merged in 2013 to form Kisii County. The main cash crops grown are bananas and tea. The county has a population of 605,576 . Its capital and largest town is Nyamira, with an urban population of around 41,668 (2009 census)

Nyandarua
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-35
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-35
coordinate: 0°33′S 36°37′E
latitude: 36.617
longitude: -0.55
population: 638,289
comment: Nyandarua County is a County in the former Central Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Ol Kalou. Formerly the capital was Nyahururu, which is now part of the Laikipia County. Nyandarua County has population of 596,268 and an area of 3,304 km2. The county is located on the northwestern part of the old Central Province, and contains the Aberdare Ranges.

Nyeri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-36
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-36
coordinate: 0°25′S 36°57′E
latitude: 36.95
longitude: -0.417
population: 759,164
comment: Nyeri County is located in the central region of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Nyeri. It has a population of 759,164 and an area of 2361 km2. It is currently under the leadership of H.E. Governor Mutahi Kahiga. Other governors who have led this county include Nderitu Gachagua, Wamathai Samuel Githaiga, and Wahome Gakuru, who was killed in a road accident.

Samburu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-37
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-37
coordinate: 1°10′N 36°40′E
density: 15/km2 (40/sq mi)
latitude: 36.667
longitude: 1.167
population: 310,327
comment: Samburu County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province, Kenya. It covers an area of roughly 21,000 km2 in northern Kenya where the Samburu, Turkana and many other tribes live. It stretches north from the Wuaso Ng'iro River to the south of Lake Turkana. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 310,327.

Siaya
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-38
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-38
coordinate: 0°05′S 34°15′E
latitude: 34.25
longitude: -0.083
population: 993,183
comment: Siaya County is one of the counties in the former Nyanza Province in the southwest part of Kenya. It is bordered by Busia County to the north, Kakamega County and Vihiga County's to the northeast and Kisumu County to the southeast. It shares a water border with Homa Bay County which is located south of Siaya County. The total area of the county is approximately 2,496.1 km2. The county lies between latitude 0° 26’ to 0° 18’ north and longitude 33° 58’ east and 34° 33’ west. Siaya has been split up into six new districts. Under the Constitution 2010, the role of districts are still unclear as much of administrative authority is being transferred to the county. The capital is Siaya, even though the largest town is Bondo.

Taita/Taveta
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-39
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-39
coordinate: 3°20′S 38°15′E
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
latitude: 38.25
longitude: -3.333
population: 340,671
comment: Taita–Taveta County is a county of Kenya. It lies approximately 140 km northwest of Mombasa and 380 km southeast of Nairobi. The County headquarters are located in Mwatate, which is central to the county.

Tana River
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-40
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-40
coordinate: 1°30′S 40°0′E
density: 8.9/km2 (23/sq mi)
latitude: 40.0
longitude: -1.5
population: 315,943
comment: Tana River County is a county in the former Coast Province, Kenya. It is named after the Tana River. It has an area of 38,437 square kilometres and a population of 315,943. The capital and largest town is Hola .

Tharaka-Nithi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-41
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-41
coordinate: 0°18′S 38°0′E
density: 150/km2 (390/sq mi)
latitude: 38.0
longitude: -0.3
population: 393,177
comment: Tharaka-Nithi County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya located in Kenya's former Eastern Province. The county has an area of 2609 km2 and as of the 2019 census a population of 393,177.

Trans Nzoia
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-42
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-42
coordinate: 1°06′N 34°57′E
latitude: 34.95
longitude: 1.1
population: 990,341
comment: Trans-Nzoia County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province, Kenya, located between the Nzoia River and Mount Elgon, 380 km northwest of Nairobi. At its centre is the town of Kitale which is the capital and largest town. The county borders Bungoma to the west, Uasin Gishu and Kakamega to the south, Elgeyo-Marakwet to the east, West Pokot to the north and the republic of Uganda to the Northwest. Trans Nzoia covers an area of 2495.5 square kilometres.

Turkana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-43
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-43
coordinate: 3°09′N 35°21′E
density: 13/km2 (35/sq mi)
elevation: 1,138 m (3,734 ft)
latitude: 35.35
longitude: 3.15
population: 926,976
comment: Turkana County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya. Turkana is the largest County, by land area, followed by Marsabit County and also the northwesternmost county in Kenya. It is bordered by the countries of Uganda to the west; South Sudan and Ethiopia, including the disputed Ilemi Triangle, to the north and northeast; and Lake Turkana to the east. To the south and east, neighbouring counties in Kenya are West Pokot, Baringo and Samburu Counties, while Marsabit County is located on the opposite shore of Lake Turkana. Its capital and largest town is Lodwar. According to the 2019 census, Turkana County has a population of 926,976.

Uasin Gishu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-44
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-44
coordinate: 0°31′00″N 35°17′00″E
density: 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 35.2833
longitude: 0.516667
population: 1,163,186
comment: Uasin Gishu County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya, located in the former Rift Valley Province. The city of Eldoret is the county's largest population center as well as its administrative and commercial center.

Vihiga
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-45
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-45
coordinate: 0°4′N 34°40′E
latitude: 34.667
longitude: 0.067
population: 590,013
comment: Vihiga County is an administrative region in the former Western Province of Kenya whose headquarters are in Mbale, the largest town in the county. The county has a population of 554,622 and an area of 563 km2. Vihiga County was split from Kakamega County in 1990. In 2019's census, Vihiga was found to have a population of 590, 013, an increase of 35, 391 from the 2009's count.

Wajir
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-46
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-46
coordinate: 1°44′50″N 40°04′08″E
density: 14/km2 (36/sq mi)
latitude: 40.0689
longitude: 1.74722
population: 781,263
comment: Wajir County is a county in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Wajir. The county has a population of 720,000 and an area of 55,840.6 km2. The county is bordered to the north by Ethiopia, to the northeast by Mandera County, to the east by Somalia, to the south by Garissa County, to the west by Isiolo County and to the northwest by Marsabit County. The county has six constituencies: eldas, Tarbaj, Wajir North, Wajir West, Wajir East, and Wajir South.

West Pokot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kenya
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KE-47
area: ISO 3166-2:KE-47
coordinate: 1°14′00″N 35°07′00″E
density: 74/km2 (190/sq mi)
latitude: 35.1167
longitude: 1.23333
population: 621,241
comment: West Pokot County is a county of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kapenguria. The county covers an area of approximately 9,169.4 square kilometers and stretches a distance of 132 kilometers from North to South. West Pokot County is bordered to the north by Turkana County, to the east by Baringo County, to the southeast by Elgeyo-Marakwet County, to the south by Trans Nzoia County and to the west by Uganda. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 621,241. The county is home to Tegla Loroupe, one of the most famous Kenyan female runners.

Batken Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-B
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-B
coordinate: 39°50′N 71°30′E
density: 32/km2 (83/sq mi)
latitude: 71.5
longitude: 39.833
population: 546,400
comment: Batken Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Batken. It is bounded on the east by Osh Region, on the south, west and north by Tajikistan, and on the northeast by Uzbekistan. The northern part of the region is part of the flat, agricultural Ferghana Valley. The land rises southward to the mountains on the southern border: the Alay Mountains in the east, and the Turkestan Range in the west.

Chuy Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-C
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-C
coordinate: 42°30′N 74°30′E
density: 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 74.5
longitude: 42.5
population: 959,884
comment: Chuy Region or Chui Region is the northernmost region of the Kyrgyz Republic. This region surrounds the national capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek. It is bounded on the north by Kazakhstan, and clockwise, Issyk Kul Region, Naryn Region, Jalal-Abad Region, and Talas Region. Its administrative center is Bishkek, but from 2003 to May 2006, it was Tokmok.

Bishkek
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-GB
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-GB
coordinate: 42°52′29″N 74°36′44″E
elevation: 800 m (2,600 ft)
latitude: 74.61222
longitude: 42.87472
population: 1,053,915
comment: Bishkek, formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chuy Region. The province surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the province, but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. It is also near the Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan border.

Jalal-Abad Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-J
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-J
coordinate: 41°15′N 72°15′E
density: 37/km2 (95/sq mi)
latitude: 72.25
longitude: 41.25
population: 1,238,750
comment: Jalal-Abad Region, also known as Jalalabat, is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is the city of the same name, Jalal-Abad. It is surrounded by Talas Region, Chuy Region, Naryn Region, Osh Region, and Uzbekistan. Jalal-Abad Region was established on 21 November 1939. On 27 January 1959 it became a part of Osh Region, but regained its old status as a region on 14 December 1990. Jalal-Abad Region consist of 8 districts, and includes 5 towns, 8 urba-type settlements, and 415 villages

Naryn Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-N
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-N
coordinate: 41°30′N 75°30′E
density: 6.4/km2 (17/sq mi)
latitude: 75.5
longitude: 41.5
population: 289,621
comment: Naryn Region is the largest region of Kyrgyzstan. It is located in the east of the country and borders with Chuy Region in the north, Issyk Kul Region in the northeast, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China in the southeast, Osh Region in the southwest, and Jalal-Abad Region in the west. Its capital is Naryn. The region was established on 21 November 1939 as Tien-Shan Region. On 20 December 1962 the region was dissolved, but on 11 December 1970 re-established again. On 5 October 1988 it was unified with Issyk-Kul Region, and, finally, on 14 December 1990 it got back its present name: Naryn Region.

Osh Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-O
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-O
coordinate: 40°0′N 73°0′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 73.0
longitude: 40.0
population: 1,368,054
comment: Osh Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Osh. It is bounded by Jalal-Abad Region, Naryn Region, Xinjiang, China, Tajikistan, Batken Region, and Uzbekistan.

Talas Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-T
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-T
coordinate: 42°30′N 72°30′E
density: 23/km2 (61/sq mi)
latitude: 72.5
longitude: 42.5
population: 267,360
comment: Talas Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Talas. It is bordered on the west and north by Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan, on the east by Chuy Region, on the south by Jalal-Abad Region and on the southwest by a finger of Uzbekistan. It is basically a U-shaped valley open to the west. The northern border is defined by the Kyrgyz Ala-Too, which also form the southern border of Chuy Region. At the eastern end, the Talas Ala-Too Range splits off and marks the southern border. The Talas River flows through the center of the valley. The main highway enters from the east over the Ötmök Pass and goes down the valley to Taraz in Kazakhstan. Near the mouth of the valley at Kyzyl-Adyr, one road goes north toward Taraz and the other south over the Kara-Buura Pass to Jalal-Abad Province. Before independence most trade links were with Taraz. The historic Battle of Talas occurred here.

Issyk Kul Province
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-Y
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-Y
coordinate: 42°0′N 78°0′E
density: 11/km2 (28/sq mi)
latitude: 78.0
longitude: 42.0
population: 463,900
comment: Ysyq-Köl Region is one of the regions of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Karakol. It is surrounded by Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, Chuy Region, Naryn Region and Xinjiang, China . It takes its name from Lake Issyk-Kul, world's second-largest high altitude lake.

Osh Shaary
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kyrgyzstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KG-GO
area: ISO 3166-2:KG-GO
coordinate: 40°31′48″N 72°48′0″E
elevation: 963 m (3,159 ft)
latitude: 72.8
longitude: 40.53
population: 320,400
comment: Osh is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country and often referred to as the "capital of the south". It is the oldest city in the country, and has served as the administrative center of Osh Region since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of about 281,900 in 2017, comprising Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Russians, Tajiks, and other smaller ethnic groups. It is about 5 km from the Uzbekistan border.

Banteay Meanchey
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-1
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-1
coordinate: 13°45′N 103°00′E
density: 129/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: 103.0
longitude: 13.75
population: 861,883
comment: Banteay Meanchey is a province of Cambodia located in the far northwest. It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap to the east, Battambang to the south, and shares an international border with Thailand to the west. Its capital and largest city is Serei Saophoan.

Kratie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-10
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-10
coordinate: 12°29′N 106°1′E
density: 34/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: 106.017
longitude: 12.483
population: 374,755
comment: Kratié, alternatively Kraches or Kracheh is a province of Cambodia located in the northeast. It borders Stung Treng to the north, Mondulkiri to the east, Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham to the west, and Tbong Khmum and Vietnam to the south.
alternative label: Kratié

Mondul Kiri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-11
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-11
coordinate: 12°27′N 107°14′E
density: 6/km2 (20/sq mi)
latitude: 107.233
longitude: 12.45
population: 92,213
comment: Mondulkiri or Mondul Kiri, is a province of Cambodia. Bordering the provinces of Kratié to the west, Stung Treng to the northwest, Ratanakiri to the north and the country of Vietnam to the east and south, it is the most sparsely populated province in the country despite being the largest in land area. The province was established in 1961 from the eastern part of Kratié Province. The capital is the town of Senmonorom.

Phnom Penh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-12
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-12
coordinate: 11°34′10″N 104°55′16″E
density: 3,361/km2 (8,700/sq mi)
elevation: 11.89 m (39.01 ft)
latitude: 104.92111
longitude: 11.56944
population: 2,281,951
comment: Phnom Penh is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since French protectorate of Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's economic, industrial, and cultural centre.

Preah Vihear
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-13
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-13
coordinate: 13°47′N 104°58′E
density: 18/km2 (50/sq mi)
latitude: 104.967
longitude: 13.783
population: 254,827
comment: Preah Vihear is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap to the west, Kampong Thom to the south and Stung Treng to the east. Its northern boundary forms part of Cambodia's international border with Thailand and Laos. Its capital is Preah Vihear.

Prey Veng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-14
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-14
coordinate: 11°29′N 105°20′E
density: 217/km2 (560/sq mi)
latitude: 105.333
longitude: 11.483
population: 1,057,720
comment: Prey Veng is a province of Cambodia. The capital is Prey Veng town. With a population of 1.1 million people, it is the third most populous province.

Pursat
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-15
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-15
coordinate: 12°32′N 103°55′E
density: 33/km2 (90/sq mi)
latitude: 103.917
longitude: 12.533
population: 419,952
comment: Pursat is a province of Cambodia. It is in the western part of the country and borders clockwise from the north: Battambang Province, the Tonlé Sap, Kampong Chhnang Province, Kampong Speu Province, Koh Kong Province, and Thailand. It lies between the Tonle Sap and the northern end of the Cardamom Mountains. The Pursat River bisects the province, running from the Cardamoms in the west to the Tonle Sap in the east.

Ratanak Kiri
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-16
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-16
coordinate: 13°44′N 107°0′E
density: 19/km2 (50/sq mi)
latitude: 107.0
longitude: 13.733
population: 217,453
comment: Ratanakiri or Ratanak Kiri, is a province of northeast Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Mondulkiri to the south and Stung Treng to the west and the countries of Laos and Vietnam to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the Annamite Range in the north, across a hilly plateau between the Tonlé San and Tonlé Srepok rivers, to tropical deciduous forests in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty.

Siemreap
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-17
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-17
coordinate: 13°21′N 103°51′E
density: 98/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 103.85
longitude: 13.35
population: 1,014,234
comment: Siem Reap is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey to the north, Preah Vihear and Kampong Thom to the east, Battambang to the south, and Banteay Meanchey to the west. Its capital and largest city is Siem Reap.

Preah Seihanu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-18
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-18
coordinate: 10°38′N 103°30′E
density: 230.3/km²
elevation: 15 m (45 ft)
latitude: 103.5
longitude: 10.633
population: 73,036
comment: Sihanoukville, also known as Kampong Som, by the Chinese known as Xi Gang, is a coastal city in Cambodia and the capital of Sihanoukville Province, at the tip of an elevated peninsula in the country's south-west on the Gulf of Thailand. The city is flanked by an almost uninterrupted string of beaches along its entire coastline and coastal marshlands bordering the Ream National Park in the east. The city has one navigable river, the mangrove lined Ou Trojak Jet running from Otres Pagoda to the sea at Otres. A number of thinly inhabited islands – under Sihanoukville's administration – are near the city, where in recent years moderate development has helped to attract a sizable portion of Asia's individual travelers, students, and backpackers.

Stung Treng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-19
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-19
coordinate: 13°31′N 105°57′E
density: 14/km2 (40/sq mi)
latitude: 105.95
longitude: 13.517
population: 165,713
comment: Stung Treng is a province of Cambodia in the northeast. It borders the provinces of Ratanakiri to the east, Mondulkiri and Kratié to the south and Kampong Thom and Preah Vihear to the west. Its northern boundary is Cambodia's international border with Laos. The Mekong River bisects the province. The province is mostly covered by forest, but logging and fishing put high pressure on the forest and fishery reserves.

Battambang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-2
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-2
coordinate: 13°1′43″N 102°59′22″E
density: 85/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 102.98944
longitude: 13.02861
population: 997,169
comment: Battambang is a province of Cambodia in the far northwest of the country. Bordering provinces are Banteay Meanchey to the north, Pursat to the east and south, Siem Reap to the northeast, and Pailin to the west. The northern and southern extremes of the province's western boundaries form part of the international border with Thailand. In addition, Tonlé Sap forms part of the northeastern boundary between Siem Reap and Pursat. Its capital and largest city is Battambang.

Svay Rieng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-20
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-20
coordinate: 11°4′N 105°49′E
density: 177/km2 (460/sq mi)
latitude: 105.817
longitude: 11.067
population: 525,497
comment: Svay Rieng is a province in Cambodia. Located in the southeast, the province juts into Vietnam, which surrounds it to the north, east and south. The only other Cambodian province to border Svay Rieng is Prey Veng. The capital is Svay Rieng while the largest city is Bavet, which is the international border between Cambodia and Vietnam.

Takeo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-21
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-21
coordinate: 010°59′N 104°47′E
density: 252/km2 (650/sq mi)
latitude: 104.783
longitude: 10.983
population: 900,914
comment: Takéo is a province of Cambodia. Located in the south of Cambodia to the west of Bassac River, Takéo borders the provinces of Kampot to the west, Kampong Speu to the northwest and Kandal to the north and east. Its southern boundary is the international border with Vietnam. The provincial capital, recently known as the provincial town Doun Kaev, is a small city with a population of 39,186.
alternative label: Takéo

Oddar Meancheay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-22
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-22
coordinate: 14°10′N 103°30′E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 103.5
longitude: 14.167
population: 276,038
comment: Oddar Meanchey is a province of Cambodia in the remote northwest. It borders the provinces of Banteay Meanchey to the west, Siem Reap to the south and Preah Vihear to the east. Its long northern boundary demarcates part of Cambodia's international border with Thailand. The capital is Samraong town.

Keb
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-23
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-23
coordinate: 10°29′15″N 104°19′15″E
density: 106.4/km²
latitude: 104.32083
longitude: 10.4875
population: 5,470
comment: Kep is the capital of Kep Province in southern Cambodia. It lies near Kep National Park. The town has a population of 35,990.

Pailin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-24
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-24
coordinate: 12°51′02″N 102°36′34″E
density: 94/km2 (240/sq mi)
latitude: 102.60944
longitude: 12.85056
population: 75,112
comment: Pailin is a province in western Cambodia at the northern edge of the Cardamom Mountains near the border of Thailand. This province is surrounded by Battambang Province, and was officially carved out of Battambang to become a separate administrative division after the surrender of the Ieng Sary faction of the Khmer Rouge in 1996. Pailin is known to much of the world for having long been a stronghold of the Khmer Rouge, remaining under their control long after they were defeated in 1979 and serving from 1994 to 1998 as the capital of the Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia. Within Cambodia Pailin is known for its natural resources, namely precious gems and timber.

Kampong Cham
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-3
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-3
coordinate: 11°59′N 105°27′E
density: 198/km2 (510/sq mi)
latitude: 105.45
longitude: 11.983
population: 899,791
comment: Kampong Cham is a province of Cambodia located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Chhnang to the west, Kampong Thom and Kratié to the north, Tboung Khmum to the east, and Prey Veng and Kandal to the south. Kampong Cham was officially divided into two provinces on 31 December 2013 in what was seen by many as a political move by the ruling party. All land west of the Mekong remained Kampong Cham while land east of the river became Tbong Khmum province. Prior to this division, Kampong Cham extended eastward to the international border with Vietnam, was the eleventh largest province in Cambodia, and with a population of 1,680,694, was the most populous province in Cambodia. Its capital and largest city is Kampong Cham.

Kampong Chhnang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-4
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-4
coordinate: 12°00′00″N 104°30′00″E
density: 95/km2 (250/sq mi)
latitude: 104.54485
longitude: 12.174812
population: 527,027
comment: Kampong Chhnang is one of the central provinces of Cambodia. Neighboring provinces are Kampong Thom, Kampong Cham, Kandal, Kampong Speu and Pursat. The capital city of Kampong Chhnang Province is Kampong Chhnang.

Kampong Speu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-5
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-5
coordinate: 11°30′N 104°20′E
density: 125/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 104.333
longitude: 11.5
population: 877,523
comment: Kampong Speu is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Pursat and Kampong Chhnang to the north, Kandal to the east, Takéo to the southeast, Kampot to the south and Koh Kong to the west. Its capital is Chbar Mon town.

Kampong Thom
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-6
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-6
coordinate: 12°42′N 104°53′E
density: 49/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 104.883
longitude: 12.7
population: 681,549
comment: Kampong Thom is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Siem Reap to the northwest, Preah Vihear to the north, Stung Treng to the northeast, Kratie to the east, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang to the south, and the Tonle Sap to the west.

Kampot
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-7
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-7
coordinate: 10°36′N 104°10′E
density: 122/km2 (320/sq mi)
latitude: 104.167
longitude: 10.6
population: 593,829
comment: Kampot Province is a province in southwestern of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Koh Kong and Kampong Speu to the north, Takeo and Kep and Vietnam to the east and Sihanoukville to the west. To its south it has a coastline of around 45 km on the Gulf of Thailand. It is rich in low arable lands and has abundant natural resources. Its capital is Kampot town.

Kandal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-8
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-8
coordinate: 13°51′45″N 100°30′52″E
density: 378/km2 (980/sq mi)
elevation: 10 m (30 ft)
latitude: 100.51444
longitude: 13.8625
population: 1,201,581
comment: Kandal is a province of Cambodia located in the southeast portion of the country. It completely surrounds the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh and borders the provinces of Kampong Speu and Takeo to the west, Kampong Chhnang and Kampong Cham to the north, Prey Veng to the east, and shares an international border with Vietnam to the south. It is the second most populous province in Cambodia after the capital Phnom Penh. Its capital and largest city is Ta Khmao, which is approximately 8 km south of central Phnom Penh. Kandal is one of the wealthier provinces in the country.

Kaoh Kong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-9
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-9
coordinate: 11°23′57″N 103°29′41″E
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: 103.49472
longitude: 11.39917
population: 125,902
comment: Koh Kong is a province of Cambodia. Its capital is Khemarak Phoumin . The province was called Patchan Khiri Khet Province from 1795 to 1904.

Tbong Khmum
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cambodia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KH-25
area: ISO 3166-2:KH-25
coordinate: 11°59′N 105°27′E
density: 148/km2 (380/sq mi)
latitude: 105.45
longitude: 11.983
population: 776,841
comment: Tboung Khmum or Tbong Khmum, is a province of Cambodia located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Cham to the west, Kratié to the north, Prey Veng to the south, and shares an international border with Vietnam to the east. Its capital and largest city is Suong. The province's name consists of two words in Khmer, tboung and khmum, which together mean "amber".

Gilbert Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kiribati
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KI-G
coordinate: 3°23′N 173°00′E
latitude: 173.0
longitude: 3.383
comment: The Gilbert Islands are a chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii. From 1976 to 1979, they were the “British colony of the Gilbert Islands”, and before that, from 1916 to 1975, they were the “Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony”. They constitute the main part of the nation of Kiribati .

Line Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kiribati
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KI-L
area: ISO 3166-2:KI-L
coordinate: 2°00′S 156°30′W
latitude: -156.5
longitude: -2.0
population: 8,809 (2005)
comment: The Line Islands, Teraina Islands or Equatorial Islands are a chain of 11 atolls and coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Hawaiian Islands. The island chain stretches northwest to southeast across 2,350 kilometres, making it one of the longest island chains in the world. One of the islands in the group, Kiritimati, has the largest land area of any atoll in the world. Of the 11 islands, all of which were formed by volcanic activity, only the Kiritimati and Tabuaeran atolls and Teraina Island have a permanent population. Eight of the islands are part of Kiribati. The remaining three—Kingman Reef, Palmyra Island and Jarvis Island—are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands.

Phoenix Islands
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kiribati
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KI-P
area: ISO 3166-2:KI-P
coordinate: 4°30′S 172°0′W
latitude: -172.0
longitude: -4.5
comment: The Phoenix Islands, or Rawaki, are a group of eight atolls and two submerged coral reefs that lie east of the Gilbert Islands and west of the Line Islands in the central Pacific Ocean, north of Samoa. They are part of the Republic of Kiribati. Their combined land area is 28 square kilometres . The only island of any commercial importance is Canton Island . The other islands are Enderbury, Rawaki, Manra, Birnie, McKean, Nikumaroro, and Orona .

Grande Comore
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Comoros
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KM-G
area: ISO 3166-2:KM-G
coordinate: 11°35′S 43°20′E
density: 290/km2 (750/sq mi)
latitude: 43.333
longitude: -11.583
population: 295,700
comment: Grande Comore is an island in Comoros off the coast of Africa. It is the largest island in the Comoros nation. Most of its population is of the Comorian ethnic group. Its population as of 2006 is about 316,600. The island's capital is Moroni, which is also the national capital. The island is made up of two shield volcanoes, with Mount Karthala being the country's highest point at 2,361 m above sea level. According to the 2009 revision of the constitution of 2002, it is governed by an elected Governor, as are the other islands, with the federal government being much reduced in power. The name Ngazidja is sometimes seen in the now nonstandard form Njazidja.

Anjouan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Comoros
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KM-A
area: ISO 3166-2:KM-A
coordinate: 12°12′54″S 44°25′30″E
density: 610/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
elevation: 1,595 m (5,233 ft)
latitude: 44.425
longitude: -12.215
population: 259,100
comment: Anjouan is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, as of 2006, its population is around 277,500. The total area of the island is 424 square kilometers .

Moheli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Comoros
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KM-M
area: ISO 3166-2:KM-M
coordinate: 12°15′S 43°45′E
density: 170/km2 (430/sq mi)
elevation: 790 m (2,590 ft)
latitude: 43.75
longitude: -12.25
population: 35,400
comment: Mohéli, also known as Mwali, is an autonomous island that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. It is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa and it is the smallest of the four major Comoro Islands. Its capital and largest city is Fomboni.
alternative label: Mohéli

Christ Church Nichola Town
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-01
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-01
coordinate: 17°22′04″N 62°45′37″W
density: 107/km2 (280/sq mi)
latitude: -62.76028
longitude: 17.36778
population: 1,922
comment: Christ Church Nichola Town is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. The fifth largest parish on Saint Kitts, it is located on the east coast of the main island of Saint Kitts. The parish capital is Nichola Town and its largest town is Molyneux.

Saint Anne Sandy Point
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-02
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-02
coordinate: 17°22′31″N 62°50′29″W
density: 202/km2 (520/sq mi)
latitude: -62.84139
longitude: 17.37528
population: 2,626
comment: Saint Anne Sandy Point is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the smallest parish on St. Kitts in terms of area, at just 5 square miles . It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Sandy Point Town.

Saint George Basseterre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-03
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-03
coordinate: 17°17′30″N 62°41′30″W
density: 436/km2 (1,130/sq mi)
latitude: -62.69167
longitude: 17.29167
population: 12,635
comment: Saint George Basseterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the largest parish on Saint Kitts and the second largest parish in Saint Kitts and Nevis . It is by far the most populous parish in the federation, holding nearly a third of the country's population. It is home to the city of Basseterre, capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis, and also has a longer coastline than any other parish in Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Saint George Gingerland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-04
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-04
coordinate: 17°08′N 62°33′W
density: 139/km2 (360/sq mi)
latitude: -62.55
longitude: 17.133
population: 2,496
comment: Saint George Gingerland, also known as St. George's Gingerland, is a parish in the southeastern part of the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies. It is one of five parishes on the island, and has a total population of about 2,500. The five parishes, in combination with the nine parishes of St. Kitts, make up the fourteen administrative parishes of the two-island Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Saint James Windward
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-05
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-05
coordinate: 17°10′30″N 62°33′56″W
density: 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: -62.56556
longitude: 17.175
population: 2,038
comment: Saint James Windward is the largest of five parishes on the island of Nevis. These five parishes are in turn part of the 14 administrative parishes making up the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Saint John Capisterre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-06
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-06
coordinate: 17°23′13″N 62°47′49″W
density: 118/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: -62.79694
longitude: 17.38694
population: 2,962
comment: Saint John Capisterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the second largest parish on Saint Kitts, and the third largest parish in the federation . The capital of the parish is Dieppe Bay Town.

Saint John Figtree
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-07
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-07
coordinate: 17°07′34″N 62°35′51″W
density: 174/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: -62.5975
longitude: 17.12611
population: 3,827
comment: Saint John Figtree is one of five administrative parishes which make up the small Caribbean island of Nevis. These five parishes are part of the fourteen parishes that exist within the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, a two-island country in the Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.

Saint Mary Cayon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-08
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-08
coordinate: 17°21′39″N 62°45′22″W
density: 229/km2 (590/sq mi)
latitude: -62.75611
longitude: 17.36083
population: 3,435
comment: Saint Mary Cayon is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Cayon.

Saint Paul Capisterre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-09
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-09
coordinate: 17°23′38″N 62°50′08″W
density: 174/km2 (450/sq mi)
latitude: -62.83556
longitude: 17.39389
population: 2,432
comment: Saint Paul Capisterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the second smallest parish on St. Kitts, and third smallest in the federation. The parish capital is Saint Paul Capisterre Village.

Saint Paul Charlestown
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-10
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-10
coordinate: 17°08′09″N 62°36′37″W
density: 462/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: -62.61028
longitude: 17.13583
population: 1,847
comment: Saint Paul Charlestown is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the island of Nevis, and the parish capital is Charlestown, which is also capital of the entire island.

Saint Peter Basseterre
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-11
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-11
coordinate: 17°20′13″N 62°43′44″W
density: 222/km2 (570/sq mi)
latitude: -62.72889
longitude: 17.33694
population: 4,670
comment: Saint Peter Basseterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Monkey Hill.

Saint Thomas Lowland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-12
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-12
coordinate: 17°10′24″N 62°36′19″W
density: 115/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: -62.60528
longitude: 17.17333
population: 2,069
comment: Saint Thomas Lowland is one of 5 Nevis parishes which are in turn part of the 14 administrative parishes that make up the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.

Saint Thomas Middle Island
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-13
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-13
coordinate: 17°21′19″N 62°48′21″W
density: 101.4/km2 (263/sq mi)
latitude: -62.80583
longitude: 17.35528
population: 2,535
comment: Saint Thomas Middle Island is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the third largest parish on the island of Saint Kitts, and fourth largest in the federation. The parish capital is Middle Island.

Trinity Palmetto Point
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Kitts and Nevis
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KN-15
area: ISO 3166-2:KN-15
coordinate: 17°19′38″N 62°46′13″W
density: 106/km2 (270/sq mi)
latitude: -62.77028
longitude: 17.32722
population: 1,701
comment: Trinity Palmetto Point is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It ranks 6th in terms of size of all the parishes on Saint Kitts. The parish capital is Trinity.

Chagang-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-CHA
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-CHA
coordinate: 40°58′14″N 126°35′33″E
density: 78/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 126.5925
longitude: 40.9706
population: 1,299,830
comment: Chagang Province is a province in North Korea; it is bordered by China's Jilin and Liaoning provinces to the north, Ryanggang and South Hamgyong to the east, South Pyongan to the south, and North Pyongan to the west. Chagang was formed in 1949, after being demarcated from North Pyongan. The provincial capital is Kanggye. Chagang is the only province of North Korea which is completely inaccessible to tourists, however in 2019 Manpo became accessible to tourist. One reason it was not believed to be accessible to tourist was due to the province being known for its weapons and nuclear weapon facilities and factories located within the province. In May 2018, the province became a "Special Songun Revolutionary Zone" in relations to concealing the nuclear weapon and weapon's factories within the province.

Hamgyong-bukto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-HAB
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-HAB
coordinate: 41°54′11″N 129°24′29″E
density: 110/km2 (300/sq mi)
latitude: 129.408
longitude: 41.903
population: 2,327,362
comment: North Hamgyong Province is the northernmost province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Hamgyong Province.
alternative label: Hamgyŏng-bukto

Hamgyong-namdo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-HAN
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-HAN
coordinate: 40°14′24″N 127°31′52″E
density: 160/km2 (420/sq mi)
latitude: 127.531
longitude: 40.24
population: 3,066,013
comment: South Hamgyong Province is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Hamgyong Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Hamhung.
alternative label: Hamgyŏng-namdo

Hwanghae-bukto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-HWB
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-HWB
coordinate: 38°30′23.0″N 125°45′34.9″E
density: 260/km2 (670/sq mi)
latitude: 125.7597
longitude: 38.50639
population: 2,113,672
comment: North Hwanghae Province is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1954 when the former Hwanghae Province was split into North and South Hwanghae. The provincial capital is Sariwon. The province is bordered by Pyongyang and South Pyongan to the north, Kangwon to the east, Kaesong Industrial Region and South Korea's Gyeonggi Province to the south, and South Hwanghae southwest. In 2003, Kaesong Directly Governed City became part of North Hwanghae. Later on in 2019, it was promoted as Special City . Thus, it was separated from North Hwanghae.

Hwanghae-namdo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-HWN
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-HWN
coordinate: 38°09′40″N 125°34′33″E
density: 270/km2 (710/sq mi)
latitude: 125.52315
longitude: 38.203262
population: 2,310,485
comment: South Hwanghae Province is a province in western North Korea. The province was formed in 1954 when the former Hwanghae Province was split into North and South Hwanghae. The provincial capital is Haeju.

Kaesong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-KAE
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-KAE
coordinate: 37°58′N 126°33′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
latitude: 126.55
longitude: 37.967
population: 192,578
comment: Kaesong is a special city in the southern part of North Korea, and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea and contains the remains of the Manwoldae palace. Called Songdo while it was the ancient capital of Goryeo, the city prospered as a trade centre that produced Korean ginseng. Kaesong now functions as the DPRK's light industry centre.
alternative label: Kaesŏng

Kangwon-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-KAN
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-KAN
coordinate: 39°08′51″N 127°26′46″E
density: 130/km2 (340/sq mi)
latitude: 127.44611
longitude: 39.1475
population: 1,477,582
comment: Kangwon Province is a province of North Korea, with its capital at Wŏnsan. Before the division of Korea in 1945, Kangwŏn Province and its South Korean neighbour Gangwon Province formed a single province that excluded Wŏnsan.
alternative label: Kangwŏn-do

Rason
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-NAJ
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-NAJ
coordinate: 42°20′40″N 130°23′04″E
density: 275/km2 (710/sq mi)
elevation: 27 m (89 ft)
latitude: 130.38445
longitude: 42.34444
population: 205,000
comment: Rason is a North Korean city and ice-free port in the Sea of Japan in the North Pacific Ocean on the northeast tip of North Korea. It is in the Kwanbuk region and location of the Rason Special Economic Zone.
alternative label: Rasŏn

Nampo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-NAM
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-NAM
coordinate: 38°44′N 125°24′E
latitude: 125.4
longitude: 38.733
population: 366,815
comment: Nampo, also spelled Namp'o, is a city and seaport in South Pyongan Province, North Korea, which lies on the northern shore of the Taedong River, 15 km east of the river's mouth. Formerly known as Chinnamp'o, it was a provincial-level "Directly Governed City" from 1980 to 2004, and was designated a "Special City" in 2010, and made a part of South P'yŏngan. Namp'o is approximately 50 km southwest of P'yŏngyang, at the mouth of the Taedong River.

Pyongan-bukto
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-PYB
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-PYB
coordinate: 40°06′N 124°24′E
density: 220/km2 (580/sq mi)
latitude: 124.4
longitude: 40.1
population: 2,728,662
comment: North Pyongan Province, written before 1925 in English as Yeng Byen) is a western province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former P'yŏng'an Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Sinŭiju. In 2002, Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region—near the city of Sinuiju—was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region.
alternative label: Pyŏngan-bukto

Pyongan-namdo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-PYN
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-PYN
coordinate: 39°30′40″N 126°10′48″E
density: 330/km2 (850/sq mi)
latitude: 126.21094
longitude: 39.50404
population: 4,051,696
comment: South Pyongan Province is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Pyongan Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Pyongsong.
alternative label: Pyŏngan-namdo

Pyongyang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-PYO
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-PYO
coordinate: 39°1′10″N 125°44′17″E
latitude: 125.73806
longitude: 39.01944
population: 2,870,000
comment: Pyongyang is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 km upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288. Pyongyang is a directly administered city with equal status to North Korean provinces.
alternative label: Pyŏngyang

Ryanggang-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KP-YAN
area: ISO 3166-2:KP-YAN
coordinate: 41°24′0.0″N 128°10′59.9″E
density: 50/km2 (130/sq mi)
latitude: 128.1833
longitude: 41.4
population: 719,269
comment: Ryanggang Province is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China on the north, North Hamgyong on the east, South Hamgyong on the south, and Chagang on the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang" (Korean: 양강도, Yanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: )

Seoul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-11
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-11
coordinate: 37°33′36″N 126°59′24″E
density: 16,000/km2 (42,000/sq mi)
elevation: 38 m (125 ft)
latitude: 126.99
longitude: 37.56
population: 9,733,509
comment: Seoul, officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. Seoul has a population of 9.7 million people, and forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area with the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Considered to be a global city, Seoul was the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. In 2017, the cost of living in Seoul was ranked the 6th highest globally.

Busan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-26
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-26
coordinate: 35°10′N 129°04′E
density: 4,400/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
latitude: 129.067
longitude: 35.167
population: 3,411,829
comment: Busan, formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially known as Busan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's second-most populous city after Seoul, with a population of over 3.4 million inhabitants. It is the economic, cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea, with its port—Korea's busiest and the sixth-busiest in the world. The surrounding "Southeast Economic Zone" is South Korea's largest industrial area.

Daegu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-27
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-27
coordinate: 35°52′N 128°36′E
density: 2,769/km2 (7,170/sq mi)
latitude: 128.6
longitude: 35.867
population: 2,446,144
comment: Daegu, formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea.

Incheon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-28
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-28
coordinate: 37°29′N 126°38′E
density: 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
latitude: 126.633
longitude: 37.483
population: 2,954,955
comment: Incheon, formerly Chemulpo, until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east. Inhabited since the Neolithic, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan.

Gwangju
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-29
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-29
coordinate: 35°10′N 126°55′E
density: 3,000/km2 (7,700/sq mi)
latitude: 126.917
longitude: 35.167
population: 1,490,092
comment: Gwangju is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent of South Jeolla province.

Daejeon
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-30
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-30
coordinate: 36°21′04″N 127°23′06″E
density: 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
latitude: 127.385
longitude: 36.351
population: 1,508,120
comment: Daejeon is South Korea's fifth-largest metropolis. Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010. Located in the central region of South Korea, Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes. The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by KTX or SRT high speed rail.

Ulsan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-31
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-31
coordinate: 35°33′N 129°19′E
density: 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
latitude: 129.317
longitude: 35.55
population: 1,163,690
comment: Ulsan, officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City, and nicknamed Hyundai City, is South Korea's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall, with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants. It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboring Busan to the south and facing Gyeongju to the north.

Gyeonggi-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-41
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-41
coordinate: 37°30′N 127°15′E
density: 1,170.6/km2 (3,032/sq mi)
latitude: 127.25
longitude: 37.5
population: 13,413,459
comment: Gyeonggi Province is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, Gyeonggi, means "the area surrounding the capital". Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as "province surrounding Seoul". Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2, with a combined population of 25.5 million—amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea.

Gangwon-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-42
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-42
coordinate: 37°30′N 128°15′E
density: 90/km2 (200/sq mi)
latitude: 128.25
longitude: 37.5
population: 1,564,615
comment: Gangwon Province is a province of South Korea, with its capital at Chuncheon. It is bounded on the east part by the Sea of Japan, and borders Gyeonggi Province to its west, and North Gyeongsang Province and North Chungcheong Province to its south. Its northern boundary is the Military Demarcation Line, separating it from North Korea's Kangwŏn Province. Before the division of Korea in 1945 Gangwon and Kangwŏn formed a single province. Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics. Gangwon will host the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.

Chungcheongbuk-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-43
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-43
coordinate: 36°45′N 127°45′E
density: 213/km2 (550/sq mi)
latitude: 127.75
longitude: 36.75
population: 1,578,934
comment: North Chungcheong Province, also known as Chungbuk, is a province of South Korea. North Chungcheong has a population of 1,578,934 and has a geographic area of 7,433 km2 located in the Hoseo region in the south-center of the Korean Peninsula. North Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi and Gangwon to the north, North Gyeongsang to the east, North Jeolla to the south and South Chungcheong, Sejong Special Autonomous City and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the west.

Chungcheongnam-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-44
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-44
coordinate: 36°30′N 126°45′E
density: 235/km2 (610/sq mi)
latitude: 126.75
longitude: 36.5
population: 2,059,871
comment: South Chungcheong Province, also known as Chungnam, is a province of South Korea. South Chungcheong has a population of 2,059,871 and has a geographic area of 8,204 km2 located in the Hoseo region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. South Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi to the north, North Chungcheong, Sejong Special Autonomous City, and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the east, and North Jeolla to the south.

Jeollabuk-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-45
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-45
coordinate: 35°49′N 127°09′E
density: 232/km2 (600/sq mi)
latitude: 127.15
longitude: 35.817
population: 1,869,711
comment: North Jeolla Province, also known as Jeonbuk, is a province of South Korea. North Jeolla has a population of 1,869,711 and has a geographic area of 8,067 km2 located in the Honam region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. North Jeolla borders the provinces of South Jeolla to the south, North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang to the east, North Chungcheong to the northeast, and South Chungcheong to the north.

Jeollanam-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-46
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-46
coordinate: 34°45′N 127°0′E
density: 142/km2 (370/sq mi)
latitude: 127.0
longitude: 34.75
population: 1,902,324
comment: South Jeolla Province, also known as Jeonnam, is a province of South Korea. South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula. South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north, South Gyeongsang to the northeast, and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait.

Gyeongsangbuk-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-47
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-47
coordinate: 36°15′N 128°45′E
density: 141.7/km2 (367/sq mi)
latitude: 128.75
longitude: 36.25
population: 2,700,328
comment: North Gyeongsang Province is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province, and remained a province of Korea until the country's division in 1945, then became part of South Korea.

Gyeongsangnam-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-48
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-48
coordinate: 35°15′N 128°15′E
density: 327.86/km2 (849.2/sq mi)
latitude: 128.25
longitude: 35.25
population: 3,447,687
comment: South Gyeongsang Province is a province in the southeast of South Korea. The provincial capital is at Changwon. It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan. There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists. Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province, extending from Ulsan through Busan, Changwon, and Jinju.

Jeju-do
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-49
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-49
coordinate: 33°22′N 126°32′E
density: 327.1/km2 (847/sq mi)
latitude: 126.533
longitude: 33.367
population: 604,771
comment: Jeju Province, officially Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, is one of the nine provinces of South Korea. The province comprises Jeju Island, formerly transliterated as Cheju or Cheju Do, the country's largest island. It was previously known as Quelpart to Europeans and during the Japanese occupation as Saishū. The island lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province, of which it was a part of before it became a separate province in 1946. Its capital is Jeju City and it is home to South Korea's tallest mountain, Mt. Halla.

Sejong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: South Korea
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KR-50
area: ISO 3166-2:KR-50
coordinate: 36°29′13″N 127°16′56″E
latitude: 127.282234
longitude: 36.487003
population: 351,007
comment: Sejong, officially the Sejong Special Self-Governing City, is a special self-governing city and de facto administrative capital of South Korea.

Al Ahmadi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-AH
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-AH
coordinate: 29°04′37″N 48°05′02″E
density: 160/km2 (410/sq mi)
latitude: 48.084
longitude: 29.077
population: 809,353
comment: Ahmadi Governorate is one of the six governorates of Kuwait. It is located is famous in Kuwait for its greenery and British architecture. It is located in the southern part of Kuwait and comprises the town of Ahmadi as well as several southern suburbs of Kuwait City. Ahmadi forms an important part of Kuwaiti economy as several of Kuwait's oil refineries are located here. Main residential areas include Abu Halifa, Riqqah and Mangaf. Ahmadi is the home of several sporting clubs and complexes in Kuwait. The headquarters of Kuwait National Petroleum Company is located in Ahmadi.

Al Farwaniyah
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-FA
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-FA
coordinate: 29°16′37″N 47°57′32″E
density: 6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
latitude: 47.959
longitude: 29.277
population: 1,245,502
comment: Farwaniya Governorate is the most populous of the six governorates of Kuwait, in terms of a total number of residents. It is Kuwait City's main residential area and also forms an important part of Kuwait's commercial activities. The Governor is Faisal H. M. Al-Sabah as of May 2014. Al Farwaniyah consists of the following districts:

Hawalli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-HW
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-HW
coordinate: 29°17′00″N 47°59′50″E
latitude: 48.00393
longitude: 29.329405
population: 714,876 (12/2007)
comment: Hawalli Governorate, is one of the six governorates of Kuwait, consisting of the following areas:

Al Jahra
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-JA
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-JA
coordinate: 29°20′13″N 47°39′29″E
density: 44/km2 (110/sq mi)
latitude: 47.658
longitude: 29.337
population: 491,392
comment: Al-Jahra Governorate is one of the six Governorates of Kuwait. It is the largest Governorate in Kuwait. It includes the town of Al-Jahra, most of the northern and western parts of Kuwait, several islands, and also western suburbs of Kuwait City. It also contains most of Kuwait's arable land. Jahra also has some historic relevance to Kuwait's history. The Red Palace or Al Qasr Al Ahmar is the most important historical landmark there. In and around it the famous battle between Kuwait and the Dweesh army took place.

Al Kuwayt
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-KU
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-KU
coordinate: 29°20′03″N 47°58′53″E
density: 2,700/km2 (6,900/sq mi)
latitude: 47.98139
longitude: 29.33417
population: 534,964
comment: The Capital Governorate, sometimes referred to as Al Kuwayt, is one of the six governorates of Kuwait. It comprises the historic core of Kuwait City, industrial and port areas such as Shuwaikh and Doha Port, and several offshore islands. It consists of the following areas:

Mubarak Al-Kabeer
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-MU
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-MU
coordinate: 29°12′44″N 48°03′38″E
density: 2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi)
latitude: 48.06056
longitude: 29.21222
population: 230,727
comment: Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate is one of the governorates of Kuwait which mainly houses residential areas of Kuwait City. It was formed in 2000 when the Hawalli Governorate was split in two.

Hawalli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kuwait
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KW-HA
area: ISO 3166-2:KW-HA
coordinate: 29°18′20″N 48°01′51″E
density: 11,000/km2 (28,000/sq mi)
latitude: 48.03083
longitude: 29.30556
population: 890,533
comment: Hawalli Governorate, is one of the six governorates of Kuwait, consisting of the following areas:
alternative label: Ḩawallī

Bodden Town
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°16′49″N 81°15′14″W
density: 865
latitude: -81.254
longitude: 19.2804
comment: Bodden Town is a district of the island of Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands. It takes its name from the village of Bodden Town, which is located on the south shore of the island in the central portion of the district. Other communities in the district of Bodden Town are Savannah and Newlands, both in the western portion of the district.

Cayman Brac
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°43′12″N 79°48′00″W
density: 42
latitude: -79.8
longitude: 19.72
population: 2,547 (2018)
comment: Cayman Brac is an island that is part of the Cayman Islands. It lies in the Caribbean Sea about 145 km north-east of Grand Cayman and 8 km east of Little Cayman. It is about 19 km long, with an average width of 2 km . Its terrain is the most prominent of the three Cayman Islands due to "The Bluff", a limestone outcrop that rises steadily along the length of the island up to 43 m above sea level at the eastern end. The island is named after this prominent feature, as "brac" is a Gaelic name for a bluff.

East End
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°17′51″N 81°06′34″W
density: 31
latitude: -81.10949
longitude: 19.297495
population: 2,395
comment: East End is a village and one of the five districts of the Cayman Islands. Located on south-east coast of Grand Cayman, in 2018 it had a population of 2,395.

George Town
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°18′12″N 81°23′11″W
density: 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
elevation: 3 m (10 ft)
latitude: -81.3863
longitude: 19.3034
population: 40,200
comment: George Town is a city situated on Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands. It serves as the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. As of 2019, the city had a population of 40,200 making it the largest city of all the British Overseas Territories.

Little Cayman
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°41′N 80°03′W
density: 8
latitude: -80.05
longitude: 19.683
population: 270 (2018)
comment: Little Cayman is one of three Islands comprising the Cayman Islands. It is located in the Caribbean Sea, approximately 60 miles northeast of East End of Grand Cayman and five miles west of West end of Cayman Brac.The capital of Little Cayman is Salt Rock and not Blossom Village as many seem to presume. Little Cayman is by far the least populous, with a permanent population of about 250 including seasonal residents/homeowners and at present around 175 residents. The majority of the population are expatriate workers from Jamaica, the Philippines, and Honduras and from other Latin American countries as well as Canada, the USA, India, Australia, Scotland, England, and South Africa. There are a handful of local Caymanians estimated as fewer than 20. It is about 10 miles long with an average width of 1 mile and most of the island is undeveloped. Almost the entire island is at sea level. The highest elevation is about 40 feet . Rainy season although not that bad mostly light showers are in Mid-April until June and again in mid-September to mid-October. There will be occasional quick rain showers in the early morning hours. The coolest months are from End of November until Mid March as the cold fronts coming in from the North which the temperature can drop into the low'70s. The Hottest and dryest months are in Summer starting mid-June to mid-September with temperatures between the mid-80s and high 90s.

North Side
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°21′08″N 81°12′30″W
latitude: -81.208405
longitude: 19.352104
population: 1,437
comment: North Side is one of the seven districts of the Cayman Islands. Located on the northern coast of Grand Cayman, in 2010 it had a population of 1,437. They have an association football team called the North Side FC.

West Bay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Cayman Islands
coordinate: 19°20′15″N 81°21′11″W
density: 602
elevation: 2 m (7 ft)
latitude: -81.35306
longitude: 19.3375
population: 15,436
comment: West Bay is a district located on the west side of Grand Cayman Island in the British West Indies. The population is 15,436.

Aqmola
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-AKM
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-AKM
coordinate: 52°0′N 69°0′E
density: 4.9/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: 69.0
longitude: 52.0
population: 715,000
comment: Akmola Region is a centrally located region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kokshetau. The national capital, Nur-Sultan, is enclosed by the region, but is politically separate from Akmola Region. The region's population is 715,000; Kokshetau's is 157,000. The area is 146,200 square kilometers. It and Karaganda Region are Kazakhstan's only two regions which don't touch the country's outer borders. Akmola Region borders North Kazakhstan Region in the north, Pavlodar Region in the east, Karagandy Region in the south, and Kostanay Region in the west. Some gold and coal mining occur in the area.

Aqtobe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-AKT
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-AKT
coordinate: 50°17′N 57°10′E
density: 2.7/km2 (6.9/sq mi)
latitude: 57.167
longitude: 50.283
population: 797,036
comment: Aktobe Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The name "Aktobe" comes from Kazakh "Ak" and "tobe" ; supposedly, Aktobe's initial settlers were able to see white mountains far to the north. The Aktobe regional capital is the city of Aktobe. Aktobe region in the Western part of Kazakhstan. The area is 300,629 km2, which is 11 % of the territory of Kazakhstan. The population is 895,065 as of February 1st, 2021.
alternative label: Aqtöbe

Almaty city
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ALA
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ALA
coordinate: 43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E
density: 4,152/km²
elevation: 1,700 m (5,600 ft)
latitude: 76.89583
longitude: 43.2775
population: 1,977,011
comment: Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of about 2 million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1997, when the government relocated the capital to Akmola .

Almaty region
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ALM
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ALM
coordinate: 45°0′N 78°0′E
density: 9.2/km2 (24/sq mi)
latitude: 78.0
longitude: 45.0
population: 2,059,200
comment: Almaty Region is a region of Kazakhstan, located in the southeastern part of the country, with a population of 2,059,200. Its capital is Taldykorgan city, which has a population of 175,200.

Astana
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-AST
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-AST
coordinate: 51°10′N 71°26′E
density: 841/km²
elevation: 347 m (1,138 ft)
latitude: 71.433
longitude: 51.167
population: 1,136,008
comment: Nūr-Sūltan is the capital city of Kazakhstan. It was known between 1998 and 2019 as Astana and before that as Akmola. On 23 March 2019, following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan's parliament, the city was renamed to Nur-Sultan, after former Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Atyrau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ATY
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ATY
coordinate: 47°07′0″N 51°53′0″E
density: 4.7/km2 (12/sq mi)
latitude: 51.88333
longitude: 47.11667
population: 556,388
comment: Atyrau Region formerly known as Gur'yev, is one of the regions of Kazakhstan, situated in the west of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the town of Atyrau, with a population of 142,500 people; the region itself has 480,000 people. Kazakhs make up more than 80% of the population.

Baikonur
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-BAY
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-BAY
coordinate: 45°37′0″N 63°19′0″E
density: 630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
elevation: 100 m (300 ft)
latitude: 63.31667
longitude: 45.61667
population: 36,175
comment: Baikonur, formerly known as Leninsk, is a city of republic significance in Kazakhstan on the northern bank of the Syr Darya river, rented and administered by the Russian Federation. It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995. During the Soviet period, it was sometimes referred to as Звездоград, Russian for 'Star City'.

Qaraghandy
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-KAR
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-KAR
coordinate: 48°0′N 71°0′E
density: 3.2/km2 (8.3/sq mi)
elevation: 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
latitude: 71.0
longitude: 48.0
population: 1,378,863
comment: Karagandy Province, also spelled Qaraghandy Province, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The region's population is 1,341,700, 1,410,218, and that of the capital city is 459,778 .

Qustanay
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-KUS
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-KUS
coordinate: 53°12′N 63°38′E
density: 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi)
latitude: 63.633
longitude: 53.2
population: 882,961
comment: Kostanay Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its administrative center is the city of Kostanay. The population of the region is 900,300. The population living in Kostanay is 207,000 which is equivalent to 23% of the region.

Qyzylorda
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-KZY
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-KZY
coordinate: 45°0′N 64°0′E
density: 3.5/km2 (9.2/sq mi)
latitude: 64.0
longitude: 45.0
population: 799,533
comment: Kyzylorda Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Kyzylorda, with a population of 157,400. The region itself has a population of 590,000. Other notable settlements include Aral, Kazaly and the Russian-administered Baikonur, which services the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The region borders neighboring country Uzbekistan, as well as three other regions: Aktobe Region, Karaganda Region, and Turkistan Region . The Syr Darya River, flowing from the Tian Shan mountains to the Aral Sea, passes through Kyzylorda Region. The total area of the province is 226,000 square kilometers.

Mangghystau
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-MAN
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-MAN
coordinate: 43°52′N 052°00′E
density: 3.6/km2 (9.3/sq mi)
elevation: 556 m (1,824 ft)
latitude: 52.0
longitude: 43.867
population: 596,706
comment: Mangystau is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Aktau, which has a population of 183,350 ; the entire Mangystau Province has a population of 674,963 .

Paylodar
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-PAV
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-PAV
coordinate: 52°18′N 76°57′E
density: 6.0/km2 (16/sq mi)
latitude: 76.95
longitude: 52.3
population: 754,739
comment: Pavlodar Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The population of the region was 742,475 ; and 806,983 .; the latest official estimate was 754,739. Its capital is the city of Pavlodar, which had a population of 360,014 at the start of 2018.

Soltustik Qazaqstan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-SEV
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-SEV
coordinate: 54°53′N 69°10′E
density: 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi)
latitude: 69.167
longitude: 54.883
population: 579,403
comment: North Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan, with a population of 558 700. Its capital is Petropavl, with a population of 193,300 people. The region borders Russia to the north, and also borders three other Kazakhstan regions: Akmola Region to the south, Pavlodar Region to the east and Kostanay Region to the west. The area of the region is 98,040 km2, making it the fourth smallest of all the regions of Kazakhstan. The Ishim River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, flows from Karagandy Region to Russia through North Kazakhstan Region.

Shyghys Qazaqstan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-VOS
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-VOS
coordinate: 49°57′N 82°37′E
density: 4.8/km2 (13/sq mi)
latitude: 82.617
longitude: 49.95
population: 1,369,597
comment: East Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. It occupies the easternmost part of Kazakhstan, and includes parts of the Irtysh River, Lake Markakol, and Lake Zaysan. Its administrative center is Oskemen . The region borders Russia in the north and northeast and the People's Republic of China, via Xinjiang, in the south and southeast. The easternmost point of the Oblast is within about 50 kilometres of the westernmost tip of Mongolia; however, Kazakhstan and Mongolia do not share a common border, the two countries being separated by a small part of Russia and China. The area spans 283,230 square kilometers in area. Population: 1,369,597 ; 1,396,593 ; 1,531,024 .

Ongtustik Qazaqstan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-YUZ
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-YUZ
coordinate: 43°00′N 068°30′E
density: 23/km2 (59/sq mi)
latitude: 68.5
longitude: 43.0
population: 2,685,009
comment: Turkistan Region, previously South Kazakhstan Region is the southernmost region of Kazakhstan. Population: 2,469,367 ; 1,978,339 . Its capital is Turkestan, formerly Shymkent in 2018. Other cities in South Kazakhstan include Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Zhetisai, Saryagash, and Lenger. This region and Atyrau Region are Kazakhstan's two smallest regions; both are about 117,300 square kilometers in area. Turkistan Region borders the neighboring country of Uzbekistan, as well as three other Kazakhstan regions: Karaganda Region, Kyzylorda Region, and Jambyl Region . The Syr Darya passes through the region, on its way to the Aral Sea. Also, an oil pipeline runs from Turkmenabat, Turkmenistan to Omsk, Russia through South Kazakhstan. Oil, lead and zinc are refined in Shymkent.

Batys Qazaqstan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ZAP
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ZAP
coordinate: 51°14′N 51°22′E
density: 4.3/km2 (11/sq mi)
latitude: 51.367
longitude: 51.233
population: 656,844
comment: West Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The region has a population of 656,844 as of 2019. Its administrative centre is Oral, a city of about 200,000 inhabitants.

Zhambyl
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ZHA
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-ZHA
coordinate: 44°0′N 72°0′E
density: 7.4/km2 (19/sq mi)
latitude: 72.0
longitude: 44.0
population: 1,071,645
comment: Jambyl Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taraz. The population of the region is 1,000,000; the city is 335,100. The region borders Kyrgyzstan, and is very near to Uzbekistan . Jambyl also borders three other provinces: Karaganda Region, Turkistan Region and Almaty Region . The total area is 144,200 square kilometres . The province borders Lake Balkhash to its northeast. The province was named after the Kazakh akyn Jambyl Jabayev.

Shymkent
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Kazakhstan
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:KZ-SHY
area: ISO 3166-2:KZ-SHY
coordinate: 42°19′0″N 69°35′45″E
elevation: 506 m (1,660 ft)
latitude: 69.59583
longitude: 42.31667
population: 1,200,000
comment: Şymkent, known until 1993 as Chimkent ; Russian: Чимкент, romanized: Chimkent ), is a city in Kazakhstan. It is near the border with Uzbekistan. It is one of three Kazakh cities which have the status equal to that of a region (the city of republican significance). It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty and Nur-Sultan, with an estimated population of 1,002,291 as of June 1, 2018. According to regional and city officials, the millionth resident of Shymkent was born on 17 May 2018. It is a regional cultural centre.

Attapu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-AT
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-AT
coordinate: 14°48′00″N 106°49′59″E
density: 14/km2 (35/sq mi)
latitude: 106.833
longitude: 14.8
population: 139,628
comment: Attapeu is a province of Laos in the southeast of the country. It has five districts: Samakkixay, Xaysetha, Sanamxay, Sanxay, and Phouvong, covering an area of 10,320 square kilometres with a population of 127,285. Its capital city lies at Attapeu .

Bokeo
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-BK
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-BK
coordinate: 20°18′00″N 100°25′01″E
density: 29/km2 (75/sq mi)
latitude: 100.417
longitude: 20.3
population: 179,243
comment: Bokèo is a northern province of Laos. It is the smallest and least populous province in the country. Bokeo Province covers an area of 6,196 square kilometres . Bokeo Province borders Luang Namtha Province to the northeast, Oudomxai Province to the east, Xaignabouli Province to the south, and Thailand to the southwest and Burma to the west and northwest. The province has five districts: . It is rich in deposits of precious and semiprecious stones. Bokeo's provincial capital is Houayxay on the Mekong River. The province is in the Golden Triangle, at the border of Myanmar and Thailand. There are 34 ethnic groups in the province. Houay Xay is the border town with Thailand and regional economic centre.

Bolikhamxai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-BL
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-BL
coordinate: 18°23′00″N 103°39′00″E
density: 18/km2 (48/sq mi)
latitude: 103.65
longitude: 18.383333
population: 273,691
comment: Bolikhamsai is a province of Laos. Pakxan, Thaphabat, Pakkading, Borikhane, Viengthong, and Khamkeut are its districts and Pakxan is its capital city. The province is the site of the Nam Theun 2 Dam, the country's largest hydroelectric project.

Champasak
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-CH
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-CH
coordinate: 14°52′59″N 105°51′58″E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 105.866
longitude: 14.883
population: 694,023
comment: Champasak is a province in southwestern Laos, near the borders with Thailand and Cambodia. It is one of the three principalities that succeeded the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. As of the 2015 census, it had a population of 694,023. The capital is Pakse, but it takes its name from Champasak, the former capital of the Kingdom of Champasak.

Houaphan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-HO
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-HO
coordinate: 20°20′00″N 103°49′59″E
density: 18/km2 (45/sq mi)
latitude: 103.833
longitude: 20.3333
population: 289,393
comment: Houaphanh Province is a province in eastern Laos. Its capital is Xam Neua.

Khammouan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-KH
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-KH
coordinate: 17°30′00″N 105°20′00″E
density: 24/km2 (62/sq mi)
latitude: 105.333336
longitude: 17.5
population: 392,052
comment: Khammouane Province is a province in the center of Laos. Its capital lies at Thakhek.

Louang Namtha
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-LM
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-LM
coordinate: 20°57′25″N 101°23′42″E
density: 19/km2 (49/sq mi)
latitude: 101.395
longitude: 20.956944
population: 175,753
comment: Luang Namtha is a province of Laos in the country's north. From 1966 to 1976 it formed, together with Bokeo, the province of Houakhong. Luang Namtha Province covers an area of 9,325 square kilometres . Its provincial capital is Luang Namtha. The province borders Yunnan, China to the north, Oudomxai Province to the east and southeast, Bokeo Province to the southwest, and Shan State, Burma to the northwest.

Louangphabang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-LP
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-LP
coordinate: 20°13′N 102°37′E
density: 26/km2 (66/sq mi)
latitude: 102.62
longitude: 20.21
population: 431,889
comment: Luang Prabang is a province in northern Laos. Its capital of the same name, Luang Prabang, was the capital of the Lan Xang Kingdom during the 13th to 16th centuries. It is listed since 1995 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for unique architectural, religious and cultural heritage, a blend of the rural and urban developments over several centuries, including the French colonial influences during the 19th and 20th centuries. The province has 12 districts. The Royal Palace, the national museum in the capital city, and the Phou Loei Protected Reserve are important sites. Notable temples in the province are the Wat Xieng Thong, Wat Wisunarat, Wat Sen, Wat Xieng Muan, and Wat Manorom. The Lao New Year is celebrated in April as The Bun Pi Mai.

Oudomxai
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-OU
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-OU
coordinate: 20°42′00″N 101°49′00″E
density: 20/km2 (52/sq mi)
latitude: 101.816666
longitude: 20.7
population: 307,622
comment: Oudomxay is a province of Laos, located in the northwest of the country. The province capital is Muang Xai.

Phongsali
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-PH
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-PH
coordinate: 21°41′00″N 102°06′00″E
density: 11/km2 (28/sq mi)
latitude: 102.1
longitude: 21.683332
population: 177,989
comment: Phongsaly Province, also spelled Phôngsali, is a province of Laos in the extreme north of the country. The capital of the province is the city of Phôngsali. Phongsaly is between Yunnan, and Điện Biên Province in Vietnam. Its culture has thus been historically heavily influenced by China.

Salavan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-SL
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-SL
coordinate: 15°52′N 106°21′E
density: 37/km2 (96/sq mi)
latitude: 106.35
longitude: 15.87
population: 396,942
comment: Salavan is a province of Laos, located in the south of the country. Its earlier name was Saravan which was changed by Thai to Salavan in 1828. It was part of the Champasak Kingdom in an area known as Muang Mang inhabited by minorities of Mon-Khymer groups.

Savannakhet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-SV
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-SV
coordinate: 16°32′N 105°47′E
density: 45/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 105.78
longitude: 16.54
population: 969,697
comment: Savannakhet is a province of Laos. The name derives from Savanh Nakhone the province's original name. It bears the same meaning as Nakhon Sawan, a city in Thailand.

Vientiane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-VI
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-VI
coordinate: 18°50′00″N 102°10′01″E
density: 26/km2 (68/sq mi)
latitude: 102.167
longitude: 18.8333
population: 419,090
comment: Vientiane is a prefecture of Laos, in the northwest Laos. The national capital, Vientiane, is in the prefecture. The prefecture was created in 1989, when it was split off from Vientiane Province.

Vientiane
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-VT
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-VT
coordinate: 18°06′N 102°36′E
density: 210/km2 (540/sq mi)
latitude: 102.6
longitude: 18.1
population: 820,924
comment: Vientiane is a prefecture of Laos, in the northwest Laos. The national capital, Vientiane, is in the prefecture. The prefecture was created in 1989, when it was split off from Vientiane Province.

Xaignabouli
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-XA
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-XA
coordinate: 19°15′N 101°45′E
density: 23/km2 (60/sq mi)
latitude: 101.75
longitude: 19.25
population: 381,376
comment: Sainyabuli Province is a province in northwest Laos. Sainyabuli town is the capital of the province. Sainyabuli is the only Lao province that is completely west of the Mekong River. (Champasak Province also has several districts west of the Mekong River including Mounlapamok, Soukama, and Phontong Districts.)

Xekong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-XE
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-XE
coordinate: 15°43′00″N 106°39′00″E
density: 15/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: 106.65
longitude: 15.7166
population: 113,048
comment: Sekong Province is the second smallest province in Laos and also one of its poorest, covering an area of 7,665 square kilometres . It is bordered by Vietnam to the east, Attapeu Province to the south, Salavan Province to the north, and Champasak Province to the west. Sekong also has the smallest population and the lowest population density of any province. It was created in 1984 by splitting Salavan Province. It is the most diverse province in Laos with 14 ethnic groups. The Sekong River, which divides the province, flows in a southerly direction into Cambodia and is navigable. The river valley has fertile plains interspersed with paddy fields and fruit orchards. Its tropicals forest have many rare species of flora and fauna. The Dakchung Plateau and Xe Xap National Biodiversity Conservation Area are among the areas under protection.

Xiangkhoang
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-XI
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-XI
coordinate: 19°25′0″N 103°30′0″E
density: 15/km2 (39/sq mi)
latitude: 103.5
longitude: 19.41667
population: 244,684
comment: Xiangkhouang is a province of Laos on the Xiangkhoang Plateau, in the nation's northeast. The province has the distinction of being the most heavily bombed place on Earth.

Xaisomboun
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Laos
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LA-XN
area: ISO 3166-2:LA-XN
coordinate: 18°50′00″N 103°05′00″E
density: 10/km²
latitude: 103.28289
longitude: 18.713043
population: 70,600 (2004)

Ash-Shamal
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-AS
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-AS
coordinate: 34°26′N 35°51′E
density: 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
latitude: 35.85
longitude: 34.433
population: 807,204
comment: North Governorate is one of the governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Tripoli. Ramzi Nohra has been its governor since May 2, 2014. The population of North Governorate is 731,251.

Beirut
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-BA
coordinate: 33°53′N 35°30′E
latitude: 35.5
longitude: 33.883
population: 433,249
comment: Beirut Governorate is a Lebanese governorate that consists of one district and one city, Beirut, which is also its capital, and the capital of Lebanon.

Beqaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-BI
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-BI
coordinate: 33°50′N 35°54′E
latitude: 35.9
longitude: 33.833
population: 534,342
comment: A law was passed in 2003 to separate Baalbek District and Hermel District from Beqaa Governorate to form a new governorate, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. Implementation of Baalbek-Hermel began in 2014 with the appointment of its first governor.

Al-Janub
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-JA
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-JA
population: 590,078
comment: South Governorate is one of the governorates of Lebanon. South Lebanon has a population of 500,000 inhabitants and an area of 929.6 km². The capital is Sidon. The lowest elevation is sea-level; the highest is 1,000 meters. The local population is religiously diverse and includes Shia and Sunni Muslims, Druze, Eastern Orthodox, Maronite, Protestant, and Greek Catholic Christians. Temperatures can drop to 4 °C during winter with much rain and snow on the higher ground. In the humid summer, temperatures can rise to 30 °C in the coastal areas. The governorate has several rivers: the Litani, Zahrani, Naqura, Awali, Qasmiye, and Hasbani. The area is famous for its citrus and banana farms. Its main cities are Sidon, Tyre and Jezzine.

Jabal Libnan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-JL
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-JL
coordinate: 33°50′N 35°32′E
latitude: 35.533
longitude: 33.833
population: 1,520,016
comment: Mount Lebanon Governorate is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Baabda.

Nabatiye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-NA
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-NA
coordinate: 33°22′N 35°28′E
latitude: 35.467
longitude: 33.367
population: 383,839
comment: Nabatieh Governorate is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. The area of this governorate is 1,058 km². The capital is Nabatieh.

Aakkâr
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-AK
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-AK
coordinate: 34°30′N 36°12′E
latitude: 36.2
longitude: 34.5
population: 423,596
comment: Akkar Governorate is the northernmost governorate of Lebanon. It comprises the single district of Akkar, which in turn is subdivided into 121 municipalities. The capital is at Halba. It covers an area of 788 km2 and is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, North Governorate to the south, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate to the southeast, and the Syrian governorates of Tartus and Homs to the north and northeast. The governorate's western coastal plain constitutes Lebanon's second largest agricultural region after the Beqaa Valley, while the east features forested mountains that have been considered for protection as a national park.

Baalbek-Hermel
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-BH
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-BH
coordinate: 34°12′N 36°18′E
latitude: 36.3
longitude: 34.2
population: 416,427
comment: Baalbek-Hermel is a governorate of Lebanon. It comprises the districts of Baalbek and Hermel, which in turn are subdivided into a total of 74 municipalities. The capital is at Baalbek. The governorate covers an area of 3,009 km2 and is bounded by Akkar Governorate to the northwest, North Governorate to the west, Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate and Mount Lebanon Governorate to the southwest, Beqaa Governorate to the south, and the Syrian governorates of Homs and Rif Dimashq to the northeast and southeast. The governorate occupies the northern portion of the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon's most important agricultural area.

Beqaa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-BI
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-BI
coordinate: 33°50′N 35°54′E
latitude: 35.9
longitude: 33.833
population: 534,342
comment: A law was passed in 2003 to separate Baalbek District and Hermel District from Beqaa Governorate to form a new governorate, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. Implementation of Baalbek-Hermel began in 2014 with the appointment of its first governor.
alternative label: Béqaa

Beyrouth
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-BA
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-BA
coordinate: 33°53′N 35°30′E
latitude: 35.5
longitude: 33.883
population: 433,249
comment: Beirut Governorate is a Lebanese governorate that consists of one district and one city, Beirut, which is also its capital, and the capital of Lebanon.

Liban-Nord
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-AS
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-AS
coordinate: 34°26′N 35°51′E
density: 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
latitude: 35.85
longitude: 34.433
population: 807,204
comment: North Governorate is one of the governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Tripoli. Ramzi Nohra has been its governor since May 2, 2014. The population of North Governorate is 731,251.

Liban-Sud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-JA
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-JA
population: 590,078
comment: South Governorate is one of the governorates of Lebanon. South Lebanon has a population of 500,000 inhabitants and an area of 929.6 km². The capital is Sidon. The lowest elevation is sea-level; the highest is 1,000 meters. The local population is religiously diverse and includes Shia and Sunni Muslims, Druze, Eastern Orthodox, Maronite, Protestant, and Greek Catholic Christians. Temperatures can drop to 4 °C during winter with much rain and snow on the higher ground. In the humid summer, temperatures can rise to 30 °C in the coastal areas. The governorate has several rivers: the Litani, Zahrani, Naqura, Awali, Qasmiye, and Hasbani. The area is famous for its citrus and banana farms. Its main cities are Sidon, Tyre and Jezzine.

Mont-Liban
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-JL
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-JL
coordinate: 33°50′N 35°32′E
latitude: 35.533
longitude: 33.833
population: 1,520,016
comment: Mount Lebanon Governorate is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Baabda.

Nabatîye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lebanon
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LB-NA
area: ISO 3166-2:LB-NA
coordinate: 33°22′N 35°28′E
latitude: 35.467
longitude: 33.367
population: 383,839
comment: Nabatieh Governorate is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. The area of this governorate is 1,058 km². The capital is Nabatieh.
alternative label: Nabatîyé

Anse la Raye
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-01
area: ISO 3166-2:LC-01
coordinate: 13°56′24″N 61°02′33″W
density: 210/km2 (540/sq mi)
latitude: -61.042507
longitude: 13.939881
population: 6,642
comment: Anse la Raye Quarter is a district on the West coast of the island nation of St. Lucia in the Caribbean Sea. The name Anse la Raye is French for cover/bay of the rays, since there are a large number of skate fish or rays in the bay. In 2005, the population of the region was 6,382 people, and they are mainly fishers and agricultural workers. The main town in the area takes the same name as the district and is located down the western coast from Castries, the capital of the country.

Canaries
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-12
area: ISO 3166-2:LC-12
coordinate: 13°54′16″N 061°04′01″W
density: 130/km2 (330/sq mi)
latitude: -61.06694
longitude: 13.90444
population: 2,009
comment: Canaries Quarter is a district on the West coast of the island nation of St. Lucia in the Caribbean Sea. In 2010, the population of the region was 2,009 people, and they are mainly fishers and agricultural workers. The main town in the area takes the same name as the district and is located down the western coast from Castries, the capital of the country. It is the smallest quarter of Saint Lucia, both by population and area.

Castries
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-02
area: ISO 3166-2:LC-02
coordinate: 13°59′17″N 60°58′25″W
latitude: -60.97361
longitude: 13.98806
population: 80,573
comment: Castries District is one of 10 districts on the Caribbean island nation of Saint Lucia. According to the 2012 census, the population of the district was 80,573, having shown a slow but steady increase over the past ten years. The capital of Saint Lucia, the city of Castries, is located in this district. During the Saint Lucia Jazz Festival, the city of Castries plays host to several stages.

Choiseul
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-03
coordinate: 13°47′N 61°02′W
latitude: -61.033
longitude: 13.783
population: 6,174
comment: Choiseul is a district of the Caribbean island nation of Saint Lucia. Located on the southwestern side of the island, the district is home to 6,174 people, according to the 2002 census.

Dennery
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-05
coordinate: 13°56′N 60°55′W
latitude: -60.917
longitude: 13.933
population: 12,876
comment: Dennery is both a district and a town on the east coast of the island nation of Saint Lucia. The main economic activities are fishing, and the cultivation of lima beans, bananas, and other tropical fruit. The population of the quarter was estimated at 12,876 in 2002.

Gros Islet
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-06
coordinate: 14°04′N 60°56′W
latitude: -60.933
longitude: 14.067
comment: Gros Islet District, a first order subdivision of the island nation of Saint Lucia which includes the island's northernmost point, Cap Point and the notable Cap Estate, where the renowned St. Lucia Golf and Country Club is located. The town of Gros Islet is its administrative centre.

Laborie
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-07
coordinate: 13°46′N 61°00′W
latitude: -61.0
longitude: 13.767
population: 7,414
comment: According to the 2002 census, the population of the Quarter was 7,414 people. The village of Laborie is located about 27 km south of Castries, the nation's capital.

Micoud
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-08
coordinate: 13°49′N 60°54′W
latitude: -60.9
longitude: 13.817
population: 16,143
comment: Micoud is a district on the Caribbean island nation of Saint Lucia, and also a village inside that district. According to the 2002 census, the population of the district was 16,143 people. The village of Micoud is located at 13°49′N 60°54′W﻿ / ﻿13.817°N 60.900°W﻿ / 13.817; -60.900.

Soufriere
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-10
coordinate: 13°51′N 61°03′W
latitude: -61.05
longitude: 13.85
comment: Soufrière is a district on the Southwest coast of Saint Lucia in the West Indies. Soufrière was the former capital of Saint Lucia during times of French rule. It is now a small fishing port with an emerging tourism industry. It has several tourist sites, including a "drive-in" volcano, the Diamond Botanical Gardens with waterfall and historic mineral baths, plus the nearby beaches of Anse Chastanet to the north and Malgretout to the south.
alternative label: Soufrière

Vieux Fort
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Saint Lucia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LC-11
coordinate: 13°45′N 60°57′W
latitude: -60.95
longitude: 13.75
comment: Vieux Fort is a district located in the southern part of Saint Lucia. Vieux Fort is also the name of the main town in the district. It is the home of the second-largest town on the island and is the home of Saint Lucia's international airport, Hewanorra International Airport .

Balzers
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-01
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-01
coordinate: 47°04′N 9°30′E
elevation: 472 m (1,549 ft)
latitude: 9.5
longitude: 47.067
population: 4,642
comment: Balzers is a village located in southern Liechtenstein. As of 2019, the village had a total population of 4,642. The main part of the village is situated along the east bank of the Rhine.

Eschen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-02
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-02
coordinate: 47°13′N 9°31′E
elevation: 453 m (1,486 ft)
latitude: 9.517
longitude: 47.217
population: 4,466
comment: Eschen is a municipality in the north of Liechtenstein. It has a population of 4,466, and covers an area of 10.3 square kilometres . It is the fourth-largest town in Liechtenstein by population.

Gamprin
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-03
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-03
coordinate: 47°13′N 9°30′E
elevation: 472 m (1,549 ft)
latitude: 9.5
longitude: 47.217
population: 1,690
comment: It contains the village Bendern which is among the most historic of Liechtenstein's communities. Lower Country men swore allegiance to the Prince in 1699 at Bendern. The community of Bendern also had ecclesiastical relevance going back to in least the fifteenth century. They have a church dedicated to Mother Mary that was built in 1481, but with antecedents dating back to 1045. The municipality contains the Liechtenstein Institute and LGT Group.

Mauren
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-04
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-04
coordinate: 47°13′N 9°32′E
elevation: 453 m (1,486 ft)
latitude: 9.533
longitude: 47.217
population: 4,401
comment: Mauren is a municipality in Liechtenstein that is situated in the north of the country. It has a population of 4,401. The Curta mechanical calculator was produced by Contina AG, in Mauren.

Planken
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-05
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-05
coordinate: 47°11′N 9°32′E
elevation: 786 m (2,579 ft)
latitude: 9.533
longitude: 47.183
population: 473
comment: Planken is a municipality in Oberland, Liechtenstein. It has four exclaves, two enclaves and a population of 473. Thus by population it is the smallest municipality of Liechtenstein.

Ruggell
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-06
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-06
coordinate: 47°14′36″N 9°31′48″E
elevation: 433 m (1,421 ft)
latitude: 9.53
longitude: 47.24333
population: 2,322
comment: Ruggell is a municipality of Liechtenstein. It is the northernmost and lowest elevated municipality. As of 2019, it has a population of 2,322.

Schaan
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-07
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-07
coordinate: 47°10′00″N 9°30′35″E
elevation: 450 m (1,480 ft)
latitude: 9.50972
longitude: 47.16667
population: 6,039
comment: Schaan is the largest municipality of Liechtenstein by population. It is located to the north of Vaduz, the capital, in the central part of the country. As of 2019 it has a population of 6,039 making it the most populous administrative district in Liechtenstein. Representing an important traffic hub and industrial location of the country, Schaan covers an area of 26.8 km2, including mountains and forest. It is a municipality within the electoral district of Oberland in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Schaan contains four enclaves, two of which belong to Vaduz and two to Planken.

Schellenberg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-08
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-08
coordinate: 47°14′0.98″N 9°32′53.01″E
density: 294/km2 (760/sq mi)
elevation: 626 m (2,054 ft)
latitude: 9.5480585
longitude: 47.233604
population: 1,107
comment: Schellenberg is a municipality in the lowland area of Liechtenstein, on the banks of the Rhine. As of 2019, it has a population of 1,107 and covers an area of 3.5 km2 .

Triesen
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-09
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-09
coordinate: 47°6′N 9°32′E
elevation: 512 m (1,680 ft)
latitude: 9.533
longitude: 47.1
population: 5,275
comment: Triesen is the third largest of Liechtenstein's municipalities. It contains several historic churches dating from the fifteenth century. It also has a weaving mill from 1863 that is considered a historical monument. The population is around 5,275.

Triesenberg
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-10
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-10
coordinate: 47°7′5″N 9°32′36″E
elevation: 884 m (2,900 ft)
latitude: 9.54333
longitude: 47.11806
population: 2,636
comment: Triesenberg is a municipality in Liechtenstein with a population of 2,636. Its area of 30 square kilometres makes it the largest municipality in Liechtenstein. The center of the municipality rests at an elevation of 884–1,000 metres .

Vaduz
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liechtenstein
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LI-11
area: ISO 3166-2:LI-11
coordinate: 47°08′28″N 9°31′16″E
density: 288/km2 (750/sq mi)
elevation: 455 m (1,493 ft)
latitude: 9.521
longitude: 47.141
population: 5,696
comment: Vaduz is the capital of Liechtenstein and also the seat of the national parliament. The city, which is located along the Rhine River, has 5,696 residents. The most prominent landmark of Vaduz is Vaduz Castle, being perched atop a steep hill in the middle of the city. It is home to the reigning prince of Liechtenstein and the Liechtenstein princely family. The city's distinctive architecture is also displayed in landmarks such as the Cathedral of St. Florin, Government House, City Hall, the National Art Gallery, as well as the National Museum. Although Vaduz is the best-known town in the principality internationally, it is not the largest; neighbouring Schaan has a larger population.

Central
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-2
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-2
coordinate: 7°20′N 80°45′E
density: 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
latitude: 80.75
longitude: 7.333
population: 2,558,716
comment: The Central Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The Central Province is primarily in the central mountainous terrain of Sri Lanka. It is the 6th largest province by area and is home to 2.5 million people. It is bordered by North Central Province to the north, Uva Province to the east, North Western Province to the west and Sabaragamuwa Province to the south and west. The province's capital is Kandy.

Eastern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-5
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-5
coordinate: 07°55′N 81°30′E
density: 160/km2 (400/sq mi)
latitude: 81.5
longitude: 7.917
population: 1,551,381
comment: The Eastern Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee.

North
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-7
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-7
coordinate: 8°20′00″N 80°30′00″E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
population: 1,259,567
comment: North Central Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The province is the largest by size, and second least populated in the country. The province consists of the districts of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, both of which were important ancient Sri Lankan kingdoms. The climate is semi-arid, and the forests are dry evergreen forests.

North Central
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-6
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-6
coordinate: 7°45′00″N 80°10′00″E
density: 300/km2 (780/sq mi)
population: 2,370,075
comment: North Western Province is a province of Sri Lanka. The province consists of the districts of Kurunegala and Puttalam. Its capital is Kurunegala, which has a population of 28,571. The province is known mainly for its numerous coconut plantations. Other main towns in this province are Chilaw and Puttalam, which are both small fishing towns. The majority of the population of Wayamba province is of Sinhalese ethnicity. There is also a substantial Sri Lankan Moor minority around Puttalam and Sri Lankan Tamils in Udappu and Munneswaram. Fishing, prawn farming and rubber tree plantations are other prominent industries of the region. The province has an area of 7,888 km², and a population of 2,370,075 .

North Western
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-4
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-4
coordinate: 09°12′N 80°25′E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 80.417
longitude: 9.2
population: 1,058,762
comment: The Northern Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Eastern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Jaffna. The majority of the Sri Lankan Civil War was played out in this province.

Sabaragamuwa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-9
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-9
coordinate: 6°40′N 80°24′E
density: 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
latitude: 80.4
longitude: 6.667
population: 1,918,880
comment: The Sabaragamuwa Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The Sabaragamuwa Province contains two districts: Ratnapura and Kegalle. It is named after its former indigenous inhabitants, namely the Sabara, an indic term for hunter-gatherer tribes, a term seldom used in ancient Sri Lanka. Sabaragamuwa University is in Belihuloya.

Southern
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-3
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-3
coordinate: 6°10′N 80°45′E
density: 409.83/km²
latitude: 80.75
longitude: 6.167
population: 2,464,732
comment: The Southern Province of Sri Lanka is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. It is the 7th largest province by area and is home to 2.5 million people, the 3rd most populated province. The province is bordered by Sabaragamuwa Province and Uva Province to the North, Eastern Province to the Northeast, Western Province to the Northwest and the Indian Ocean to the South, West and East. The Province's capital is Galle.

Uva
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-8
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-8
coordinate: 6°35′24″N 81°01′48″E
density: 150/km2 (380/sq mi)
latitude: 81.03
longitude: 6.59
population: 1,259,800
comment: Uva Province is Sri Lanka's second least populated province, with 1,259,880 people, created in 1896. It consists of two districts: Badulla and Moneragala. The provincial capital is Badulla. Uva is bordered by Eastern, Southern, Sabaragamuwa and Central provinces. Its major tourist attractions are Dunhinda falls, Diyaluma Falls, Rawana Falls, the Yala National Park and Gal Oya National Park . The Gal Oya hills and the Central mountains are the main uplands, while the Mahaweli and Menik rivers and the huge Senanayake Samudraya and Maduru Oya Reservoirs are the major waterways.

Western
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Sri Lanka
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LK-1
area: ISO 3166-2:LK-1
coordinate: 06°50′N 80°05′E
density: 1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi)
latitude: 80.083
longitude: 6.833
population: 5,821,710
comment: The Western Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The province is the most densely populated province in the country and is home to the legislative capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte as well to Colombo, the nation's administrative and business center.

Bong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-BG
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-BG
coordinate: 07°00′00″N 09°40′00″W
density: 37.5/km2 (97/sq mi)
latitude: -9.66667
longitude: 7.0
population: 328,919
comment: Bong is a county in the north-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has twelve districts. Gbarnga serves as the capital. The area of the county measures 8,772 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 328,919, making it the third-most populous county in Liberia. The county was organized in 1964 and is important for its mining industry.

Bomi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-BM
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-BM
coordinate: 6°45′N 10°45′W
density: 44/km2 (113/sq mi)
latitude: -10.75
longitude: 6.75
population: 84,119
comment: Bomi is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. The county was established in 1984. The county's area is 746 square miles .

Grand Cape Mount
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-CM
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-CM
coordinate: 7°10′N 11°0′W
density: 25/km2 (60/sq mi)
latitude: -11.0
longitude: 7.167
population: 129,817
comment: Grand Cape Mount is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has five districts. Robertsport serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 5,162 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 129,817, making it the eighth most populous county in Liberia. The county is bordered by Gbarpolu County to the northeast and Bomi County to the southeast. The northern part of Grand Cape Mount borders the nation of Sierra Leone, while to the west lies the Atlantic Ocean.

Grand Bassa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-GB
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-GB
coordinate: 6°15′N 9°45′W
density: 28.3/km2 (73/sq mi)
latitude: -9.75
longitude: 6.25
population: 224,839
comment: Grand Bassa is a county in the west-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has eight districts. Buchanan serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 7,936 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 224,839, making it the fifth most populous county in Liberia.

Grand Gedeh
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-GG
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-GG
coordinate: 5°55′N 8°5′W
density: 12/km2 (30/sq mi)
latitude: -8.083
longitude: 5.917
population: 126,146
comment: Grand Gedeh is a county in the eastern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has three districts. Zwedru serves as the capital with the area of the county. Measuring 10,484 square kilometres, it is larger than 28 independent countries including Lebanon, Trinidad and Tobago, Cape Verde, Malta and Mauritius and the combined area of the US states of Delaware and Rhode Island. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 126,146, making it the ninth most populous county in Liberia. Grand Gedeh has lower tropical forests which has mid size hills composed of various valleys and water courses. These forests receive a very high rainfall ranging from 3,000 mm to 4,100 mm per year.

Grand Kru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-GK
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-GK
coordinate: 4°55′N 8°15′W
density: 14.7/km2 (38/sq mi)
latitude: -8.25
longitude: 4.917
population: 57,106
comment: Grand Kru County is a county in the southeastern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has eighteen districts. Organized in 1984, its capital is Barclayville. The area of the county measures 3,895 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 57,106, making it the least populous county in Liberia.

Gbarpolu
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-GP
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-GP
coordinate: 7°10′N 10°25′W
density: 8.6/km2 (22/sq mi)
latitude: -10.417
longitude: 7.167
population: 83,758
comment: Gbarpolu is a county in the northern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. Bopulu serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 9,689 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 83,758, making it the eleventh-most populous county in Liberia.

Lofa
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-LO
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-LO
coordinate: 7°55′N 10°0′W
density: 27.1/km2 (70/sq mi)
latitude: -10.0
longitude: 7.917
population: 276,863
comment: Lofa is a county in the northernmost portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has nine districts. Voinjama serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 9,982 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 276,863, making it the third most populous county in Liberia.

Margibi
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-MG
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-MG
coordinate: 6°30′N 10°15′W
density: 76.3/km2 (198/sq mi)
latitude: -10.25
longitude: 6.5
population: 199,689
comment: Margibi is a county on the north to central coast of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has five districts. Kakata serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 2,616 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 199,689, making it the sixth most populous county in Liberia.

Montserrado
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-MO
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-MO
coordinate: 6°30′N 10°30′W
density: 580/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
latitude: -10.5
longitude: 6.5
population: 1,118,241
comment: Montserrado County is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it is composed of four districts. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 1,118,241, making it the most populous county in Liberia. The area of the county measures 1,912.7 square kilometres, the smallest in the country. Bensonville serves as the capital.

Maryland
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-MY
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-MY
coordinate: 4°45′N 7°45′W
density: 59.4/km2 (154/sq mi)
latitude: -7.75
longitude: 4.75
population: 136,404
comment: Maryland County is a county in the southeastern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has two districts. Harper serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 2,297 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 136,404, making it the seventh most populous county in Liberia. The flag of Maryland County is widely regarded in the vexillological community to be an example of an incredibly terribly designed flag.

Nimba
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-NI
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-NI
coordinate: 6°45′N 8°45′W
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: -8.75
longitude: 6.75
population: 462,026
comment: Nimba County is a county in northeastern Liberia that shares borders with the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire in the East and the Republic of Guinea in the Northwest. Its capital city is Sanniquellie and its most populous city is Ganta. With the county's area measuring 11,551 square kilometres, Nimba is the largest of Liberia's 15 counties. The county has six statutory districts. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 462,026, making it the second most-populous county in Liberia.

River Gee
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-RG
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-RG
coordinate: 5°15′N 7°55′W
density: 13.2/km2 (34/sq mi)
latitude: -7.917
longitude: 5.25
population: 66,789
comment: River Gee is a county in the southern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. Fish Town serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 5,113 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 66,789, making it the third-least populous county in Liberia. It was created in 2000.

Rivercess
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-RI
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-RI
coordinate: 6°0′N 9°20′W
density: 12.8/km2 (33/sq mi)
latitude: -9.333
longitude: 6.0
population: 71,509
comment: Rivercess County is a county in the south-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that compose the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. Cesstos City serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 5,594 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 71,509, making it the second least populous county in Liberia after Grand Kru County.

Sinoe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Liberia
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LR-SI
area: ISO 3166-2:LR-SI
coordinate: 5°20′N 8°40′W
density: 10.4/km2 (27/sq mi)
latitude: -8.667
longitude: 5.333
population: 104,932
comment: Sinoe is one of Liberia's 15 counties and it has 17 districts. Greenville is the county's capital. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 104,932, making it one of the least populous counties in Liberia. Sinoe has the third-largest area of all Liberia's counties; it has the second least-dense population after Gbarpolu County. The County was originally a colony in the name Mississippi-in-Africa, under auspices of a chapter of the American Colonization Society as it was created with slaves from Mississippi to Liberia.

Berea
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-D
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-D
coordinate: 29°10′S 27°55′E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 27.917
longitude: -29.167
population: 262,616
comment: Berea is a district of Lesotho. In the west, Berea borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on the following districts: Leribe District in the north, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Maseru District in the south. Teyateyaneng is the capital of the district. It is also home to the Kome Cave Dwellings. It is also the only district in Lesotho which is not named after its capital.

Butha-Buthe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-B
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-B
coordinate: 28°50′S 28°30′E
density: 67/km2 (170/sq mi)
latitude: 28.5
longitude: -28.833
population: 118,242
comment: Butha-Buthe is a district of Lesotho. Butha-Buthe is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the north, Butha-Buthe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on Mokhotlong District in southeast and Leribe District on the south.

Leribe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-C
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-C
coordinate: 29°00′S 28°00′E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: -29.0
population: 337,521
comment: Leribè is a district of Lesotho. It has an area of 2,828 km² and a population in 2016 of approximately 337,500. Hlotse is the capital or camptown of the district. The district has one additional town, namely Maputsoe. In the west, Leribe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders Butha-Buthe District in the north, Mokhotlong District in the east, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Berea District in southwest.

Mafeteng
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-E
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-E
coordinate: 29°50′S 27°55′E
density: 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 27.917
longitude: -29.833
population: 178,222
comment: Mafeteng is a district of Lesotho. It has an area of 2,119 km² and a population in 2016 of 178,222. Mafeteng is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the west, Mafeteng borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on the following districts Maseru District in the northeast and Mohale's Hoek District in the southeast.

Maseru
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-A
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-A
coordinate: 29°30′S 28°00′E
density: 120/km2 (310/sq mi)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: -29.5
population: 519,186
comment: Maseru is a district of Lesotho. Maseru is also the name of the district's capital, and is the only city in the district and also the capital of the country. It is the largest urban area in the country, and therefore the only city. The city of Maseru is located on Lesotho's western border with the Free State Province of South Africa, the frontier being the Caledon River. Maseru borders on Berea District in north, Thaba-Tseka District in the east, Mohale's Hoek District in south, and Mafeteng District in southwest.

Mohales Hoek
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-F
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-F
coordinate: 30°10′S 27°40′E
density: 47/km2 (120/sq mi)
latitude: 27.667
longitude: -30.167
population: 165,590
comment: Mohale's Hoek is a district of Lesotho. Mohale's Hoek is the capital city or camptown, and only town in the district. In the southwest, Mohale's Hoek borders on South Africa, while domestically, it borders on Mafeteng District in northwest, Maseru District in north, Thaba-Tseka District in northeast, Qacha's Nek District in east, and Quthing District in southeast.

Mokhotlong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-J
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-J
coordinate: 29°20′S 29°00′E
density: 25/km2 (64/sq mi)
elevation: 2,512 m (8,242 ft)
latitude: 29.0
longitude: -29.333
population: 100,442
comment: Mokhotlong district is a district of Lesotho. It includes the highest terrain in the Maloti Mountains and the source of the Senqu River, Lesotho’s primary watershed. Mokhotlong is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. Mokhotlong borders on the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, with its north point bordering the Free State Province. Domestically, it borders on Butha-Buthe District in northwest, Leribe District in west, and Thaba-Tseka District in the south.

Qachas Nek
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-H
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-H
coordinate: 30°00′S 28°45′E
density: 32/km2 (82/sq mi)
latitude: 28.75
longitude: -30.0
population: 74,566
comment: Qacha's Nek is a district of Lesotho. Qacha's Nek is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the south, Qacha's Nek borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and it has a short border with KwaZulu-Natal Province in the far east. Domestically, it borders on Quthing District in southwest, Mohale's Hoek District in west and Thaba-Tseka District in the northern direction.

Quthing
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-G
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-G
coordinate: 30°25′S 28°00′E
density: 40/km2 (100/sq mi)
latitude: 28.0
longitude: -30.417
population: 115,469
comment: Quthing is a district of Lesotho. Moyeni, is the camp town or capital of the district. There are two of the most important sets of dinosaur footprints in the region. There is a large panel of Bushman paintings at Qomoqomong. Quthing district is home to the Masitise Cave House, a satellite location of the Morija Museum & Archives. In the southwest, south and east, Quthing borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders Mohale's Hoek District in the north and Qacha's Nek District in the northeast.

Thaba-Tseka
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lesotho
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LS-K
area: ISO 3166-2:LS-K
coordinate: 29°30′S 28°40′E
density: 32/km2 (82/sq mi)
latitude: 28.667
longitude: -29.5
population: 135,347
comment: Thaba-Tseka is a district of Lesotho. Thaba-Tseka is also the name of the district's capital or camptown, which is the only town in the district. In the east, Thaba-Tseka borders on the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on Mokhotlong District in northeast, Leribe District in north, Berea District in northwest, Maseru District in west, Mohale's Hoek District in southwest and Qacha's Nek District in the southern direction. The district is one of the major tourist attractions in Lesotho because of the second largest arch dam in Africa Katse Dam.

Alytaus County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-AL
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-AL
coordinate: 54°23′13″N 24°02′36″E
density: 25/km2 (64/sq mi)
latitude: 24.04333
longitude: 54.38694
population: 134,070
comment: Alytus County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the southernmost county, and its capital is the city of Alytus. Its territory lies within the ethnographic region of Dzūkija. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Alytus County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Alytaus apskritis

Kauno County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-KU
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-KU
coordinate: 54°53′50″N 23°53′33″E
density: 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
latitude: 23.8925
longitude: 54.89722
population: 562,841
comment: Kaunas County is one of ten counties of Lithuania. It is in the centre of the country, and its capital is Kaunas. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished.
alternative label: Kauno apskritis

Klaipėdos County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-KL
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-KL
coordinate: 55°41′54″N 21°08′49″E
density: 61/km2 (160/sq mi)
latitude: 21.14694
longitude: 55.69833
population: 319,958
comment: Klaipėda County is one of ten counties in Lithuania, bordering Tauragė County to the southeast, Telšiai County to the northeast, Kurzeme in Latvia to the north, and Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia to the south. To the west is the Baltic Sea. It lies in the west of the country and is the only county to have a coastline. Its capital is Klaipėda. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Klaipėda County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Klaipėdos apskritis

Marijampolės County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-MR
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-MR
coordinate: 54°33′31″N 23°20′58″E
density: 31/km2 (79/sq mi)
latitude: 23.34944
longitude: 54.55861
population: 136,671
comment: Marijampolė County is one of the ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the south of the country in the historical Suvalkija region, and its capital is the town Marijampolė. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Marijampolė County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Marijampolės apskritis

Panevėžio County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-PN
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-PN
coordinate: 55°44′15″N 24°22′13″E
density: 27/km2 (69/sq mi)
latitude: 24.37028
longitude: 55.7375
population: 211,189
comment: Panevėžys County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the north-east of the country, and its capital is Panevėžys. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Panevėžys County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Panevėžio apskritis

Šiaulių County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-SA
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-SA
coordinate: 55°55′55″N 23°18′51″E
density: 31/km2 (79/sq mi)
latitude: 23.31417
longitude: 55.93194
population: 261,452
comment: Šiauliai County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the north of the country, and its capital is Šiauliai. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Šiauliai County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Šiaulių apskritis

Tauragės County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-TA
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-TA
coordinate: 55°15′22″N 22°17′34″E
density: 21/km2 (54/sq mi)
latitude: 22.29278
longitude: 55.25611
population: 91,822
comment: Tauragė County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the west of the country, and its capital is Tauragė. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Tauragė County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Tauragės apskritis

Telšių County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-TE
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-TE
coordinate: 55°59′18″N 22°14′35″E
density: 30/km2 (78/sq mi)
latitude: 22.24306
longitude: 55.98833
population: 130,613
comment: Telšiai County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the west of the country, and its capital is Telšiai. There are Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and others . On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Telšiai County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Telšių apskritis

Utenos County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-UT
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-UT
coordinate: 55°30′01″N 25°36′32″E
density: 18/km2 (47/sq mi)
latitude: 25.60889
longitude: 55.50028
population: 130,613
comment: Utena County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the country's most sparsely populated county. The capital and the largest city in the county is Utena, which is 95 km from Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished. Since that date, Utena County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Utenos apskritis

Vilniaus County
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Lithuania
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LT-VL
area: ISO 3166-2:LT-VL
coordinate: 54°40′49″N 25°17′02″E
density: 84/km2 (220/sq mi)
latitude: 25.28389
longitude: 54.68028
population: 820,511
comment: Vilnius County is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
alternative label: Vilniaus apskritis

Diekirch
type: NamedIndividual
type: Sub-Country
is sub-country of: Luxembourg
ISO code: ISO 3166-2:LU-D
coordinate: 49°55′00″N 6°00′00″E
latitude: 6.025088
longitude: 49.942432
comment: Diekirch is a canton in the north of Luxembourg. Its capital is Diekirch. Neither the canton, town, nor commune of Diekirch should be confused with the former district of Diekirch, one of three administrative units in Luxembourg abolished in October 2015.