Quoc Hung Ngo, Tahar Kechadi, Nhien-An Le-Khac
Agriculture-Computing Ontology (AgriComO) - A ontology developed for knowledge representation systems and handling mined knowledge in digital agriculture. Keywords: Agriculture, Computing, Knowledge Map, Data Mining, Cropping, Disease, Transsformation.
Agriculture-Computing Ontology (AgriComO)
The guidelines for using names of persons or organizations as creators also apply to contributors. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.
The Dublin Core term "created" is the annotation to be used to define the date that the creator added the RD to their work space (e.g. YYYY-MM-DD).
The Dublin Core term "creator" is the annotation to be used to define the person and organization who added the class to the RD Library. The form of the dc:creator value should be first name, last name, comma, and then organization name (e.g Rob Bodington, Eurostep).
Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended practice is to express the date, date/time, or period of time according to ISO 8601-1 [ISO 8601-1] or a published profile of the ISO standard, such as the W3C Note on Date and Time Formats [W3CDTF] or the Extended Date/Time Format Specification [EDTF]. If the full date is unknown, month and year (YYYY-MM) or just year (YYYY) may be used. Date ranges may be specified using ISO 8601 period of time specification in which start and end dates are separated by a '/' (slash) character. Either the start or end date may be missing.
Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.
Recommended practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to an identification system. Examples include International Standard Book Number (ISBN), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and Uniform Resource Name (URN). Persistent identifiers should be provided as HTTP URIs.
The Dublin Core term "language" is the annotation to be used to define the natural language in which a label, definition or comment is made (e.g. "en" for English).
The Dublin Core term "modified" is the annotation to be used to define the date of the most recent change to the Reference Data item (e.g. YYYY-MM-DD).
The Dublin Core term "publisher" is the annotation to be used to define the entity, which makes resource be available.
The Dublin Core term "references" is the annotation to be used to define any reference to another standard or document that appears as part of the definition of the RD item. (e.g. "ISO 10303-41").
The Dublin Core term "rights" is the annotation to be used to define the Intellectual Property Rights, etc. related to the RD. It is used in conjunction with "rightsHolder".
The Dublin Core term "source" is the annotation to be used to define any standard or organization that originally created the class and is responsible for publishing it and controlling its development. A unique name for any dc:source must be agreed by the RD developers.
dc:subject is the annotation to be used to define the keywords or classifications codes (e.g. class of class) related to an RD item. Each keyword or classification code should be created in separate instances of "subject". (e.g. "Aircraft maintenance")
Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
This property is intended to be used with non-literal values. This property is an inverse property of Is Referenced By.
An rdfs:comment is a human readable text definition for an RD item where more than one are allowed to support definitions in different natural languages.
An rdfs:label is a human readable name for an RD item where more than one are allowed to support labels in different natural languages (e.g. 'Trigo' in Spanish and 'Wheat' in English)
A schematic relation between any entities, e.g. 'the human body has a brain as part'. Subproperties and restrictions can be used to specialize hasPart for objects, events, etc.
A relation between situations and events, e.g. This month, our farm organize a workshop.
An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a report or research paper). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research so that readers know exactly what the paper is about.
The particulars of the place where someone lives or an organization is situated.
An author is the creator or originator of any written work such as a report, a document, or a scientific article.
Business identification number is a proposed identification number to replace eighteen different registration numbers required to be obtained by a company to operate.
A business name is the name your business is known by. It might be your own personal name, or it might be something entirely different and unique to your business.
A comment is something that you say which gives an explanation of concept.
A person who provides a link for information or representation between two parties.
Description is an act of describing; specifically : discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced.
An email address is a unique identifier for an email account. It is used to both send and receive email messages over the Internet.
Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper.
String of specific numbers that a cell phone user can dial to reach another telephone or mobile phone
A originam name is the name your business is known at starting time. It might be your own personal name, or it might be something entirely different and unique to your business.
String of specific numbers that a telephone user can dial to reach another telephone or mobile phone
A group of numbers or letters and numbers which are added to a postal address to assist the sorting of mail.
The breeding of specimens of a plant by natural processes from the parent stock.
The year on which a document, article or paper is or is published.
Individual or corporation responsible for the printing and distribution of digital or printed publications. Publishers also handle the marketing efforts for the publications and usually are not the creator of the material. Publishers simply serve as the intermediary between the author of the publication and the consumer market.
AGROVOC is a controlled vocabulary covering all areas of interest of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, including food, nutrition, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, environment etc. It is published by FAO and edited by a community of experts. It is widely used in specialized libraries as well as digital libraries and repositories to index content and for the purpose of text mining. It is also used as a specialized tagging resource for content organization by FAO and third-party stakeholders. AGROVOC consists of +37,000 concepts and +750,000 terms in up to 37 languages. Currently, AGROVOC is an SKOS-XL concept scheme, and a Linked Open Data (LOD) set edited by VocBench. AGROVOC is aligned with 18 other multilingual knowledge organization systems.
Abstract entity is a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples.
Acquire within the project the data (or access to the data) listed in the project resources. This initial collection includes data loading if necessary for data understanding. For example, if you apply a specific tool for data understanding, it makes perfect sense to load your data into this tool. This effort possibly leads to initial data preparation steps. Note: if you acquire multiple data sources, integration is an additional issue, either here or in the later data preparation phase. Output List the dataset (or datasets) acquired, together with their locations within the project, the methods used to acquire them and any problems encountered. Record problems encountered and any solutions achieved to aid with future replication of this project or with the execution of similar future projects."
An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. Adjuvants may also be used to enhance the efficacy of a vaccine by helping to modify the immune response to particular types of immune system cells: for example, by activating T cells instead of antibody-secreting B cells depending on the purpose of the vaccine. Adjuvants are also used in the production of antibodies from immunized animals.
Agriculture Transformations are transformations, which include a set of functions used to transform agricuture attributes in pre-processing step in data mining.
Agricultural machinery is machinery used in farming or other agriculture.
Agroclimatic Indices are transformations, which include a set of functions used to transform agroclimatic attributes in the pre-processing step in data mining.
Agronomic Indices are pre-defined transformations, include a set of functions used to transform agricuture attributes in pre-processing step in data mining.
The density of air or atmospheric density, denoted ρ (Greek: rho), is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere. Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude. It also changes with variation in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity.
The current air pollution represented as European Air Quality Index value. The index value is based on 3 pollutants of major concern in Europe: PM10, NO2, O3 and will be able to take into account to 3 additional pollutants (CO, PM2.5 and SO2) where data are also available.
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors and hot air balloons.
A scientific article, known as paper, is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal or conference.
Atmospheric Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere.
Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that are made up of a single cell. They're very diverse and can have a large variety of shapes and structural features. Bacteria can live in almost every conceivable environment, including in or on the human body. Only a handful of bacteria cause infections in humans.
Infectious plant diseases are caused by bacteria and can range in severity from mild leaf or plant damage to death.
Biofertilizer (also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances.
Biological is used to describe processes and states that occur in the bodies and cells of crops or plants.
Biopesticides, a contraction of 'biological pesticides', include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships. The term has been associated historically with biological control - and by implication - the manipulation of living organisms.
A business event is a definable occurrence in a business scenario. It can be a common high-level occurrence, such as a customer placing an order.
A strong open vehicle with two or four wheels, typically used for carrying loads and pulled by a horse.
A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops.
Chemical fertilizers are generally classified according to their NPK content, representing the concentrations of the three principal plant nutrients, nitrogen (wt.%), phosphorus (wt.% P2O5 equivalent), and potassium (wt.% K2O equivalent).
There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and empiric methods, which focus on the effects of climate.
Computer System is a computing system , which is used to annalyse data and mining knowledge.
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process called composting. This process recycles various organic materials otherwise regarded as waste products and produces a soil conditioner (the compost). Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used, for example, in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture and organic farming. The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. Compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover.
Conference is a formal meeting of people with a shared interest, typically one that takes place over several days.
A continent is one of several very large landmasses. Ordered from largest in area to smallest, these seven regions are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus).
Crop problem involves any harmful deviation or alteration from the normal functioning of the physiological processes. It includes disease, stress, pests or weeds.
Crop protection is the aspects of managing plant diseases, weeds and other pests (both vertebrate and invertebrate) that damage agricultural crops and forestry.
A customer is a company or person who buys goods or services from a shop or business.
Activities : - Reconsider how to deal with observed type of noise. - Correct, remove or ignore noise. - Decide how to deal with special values and their meaning. The area of special values can give rise to many strange results and should be carefully examined. Examples of special values could arise through taking results of a survey where some questions were not asked or nor answered. This might result in a value of ‘99’ for unknown data. For example, 99 for marital status or political affiliation. Special values could also arise when data is truncated – e.g. ‘00’ for 100 year old people or all cars with 100,000 km on the clock. - Reconsider Data Selection Criteria (See Task 2.1) in light of experiences of data cleaning (i.e. one may wish include/exclude other sets of data). Good idea! Remember that some fields may be irrelevant to the data mining goals and therefore noise in those fields has no significance. However, if noise is ignored for these reasons, it should be fully documented as the circumstances may change later!"
Describe the decisions and actions that were taken to address the data quality problems reported during the Verify Data Quality Task. The report should also address what data quality issues are still outstanding if the data is to be used in the data mining exercise and what possible affects that could have on the results.
This report describes how the different data sources identified in the inventory were captured and extracted. Topics to be covered: - Background of data. - List of data sources with broad area of required data covered by each. - For each data source, method of acquisition or extraction. - Problems encountered in data acquisition or extraction.
Each dataset acquired is described. Topics to be covered: - Each data source described in detail. - List of tables (may be only one) or other database objects. - Description of each field including units, codes used, etc.
Describes the data exploration and its results. Topics to be covered: - Background including broad goals of data exploration. For each area of exploration undertaken: - Expected regularities or patterns. - Method of detection. - Regularities or patterns found, expected and unexpected. - Any other surprises. - Conclusions for data transformation, data cleaning and any other pre-processing. - Conclusions related to data mining goals or business objectives. - Summary of conclusions.
Data mining is the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations (knowledge) within large data sets to predict outcomes.
This report describes the completeness and accuracy of the data. Topics to be covered: - Background including broad expectations about data quality. For each dataset: - Approach taken to assess data quality. - Results of data quality assessment. - Summary of data quality conclusions.
The daytime is the part of a day between the time when it gets light and the time when it gets dark.
Dimensionality reduction, or dimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the low-dimensional representation retains some meaningful properties of the original data, ideally close to its intrinsic dimension.
Disaster is a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of environment or plants.
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole. Document can be printed or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record.
Drilling is the action used for the mechanized sowing of an agricultural crop.
The weight of any plant (or other organism) part after all its water content has been removed by drying. The dry weight is an estimate of a body or of a body samples weight when all water has been removed, means the weight of the sample, excluding the weight of the water in the sample.
Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
Environment is surroundings or conditions in which plants grow. It effects different farming practices which has on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices.
A nutrient in which an organism must obtain from the environment or from a dietary source since the organism is unable to synthesize it (or can produce but inadequately)
Evaluation metrics are used to measure the quality of the statistical or machine learning model.
Assessment of data mining results with respect to business success criteria. This report compares the data mining results with the business objectives and the business success criteria. Topics to be covered: - Review of Business Objectives and Business Success Criteria (which may havechanged during and/or as a result of data mining). For each Business Success Criterion: - Detailed comparison between success criterion and data mining results. - Conclusions about achievability of success criterion and suitability of data mining process. - Review of Project Success; has the project achieved the original Business Objectives? - Are there new business objectives to be addressed later in the project or in new projects? - Conclusions for future data mining projects. Review of process This section assesses the effectiveness of the project and identifies any factors that may have been overlooked that should be taken into consideration if the project is repeated. List of possible actions This section makes recommendations regarding the next steps in the project."
Event is a thing that happens or takes place, especially one of importance. Any physical, social, or mental process, event, or state. More theoretically, events can be classified in different ways, possibly based on 'aspect' (e.g. stative, continuous, accomplishement, achievement, etc.), on 'agentivity' (e.g. intentional, natural, etc.), or on 'typical participants' (e.g. human, physical, abstract, food, etc.). Here no special direction is taken, and the following explains why: events are related to observable situations, and they can have different views at a same time. If a position has to be suggested here anyway, the participant-based classification of events seems the most stable and appropriate for many modelling problems.
An exhibition is an organized event in which a collection of special objects can be viewed by the public.
A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production. The name is used for specialised units such as arable farms, vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms, and land used for the production of natural fibres, biofuel and other commodities. It includes ranches, feedlots, orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings and hobby farms, and includes the farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land
A farrmer is a person who works on a farm.
Feature selection, also known as variable selection, attribute selection or variable subset selection, is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features (variables, predictors) for use in model construction.
A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures.
A flower is the part of a plant which is often brightly coloured, grows at the end of a stem, and only survives for a short time.
Fresh weight = weight recorded immediately after the plant or part of a plant is harvested. For instance, the total yield of a tomato plant would be measured in fresh weight, if you want to know how much money you can get for the crop of tomatoes.
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores.
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
Gas refer to substances in a form like air used for energy (fire air) or greenhouse gases.
Growth Regulators are defined as small, simple chemicals produced naturally by plants to regulate their growth and development. Growth Regulators can be of a diverse chemical composition such as gases (ethylene), terpenes (gibberellic acid) or carotenoid derivates (abscisic acid). They are also referred to as plant growth substances, phytohormones or plant hormones.
Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants.
A piece of information, such as a musical composition, a text, a word, a picture, independently from how it is concretely realized.
State is a value or result of attributes / concepts as input of the knowledge model.
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers.
A link is a web address which refers to the address of a document or resource on the World Wide Web.
Machine is an apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task.
Macronutrient is a chemical element or substance (such as potassium or protein) that is essential in relatively large amounts to the growth and health. Macronutrients provide the bulk energy an organism's metabolic system needs to function while micronutrients provide the necessary cofactors for metabolism to be carried out. Both types of nutrients can be acquired from the environment.
A regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of plants, agriculture products.
A series of steps that allow organizations to identify customer problems, analyze market opportunities, and create marketing materials to reach the desired audience or buyers.
Meeting is an assembly of people for a particular purpose, especially for formal discussion.
Micronutrients are essential elements required by plants in varying quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions to maintain health. Micronutrients are used to build and repair tissues and to regulate body processes while macronutrients are converted to, and used for, energy.
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or a colony of cells.
Algorithm includes a set of algorithms used to process data mining tasks (including data selection, clustering, claasification, regression, and association rule) on datasets.
State is a result of attributes / concepts in knowledge model.
Model state is the state of knowledge model from the mining process.
The outputs produced during the Modeling phase can be combined into one report. We suggest the following sections: Modeling assumption This section defines explicitly any assumptions made about the data and any assumptions that are implicit in the modeling technique to be used. Test design This section describes how the models are built, tested and evaluated. Topics to be covered: - Background – outlines the modeling undertaken and its relation to the data mining goals. For each modeling task: - Broad description of the type of model and the training data to be used. - Explanation of how the model will be tested or assessed. - Description of any data required for testing. - Plan for production of test data if any. - Description of any planned examination of models by domain or data experts. - Summary of test plan. Model description This report describes the delivered models and overviews the process by which they were produced. Topics to be covered: - Overview of models produced. For each model: - Type of model and relation to data mining goals. - Parameter settings used to produce the model. - Detailed description of the model and any special features. For example: - For rule-based models, list the rules produced plus any assessment of per-rule or overall model accuracy and coverage. - For opaque models, list any technical information about the model (such as neural network topology) and any behavioral descriptions produced by the modeling process (such as accuracy or sensitivity). - Description of Model’s behavior and interpretation. - Conclusions regarding patterns in the data (if any); sometimes the model will reveal important facts about the data without a separate assessment process (e.g. that the output or conclusion is duplicated in one of the inputs). - Summary of conclusions. Model assessment This section describes the results of testing the models according to the test design. Topics to be covered: - Overview of assessment process and results including any deviations from the test plan. For each model: - Detailed assessment of model including measurements such as accuracy and interpretation of behavior. - Any comments on models by domain or data experts. - Summary assessment of model. - Insights into why a certain modeling technique and certain parameter settings led to good/bad results. - Summary assessment of complete model set."
Molluscicides, also known as snail baits, snail pellets or slug pellets, are pesticides against molluscs, which are usually used in agriculture or gardening, in order to control gastropod pests specifically slugs and snails which damage crops or other valued plants by feeding on them.
Natural phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to environment, such as planet, soil, weather.
Death or killing of the host tissues induced by the attack of a pathogen is called necrosis. It may be caused by rots, blights, wilts, die back and cankers and may be general or local, gradual or rapid. When necrosis is general it is called decay and rotting. The causal organism may be a fungus or a bacterium. Rotting is universal in plants. It takes a heavy toll of useful plants. The rots are of many kinds. The common ones are dry rots, wet rots, soft rots, hard rots, brown rots, and black rots. These rots cause general necrosis and progress slowly or rapidly.
The time between dusk and dawn; also, the time between sunset and sunrise.
A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. In general usage and in a culinary sense, a wide variety of dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed.
Observation - Act of carrying out an (observation) procedure to estimate or calculate a value of a property.
skos:exactMatch 'measured quantity value' [VIM 2.10] http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf skos:exactMatch 'observed value' [SensorML OGC-0700] http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sensorml skos:closeMatch 'observation result' [O&M] http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/om O&M conflates what we have as SensorOutput and ObservationValue into observation result, though the OGC standard does say "result contains a value" and "a result which has a value", which fits naturally with the model here.
The observation value is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.
Oil is a smooth, thick liquid made from plants and is often used for cooking.
Seed oil is a vegetable oil that is obtained from the seed (endosperm) of some plant, rather than the fruit. Most vegetable oils are seed oils. Some common examples are sunflower oil, canola oil, and sesame oil.
An onlinemarket (online marketplace or online e-commerce marketplace) is a type of e-commerce site where product or service information is provided by multiple third parties. Online marketplaces are the primary type of multichannel ecommerce and can be a way to streamline the production process.
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal matter, animal excreta (manure), human excreta, and vegetable matter (e.g. compost and crop residues). Naturally occurring organic fertilizers include animal wastes from meat processing, peat, manure, slurry, and guano.
An organization, or organisation is an entity, such as a company, an institution, or an association, comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.
Other common chemicals related to agriculture.
A pathogen is anything that can produce disease; Typically the term is used to describe an infectious agent such as a virus, bacterium, prion, a fungus, or even another micro-organism. There are several substrates including pathways where the pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen. Diseases caused by organisms in humans are known as pathogenic diseases.
Person is a person considered alone, rather than as belonging to a group of people while person is an individual; usually a human being.
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.[1] The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticides nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide and disinfectant. The most common of these are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products, which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects.
Phenomenon is a fact, occurrence, or circumstance observed or observable.
A physical entity is an entity that has physical existence
Planetary phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to soil, such as Drought, sinkhole, thundersnow.
Plant disorders are caused by non-pathological conditions such as poor light, adverse weather, water-logging, phytotoxic compounds or a lack of nutrients, and affect the functioning of the plant system.
Plant phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to plants, such as germination, pollination, blooming.
Policy is principle of action which is written as document and adopted or proposed by an organization or individual.
Pre-trained models means the models which have been already trained on some sort of data with different number of classes. For Example : ImageNet which contains 1.2 million images with 1000 categories.
The act or method of preventing or hindering of disease infection
A process is a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result during farrming agricultural production.
Product is a substance that is manufactured or refined from agricultural things for sale.
List the stages to be executed in the project, together with duration, resources required, inputs, outputs and dependencies. Wherever possible make explicit the large-scale iterations in the data mining process, for example, repetitions of the modeling and evaluation phases. As part of the project plan, it is also important to analyze dependencies between time schedule and risks. Mark results of these analyses explicitly in the project plan, ideally with actions and recommendations for actions if the risks appear. Remember that, although this is the only task in which the Project Plan is directly named, nevertheless it should be continually consulted and reviewed throughout the project. It should at least be consulted whenever a new Task is started or a further iteration of a task or activity is begun.
The final report is used to summarize the project and its results. Contents: - Summary of Business Understanding: background, objectives and success criteria. - Summary of data mining process. - Summary of data mining results. - Summary of results evaluation. - Summary of deployment and maintenance plans. - Cost/benefit analysis. - Conclusions for the business. - Conclusions for future data mining.
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals", because they often possess animal-like behaviours, such as motility and predation, and lack a cell wall, as found in plants and many algae. Although the traditional practice of grouping protozoa with animals is no longer considered valid, the term continues to be used in a loose way to describe single-celled protists (that is, eukaryotes that aren't animals, plants, or fungi) that feed by heterotrophy.
Infectious plant diseases are caused by flagellate protozoa and can range in severity from mild leaf or plant damage to death. Protozoa are not animals, plants, algae, fungi or virus. They are, however, parasitic.
Reference is a type of document that outlines concepts, entities, past procedures, actions or strategies as they relate to a particular activity.
Report is an account given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation or consideration by an appointed person or body.
Rural markets are usually for direct sales of small quantities of produce by farmers to village traders and rural consumers. Rural primary markets often form part of a network arranged on a periodic basis, such as on a specific day of each week.
These are fungal diseases of grasses and other plants which appear on the host surface as small, coloured pustules-red, brown, yellow, orange, or black in colour.
Sales event - an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices;
Season is one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice. Each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) marked by particular weather patterns and daylight hours, resulting from the earth's changing position with regard to the sun.
A seed is the small, hard part of a plant from which a new plant grows.
Sensing is a process that results in the estimation, or calculation, of the value of a phenomenon.
Device, agent (including humans), or software (simulation) involved in, or implementing, a Procedure.
http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ skos:closeMatch 'observation result' [O&M] http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/om See comments at ObservationValue.
The sensor output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.
Sensor station is a group of sensors which detect or measure several physical properties and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to them.
Sesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods.
Soil phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to soil, such as salt sieving, soil cracking.
Spectral vegetation indices (VIs) are spectral transformations of two or more bands designed to enhance the contribution of vegetation properties and allow reliable spatial and temporal inter-comparisons of terrestrial photosynthetic activity and canopy structural variations. They are derived using the reflectance properties of vegetation. Each of the VIs is designed to accentuate a particular vegetation property. Usually simple algebraic formulations, SVIs are designed to enhance the vegetation signal in remotely sensed data and provide an approximate measure of live, green vegetation amount.
Spraying and dusting, in agriculture, the standard methods of applying pest-control chemicals and other compounds.
State is a value or result of attributes / concepts in a knowledge model.
Storage means the phase of the post-harvest system during which the products are kept in such a way as to guarantee food security other than during periods of agricultural production
A planned process that realizes the concretization of a study design
A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food, beverages and household products, organized into sections. It is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is smaller and more limited in the range of merchandise than a hypermarket or big-box market.
A supplier is a person or organization that provides something needed such as a product or service.
A visible response of a host plant to a pathogenic organism.
A visible response of a host plant to a pathogenic organism. It is the first step to identifying possible solutions to a plant health problem and understanding the problem correctly.
A group of symptoms which consistently occur together, or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms.
Duration extent; duration of a time interval separate from its particular start position
A temporal position described using either a (nominal) value from an ordinal reference system, or a (numeric) value in a temporal coordinate system.
A trace element is a chemical element whose concentration (or other measure of amount) is very low (a "trace amount"). They are classified into two groups; essential and non-essential. Essential trace elements are needed for many physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and animals.
A powerful vehicle with large rear wheels, used chiefly on farms for hauling equipment and trailers.
Transformation is the process or function of converting data from one range, format or structure into another range, format or structure.
Transport, whether traditional or mechanized, is needed to move the agricultural commodities: from the harvest fields, to the threshing or drying site
The medical care given to plants for a disease infection.
A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo.
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
A planned process with objective to check that the accuracy or the quality of a claim or prediction satisfies some criteria and which is assessed by comparing with independent results.
Vegetable is a usually herbaceous plant (such as the cabbage, bean, or potato) grown for an edible part that is usually eaten as part of a meal;
A vehicle is a machine that transports people or cargo.
Infectious plant diseases are caused by virus and can range in severity from mild leaf or plant damage to death.
A water detector is an electronic device that is designed to detect the presence of water for purposes such as to provide an alert in time to allow the prevention of water leakage.
Weather phhenomenon is an observable fact or event related to weather, such as blizzard, snow, storm, tornado.
A wheelbarrow is an essential product to help you move heavy loads whether at home or on a work site.
Wikipedia is an online free-content encyclopedia project that aims to help create a world in which everyone can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. It is supported by the Wikimedia Foundation and based on a model of openly editable content. The name "Wikipedia" is a blending of the words wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning "quick") and encyclopedia. Wikipedia's articles provide links designed to guide the user to related pages with additional information. Wikipedia is written collaboratively by largely anonymous volunteers who write without pay. Anyone with internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles, except in limited cases where editing is restricted to prevent disruption or vandalism. Since its creation on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia has grown into the world's largest reference website, attracting 1.5 billion unique visitors monthly as of March 2020. It currently has more than 54 million articles in more than 300 languages, including 6,144,813 articles in English with 126,740 active contributors in the past month.
Workshop is a meeting at which a group of people engage in intensive discussion and activity on a particular subject or project.
The relation between something and the point, or other geometrical thing in space, where it is. For example, the realtionship between a radio tower and a Point with a given lat and long. Or a relationship between a park and its outline as a closed arc of points, or a road and its location as a arc (a sequence of points). Clearly in practice there will be limit to the accuracy of any such statement, but one would expect an accuracy appropriate for the size of the object and uses such as mapping.
The set of points in space defined by their geographic coordinates
Spatial thing is used to describe things relating to areas or locations.
Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)
Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2)
The Advanced Miner is an upgraded version of the Miner. Unlike the Miner, it does not require Mining Pipe or a Mining Drill to function, relying solely on power. An additional feature of the Advanced Miner is a black/whitelist function. The mode of this can be toggled by a button in the GUI. In Blacklist Mode, any blocks placed inside the GUI will not be mined by the Advanced Miner, and will be ignored. In Whitelist Mode, any block inside the GUI will be the only blocks mined, and all other blocks will be ignored. The blocks specified are based on what they drop, but are also compatible with Silk Touched ores. For example, on Blacklist Mode, when Redstone Dust or Redstone Ore is in the GUI, no Redstone Ore will be mined. It is worth noting that the slots inside the GUI are not storage spaces, they are only used for the filters. A Chest or similar inventory placed above the Advanced Miner will automatically collect the items, not needing an Ejector Upgrade.
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers, it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a mountainous landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers, it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city, with an estimated population of 4.6 million composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.
African eggplant, Solanum aethiopicum, is a deciduous shrub in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible fruits which are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. African eggplant is a highly branching plant which can grow up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in height. The leaves of the plant are arranged alternately on the stems and have smooth or lobed margins. Leaf blades may reach up to 30 cm (11.8 in) in length and 21 cm (8.3 in) in width. The leaf petioles are oval or elliptical in shape, reaching up to 11 cm (4.3 in) in length. Plants produce clusters of up to 12 white flowers which develop into egg- or spindle-shaped berries which are red to orange in color with a smooth or grooved surface depending on variety. African eggplant may also be referred to as scarlet eggplant, bitter tomato, mock tomato, garden egg or Ethiopian nightshade and is native to Africa, likely resulting from the domestication of a related species, S. anguivi.
African eggplant is typically ready for harvest 100 to 120 days after planting. The fruit should be harvested before the skin changes color from white to pale yellow when the skin becomes tough. Fruits should be harvested regularly to encourage maximum fruit production. Young leaves may be harvested from 45-60 days of growth.
African eggplants will benefit from frequent irrigation during the dry season, particularly when fruiting, to ensure high yields. The crop should be weeded as required to prevent competition. Addition of fertilizer in the form of cattle or chicken or cattle manure or compost will improve yields.
African eggplant seeds can be collected from fully ripe fruits. Once the seeds have been extracted, they should be laid out on a piece paper to dry in a place where they are not exposed to direct sunlight. Once dry, seeds can be stored for many years and still remain viable. Seeds should be planted in a prepared nursery bed and should be sown 15 cm (6 in) apart with a further 20 cm (8 in) between rows. Seedlings are ready for transplanting when they reach 15 to 20 cm (6–8 in) in height and have 5–7 leaves. Plants should be hardened prior to transplanting by gradually reducing the amount of water they receive. Plants should be spaced 50 cm (20 in) apart allowing 75 cm (30 in) between rows.
Growth requirements for African eggplant vary with variety. All types grow best in full sun in well-draining, deep soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.8. Gilo types grow best at daytime temperatures between 25 and 35°C (77 and 95°F). Kumba types can grow in hotter temperatures of up to 45°C in low humidity, whereas Shum types require warm and humid conditions in order to thrive. No varieties of African eggplant tolerate very cold or water-logged conditions.
African eggplant is grown primarily for its bitter orange-red fruit, which may be eaten boiled, steamed, pickled or in stews with meat and other vegetables. Young leaves are also often used in soups.
Eggplant is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
Audet, Rene, et al. "Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec. Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution." (2012).
Average Annual Temperature (AAT) is the transformation for Temperature by Average Annual Temperature
Accumulated Frost Days (AFD) serves as a frost index that relates to both cold stress and incidence of pest and disease.
N. Tremblay, Y.M. Bouroubi, C. Bélec, R.W. Mullen, N.R. Kitchen, W.E. Thomason, S. Ebelhar, D.B. Mengel, W.R. Raun, D.D. Francis, E.D. Vories, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, "Corn response to nitrogen is influenced by soil texture and weather", Agron. J., 104 (2012), pp. 1658-1671, 10.2134/agronj2012.0184
Abundant and Well-Distributed Rainfall (AWDR) parameter was proposed in Tremblay et al. (2012) as an integrator of rainfall intensity and distribution over time around N sidedressing in corn. A time window ranging from -15 days to +30 days around N sidedressing was initially proposed for maximal impact of the AWDR on corn yield response to N rate.
Abundant and well-distributed rainfall (AWDR)
Klein Tank, A. M. G. "EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4." Report EPJ029135 (2007).
Biologically Effective Degree Days (BEDD) index has been specifically targeted to describe grape growth (Gladstones 1992). The BEDD index is based on a growing degree days measure. Let T Xi and T Ni be the daily maximum and daily minimum temperature for day i.
Biologically Effective Degree Days (BEDD)
BEDD = min ( max ( (TXi + TNi) / 2 - b, 0), 9 ) where i = 01/04... to 30/09 and b = 10 is an appropriate value for grape growth.
Bhalme, H.N., and Mooley, D.A. 1980. "Large-scale drought / floods and monsoon circulation. Mon. Weather Rev. 108 (8): 1197–1211". doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1197:LSDAMC>2.0.CO;2.
Bhalme and Mooly Drought Index (BMDI) considers the percent departure of monthly or annual precipitation from its long-term means (Byun and Wilhite 1999).
Let CCij be the daily cloud cover at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: CCj = Sum(CCij / L), where i = 1....L
Mostly Sunny Days (cloud cover <= 2 oktas)
Let CCij be the daily cloud cover at the day i of period j. Then counted is the no of days where: CCij <= 2 oktas
Mostly Sunny Days (cloud cover >= 6 oktas)
Let CCij be the daily cloud cover at the day i of period j. Then counted is the no of days where: CCij >= 6 oktas
Beniston, Martin. \"Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100.\" Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
Counted is the number of days where: TGij < TGin25 and RRwj < RRwn25
Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Days with TG < 25th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR < 25th percentile of daily precipitation sum (cold/dry days) Let T Gij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin25 be the calendar day 25th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn25 be the 25th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period.
Maximum length of dry spell: maximum number of consecutive days with RR < 1mm
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where RRij < 1mm.
Maximum no of Consecutive Frost Days, TN <0oC (CFD)
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature at day i of period j. Then counted is the largest number of consecutive days where: TNij < 0◦C
Mathieu, Jordane A., and Filipe Aires. "Assessment of the agro-climatic indices to improve crop yield forecasting." Agricultural And Forest Meteorology 253 (2018): 15-30.
Transformation for Temperature by Cumulated (Corn) Heat Units
Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI) refers to annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TN < 10th percentile
Let TNij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days, TNij < TNin10.
Beniston, Martin. "Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in Europe since 1901 and projected for 2100." Geophysical Research Letters 36.7 (2009).
Days with TG < 25th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR > 75th percentile of daily precipitation sum (cold/wet days) Let T Gij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin25be the calendar day 25th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn75 be the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period.
Then counted is the number of days where: TGij < TGin25 and RRwj > RRwn75
Maximum length of wet spell: Maximum number of consecutive days with RR ≥ 1mm
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where RRij ≥ 1mm.
Total Degree Days (DD) from an appropriate starting date are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests and pest control timing.
Days with easterly winds (45◦ < DD ≤ 135 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j
Counted is the number of days where: 45 ◦ < DDij ≤ 135 ◦
Total Degree-Days in Growing Season (DDgs) from an appropriate starting date to ending date of growing season are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests and pest control timing.
Total Degree-Days in Growing Season (DDgs)
DDgs = Sum(DDj), in which, j = {BGS...EGS}
Transformation for Temperature by Degree-Days
Days with northerly winds (-45 ◦ < DD ≤ 45 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j.
Counted is the number of days where: −45 ◦ < DDij ≤ 45 ◦
Days with southerly winds (135◦ < DD ≤ 225 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j.
Counted is the number of days where: 225 ◦ < DDij ≤ 315 ◦
Days with westerly winds (225◦ < DD ≤ 315 ◦) (days) Let DDij be the daily value of the wind direction at day i of period j.
Let TXij and TNij be the daily maximum and minimum temperature respectively on day i in period j.
If i represents the number of days in j, then: DTRj = ∑ (TXij - TNij)/I i = 1....I
Transformation for Temperature by Extreme Degree Day
Matera, A., Fontana, G., and Marletto, V. 2007. "Use of a new agricultural drought index within a regional drought observatory." In Methods and Tools for Drought Analysis and Management.
Agricultural Drought Index (DTx) uses a water balance model and crop transpiration to calculate an integrated transpiration deficit over a period of time.
Peterson, T.C., et al. 2001. "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp. Download (PDF from clivar.org): Peterson et al. 2001 (PDF)
Intra-annual Extreme Temperature Range (Difference between the highest temperature observation of any given calendar year (Th) and the lowest temperature reading of the same calendar year (Tl))
De Bruin, H.A.R., Lablans, W.N., 1998. "Reference crop evapotranspiration determined with a modified Makkink equation." Hydrol. Process. 12, 1053-1062 10.1002/(SICI) 1099-1085 (19980615)12:7
First Autumnal Frost (FAF) is a date in autumn before which the first frost of the season seldom comes, and a corresponding date in springtime after which it is unlikely to occur.
Number of Frost Days (FD) is the number of days with daily minimum temperature below 0°C
Transformation for Frost by Number of days when TN is below - 2°C (FD-2)
Number of Days When TN is below -2°C (FD-2)
Free Frost Period (FFP) is a part of the year when the temperature stays continuously above 0° C in an average calculation over several years. This period lasts from the long-term average date of the last spring frost to the long-term average date of the first autumn frost. In the northern regions of the USSR the frost-free period is less than 150 days. (On the Iamal and Taimyr peninsulas it is about 45 days.) In the west and south of the country it is 250 days and longer. (In the region of Batumi and on the southern coast of the Crimea it lasts 300 days and longer.) In the temperate zones it corresponds approximately to the growing season, whose duration significantly determines the composition of the local wild and cultivated vegetation.
Daily Mean Wind Speed (FG) refers to whenever synoptical wind speed data, which is available (in m/s) at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UT, daily mean wind speed is calculated as the mean of the available values.
Let FGij be the mean wind strength at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: FGj = Sum(FGij) / I in which i=1...I
Days with daily averaged wind ≥ 6 Bft (10.8 m s−1 ) (days)
Days with Daily Averaged Wind ≥ 6 Bf (FG6Bft)
Let F Gij be the daily averaged wind strength at day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: FGij ≥ 10.8 m/s
Calm days (FG ≤ 2 m/s) (days) Let F Gij be the daily averaged wind strength at day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: FGij ≤ 2 m/s
Frost Period (FP) covers from the date of the first to the last frost recorded for each time series.
Daily Maximum Wind Gust (FX) refers to whenever synoptical wind gust data, which is available (in m/s) at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UT, daily maximum wind gust is taken as the maximum of the available values.
Maximum Value of Daily Maximum Wind Gust (FXx)
Let F Xij be the daily maximum wind gust on day i of period j. Then the maximum daily maximum wind gust for period j is: FXnj = max(FXij )
Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at the day i of period j. Then the growing degree days are: GD4j = Sum(TGij - 4 / in which TGij > 4oC) in which i = 1 .. I
McMaster, G. S., & Wilhelm, W. W. (1997). "Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 291–300.
Growing Degree Days (GDD), or heat units, are used to estimate the growth and development of certain crops and pests during the growing season. If the mean temperature is above the base temperature, then the GDD equals the value of the mean temperature minus the base temperature.
Annual* count between the first span of at least 6 days with daily mean temperature TG >5 °C and the first span after July 1st (Jan 1st in SH) of 6 days with TG <5 °C. GSL, important for agriculture, is expected to increase as a direct result of increasing temperatures and indirectly as a result of reductions in snow cover.
Let TGij be daily mean temperature on day i in year j. Count the number of days between the first occurrence of at least 6 consecutive days with TGij > 5 °C and the first occurrence after 1st July (Jan 1st in SH) of at least 6 consecutive days with TGij < 5 °C. * Annual means Jan 1st to Dec 31st in the Northern Hemisphere (NH); July 1st to June 30th in the Southern Hemisphere (SH).
Daily Maximum Ground Surface Temperature (GTmax)
Daily Average Ground Surface Temperature (GTmean)
Daily Minimum Ground Surface Temperature (GTmin)
Heating degree days (sum of 17 ◦C - TG) (◦C)
Let T Gij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j. Then the heating degree days are: HD17j = Sum(17 ◦C − TGij ) in which i=1....I
The Huglin Index is an index specifically aimed at grap growth (Huglin 1978) and defined using daily averaged temperature T Gi and the daily maximum temperature T Xi for day i in the period 1 April to 30 September.
HI = SUM( (TGi − 10) + (TXi − 10)) * K / 2 where, i = 01/04 .... to 30/09 and K is a daylength coefficient. The daylight coefficient is a function of the latitude of the station but a clear definition is absent. The value of K is determined using table 2. Table 2: latitude | K -----------------+---- ≤ 40◦N | 1.00 40◦N-42◦N | 1.02 42◦N-44◦N | 1.03 44◦N-46◦N | 1.04 46◦N-48◦N | 1.05 48◦N-50◦N | 1.06
Daily Mean Humidity (HU) refers to whenever synoptical humidity data, which is available (in percents) at 00, 06, 12 and 18 UT, daily mean humidity is calculated as the mean of the available values.
Maximum period > 5 consecutive days with Tmax > 5 °C above the 1961-90 daily Tmax normal
Herman Mollenhorsta, Michel H.A. de Haan, Jouke Oenema, Claudia Kamphuis, "Field and crop specific manure application on a dairy farm based on historical data and machine learning", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 175 (2020) 105599
Natarajan, Rajathi, Jayashree Subramanian, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Hybrid learning of fuzzy cognitive maps for sugarcane yield classification." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 127 (2016): 147-157.
Number of Icing Days (ID) refers to annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) < 0 °C. Let TXijbe daily maximum temperature on day i in year j.
Count the number of days where TXij < 0 °C.
Killing Freeze Free Period (KFFP) is the number of consecutive days where the air temperature does not fall below 24 degrees Fahrenheit. The first frost usually occurs in the fall of the year, but it may occur during the winter months, or in some locations may not occur at all.
Last frost date (LFD) is defined as the last day in spring in which the daily minimum temperature drops below a critical temperature that can damage the flowers.
Last Spring Frost (LSF) is a date in springtime after which the last frost of the season seldom comes, then it is unlikely to occur
Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the radiative skin temperature of the land surface, as measured in the direction of the remote sensor. It is estimated from Top-of-Atmosphere brightness temperatures from the infrared spectral channels of a constellation of geostationary satellites (Meteosat Second Generation, GOES, MTSAT/Himawari). Its estimation further depends on the albedo, the vegetation cover and the soil moisture. LST is a mixture of vegetation and bare soil temperatures. Because both respond rapidly to changes in incoming solar radiation due to cloud cover and aerosol load modifications and diurnal variation of illumination, the LST displays quick variations too. In turn, the LST influences the partition of energy between ground and vegetation, and determines the surface air temperature.
A. Nereu, "Stomatal response to water vapor pressure deficit: an unsolved issue", Rev. Bras. Agrociência., 9 (2003), pp. 317-322, 10.18539/cast.v9i4.649
O. Jolliet, B.J. Bailey, "The effect of climate on tomato transpiration in greenhouses: measurements and models comparison", Agric. For. Meteorol., 58 (1992), pp. 43-62
Leaf-air Vapor Pressure Difference (LVPD)
J. Bazrafshan, S. Hejabi, J. Rahimi, "Drought monitoring using the multivariate standardized precipitation index (MSPI)", Water Resour. Manage., 28 (4) (2014), pp. 1045-1060
Multivariate Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI) was first introduced by Bazrafshan et al. (2014) as a combined index. Integrating this index with SPI time windows can indicate the severity and weakness of several types of drought. The basis for integrating SPI time windows into MSPI is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). So far, this index has been calculated for time windows of 3–6, 6–12, 3–12, 12–24, 24–48 months and 1–12 months and it has been evaluated favorably for Iran's climates.
Multivariate Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI)
Transformation for Temperature by Frequency of temperatures above 30°C
Frequency of Temperatures above 30°C (OCA)
Pálfai, I. 1991. "Az 1990 évi aszály Magyarországon". Vízügyi Közlemények, 2: 117–132.
Characterizes drought severity using precipitation, temperature and ground water conditions data. Designed primarily for Hungarian and the Carpathian Basin climate conditions (UNFCCC 2002)
G. Van der Schrier, P.D. Jones, K.R. Briffa, "The sensitivity of the PDSI to the Thornthwaite and Penman-Monteith parameterizations for potential evapotranspiration", J. Geophys. Res.: Atmosph., 116 (D3) (2011)
Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is based on the soil-water equilibrium equation, and the data needed to calculate it are precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture capacity. In this index, soil moisture storage is examined by dividing soil into two layers and it is assumed that 25 mm of rainfall water can be stored in the surface layer (Ss). The bottom layer of soil (Su) has the aqueous capacity that is dependent on soil properties and when the moisture of the surface layer is not removed, the moisture of bottom layer will not be removed. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in this index is calculated by the Penman and Thornthwaite methods. Despite the ET0 (difference) calculated from these two methods, the calculated PDSI values have only an insignificant difference so that this similarity has been proven for the whole planet
Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is an index which gives the FAO-endorsed potential evapotranspiration as calculated by the Penman-Monteith parametrization. Here reference crop evapotranspiration is a measure for potential evapotranspiration. Reference crop evaporation is defined as the rate of evaporation from an idealized grass reference crop with a fixed crop height of 0.12 m, an albedo of 0.23, and a surface resistance of 70 s m−1. In terms of of its evaporation rate, such a crop closely resembles the reference crop of an extensive surface of short green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground, and not short of water.
The equation used for estimating the reference crop evaporation is based on the Penman-Monteith approach;
Plant High Heat Stress (PHHS), the number of days with daily maximum temperature above a threshold, identifies the high risk of heat stress and the associated yield decline.
Plant Heat Stress (PHS), the number of days with daily maximum temperature above a threshold, identifies the risk of heat stress and the associated yield decline. Various thresholds can be used for specific plants or crops; for example, a threshold of 29◦C corresponds to maize, a major US crop [6], or different thresholds for other crops (i.e. 30◦C for soybeans or 32◦C for cotton).
Daily Mean Sea Level Pressure (PP) refers to whenever sea level pressure data, which is available at 00, 06, 12 and/or 18 UT, daily mean sea level pressure is calculated as the average of the available values.
Karl, T.R., N. Nicholls, and A. Ghazi, 1999: "CLIVAR/GCOS/WMO workshop on indices and indicators for climate extremes: Workshop summary". Climatic Change, 42, 3-7.
Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001". WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Annual Total Precipitation on Wet Days (PRCPTOT) refers to the daily precipitation
Annual Total Precipitation on Wet Days (PRCPTOT)
Let RRij be the daily pre If i represents the number of days in j, then: PRCPTOTj = Sum(RRij), i = 1....I
Transformation for Precipitation by Highest 3 Day Precipitation Amount (PX3d)
Highest 3 Day Precipitation Amount (PX3d)
Precipitation during the Growing Season (Pgs)
Cumulated Precipitation for Month (Pmonth)
Number of Days Precipitation >= user defined threshold
Number of Days Precipitation >= threshold (Prep)
No. of days with precipitation ≥ 10 mm/day
Annual count of days when PRCP ≥10mm (R10mm) is the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where RRij ≥ 10mm
Annual count of days when PRCP ≥10mm (R10mm)
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: RRij ≥ 10 mm
Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors, "Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001", WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
Annual count of days when PRCP ≥20mm (R20mm) is the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where RRij ≥ 20mm
Annual count of days when PRCP ≥20mm (R20mm)
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where RRij ≥ 20mm
The maximum 5-day precipitation total (R5D) is the indicator of flood-producing events and shows a general increase throughout large areas of the globe.
Days with RR > 75th percentile of daily amounts (moderate wet days) (days)
Days with RR > 75th percentile of daily amounts (R75p)
Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn75 be the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: RRwj > RRwn75
Precipitation fraction due to moderate wet days (R75pTOT) refers to the sum of daily precipitation amount for period.
Precipitation fraction due to moderate wet days (R75pTOT)
Let RRj be the sum of daily precipitation amount for period j and let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and RRwn75 the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then R75pT OTj is determined as: R75pTOTj = 100 × Sum(RRwj)/RRj in which w=1...PW , where RRwj > RRwn75
Annual total PRCP when RR > 95th percentile (R95p) is the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) in period i and let RRwn95 be the 95th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period.
Annual total PRCP when RR > 95th percentile (R95p)
Let RRj be the sum of daily precipitation amount for period j and let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and RRwn95 the 95th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then R95pT OTj is determined as: R95pTOTj = 100 × Sum(RRwj)/RRj, in which w=1...PW, where RRwj > RRwn95
Precipitation fraction due to very wet days (> 95th percentile) (%)
Precipitation fraction due to very wet days (R95pTOT)
Annual total PRCP when RR > 99th percentile (R99p) is the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) in period i and let RRwn99 be the 99th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period.
Annual total PRCP when RR > 99th percentile (R99p)
Wanders, N., van Lanen, H. A. J., and van Loon, A. F. 2010. "Indicators for drought characterization on a global scale". Technical Report No. 24.
Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) refers to the average precipitation over weekly, monthly, or annual time periods to characterize relative drought. Re lative drought is then ranked with respect to the 10 most severe droughts in the long-term record, based on which the drought is then assigned a magnitude
Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of the actual water vapour pressure to the saturation water vapour pressure at the prevailing temperature. For example – if a cubic metre can hold 100ml of water at 20 degrees centigrade (273 K) and it does contain 100ml then it is said to be 100% RH.
Daily Precipitation Amount (RR) refers to whenever synoptical 12-hourly precipitation data, which is available at 06 and 18 UT, daily precipitation is calculated as the sum of RR of 18UT of the current day and RR of 6 UT of the next day.
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount for day i of period j. Then sum values are give by: RRj = Sum(RRij) in which i=1...I
Wet Days (RR1) refers to wet days with RR ≥ 1 mm (days)
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: RRij ≥ 1 mm
Hatfield, Jerry L., and Christian Dold. "Photosynthesis in the solar corridor system." The Solar Corridor Crop System. Academic Press, 2019. 1-33.
J.W. Warren-Wilson, "Ecological data on dry-matter production by plants and plant communities", E.F. Bradley, O.T. Denmead (Eds.), The Collection and Processing of Field Data, Interscience Publishers, New York (1967), pp. 77-123
Radiation use efficiency (RUE) is the relationship between the accumulation of biomass relative to the light intercepted by the crop.
Annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm (Rnnmm) refers to annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm, nn is a user defined threshold.
Annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm (Rnnmm)
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where: RRij ≥ nnmm
Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day)
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. The maximum 1-day value for period j are Rx1dayj = max (RRij)
Let RRkj be the precipitation amount for the 5-day interval ending k, period j. Then maximum 5-day values for period j are Rx5dayj = max (RRkj)
Monthly Maximum Consecutive 5-day Precipitation (Rx5day)
Let SDij be the daily snow depth at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given.
Let SDij be the daily snow depth at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: SDj = Sum(SDij / I), in which i = 1 ... to I
Let SDij be the daily snow depth for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: SDij ≥ 1 cm
Let SDij be the daily snow depth for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: SDij ≥ 50 cm
Let SDij be the daily snow depth for day i of period j. Then counted is the number of days where: SDij ≥ 5 cm
Shannon Diversity Index (SDI) is divided by the maximum diversity. Diversity indices are statistics used to summarize the diversity of a population in which each member belongs to a unique group. For example, in ecology the groups are typically species. In ecology, species richness refers to number of species and species eveness refers to homogeneity of the species. That is, the more equal the proportions for each of the groups, the more homogeneous, or even, they are. Different fields of application may use different terminology for these concepts.
Shannon diversity index (SDI) = [−Σpi ln(pi)]/ln(n); where pi = Rain/PPT (daily rainfall relative to total rainfall in a given time; n = total number of days.
The Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is defined as the mean daily intensity for events greater than or equal to 1mm per day
Simple Precipitation Intensity Index (SDII)
Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount for wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) of period j. Then the mean precipitation amount of wet days is given by: SDIIj = Sum(RRwj) / W in which w=1 ... PW
Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J., 1993. "The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales". In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology (Vol. 17, No. 22, pp. 179–183). Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.
Svoboda, M., Fuchs, B.A., 2016, "Handbook of Drought Indicators and Indices". World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Global Water Partnership (GWP), Integrated Drought Management Programme (IDMP), Integrated Drought Management Tools and Guidelines Series 2. Geneva, Switzerland.
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was first introduced by McKee et al. (1993) to monitor drought in the state of Colorado and highlighted by the WMO, as a starting point for meteorological drought monitoring (Svoboda and Fuchs, 2016). This index only needs monthly rainfall to calculate.
Guttman, N. B. 1999, J. Amer. "Water Resources Assoc"., 35, 311
3-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi3) is a probability index based on precipitation. It is designed to be a spatially invariant indicator of drought. SPI3 refers to precipiation in the previous 3-month period (+ indicates wet; - indices dry).
3-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi3)
6-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi6) is a probability index based on precipitation. It is designed to be a spatially invariant indicator of drought. SPI6 refers to precipiation in the previous 6-month period (+ indicates wet; - indices dry).
6-Month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPi6)
Shortwave radiation (SRAD) is a radiant energy produced by the sun with wavelengths ranging from infrared through visible to ultraviolet. Shortwave radiation is therefore exclusively associated with daylight hours for a particular location on the Earth's surface.
Transformation for Solar radiation by Tier 3
Daily Sunshine Duration (SS) refers to whenever synoptical sunshine duration, which is available (in minutes) at 00, 06, 12 and/or 18 UT, daily sunshine duration is calculated as the summation of the available values.
Let SSij be the daily sunshine duration for day i of period j. Then sum values are given by: SSj = Sum (SSij), in which i = 1...I
Daily Hours of Sunshine (SSH) refers to the number of hours of sunshine per day
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is defined as the skin temperature of the ocean surface water.
Sunshine Duration Fraction with Respect to Daylength (SSp)
Let SSij be the daily sunshine duration amount for day i of period j and SSij the maximum daylight hours for day i of period j. Sum values in period j are given by: SSj = Sum(SSij) in which i=1...I and SSmaxj = Sum(SSmaxij) in which i=1...I
Percentage of maximum time possible of sunshine
Annual count of days when TX (daily maximum temperature) > 25°C. Let TXij be daily minimum temperature on day i in year j.
Count the number of days where TXij > 25 °C.
Transformation for Temperature by Minimum temperature at 10 cm above field level.
Minimum Temperature at 10 cm above Field Level (T10min)
Total Cooling Degree Days (TCD) is a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to cool buildings. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is above 65o Fahrenheit (18o Celsius).
Transformation for Temperature by Temperature condition index (TCI)
Transformation for Temperature by Cumulated Degree Days during frost period
Cumulated Degree Days during frost period (TDD)
Mean of Daily Mean Temperature (TG) refers to the average daily temperature, which is calculated as TG=(TX+TN)/2. This combines the TX reading of 18 UT and that of TN of 6 UT of the current day.
TG = the middle of lowest and highest temperature recorded in day j
Days with TG < 10th percentile of daily mean temperature (cold days) (days)
Days with TG < 10th Percentile of Daily Mean Temperature (TG10p)
Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let T Gin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: T Gij < T Gin10
Transformation for Temperature by Moving average of daily mean temperature during 5days
Moving Average of Daily Mean Temperature During 5 Days (TMM5)
Transformation for Temperature by Weighted moving average of daily mean Temperature during 5 days
Weighted Moving Average of Daily Mean Temperature During 5 Days (TMMp5)
In the synoptical report of 06 UT, the daily minimum temperature is given for that day. This daily minimum temperature is the lowest temperature recorded between 18 UT (previous day) and 06 UT (according to WMO specifications).
This daily minimum temperature is the lowest temperature recorded between 18 UT (previous day) and 06 UT (according to WMO specifications)..
Let TNij be the minimum temperature at day i of period j. Then mean values in period j are given by: TNj = SUM(TNij) / I in which i = 1...I
TNj = the lowest temperature recorded in day j
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where: TNij < TNin10. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap procedure.
Percentage of days when TN < 10th percentile (TN10p)
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature at day i of period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TNij < TNin10
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where TNij > TNin90. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap processure.
Percentage of days when TN > 90th percentile (TN90p)
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature at day i of period j and let TNin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TNij > TNin90
Let TNn be the daily minimum temperatures in month k, period j. The minimum daily minimum temperature each month is then TNnkj=min(TNnkj)
Monthly Minimum Value of Daily Minimum Temperature (TNn)
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i of period j. Then the minimum daily minimum temperature for period j is: TNnj = min(TNij )
Let TNx be the daily minimum temperatures in month k, period j. The maximum daily minimum temperature each month is then TNxkj = max(TNxkj).
Monthly Maximum Value of Daily Minimum Temperature (TNx)
Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i of period j. Then the maximum daily minimum temperature for period j is: TNxj = max(TNij )
Number of Tropical Nights (TR) refers to annual count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) > 20 °C. Let TNij be daily minimum temperature on day i in year j.
Count the number of days where TNij > 20 °C.
10ptile Diurnal Temperature Range (TRQ10) refers to 10ptile of daily TX-TN values
10ptile Diurnal Temperature Range (TRQ10)
In the synoptical report of 18 UT, the daily maximum temperature is given for that day. This daily maximum temperature is the highest temperature recorded between 06 UT and 18 UT (according to WMO specifications).
Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where TXij < TXin10. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap processure.
Percentage of days when TX < 10th percentile (TX10p)
Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. The percentage of time for the base period is determined where TXij > TXin90. To avoid possible inhomogeneity across the in-base and out-base periods, the calculation for the base period (1961-1990) requires the use of a bootstrap processure.
Percentage of days when TX > 90th percentile (TX90p)
Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature at day i of period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TXij > TXin90
This daily maximum temperature is the highest temperature recorded between 18 UT (previous day) and 06 UT (according to WMO specifications)..
TXj = the highest temperature recorded in day j
Let TXn be the daily maximum temperatures in month k, period j. The minimum daily maximum temperature each month is then TXnkj = min(TXnkj)
Monthly Minimum Value of Daily Maximum Temperature (TXn)
Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i of period j. Then the minimum daily maximum temperature for period j is: TXnj = min(TXij)
Let TXx be the daily maximum temperatures in month k, period j. The maximum daily maximum temperature each month is then TXxkj = max(TXxkj).
Monthly Maximum Value of Daily Maximum Temperature (TXx)
Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i of period j. Then the maximum daily maximum temperature for period j is: TXxj = max(TXij)
Transformation for Temperature by Citrus ontology development based on the eight-point charter of agriculture
Transformation for Temperature by Frost temperature threshold
P.S. Maya Gopal, R. Bhargavi, "A novel approach for efficient crop yield prediction", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 165, October 2019, 104968, Elsevier B.V.
Transformation for Temperature by Maximum temperature for day j
Transformation for Temperature by Average temperature for day j
Transformation for Temperature by Minimum temperature for day j .
Transformation for Temperature by Average temperature for month
Number of Days Tmin ≥ user defined threshold
Number of Days Tmin <= user defined threshold
An index based on daily temperature range (t min to t max) calculated from the planting date.
Transformation for Temperature by Tier 5
Number of Days Tmax ≥ user defined threshold
Number of Days Tmax <= user defined threshold
The assessment of the thermophysiological effects of the atmospheric environment is one of the key issues in human biometeorology. To quantify these effect, the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is developed in COST action 730. Input to the UTCI are mean radiant temperature, air temperature, water vapour pressure and windspeed. The algorithm for the mean radiant temperature is the one given by Fanger (1970). Documentation for the mean radiant temperature and the UTCI is available via http://www.utci.org. In ECA&D, data for daily averaged windspeed, relative humidity and sunshine duration are available which we will use as input for calculating the mean radiant temperature and the UTCI. For this purpose, sunshine duration is related to an estimate of direct solar radiation (which is required as input to the mean radiant temperature) and relative humidity is related to water vapour pressure using values of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The algorithms used for these conversions are documented elsewhere Allen et al. (1994b,a); Duffie & Beckman (1991). Since the UTCI relates to human activity, we use the daily maximum temperature as the air temperature since we can expect outdoor human activity to occur during the day time. In the mean radiant temperature, the projected area factor fg is included which is related to the angle of the sun. Again since outdoor activity is in the day time, we take the average of fg over the period 10:00h to 20:00h.
Mean of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)
Vapor Pressure (VP) or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.
Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated. Once air becomes saturated, water will condense out to form clouds, dew or films of water over leaves. It is this last instance that makes VPD important for greenhouse regulation. If a film of water forms on a plant leaf, it becomes far more susceptible to rot. On the other hand, as the VPD increases, the plant needs to draw more water from its roots. In the case of cuttings, the plant may dry out and die.
Days with TG > 75th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR < 25th percentile of daily precipitation sum (warm/dry days)
Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin75 be the calendar day 75th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn25 be the 25th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TGij > TGin75 and RRwj < RRwn25
Wind Direction at 12 UT (WDD) refers to whenever synoptical wind direction data, which is available (in degrees) at 12 UT, that value is taken as the wind direction.
Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) refers to annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX > 90th percentile
Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centred on a 5-day window for the base period 1961-1990. Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days, TXij > TXin90.
Days with TG > 75th percentile of daily mean temperature and RR >75th percentile of daily precipitation sum (warm/wet days)
Let TGij be the daily mean temperature at day i of period j and let TGin75 be the calendar day 75th percentile calculated for a 5-day window centred on each calendar day in the 1961–1990 period. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount at wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0 mm) of period j and let RRwn75 be the 75th percentile of precipitation at wet days in the 1961–1990 period. Then counted is the number of days where: TGij > TGin75 and RRwj > RRwn75
Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research", New India Publishing, 2008.
Agronomic Efficiency (AE) is calculated in units of yield increase per unit of nutrient applied. It more closely reflects the direct production impact of an applied fertilizer and relates directly to economic return.
AE = ( Y1 - Y2) / Nu where, Y1 : Grain yield in fertilized plot (kg ha-1) Y2 : Grain yield in unfertilized plot (kg ha-1) Nu : Quanlity of nutrient applied
Absolute Frequency (AF) is the ratio between the number of quadrats in which a given species occurs and total number of quadrats used.
AF = 100 * [ The number of quadrats in which a given species occurs ] / [ Total number of quadrats used ]
AI = (No. of rainy dáy x Mean precipitation day) / (Mean temperature + 10) x 100
Aridity Index (AI) is a measure of dryness of a region.
Apparent Recovery (AR) is also known as recovery fraction and indicates the percentage of nutrien absorbed from externally applied fertilizer nutrient source. It is expressed in kg of nutrient uptake/kg of nutrient applied.
AR = ( Yt - Yo) / Nt where, Yt : Uptake of nutrient in particular treatment Yo : Uptake of nutrient in unfertilizer plot Nt : Quantity of Nutrient applied for the treatment
Richards, L.A.; Wadleigh, C.H. (1952). "Soil water and plant growth". In B.T. Shaw (ed.). Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth. American Society of Agronomy Series Monographs, Volume II. New York: Academic Press. pp. 74–251.
Available Water-holding Capacity (AWC) is a key attribute, as it quantifies the amount of water available for plants that the soil can hold. The AWC is defined as the amount of water held by the soil between field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP)
Biological Yield (BY) = Grain Yield (GY) + Straw Yield (SY)
Biological Yield (BY) refers to the total dry matter accumulation of a plant system.
Canopy Cover (CC) is defined as the fraction of ground covered by the vertically projected crown envelopes.
CC = Segmentation(Plant) / (Segmentation(Plant) + Segmentation(Soil)
Crop Growth Rate (CGR) is measured as mass increase in crop biomass per unit ground area per unit time. It simply indicates the change in dry weight over a period' of time.
CGR = (W2-W1) / (P * (t2 - t1)) where, P = Ground area, W1 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t1, W2 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t2, t1 and t2 were the interval of time, respectively and it is expressed in g/m2/day.
Crop Lower Limit (CLL) refers to the amount of water remaining after a particular crop has extracted all the water available to it from the soil.
Consumptive Use Efficiency (CUE) is the percentage ratio of the amount of water consumptively used by the crop to the amount of the water stored in the root zone.
Cao, Xinchun, Jie Ren, Mengyang Wu, Xiangping Guo, Zhenchang Wang, and Weiguang Wang. "Effective use rate of generalized water resources assessment and to improve agricultural water use efficiency evaluation index system." Ecological Indicators 86 (2018): 58-66.
Climatic Water Balance (CWB) is defined as the difference between precipitation depth and the depth of potential evapotranspiration at a given site during a certain time period.
R.D. Jackson, S.B. Idso, R.J. Reginato, P.J. Pinter Jr, "Canopy temperature as a drought stress indicator", Water Resour. Res., 13 (1981), pp. 651-656
Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) requires an estimate of canopy temperature under non-water stressed conditions (Tnws)
CWSI = (Tcanopy - Tnws) / (Tdry - Tnws) where Tcanopy is the measured temperature of the vine canopy, and Tdry and Tnws are the upper and lower canopy temperature thresholds when transpiration is completely limited or non-restricted, respectively.
ChC = ((20.3 R645 + 8.04 R663) x V) / (W x 1000) where Rw is the absorbance of the extract solution at waveban w, V (ml) is the volume of the extract solution, and W (g) is the leaf fresh weight
Chlorophyll density (ChD, g m−2) is the product of leaf fresh weight per unit ground area and leaf chlorophyll concentration.
ChD = ChC x LFW where ChC: Chlorophyll concentration LFW: Leaf fresh weight
Li, G. B., Zeng, S. M., & Li, Z. Q. (1989). "Integrated Management of Wheat Pests" . Beijing: Press of Agriculture Science and Technology of China (in Chinese), (pp. 185–186).
Disease Index (DI) was based on the total number of leaves of each degree of disease severity and n is the highest degree of disease severity observed.
Dry Matter Content (DMC) refers to a measure of dry matter concentration in plants and their parts, such as leaves, stems, roots and entire plants in relation to dry matter concentration (D, dry mass per volume of plant organ)
Dry Matter Efficiency (DME) is the relative between dry matter grain yield and straw yield.
DME = GrainYield / (GrainYield + StrawYield) + 100 / DurationOfCrop.
Drained Upper Limit (DUL) or field capacity refers to the amount of water a soil can hold against gravity.
Effective Canopy Transmittance (ECT) is defined as the number of measurement points recorded in a gap within a tree crown divided by the total number of measurement points under a tree crown measured in the plot. ECT could only be obtained with the Cajanus tube in this study. If tree crowns do not overlap, this corresponds to single crown transmittance.
Economic Irrigation Efficiency (EIE) is the ratio of the actual income attained with operating irrigation system, compared with income expected under ideal condition. This parameter is a measure of overall efficiency, because it relates the final return to input cost.
Economic Nutrient Use Efficiency (ENUE) is calculated in terms of economic produce grain or seed yield per rupee invested per hectare on particular nutrient fertilizer.
ENUE = Y / Nuf where, Y : Grain yield Nuf : Amount invested on particular nutrient fertilizer (Rs.ha-1)
Effective Rainfall Use Efficiency (ERUE) is defined as the ratio between the grain yield per unit area and the effective rainfall received during cropping yield
Effective Rainfall Use Efficiency (ERUE)
Narasimhan, B., and R. Srinivasan. "Development and evaluation of Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) and Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) for agricultural drought monitoring." Agricultural and forest meteorology 133.1-4 (2005): 69-88.
Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) were developed based on weekly evapotranspiration deficit.
Devasenapathy, P. \"Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Evapotranspiration Use Efficiency (ETUE) is the ratio between the economic output (grain yield) and total evopotransporation during cropping period.
Evapotranspiration Use Efficiency (ETUE)
ETUE = GrainYield / TotalEvapotranspiration
Bowyer P, Danson FM (2004), "Sensitivity of spectral reflectance to variation in live fuel moisture content at leaf and canopy level." Remote Sensing of Environment 92:297-308.
Equivalent Water Thickness (EWT) is an index for measurement of (leaf) water content.
EWT= (FW - DW) / A where FM is leaf fresh biomass, DW is leaf dry biomass, and A is area
Ecologically Weighted Water Withdrawal Index (EWWWI)
Zhang J, Xu Y, Yao F, Wang P, Guo W, Li L, Yang L (2010), "Advances in estimation methods of vegetation water content based on optical remote sensing techniques." Science China Technological Sciences 53:1159-1167.
FMC (%) = 100 x (FW -DW) / FW (or DW) where, FW is the leaf fresh mass, and DW is the leaf dry mass.
Full Moisture Content (FMC) is the ratio of leaf water mass to either dry or wet mass of leaf.
FR = (Fn2 - Fn1) / (t2 - t1) where, Fn2 and Fn1 are number of flowers at times t1 and t2 respectively.
Flowering Rate (FR) indicates sunchronous flowering.
Gross Cropped Area (GCA) refers to total area planted to crops during all growing seasons of the year.
Gross Irrigated Area (GIA) rế to the total area under crops that have received irrigation during all the growing seasons of the year
Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR) is the net irrigation requirement plus losses in water applocation and other losses means seepage, non-uniform distribution over the field, percolation below the root zone and wastage due to surface runoff etc. It is the total amount of water applied through irrigation.
GIR = (NIR / FES) where, NIR : Net irrigation requirement FES : Field effeciency system
Blake, G. R., & Hartge, K. H. (1986). "Bulk Density. Methods of Soil Analysis—Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods", 363–75. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America.
GSM = 100 x (FressBiomass - Drybiomass) / Drybiomass
Herrbicide Efficiency Index (HEI) indicated the weed killing potential of different herbicide treatments and their phytotocicity on the crop.
HEI = 100 * ( (Yt-Yc) / Yc ) / (DMT / DMC) where, Yc : Yield from control plot Yt : Yield from treatment plot DMC : Weed dry matter in control plot DMT : Weed dry matter in treatment plot
Harvest index (HI) is the ratio of grain to total shoot dry matter and is as a measure of reproductive efficiency. HI is determined by interactions between genotypes (G), environment (E), and crop management (M).
HUE = DM / GDD where, DM : Dry matter productiuon GDD: Growing degree days
Heat Use Efficiency (HUE) is the amount of dry matter produced per unit of thermal time or gropwing degree day (GDD)
Irrigation Interval (II) refers to the number of days between two irrigations in the period of the highest consumptive use of the crop grown without rainfall. It depends on available soil moisture and evapotraspiration. Irrigation is usually started for most crops when 50% of the available soil moisture is depleted.
II = ( Mfc - Mbi ) / Pcu where, Mfc : Moisture content at field capacity of the soil in the effective root zone (cm) Mbi : Moisture content of the same root zone at the time at before irrigation (cm) Pcu : Peak period moisture use rate of the crop (cm)
Irrigation Period (IP) iss the number of days that can be allowed for applying the irrigation to a given design area during the peak consumptive use period of the crop being irrigated. It is important to design the irrigation system so that the irrigation period is not greater than the irrigation interval.
IP = In / ETpeak wherem In : Net amount opf moisture (cm) in the design moisture extraction depth of soil between starting of irrigation and lower limit of moisture depletion. ETpeak: Peak period water use rate of the crop (cm)
Inter-Crop-cum Weed Control Effeciency Index (IWEI)
Muniz, Daphne HF, et al. "Proposal of an irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for regional use in the Federal District, Brazil." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192.9 (2020): 1-15.
Leaf Area Duration (LAD) iss a measure of ability to produce leaf area on unit area of land throughout life.
LAD = (L1 + L2) / 2 x (t2 - t1) where, L1 and L2 arre LAI at t1 stage and t2 stage respectively, t2 - t1 is the time interval in days.
Boegh, E., H. Soegaard, N. Broge, C. Hasager, N. Jensen, K. Schelde, and A. Thomsen. "Airborne Multi-spectral Data for Quantifying Leaf Area Index, Nitrogen Concentration and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Agriculture." Remote Sensing of Environment 81, no. 2-3 (2002): 179-193.
Leaf Area Index (LAI) is defined as the total one-sided leaf area per ground surfacearea. This index is used to estimate foliage cover and to forecast crop growth and yield. It is a measure of the canopy photosynthetic area. LAI is often usedas an indicator of growth stage and crop biomass. LAI measurements have also440been demonstrated to show correlations with canopy micro-climate and evap-otranspiration traits. .
LAI = (3.618 * EVI - 0.118) Where EVI is the Enhanced Vegetation Index value.
Leaf Wetness Duration (LWD) refers to duration of wet leaf per day.
Moisture Availability Index (MAI) is the ratio between rainfall (weekly / monthly) at 50% probability level and potential evapotransporation (PET) of the corresponding period.
MAI = Rainfall (at 50% probability) / PET
Multiple Cropping Index (MCI) measures the sum of areas planted to different crops and harveted in a single year divided by the total cultivated area times 100.
MCI = 100 * Sum(ai) / A, which i = 1...n where, n : Total number of crops ai : Area occupied by the ith crop plant and harvested within one year A : Total cultivated land area
Moisture Deficit Index (MDI) is used to estimate the dryness of a region.
MDI = (P - PET) / PET x 100 where, P : Precipitation PET : Potential Evapotraspiration
Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) is the net gain in total dry matter per unit leaf area per unit time.
NAR = [(W2 - W1) * (LogL2 - LogL1)] / [(t2 - t1) * (L1 - L2) ] where, L1 and L2 are total leaf area at time t1 and t2 respectively. W1 and W2 are total dry weight time t1 and t2 respectively.
Nutrient Efficiency Ratio (NER) describes the quantity of total biomass obtained for each unit of nutrient utilized.
NER = TotalBiomass / QuantityOfUtilizedNutrient
Nutrient Harvest Index (NHI) is defined as the ration between the nutrient uptake under economic yield and biological yield. In indicates the quantity of nutrient taken by the economic produce to the total crop uptake.
NHI = NUe / NUb x 100 where, Nue : Nutrient Uptake (in economic yield) Nub : Nutrient Uptake (in biological yield)
Net Irrigated Area (NIA) refers to the total geographic area which has received irrigation throughout the year.
Nutrient Incremental Efficiency (NIE) denotes the percentage of increment in grain yield over the subsequent levels of nutrient.
NIE = (Y2 - Y1) / Y1 x 100 where, Y1 and Y2 : Grain yield in L1 and L2 plot, L2 and L1 : are two subsequent levels of particular nutrient (kg ha-1)
Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) is the depth of irrigation water, exclusive of effective rainfall during the crop period, antecedent or carry over moisture, ground water contribution, which is required consumptively for crop production. It is the amount of irrigation water required to bring the soil moisture in the effective root zone depth to field capacity. It is the difference between field capacity and the soil moisture content in the root zone before starting irrigation.
NIR = ((Mfc-Mbi)/100 ) * D * Db where, Mfc : Moisture content at field capacity (%) Mbi : Moisture content at before irrigation (%) Db : Bulk density of the soil (g/cm3) D : Depth of soil (cm)
Nutrient Productivity (NP) is the amount off biomass producted by the crop per unit of time.
NP = (By / Nu) / t where, By : Total biomass yield Nu : Total crop N uptake t : Total duration of crop in days
Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. It can be greatly impacted by fertilizer management as well as by soil- and plant-water management. The objective of nutrient use is to increase the overall performance of cropping systems by providing economically optimum nourishment to the crop while minimizing nutrient losses from the field.
NUE = GY / FeNut where, GY : Grain yield (kg ha-1) FeNut : Quantity Of Fertilizer nutrient applied (kg ha-1)
Operational Efficiency (OE) is the ratio of the actual project efficiency compared with the operational efficiency of an ideally designed and managed system using the same irrigation methods and facilities. Low operational efficciency indicates management or system design problems or both.
Duncan, Maurice; Davoren, Anthony; Carrick, Sam; Ellery, Glenn; Stevenson, Peter; Stewart, Doug (June 2013). Soil Water Measurement: Measurement, Processing and Archiving of Soil Water Content Data (PDF) (Report). 1.0. National Environmental Monitoring Standards. p. ii.
Profile Available Water (PAW) refers to the total available water for the soil profile to a depth of 0.9 m, or to the potential rooting depth (whichever is the lesser).
Plant Available Water Capacity (PAWC) of the soil is defined as the water content between field capacity and wilting point, and has wide practical application in planning the land use. PAWC is also refered to the amount of water they can store and release to different crops.
Physiological Efficiency (PE) indicates efficiency of utilization i.e., kg of grain per kg of absorbed nutrient computed as follows. It is expressed in kg of grain / kg of nutrient uptake.
PE = ( Y1 - Y2) / (Nu1 - Nu2) where, Y1 : Grain yield in fertilized plot (kg ha-1) Y2 : Grain yield in unfertilized plot (kg ha-1) Nu1 : Nutrient uptake in fertilizer plot Nu2 : Nutrient uptake in unfertilizer plot
Panicle Emergence Rate (PER) indicates the rate at which panicle emerges from the leaf sheath. As panicle emerges due to the force of internodal elongation, thiss parametewr is helpful in moisture stress studies.
PER = (PI2 - PI1) / (t2 - t1) where, PI1 and PI2 are length of emerged panicle at times t1 and t2 respectively.
Partial Production Efficiency (PPE) is calculated fro the treatment plot by the particular level of input compared to the treatment plot by the preceding level of input.
PPE = (Yn - Yn-1) / (Nn - Nn-1) x 100 where, Yn : Yield of the treatment corresponding to nutrient level Yn-1 : Yield of the treatment corresponding to preceding nutrient level Nn : Nutrient supplied to the treatment at nutrient level Nn-1: Nutrient supplied to the treatment at preceding nutrient level
Relative Frequency (BF) is the ratio between the absolute frequency for a specie and total of the absolute frequencies for all species.
RF = 100 * [ Absolute frequence for a spice ] / [ Toal of the absolute frequencies for all species ]
Relative growth rate (RGR) measures the increase in dry matter with a given amount of assimilatory material at a given point of time.
RGR = (InWW2 - InWW1) / (t2 - t1) where, In = Natural log, W1 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t1, W2 = Dry weight of plant/m2 recorded at time t2, t1 and t2 were the interval of time, respectively and is expressed as g/g/day
Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\\\\\\\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Relative Humidity Disparity (RHD) is the relative humidity difference between the morning and evening values in a cropping period.
RHD = (MorningRH - EveningRH) / MorningRH x 100
Relative Soil Moisture (RSM) is calculated the water balance from various methods. Takes climate, soil, and crop variables including potential ET and precipitation; soil physical properties; and crop characteristics and crop management practices.
Relative Turgidity (RT) expresses the ration of turgidity of leaf tissue at a particular stage to that of when it is fully turgid.
RT = (FreshLeafWeight - DryLeafWeight) / (FullyTurgidLeafWeight - DryLeafWeight)
Devasenapathy, P. "Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\\\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Relative Temperature Disparity (RTD) is a linear orr direct relationship between temperature and growth of the plans. The temperature differences between the maximum and minimum measured at 2 to 3p,m and 4 to 5:30am in a day respectively are considered as very important because all the enzymes activity of any living organism are controlled by temperature variation.
Rainfall Use Efficiency (RUE) is defined as the ratio between the grain yield per unit area and the rainfall received during cropping yield.
Schonfeld, M. A., Johnson, R. C., Carver, B. F., & Mornhinweg, D. W. (1988). "Water relations in winter wheat as drought resistance indicators." Crop Science, 28(3), 526.
RWC = 100 x (InitialFreshBiomass - Drymass) / (FullTurgid Biomass - Drymass)
Connor, David J., Robert S. Loomis, and Kenneth G. Cassman. Crop ecology: productivity and management in agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Stress Day Index (SDI) was proposed by Hiler et al. (1974) for scheduling irrigation when water resources are limited. The SDI concept provides a quantitative means for determining the stress inposed on a crop during its growing season. The SDI is determined from the stress day factor (SDi) and a crop susceptibility factor (Csi). The SDi is a measure of the defree and duration of plant or soil wayet deficit. The Csi indicate the magnitude of yield reduction due to given stress at a given stage when compared with the crop without any stress. The Csi depends on the species and stage of developemnt of the given crop. SDI is studied to delineate the critical stage of the crop growth period. SDI concept of scheduling of irrigation reveals the extent of yield reduction due to imposed stress at any stage of the crop growth.
SDI = Sum(Csi * SDi) which i = (1...n) where, Csi : coefficient of drought susceptibility computed as Csi = 100 * (X - Xi) / X where, X: Yield from non-stress treatment, Xi : Yield from moisture stress treatment SDi : Stress day factor indication the extent of given stress SDi = Sum(1.0 - ETactual / ETpot) which j = 1..N where, ETactual : Actual Evapotranspiration for jth day in the growing period, ETpot : Potential Evapotranspiration for jth day in the growing period, N : Number of days in the growing period.
Specific Leaf Weight (SLW) is a way to measured leaf thickness indirectly by finding out the dry weight of leaf per unit area and the values are expressed in mg/cm2. It shows the efficiency of leaves to utilize the applied fertilizer for a greater yield as higher values are obtained from thicker leaves, which will have higher net CO2 exchange, and this will natuirally give a higher grain yield.
Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) was computed at four different levels, using soil water available in the entire soil profile, then soil water available at the top 2 ft. (SMDI-2), 4 ft. (SMDI-4), and 6 ft. (SMDI-6).
Soil Water Content (SWC) is a measure of the amount of water (volume or mass) contained in a unit volume or mass of soil. If the measure is the volume of water per unit volume of soil, the water content is called the 'volume wetness.'
Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) defines the degree of saturation corresponding to a particular suction in a soil, it is widely used to estimate unsaturated soil properties.
Total Available Water (TAW) refers to the amount of water that a well-drained soil should hold against gravitational forces, or the amount of water remaining when downward drainage has markedly decreased.
Devasenapathy, P. \\\"Efficiency indices for agriculture management research\\\", New India Publishing, 2008.
Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI) is the ration between actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration.
TMI = AE / PET x 100 where, AE : Percent probability of actual evaporation PET : Potential Evapotranspiration
Total Nitrogen (TN) is the sum of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and organically bonded nitrogen.
Total porosity (TP) is the total void space and as such includes isolated pores and the space occupied by clay-bound water. It is the porosity measured by core analysis techniques that involve disaggregating the sample. Total porosity was also estimated from bulk density values.
Total porosity was estimated from bulk density values by the formula: TP = (1 - pb/ps) x 100 Where, TP = total porosity, ρb = bulk density and ρs = particle density (2.65 g cm−3).
Total Rainfall Use Efficiency (TRUE) is the ratio between the economic output (grain yield) per unit and total rainfall received during cropping period.
Total rainfall use efficiency by using the following formula and expressed as kg ha-1 mm-1: TRUE = GrainYield / TotalRainfall
Vegetation Crop Area (VCA) is defined as the percentage of the total groundarea covered by the vertical projection of the crop. In other words, it is thepercent of the soil surface covered by plant foliage. It is sometimes referred to as Crop Canopy Cover (CC).
D. Long, F.T. Ulaby, "Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive", The University of Michigan Press (2014)
Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD) is a parameter accounting for the attenuation of microwave signals naturally emitted by the soil as they pass through the vegetation canopy.
Vegetation water content (VWC) is an important variable for both agriculture and forest fire management.
Tadesse, T., and Wardlow, B. 2007. "The Vegetation Outlook (VegOut): A new ool for providing outlooks of general vegetation conditions using data mining techniques". In Seventh IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW 2007), IEEE, pp. 667–672.
Vegetation Outlook (VegOut) combines climate information and RS observations of current vegetation conditions with oceanic index data and environmental biophysical information such as land cover type, irrigation status, soils, and ecological setting to provide a future outlook of general vegetation conditions.
Water Application Efficiency (WAE) is the measure of efficiency of water application in the field. The water application efficiency may be defined as the percentage ration of the amount of water stored in the crop root zone to the amount of water delivereed to the field.
WAE = Ws / Wt x 100 where, Ws : Amount of water stored in the crop root zone soil Wt : Amount of water delivered to the field (at field supply channel)
Water Conveyance Efficiency (WCE) expresses the percentage reduction in weed population due to weed management practices over control. It is worked out by using weed population present in control and treated plots.
WCE = 100 * (WPc - WPt) / WPc where, WPc : Weed population (no./m2) in control plot WPt : Weed population (no./m2) in treatment plot
Weed Control Index (WCI) is worked by using same formula opf weed control efficiency replacing weed pipolation in terms of weed dry weight.
WCE = 100 * ( DMPc - DMPt) / DMPc where, DMPc : Weed dry matter produced per m2 in control plot DMPt : Weed dry matter produced per m2 in treatment plot
Water Distribution Efficiency (WDE) refers to ...
Water Equivalent Ratio (WER) is applied to show the difference between the practical range of the ion beam in water over the practical range of ion beam in a certain material m.
WI = 100 * ( X - Y ) / X where, X : Yield from minimun weed competition plot Y : Yield from treatment for which WI is to be worked out.
Weed Index (WI) is defined as the reduction in yield due to the presence of weeds in comparison with no weed plot. Experiuments which do not include the treatments having complete removal of weeds, the treatment indicating minimum weed competion has been used for calculating as no weed plots.
Water Limited Biomass (WLB) refers to ...
Water Limited Leaf Area Index (WLLAI) refers to ...
Water Limited Storage Organ (WLSO) refers to ...
Water Limited Transpiration (WLTR) refers to ...
Weed Management Index (WMI) is the ratio between yield increase due to weed management and proportionate control of weeds by the respective treatments.
WMI = [Percent yield over control] / [Percent control of the pest]
Weed Persistence Index (WPI) is used to indicate the resistance of weeds against various tested treatments and to confirm the effectiveness of the herbicidal efficiency of the selected treatments to kill the weeds.
WPI = (DMT * WCC) / (DMT * WCT) where, DMC : Weed dry matter in control plot DMT : Weed dry matter in treatment plot" WCC : Weed count in control plot WCT : Weed count in treatment plot"
Ochuko U, Thaddeus O, Oghenero OA, John EE. A comparative assessment of water quality index (WQI) and suitability of river Ase for domestic water supply in urban and rural communities in Southern Nigeria. Int J Human Soc Sci. 2014;4(1):234–45.
Water Quality Index (WQI) is considered as the most effective method of measuring water quality. A number of water quality parameters are included in a mathematical equation to rate water quality, determining the suitability of water for drinking.
WSE = Ws / Ww * 100 where Ws = Water stored in the root zone during the irrigation where Ww = Water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation
Water Storage Efficiency (WSE) refers to the percentage ratio of the amount of water stored in the effective root zone to the amount of water needed to make up the soil water depleted in the crop root zone prior to irrigation.
P.H. Gleick, "Basic water requirements for human activities: Meeting basic needs", Water International (IWRA), 21 (1996), pp. 83-92
Pfister, Stephan, Annette Koehler, and Stefanie Hellweg. "Assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption in LCA." Environmental science & technology 43.11 (2009): 4098-4104.
Water Stress Index (WSI) developed by Gleick (1996) is often used to assess the scarcity of a country’s renewable water supply to meet all water requirements for human needs in terms of drinking and hygienic services.
M.M. Aldaya, P. Martinez-Santos, M.R. Llamas, "Incorporating the water footprint and virtual water into policy: Reflections from the Mancha Occidental Region, Spain", Water Resources Management, 24 (5) (2010), pp. 941-958
Zhao, Shengnan, Jianyi Lin, and Shenghui Cui. "Water resource assessment based on the water footprint for Lijiang City." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 18.6 (2011): 492-497.
Water Self-Sufficiency (WSS) is used to evaluate the sustainability of water resource use in Lijiang City.
Briggs, L. J., and Shantz, H. L. (1913). "The water requirement of plants," in Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin (Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture), 282–285.
Water use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the amount of carbon assimilated as biomass or grain produced per unit of water used by the crop.
Lougheed, Vanessa L., and Patricia Chow-Fraser. "Development and use of a zooplankton index of wetland quality in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin." Ecological Applications 12.2 (2002): 474-486.
Wetland Zooplankton Index (WZI) is based on water quality and zooplankton associations with aquatic vegetation (emergent, submergent, and floating-leaf) that could be used to assess wetland quality, in particular in marshes of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin.
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, Greece to the south; and maritime borders with Greece, Montenegro and Italy to the west. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë and Shkodër.
Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in southeastern Europe. It is on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, Greece to the south; and maritime borders with Greece, Montenegro and Italy to the west. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë and Shkodër.
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is the largest country by total area in Africa, and by extension, the Arab world, and is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, with a population of 44 million, and is the ninth-most populous country in Africa. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north, on the Mediterranean coast.
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest by area in the African Union and the Arab world. With an estimated population of over 44 million, it is the ninth-most populous country in Africa.
WEN Zhi-qiang, CAI Zi-xing. "Global path planning approach based on ant colony optimization algorithm". J Cent South Univ Tech, 2006, 13(6): 707−712.
Ant Colony Clustering Algorithm (ACCA) is a type of ant colony algorithm. It is a clustering algorithm based on the behavior of dead ant accumulation. It has a robust, parallel, fuzzy clustering ability with good convergence and positive feedback.
M. Srinivas, L. M. Patnaik. "Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in Genetic Algorithm". IEEE Transactions On Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1994, 24(4): 656~667
Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA) is a solution to this calibration problem, which dynamically performs an on-line autoconfiguration of the GA-parameters
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) is a clustering (or classification) method which has the following advantages: It works from the dissimilarities between the objects to be grouped together. A type of dissimilarity can be suited to the subject studied and the nature of the data. One of the results is the dendrogram which shows the progressive grouping of the data. It is then possible to gain an idea of a suitable number of classes into which the data can be grouped. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) is an iterative classification method whose principle is simple. + The process starts by calculating the dissimilarity between the N objects. + Then two objects which when clustered together minimize a given agglomeration criterion, are clustered together thus creating a class comprising these two objects. + Then the dissimilarity between this class and the N-2 other objects is calculated using the agglomeration criterion. The two objects or classes of objects whose clustering together minimizes the agglomeration criterion are then clustered together.
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. ANNs have an input layer and output layer. Between these two layers there are other hidden layers that perform the mathematical computations that help determine the decision or action the machine should take. Ultimately, these hidden layers are in place to transform the input data into something the output unit can use. The data is processed by each hidden layer and then moves on to the next based on connections that are weighted. Think of this process as an assembly line in a factory—raw materials as the input and different stops on the conveyor belt to add an element to the product equate to the hidden layers of an ANN that processes the data until you get to the output. Based on what the machine learns about the data when processed by one layer, it determines how to move it through to the next, more senior layer based on the value it receives when evaluated. Based on the complexity of the issue at hand, it can continue to process through more senior units until delivered to the output layer.
Ding, B., Long, C., Zhang, L. and Xiao, C., 2019. "Argan: Attentive recurrent generative adversarial network for shadow detection and removal". In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (pp. 10213-10222).
Attentive Recurrent Generative Adversarial Network (ARGAN) to detect and remove shadows in an image
Attentive Recurrent Generative Adversarial Network (ARGAN)
Chawla, Sanjay. "Feature selection, association rules network and theory building." Feature Selection in Data Mining. 2010.
Pandey, G., Chawla, S., Poon, S., Arunasalam, B., Davis, J.G., 2009. "Association rules network: definition and applications Gaurav". Stat. Anal. Data Min. 1 (4), 179-260.
Association Rules Network (ARN) are built from association rules and can be used as first step to understand the interaction amongst variables in a domain. ARNs are particular suitable in settings where the data available is observational (as opposed to experimental).
Freund, Yoav; Schapire, Robert E (1997). "A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 55: 119–139.
AdaBoost is a boosting algorithm used to construct a classifier. A classifier is a data mining tool that takes data predicts the class of the data based on inputs. Boosting algorithm is an ensemble learning algorithm which runs multiple learning algorithms and combines them. AdaBoost is an ensemble learning method (also known as "meta-learning") which was initially created to increase the efficiency of classifiers. AdaBoost uses an iterative approach to learn from the mistakes of weak classifiers, and turn them into strong ones.
Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant, "Fast algorithms for mining association rules". Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB, pages 487-499, Santiago, Chile, September 1994.
Apriori algorithm works by learning association rules. Association rules are a data mining technique that is used for learning correlations between variables in a database. Once the association rules are learned, it is applied to a database containing a large number of transactions. Apriori algorithm is used for discovering interesting patterns and mutual relationships and hence is treated as an unsupervised learning approach. Thought the algorithm is highly efficient, it consumes a lot of memory, utilizes a lot of disk space and takes a lot of time.
Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) is a flexible prediction model/machine learning approach, a powerful predictive model that often outperforms alternative models at out-of-sample prediction. BART is especially well-suited to settings with unstructured predictor variables and substantial sources of unmeasured variation as is typical in the social, behavioral and health sciences.
Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART)
Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is a recently developed nature-inspired optimization algorithm, which is based on the foraging behavior of E. coli bacteria.
Binary logistic regression is used to predict the odds of being a case based on the values of the independent variables (predictors). The odds are defined as the probability that a particular outcome is a case divided by the probability that it is a noninstance.
D. Rumelhart, G. Hinton, and Williams R., "Learning representations by back-propagating errors''. Nature, vol. 323, pp. 533-536, 1986.
BPNN is an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based powerful technique which is used for detection of the intrusion activity.
Albert, J.H. & Chib, S. (1993). "Bayesian Analysis of Binary and Polychotomous Response Data". Journal of the American Statistical Association, Theory and Methods, 88(422), 669-679.
Bayesian Regression model is obtained from a probability distribution, as compared to regular regression techniques where the output is just obtained from a single value of each attribute. The output, 'y' is generated from a normal distribution (where mean and variance are normalized).
Hoerl AE, Kennard RW (1970). "Ridge Regression: Biased Estimation for Nonorthogonal Problems", Technometrics, 42(1), 80–86
Bayesian ridge regression (BRR) is equivalent to the genomic best linear unbiased predictor when the distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects is regarded as Gaussian.
J. H. Friedman, "Stochastic gradient boosting", Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 367–378, 2002.
Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models are a combination of two techniques: decision tree algorithms and boosting methods. Like Random Forest models, BRTs repeatedly fit many decision trees to improve the accuracy of the model. One of the differences between these two methods is the way in which the data to build the trees is selected. Both techniques take a random subset of all data for each new tree that is built. All random subsets have the same number of data points, and are selected from the complete dataset.
Bagging, also known as bootstrap aggregation, is the ensemble learning method that is commonly used to reduce variance within a noisy dataset.
Bidirectional LSTM, or biLSTM, is a sequence processing model that consists of two LSTMs: one taking the input in a forward direction, and the other in a backwards direction. BiLSTMs effectively increase the amount of information available to the network, improving the context available to the algorithm (e.g. knowing what words immediately follow and precede a word in a sentence).
Bi-direction Long Short-term Memory (BiLSTM)
Quinlan, J. R. "C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning". Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993.
C4.5 is one of the top data mining algorithms and was developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is used to generate a classifier in the form of a decision tree from a set of data that has already been classified. Classifier here refers to a data mining tool that takes data that we need to classify and tries to predict the class of new data.
Breiman, Leo; Friedman, J. H.; Olshen, R. A.; Stone, C. J. (1984). "Classification and regression trees". Monterey, CA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software.
Classification and Regression Trees or CART for short is a term introduced by Leo Breiman to refer to Decision Tree algorithms that can be used for classification or regression predictive modeling problems. CART stands for classification and regression trees. It is a decision tree learning algorithm that gives either regression or classification trees as an output. In CART, the decision tree nodes will have precisely 2 branches. Just like C4.5, CART is also a classifier. The regression or classification tree model is constructed by using labelled training dataset provided by the user. Hence it is treated as a supervised learning technique
Classification and Regression Trees (CART)
McCallum, A.; Nigam, K.; and Ungar L.H. (2000) "Efficient Clustering of High Dimensional Data Sets with Application to Reference Matching", Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, 169-178
Canopy Clustering is a very simple, fast and surprisingly accurate method for grouping objects into clusters. All objects are represented as a point in a multidimensional feature space. The algorithm uses a fast approximate distance metric and two distance thresholds T1 > T2 for processing. The basic algorithm is to begin with a set of points and remove one at random. Create a Canopy containing this point and iterate through the remainder of the point set. At each point, if its distance from the first point is < T1, then add the point to the cluster. If, in addition, the distance is < T2, then remove the point from the set. This way points that are very close to the original will avoid all further processing. The algorithm loops until the initial set is empty, accumulating a set of Canopies, each containing one or more points. A given point may occur in more than one Canopy. Canopy Clustering is often used as an initial step in more rigorous clustering techniques, such as K-Means Clustering . By starting with an initial clustering the number of more expensive distance measurements can be significantly reduced by ignoring points outside of the initial canopies.
Color Content Fidelity Ratio (CCFR) is an algorithm, which is effective to measure the contrast loss after color-togray conversion.
Color Contrast Preservation Ratio (CCPR) is an algorithm, which is based on the phenomenon of color perception—that is, when the Euclidean distance of two colors in the Lab space δ is smaller than a certain value τ , the difference is generally invisible in human visual system. The task of contrast-preserving decolorization is therefore to only maintain color contrast that is perceivable by human.
Color Contrast Preservation Ratio (CCPR)
T. Tajgardan, S. Ayoubi, S. Shataee, K.L. Sahrawat, I. Gorgan, "Soil surface salinity prediction using ASTER data: comparing statistical and geostatistical models", J Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, 4 (2010), pp. 457-467
Cokriging (CK) is an extension of OK from a single spatial random variable to two or more spatially correlated random variables.
Ng and J. Han (2002). "CLARANS: A method for clustering objects for spatial data mining". IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2002.1033770).
CLARANS is a modification of the partitioning around medoids (PAM) algorithm pam. Where the PAM algorithm is estimating all distances between SNPs and the respective medoids, CLARANS is searching a random subset of the SNPs. This is independently repeated several times and the result which minimises the average distance the most is reported. This produces results close to those of the PAM algorithm (Ng and Han 2002), though the number of runs and the subset size have to be arbitrarily chosen by the user. The algorithm has two advantages: (i) the number of distance comparisons is dramatically reduced; and (ii) parallelizing is straightforward.
Clustering Large Applications based on RANdomized Search (CLARANS)
Classical least squares (CLS) regression is a popular multivariate statistical method used frequently for quantitative analysis. Classical least squares provides the best unbiased estimator for uncorrelated residual errors with zero mean and equal variance.
LeCun, Yann; Bengio, Yoshua (1995). "Convolutional networks for images, speech, and time series". In Arbib, Michael A. (ed.). The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (Second ed.). The MIT press. pp. 276–278.
A convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet) is a class of deep neural networks, most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery. They are also known as shift invariant or space invariant artificial neural networks (SIANN), based on their shared-weights architecture and translation invariance characteristics.
Cokriging (COK) is an extension of ordinary kriging and uses one or more secondary variables, or covariables, (Z2) which are spatially correlated with the primary variable (Z1).
Counter-propagation Artificial Neural Network (CPANN)
Lafferty, J., McCallum, A., Pereira, F. (2001). "Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data". Proc. 18th International Conf. on Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 282–289.
Conditional random fields (CRFs) are a class of statistical modeling methods often applied in pattern recognition and machine learning and used for structured prediction. Whereas a classifier predicts a label for a single sample without considering "neighboring" samples, a CRF can take context into account. To do so, the prediction is modeled as a graphical model, which implements dependencies between the predictions. What kind of graph is used depends on the application. For example, in natural language processing, linear chain CRFs are popular, which implement sequential dependencies in the predictions. In image processing the graph typically connects locations to nearby and/or similar locations to enforce that they receive similar predictions.
Discriminant analysis (DA) is a multivariate technique used to separate two or more groups of observations (individuals) based on variables measured on each experimental unit (sample) and find the contribution of each variable in separating the groups.
DBSCAN - Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise. Finds core samples of high density and expands clusters from them. Good for data which contains clusters of similar density. DBSCAN is the acronym for Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise. It is a clustering algorithm that isolates different density regions by forming clusters. For a given set of points, it groups the points which are closely packed. The algorithm has two important features: 1. distance 2. the minimum number of points required to form a dense region
Density-based Spatial Clustering Of Applications With Noise (DBSCAN)
Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) is a convolutional-pooling neural network that is a relatively deep learning neural network.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN)
Deep Neural Network (DNN) is a group of neural network that is a relatively deep learning neural network.
Decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm that only contains conditional control statements. Decision trees are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal, but are also a popular tool in machine learning.
Decision Tree algorithm has become one of the most used machine learning algorithm both in competitions like Kaggle as well as in business environment. Decision Tree can be used both in classification and regression problem.This article present the Decision Tree Regression Algorithm along with some advanced topics.
Huang GB, Zhu QY, Siew CK. "Extreme learning machine: theory and applications". Neurocomputing 2006;70(1-3):489-501.
Expectation-Maximization (EM) is used as a clustering algorithm, just like the k-means algorithm for knowledge discovery. EM algorithm work in iterations to optimize the chances of seeing observed data. Next, it estimates the parameters of the statistical model with unobserved variables, thereby generating some observed data. Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is again unsupervised learning since we are using it without providing any labelled class information
Elastic net is a popular type of regularized linear regression that combines two popular penalties, specifically the L1 and L2 penalty functions.
Evensen, G. "Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics". J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 1994, 99, 10143.
Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is an optimal recursive data assimilation method introduced by Evensen.
Factor Analysis (FA) is a simple linear generative model with Gaussian latent variables. The observations are assumed to be caused by a linear transformation of lower dimensional latent factors and added Gaussian noise. Without loss of generality the factors are distributed according to a Gaussian with zero mean and unit covariance. The noise is also zero mean and has an arbitrary diagonal covariance matrix. If we would restrict the model further, by assuming that the Gaussian noise is even isotropic (all diagonal entries are the same) we would obtain PPCA. FactorAnalysis performs a maximum likelihood estimate of the so-called loading matrix, the transformation of the latent variables to the observed ones, using SVD based approach.
Bezdek, J.C., 1981. "Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms". Plenum, New York.
Fuzzy K-Means (also referred to as soft clustering or soft k-means) is a form of clustering in which each data point can belong to more than one cluster. Clustering or cluster analysis involves assigning data points to clusters such that items in the same cluster are as similar as possible, while items belonging to different clusters are as dissimilar as possible. Clusters are identified via similarity measures. These similarity measures include distance, connectivity, and intensity. Different similarity measures may be chosen based on the data or the application.
Kosko, B. (1986). "Fuzzy cognitive maps". International journal of man-machine studies, 24(1), 65-75.
Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are fuzzy-graph structures for representing causal reasoning. Their fuzziness allows hazy degrees of causality between hazy causal objects (concepts). Their graph structure allows systematic causal propagation, in particular forward and backward chaining, and it allows knowledge bases to be grown by connecting different FCMs.
Long, Jonathan, Evan Shelhamer, and Trevor Darrell. "Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015.
Fully convolutional network (FCN) trained end-to-end, pixels-to-pixels on semantic segmentation exceeds the state-of-the-art without further machinery.
Sakhre, Vandana, Sanjeev Jain, Vilas S. Sapkal, and Dev P. Agarwal. "Fuzzy counter propagation neural network control for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems." Computational intelligence and neuroscience 2015 (2015).
Fuzzy Counter Propagation Neural Network (FCPN) controller design is developed, for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems.
Fuzzy Counter Propagation Neural Network (FCPN)
Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George (1973). "An Analysis of The Finite Element Method". Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-032946-2.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the simulation of any given physical phenomenon using the numerical technique called Finite Element Method (FEM). Engineers use FEA software to reduce the number of physical prototypes and experiments and optimize components in their design phase to develop better products, faster while saving on expenses.
Strang, Gilbert; Fix, George (1973). \"An Analysis of The Finite Element Method\". Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-032946-2.
Finite element method (FEM) is a widely used method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential. The FEM is a particular numerical method for solving partial differential equations in two or three space variables (i.e., some boundary value problems). To solve a problem, the FEM subdivides a large system into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite elements. This is achieved by a particular space discretization in the space dimensions, which is implemented by the construction of a mesh of the object: the numerical domain for the solution, which has a finite number of points. The finite element method formulation of a boundary value problem finally results in a system of algebraic equations. The method approximates the unknown function over the domain. The simple equations that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. The FEM then uses variational methods from the calculus of variations to approximate a solution by minimizing an associated error function.
Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLDA)
First Derivative And Mean Centering Iteration Algorithm (FMCIA)
J. Han, H. Pei, and Y. Yin. "Mining Frequent Patterns without Candidate Generation". In: Proc. Conf. on the Management of Data (SIGMOD’00, Dallas, TX). ACM Press, New York, NY, USA 2000.
FP-growth is an improved version of the Apriori Algorithm which is widely used for frequent pattern mining(AKA Association Rule Mining). It is used as an analytical process that finds frequent patterns or associations from data sets. For example, grocery store transaction data might have a frequent pattern that people usually buy chips and beer together. The Apriori Algorithm produces frequent patterns by generating itemsets and discovering the most frequent itemset over a threshold "minimal support count".
Lin, C., & Wang, S. (2004). "Training algorithms for fuzzy support vector machines with noisy data". Pattern Recognition Letters, 25, 1647–1656.
Foreground target detection algorithm (FTDA) is a fundamental preprocessing step in computer vision and video processing. FTDA means to detect moving targets from the video sequence, achieve foreground pixel segmentation and location, provide robust and stable preprocessing results for subsequent advanced tasks such as target tracking, behavior identity, and gesture recognition.
Foreground target detection algorithm (FTDA)
Functional Unfold Principal Component Analysis (FUPCA)
Independent component analysis separates a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents that are maximally independent. It is implemented in scikit-learn using the Fast ICA algorithm. Typically, ICA is not used for reducing dimensionality but for separating superimposed signals. Since the ICA model does not include a noise term, for the model to be correct, whitening must be applied. This can be done internally using the whiten argument or manually using one of the PCA variants.
Fast Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis (FastICA)
Girshick, Ross. "Fast R-CNN." Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. 2015
Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (FasterR-CNN)
Zhao, Yun, Yong He, and Xing Xu. "A novel algorithm for damage recognition on pest-infested oilseed rape leaves." Computers and electronics in agriculture 89 (2012): 41-50.
Genetic-Wavelet Neural Network Reconstruction Algorithm (G-WNNRA)
Genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection.
I. Goodfellow, J. Pouget-Abadie, M. Mirza, B. Xu, D. Warde-Farley, S. Ozair, A. Courville, Y. Bengiom "Generative adversarial nets", Advances in neural information processing systems (2014), pp. 2672-2680
GANs (Goodfellow et al., 2014) consist of two separate neural networks: a generator G that takes a random noise vector z and generates synthetic data G(z); a discriminator D that takes an input x or G(z) and output a probability Dxor D(Gz) to indicate whether the input derived from the synthetic distribution of G(z) or from the true data distribution.
Gradient boosting Decision Tree is a machine learning technique for regression and classification problems, which produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, typically decision trees. It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion like other boosting methods do, and it generalizes them by allowing optimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function.
Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT) or shorter Gradient Boosting is a flexible non-parametric statistical learning technique for classification and regression.
Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT)
Gini Impurity is a measurement of the likelihood of an incorrect classification of a new instance of a random variable, if that new instance were randomly classified according to the distribution of class labels from the data set.
Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) are one of the earliest techniques used for image texture analysis. In this paper we defined a new feature called trace extracted from the GLCM and its implications in texture analysis are discussed in the context of Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR).
Gaussian mixture models are a probabilistic model for representing normally distributed subpopulations within an overall population. Mixture models in general don't require knowing which subpopulation a data point belongs to, allowing the model to learn the subpopulations automatically. Since subpopulation assignment is not known, this constitutes a form of unsupervised learning.
A genetic neural network (GNN) method is provided for efficient determination of quantitative structure property relationships. See the references given below for a description of the GNN and its application.
Specht, D. F. (2002-08-06). "A general regression neural network". IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. 2 (6): 568–576. doi:10.1109/72.97934
Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is a variation to radial basis neural networks. GRNN was suggested by D.F. Specht in 1991.
General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
Hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters.
Hidden Markov models are generative models, in which the joint distribution of observations and hidden states, or equivalently both the prior distribution of hidden states (the transition probabilities) and conditional distribution of observations given states (the emission probabilities), is modeled.
R. Chaudhry, A. Ravichandran, G. Hager, R. Vidal, "Histograms of oriented optical flow and Binet-Cauchy kernels on nonlinear dynamical systems for the recognition of human actions", IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. (2009), pp. 1932-1939
Histograms of Oriented Optical Flow (HOOF)
ID3 algorithm is a simple decision tree learning algorithm developed by Ross Quinlan. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains.
Information Gain, like Gini Impurity, is a metric used to train Decision Trees. Specifically, these metrics measure the quality of a split. Information Gain is calculated for a split by subtracting the weighted entropies of each branch from the original entropy. When training a Decision Tree using these metrics, the best split is chosen by maximizing Information Gain.
Indicator Kriging (IK) is a non-parametric geostatistical method for estimating the probability that the value of an attribute is not greater than a specific threshold, , at a given location U.
P. Goovaerts, R. Webster, J.-P. Dubois, "Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura using indicator geostatistics", Environ. Ecol. Stat., 4 (1997), pp. 49-64
Incremental principal components analysis (IPCA). Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition of the data, keeping only the most significant singular vectors to project the data to a lower dimensional space. The input data is centered but not scaled for each feature before applying the SVD. Depending on the size of the input data, this algorithm can be much more memory efficient than a PCA, and allows sparse input. This algorithm has constant memory complexity, on the order of batch_size * n_features, enabling use of np.memmap files without loading the entire file into memory. For sparse matrices, the input is converted to dense in batches (in order to be able to subtract the mean) which avoids storing the entire dense matrix at any one time. The computational overhead of each SVD is O(batch_size * n_features ** 2), but only 2 * batch_size samples remain in memory at a time. There will be n_samples / batch_size SVD computations to get the principal components, versus 1 large SVD of complexity O(n_samples * n_features ** 2) for PCA.
Incremental Principal Components Analysis (IPCA)
Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm is proposed for the optimization of hydroelectric power scheduling in multi-reservoir systems.
Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO)
Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA)
Kernel-based Extreme Learning Machine (KELM)
Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA), also known as generalized discriminant analysis and kernel discriminant analysis, is a kernelized version of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). It is named after Ronald Fisher. Using the kernel trick, LDA is implicitly performed in a new feature space, which allows non-linear mappings to be learned.
Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis (KFDA)
KMeans algorithm clusters data by trying to separate samples in n groups of equal variance, minimizing a criterion known as the inertia or within-cluster sum-of-squares (see below). This algorithm requires the number of clusters to be specified. It scales well to large number of samples and has been used across a large range of application areas in many different fields.
K nearest neighbors is a simple algorithm that stores all available cases and classifies new cases by a majority vote of its k neighbors. The case being assigned to the class is most common amongst its K nearest neighbors measured by a distance function. These distance functions can be Euclidean, Manhattan, Minkowski and Hamming distance. First three functions are used for continuous function and fourth one (Hamming) for categorical variables. If K = 1, then the case is simply assigned to the class of its nearest neighbor. At times, choosing the value for K can be a challenge while performing KNN modeling.
KernelPCA (KPCA) is an extension of PCA which achieves non-linear dimensionality reduction through the use of kernels (see Pairwise metrics, Affinities and Kernels). It has many applications including denoising, compression and structured prediction (kernel dependency estimation). KernelPCA supports both transform and inverse_transform.
Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA)
Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) combines ridge regression (linear least squares with l2-norm regularization) with the kernel trick. It thus learns a linear function in the space induced by the respective kernel and the data. For non-linear kernels, this corresponds to a non-linear function in the original space. The form of the model learned by KRR is identical to support vector regression (SVR). However, different loss functions are used: KRR uses squared error loss while support vector regression uses epsilon-insensitive loss, both combined with l2 regularization. In contrast to SVR, fitting a KRR model can be done in closed-form and is typically faster for medium-sized datasets. On the other hand, the learned model is non-sparse and thus slower than SVR, which learns a sparse model for epsilon > 0, at prediction-time.
Efron, Bradley; Hastie, Trevor; Johnstone, Iain; Tibshirani, Robert (2004). "Least Angle Regression". Annals of Statistics. 32 (2): pp. 407–499. arXiv:math/0406456. doi:10.1214/009053604000000067.
Least-angle regression (LARS) is an algorithm for fitting linear regression models to high-dimensional data, developed by Bradley Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani.
Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) is a regression analysis method that performs both variable selection and regularization in order to enhance the prediction accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model it produces. It was originally introduced in geophysics literature in 1986, and later independently rediscovered and popularized in 1996 by Robert Tibshirani, who coined the term and provided further insights into the observed performance. LASSO was originally formulated for linear regression models and this simple case reveals a substantial amount about the behavior of the estimator, including its relationship to ridge regression and best subset selection and the connections between lasso coefficient estimates and so-called soft thresholding. It also reveals that (like standard linear regression) the coefficient estimates do not need to be unique if covariates are collinear.
Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO)
Linear Discriminant analysis (DA) is a multivariate technique used to separate two or more groups of observations (individuals) based on variables measured on each experimental unit (sample) and find the contribution of each variable in separating the groups.
Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is a well-known design technique that provides practical feedback gains.
Linear regression is a linear approach to modeling the relationship between a scalar response (or dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variables). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression.
Linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is a widely used technique in remote sensing to estimate abundance fractions of materials present in an image pixel.
Least-squares support-vector machines (LS-SVM) are least-squares versions of support-vector machines (SVM), which are a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and which are used for classification and regression analysis. In this version one finds the solution by solving a set of linear equations instead of a convex quadratic programming (QP) problem for classical SVMs. Least-squares SVM classifiers were proposed by Suykens and Vandewalle. LS-SVMs are a class of kernel-based learning methods.
Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM)
Long short-term memory (LSTM) is an artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture used in the field of deep learning. Unlike standard feedforward neural networks, LSTM has feedback connections. It can not only process single data points (such as images), but also entire sequences of data (such as speech or video).
J.R. Quinlan, "Learning with continuous classes", Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Hobart, Australia, 16–18 November, World Scientific, Singapore (1992), pp. 343-348
M5Tree is an expansion of regression trees in the sense that they relate leaves with multivariate linear models. M5Tree is a strategy for managing continuous class problems that give a structural presentation of the data and a piecewise linear fit of the class. M5Tree has a conventional decision tree structure but utilize linear function at the leaves rather than discrete class names.
Friedman, J. H. (1991). "Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines". The Annals of Statistics. 19 (1): 1–67. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.382.970. doi:10.1214/aos/1176347963
Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) is a form of regression analysis introduced by Jerome H. Friedman in 1991. It is a non-parametric regression technique and can be seen as an extension of linear models that automatically models nonlinearities and interactions between variables.
Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)
Mahalanobis distance (MD) is the distance between two points in multivariate space. In a regular Euclidean space, variables (e.g. x, y, z) are represented by axes drawn at right angles to each other; The distance between any two points can be measured with a ruler.
Maximum Entropy states that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy, in the context of precisely stated prior data (such as a proposition that expresses testable information).
This algorithm follows the same principals and utilizes the same sigmoidal models for estimating YP0 and YPN as described by Solie et al. (2012)
J.N. Nilsson, "Learning Machines: Foundations of Trainable Pattern-Classifying Systems", McGraw-Hill Series in Systems Science, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1965)
Maximum likelihood classification (MLC) is a method for determining a known class of distributions as the maximum for a given statistic. The root of MLC can be traced back to electrical engineering [5]. An assumption of normality is made for the training samples.
A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a class of feedforward artificial neural network (ANN). The term MLP is used ambiguously, sometimes loosely to any feedforward ANN, sometimes strictly to refer to networks composed of multiple layers of perceptrons (with threshold activation);
Multiple linear regression (MLR), also known simply as multiple regression, is a statistical technique that uses several explanatory variables to predict the outcome of a response variable. The goal of multiple linear regression (MLR) is to model the linear relationship between the explanatory (independent) variables and response (dependent) variable.
Arnold, Michele, and Göran Andersson. "Model predictive control of energy storage including uncertain forecasts." Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Stockholm, Sweden. Vol. 23. 2011.
MPLS is an improvement that have been made to the traditional partial least squares (PLS) regression. The MPLS procedure copes more effectively with non-analyte interference in multicomponent determinations and provides an estimate of the interference spectrum. The interference spectrum can be used to partially or quantitatively correct the measured spectrum before determination of analyte concentrations. Hence the accuracy of analysis is improved.
Markov Random Field (MRF), Markov network or undirected graphical model is a set of random variables having a Markov property described by an undirected graph. In other words, a random field is said to be a Markov random field if it satisfies Markov properties. A Markov network or MRF is similar to a Bayesian network in its representation of dependencies; the differences being that Bayesian networks are directed and acyclic, whereas Markov networks are undirected and may be cyclic. Thus, a Markov network can represent certain dependencies that a Bayesian network cannot; on the other hand, it can't represent certain dependencies that a Bayesian network can. The underlying graph of a Markov random field may be finite or infinite.
M. Baatz, A. Schape, "Multiresolution Segmentation: an optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation", Angewandte Geographische Informationsverarbeitung XII. Beitrage zum AGIT-Symposium Salzburg 2000, Karlsruhe, Herbert Wichmann Verlag (2000), pp. 12-23
Multiresolution Segmentation (MRS) is the process of dividing up your images into segments based on its spectral properties.
Mean shift is a hill climbing algorithm which involves shifting this kernel iteratively to a higher density region until convergence. Every shift is defined by a mean shift vector. At every iteration the kernel is shifted to the centroid or the mean of the points within it.
A.P. Carleer, O. Debeir, E. Wolff, "Assessment of very high spatial resolution satellite image segmentations", Photogramm. Eng. Rem. Sens., 71 (11) (2005), pp. 1285-1294
Multiple thresholding Segmentation is used to distinct objects, subdivided from an image by multiple thresholds, and each thresholds should be appropriate for the corresponding segmentation
Naive Bayes methods are a set of supervised learning algorithms based on applying Bayes’ theorem with the “naiveâ€ assumption of conditional independence between every pair of features given the value of the class variable. Naive Bayes models can be used to tackle large scale classification problems for which the full training set might not fit in memory. To handle this case, modified methods expose a partial_fit method that can be used incrementally as done with other classifiers as demonstrated in Out-of-core classification of text documents. All naive Bayes classifiers support sample weighting. + MultinomialNB, + BernoulliNB, + GaussianNB + CategoricalNB
Normalized classification entropy (NCE) is used when deciding how many clusters are most appropriate for creating management zones, which can help the user obtain management zones simply and quickly (BEZDEK, 1981). By minimizing the value for NCE and FPI, the optimum number of clusters can be found.
Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) finds two non-negative matrices (W, H) whose product approximates the non- negative matrix X. This factorization can be used for example for dimensionality reduction, source separation or topic extraction.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) is a variant of model predictive control (MPC) that is characterized by the use of nonlinear system models in the prediction. As in linear MPC, NMPC requires the iterative solution of optimal control problems on a finite prediction horizon.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC)
Object-based image analysis (OBIA) is one of several approaches developed to overcome the limitations of the pixel-based approaches. It incorporates spectral, textural and contextual information to identify thematic classes in an image. The first step in OBIA is to segment the image into homogeneous objects. The term object here stands for a contiguous cluster of pixels. Segmentation is based on pre-defined parameters like compactness, shape, and scale, derived from real-world knowledge of the features that one wants to identify (Mason et al. 1988). In crop mapping, for instance, this will require understanding of size and shape of farm fields in the area of interest. Over- and under-segmentation are obvious threats to these approaches, and need to be addressed, and not all semantically meaningful entities may be identified. In a second step, each object (segment) is classified on the basis of one or more statistical properties of the contained pixels. This means that all pixels within a segment are assigned to one class, eliminating the within-field spectral variability and mixed pixels problems associated with pixel-based approaches. Several studies have confirmed the superiority of OBIA over pixel-based classifications, especially in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes and urban areas (Blaschke, 2010; Myint, 2006; Myint et al., 2011; Peña-Barragán et al., 2011).
Ordinary kriging (OK) is a commonly-used linear method of spatial prediction to provide estimates of variables at unvisited sites.
Online analytical processing (OLAP) is an approach to answer multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly in computing. OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also encompasses relational databases, report writing and data mining. Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM), budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications emerging.
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. OLS chooses the parameters of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values of the variable being observed) in the given dataset and those predicted by the linear function of the independent variable.
Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) classifier was introduced, trying to achieve high recognition rates and low computational cost. Although OPF was much faster than Support Vector Machines for training, it was slightly slower for classification. In this paper, we present the Efficient OPF (EOPF), which is an enhanced and faster version of the traditional OPF, and validate it for the automatic recognition of white matter and gray matter in magnetic resonance images of the human brain.
OPTICS (Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure), closely related to DBSCAN, finds core sample of high density and expands clusters from them [R2c55e37003fe-1]. Unlike DBSCAN, keeps cluster hierarchy for a variable neighborhood radius. Better suited for usage on large datasets than the current sklearn implementation of DBSCAN.
Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure (OPTICS)
Kaufman, L., Rousseeuw, P.J., 1990. "Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis". Wiley, New York.
PAM uses a greedy search which may not find the optimum solution, but it is faster than exhaustive search.
Principal component analysis (PCA). Linear dimensionality reduction using Singular Value Decomposition of the data to project it to a lower dimensional space. The input data is centered but not scaled for each feature before applying the SVD.
Fast Principal Component Analysis (FastPCA)
Principal component regression (PCR) is a regression analysis technique that is based on principal component analysis (PCA). In PCR, instead of regressing the dependent variable on the explanatory variables directly, the principal components of the explanatory variables are used as regressors.
Pyramid of histograms of orientation gradients (PHOG)
Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical. PLS is used to find the fundamental relations between two matrices (X and Y), i.e. a latent variable approach to modeling the covariance structures in these two spaces. A PLS model will try to find the multidimensional direction in the X space that explains the maximum multidimensional variance direction in the Y space. PLS regression is particularly suited when the matrix of predictors has more variables than observations, and when there is multicollinearity among X values. By contrast, standard regression will fail in these cases (unless it is regularized). Partial least squares was introduced by the Swedish statistician Herman O. A. Wold, who then developed it with his son, Svante Wold. An alternative term for PLS (and more correct according to Svante Wold[1]) is projection to latent structures, but the term partial least squares is still dominant in many areas. Although the original applications were in the social sciences, PLS regression is today most widely used in chemometrics and related areas. It is also used in bioinformatics, sensometrics, neuroscience, and anthropology.
Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical.
Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA)
Wold, S; Sjostrom, M.; Eriksson, L. (2001). "PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics". Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems.
J. Kennedy, R. Eberhart, Particle swarm optimization, Proc IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia (1995), pp. 1942-1948
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary computation technique through individual improvement plus population cooperation and competition, hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed by incorporating chaos.
PageRank is commonly used by search engines like Google. It is a link analysis algorithm that determines the relative importance of an object linked within a network of objects. Link analysis is a type of network analysis that explores the associations among objects. Google search uses this algorithm by understanding the backlinks between web pages.
Quadratic discriminant analysis QDA is a variant of LDA in which an individual covariance matrix is estimated for every class of observations. QDA is particularly useful if there is prior knowledge that individual classes exhibit distinct covariances.
Girshick, R., J. Donahue, T. Darrell, and J. Malik. "Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation." CVPR '14 Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Pages 580-587. 2014
Region Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) is a deep learning approach for Object detection, it combines rectangular region proposals with convolutional neural network features. R-CNN is a two-stage detection algorithm: - The first stage identifies a subset of regions in an image that might contain an object. - The second stage classifies the object in each region.
Regional Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN)
Radial basis functions are means to approximate multivariable (also called multivariate) functions by linear combinations of terms based on a single univariate function (the radial basis function). This is radialised so that in can be used in more than one dimension. They are usually applied to approximate functions or data (Powell 1981,Cheney 1966,Davis 1975) which are only known at a finite number of points (or too difficult to evaluate otherwise), so that then evaluations of the approximating function can take place often and efficiently.
A random forest is a meta estimator that fits a number of decision tree classifiers on various sub-samples of the dataset and uses averaging to improve the predictive accuracy and control over-fitting. The sub-sample size is controlled with the max_samples parameter if bootstrap=True (default), otherwise the whole dataset is used to build each tree.
Phadikar, Santanu, Jaya Sil, and Asit Kumar Das. "Rice diseases classification using feature selection and rule generation techniques." Computers and electronics in agriculture 90 (2013): 76-85.
Regression kriging (RK) is another method of spatial prediction that uses secondary variable(s) to improve the predictions of the primary variable at unsampled locations.
Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment in order to maximize the notion of cumulative reward. Reinforcement learning is one of three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Stéphane Mallat. "Understanding deep convolutional networks". arXiv preprint arXiv:1601.04920, 2016.
A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of artificial neural networks where connections between nodes form a directed graph along a temporal sequence. This allows it to exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. Derived from feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal state (memory) to process variable length sequences of inputs. This makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition.
Rao, C. R., and Venkat N. Gudivada. "Computational analysis and understanding of natural languages: Principles, methods and applications". Elsevier, 2018.
Ridge regression (RR) is a regularization technique that penalizes the L2-norm of the coefficients in linear regression.
A residual neural network (ResNet) is an artificial neural network (ANN) of a kind that builds on constructs known from pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. Residual neural networks do this by utilizing skip connections, or shortcuts to jump over some layers. Typical ResNet models are implemented with double- or triple- layer skips that contain nonlinearities (ReLU) and batch normalization in between.
Spectral Analytics (SA) is approaches that estimate the strength of different frequency components (the power spectrum) of a time-domain signal in sprectral images.
Zeng, Weihui, and Miao Li. "Crop leaf disease recognition based on Self-Attention convolutional neural network." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 172 (2020): 105341.
Self-Attention Convolutional Neural Network (SACNN)
Kruse, Fred A., A. B. Lefkoff, J. W. Boardman, K. B. Heidebrecht, A. T. Shapiro, P. J. Barloon, and A. F. H. Goetz. "The spectral image processing system (SIPS) - interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data." Remote sensing of environment 44, no. 2-3 (1993): 145-163.
Spectral Angle Mapper Classification (SAM) is an automated method for directly comparing image spectra to a known spectra (usually determined in a lab or in the field with a spectrometer) or an endmember. This method treats both (the questioned and known) spectra as vectors and calculates the spectral angle between them. This method is insensitive to illumination since the SAM algorithm uses only the vector direction and not the vector length. The result of the SAM classification is an image showing the best match at each pixel. This method is typically used as a first cut for determining the mineralogy and works well in areas of homogeneous regions. The USGS maintains a large spectral library, mostly composed of mineral and soil types, which image spectra can be directly compared.
Ferri, F. J., Pudil P., Hatef, M., Kittler, J. (1994). "Comparative study of techniques for large-scale feature selection." Pattern Recognition in Practice IV : 403-413.
Pudil, P., Novovicova, J., & Kittler, J. (1994). "Floating search methods in feature selection." Pattern recognition letters 15.11 (1994): 1119-1125.
Sequential Forward Floating Selection (SFFS) applies a number of backward steps at each forward step and the evaluates the resulting subsets. The new subsets are compared to the previous ones and selected if better.
Sequential Forward Floating Selection (SFFS)
Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB) is an ensemble learning algorithm combined with boosting and decision tree and makes a prediction by weighting the ensemble members of all trees.
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randomly selected subset of the data). Especially in high-dimensional optimization problems this reduces the computational burden, achieving faster iterations in trade for a lower convergence rate.
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a simple yet very efficient approach to fitting linear classifiers and regressors under convex loss functions such as (linear) Support Vector Machines and Logistic Regression. Even though SGD has been around in the machine learning community for a long time, it has received a considerable amount of attention just recently in the context of large-scale learning. SGD has been successfully applied to large-scale and sparse machine learning problems often encountered in text classification and natural language processing. Given that the data is sparse, the classifiers in this module easily scale to problems with more than 10^5 training examples and more than 10^5 features.
Stochastic Gradient Descent Regression (SGDR)
Lowe, David G. (1999). "Object recognition from local scale-invariant features". Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision. 2. pp. 1150–1157.
Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) is a feature detection algorithm in computer vision to detect and describe local features in images. It was published by David Lowe in 1999. Applications include object recognition, robotic mapping and navigation, image stitching, 3D modeling, gesture recognition, video tracking, individual identification of wildlife and match moving.
Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)
Melssen, Willem, Ron Wehrens, and Lutgarde Buydens. "Supervised Kohonen networks for classification problems." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 83.2 (2006): 99-113.
Achanta, Radhakrishna, Appu Shaji, Kevin Smith, Aurelien Lucchi, Pascal Fua, and Sabine Süsstrunk. "SLIC superpixels compared to state-of-the-art superpixel methods." IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 34, no. 11 (2012): 2274-2282.
Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) algorithm is increasingly applied to different kinds of image processing because of its excellent perceptually meaningful characteristics.
Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC)
Stepwise Multiple Linear Regressions (SMLR) is a way of cleverly reducing the number of wavelengths in order to find a least-squares solution, based on the meaningful assumption that repeated and useless information may be present in some wavelengths.
Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR)
Araujo, Mario Cesar Ugulino, Teresa Cristina Bezerra Saldanha, Roberto Kawakami Harrop Galvao, Takashi Yoneyama, Henrique Caldas Chame, and Valeria Visani. "The successive projections algorithm for variable selection in spectroscopic multicomponent analysis". Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 57(2), 65–73 (2001)
Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) is a fast algorithm to tackle separable nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Given a nonnegative data matrix X, SPA identifies an index set K such that there exists a nonnegative matrix H with X≈X(:,K)H. SPA has been successfully used as a pure-pixel search algorithm in hyperspectral unmixing and for anchor word selection in document classification. Moreover, SPA is provably robust in low-noise settings. The main drawbacks of SPA are that it is not robust to outliers and does not take the data fitting term into account when selecting the indices in K.
Sparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA) Finds the set of sparse components that can optimally reconstruct the data. The amount of sparseness is controllable by the coefficient of the L1 penalty, given by the parameter alpha.
Spectral Regression Discriminant Analysis (SRDA)
Bay, H., Ess, A., Tuytelaars, T., & Van Gool, L. (2008). "Speeded-up robust features (SURF)". Computer vision and image understanding, 110(3), 346-359.
Speeded up robust features (SURF) is a patented local feature detector and descriptor, is used in Computer Vision (CV). It can be used for tasks such as object recognition, image registration, classification, or 3D reconstruction. It is partly inspired by the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) descriptor. The standard version of SURF is several times faster than SIFT and claimed by its authors to be more robust against different image transformations than SIFT.
Singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix. It generalizes the eigendecomposition of a square normal matrix with an orthonormal eigenbasis to any {\displaystyle m\times n}m\times n matrix. It is related to the polar decomposition.
# Dataset: http://mlpy.sourceforge.net/docs/3.5/_downloads/spiral.data >>> import numpy as np >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> import mlpy >>> f = np.loadtxt("spiral.data") >>> x, y = f[:, :2], f[:, 2] >>> svm = mlpy.LibSvm(svm_type='c_svc', kernel_type='rbf', gamma=100) >>> svm.learn(x, y) >>> xmin, xmax = x[:,0].min()-0.1, x[:,0].max()+0.1 >>> ymin, ymax = x[:,1].min()-0.1, x[:,1].max()+0.1 >>> xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(xmin, xmax, 0.01), np.arange(ymin, ymax, 0.01)) >>> xnew = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()] >>> ynew = svm.pred(xnew).reshape(xx.shape) >>> fig = plt.figure(1) >>> plt.set_cmap(plt.cm.Paired) >>> plt.pcolormesh(xx, yy, ynew) >>> plt.scatter(x[:,0], x[:,1], c=y) >>> plt.show()
Cortes, Corinna, and Vladimir Vapnik. "Support vector machine." Machine learning 20, no. 3 (1995): 273-297.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm which can be used for both classification or regression challenges. However, it is mostly used in classification problems. In the SVM algorithm, we plot each data item as a point in n-dimensional space (where n is number of features you have) with the value of each feature being the value of a particular coordinate. Then, we perform classification by finding the hyper-plane that differentiates the two classes very well (look at the below snapshot).
Support Vector Machine-Feature Selection (SVM-FS)
Drucker, Harris, Chris JC Burges, Linda Kaufman, Alex Smola, and Vladimir Vapnik. "Support vector regression machines." Advances in neural information processing systems 9 (1997): 155-161.
Support Vector Regression (SVR) is built based on the concept of Support Vector Machine (SVM). It is one among the popular Machine Learning models that can be used in classification problems or assigning classes when the data is not linearly separable.
Alfeld, Matthias, et al. "Simplex Volume Maximization (SiVM): A matrix factorization algorithm with non-negative constrains and low computing demands for the interpretation of full spectral X-ray fluorescence imaging data." Microchemical Journal 132 (2017): 179-184.
Jenatton, Rodolphe, Guillaume Obozinski, and Francis Bach. "Structured sparse principal component analysis." In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pp. 366-373. JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings, 2010.
Sparse Principal Components Analysis (SparsePCA)
Unfold Principal Component Analysis (UPCA)
Vegetation Index (VI) is used to identify, detect from spectral images.
Barnich, O., & Van Droogenbroeck, M. (2010). "ViBe: A universal background subtraction algorithm for video sequences". IEEE Transactions on Image processing, 20(6), 1709-1724.
A universal background subtraction algorithm for video sequences (ViBe) is a fast, simple, efficient and with optimal sample attenuation based on background modeling. ViBe is a background subtraction algorithm which has been presented at the IEEE ICASSP 2009 conference and was refined in later publications. More precisely, it is a software module for extracting background information from moving images. It has been developed by Oliver Barnich and Marc Van Droogenbroeck of the Montefiore Institute, University of Liège, Belgium.
Universal Background Subtraction Algorithm for Video Sequences (ViBe)
Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R, et al. (2000). "Additive logistic regression: a statistical view of boosting (with discussion and a rejoinder by the authors)." The annals of statistics, 28(2), 337–407.
XGBoost is a decision-tree-based ensemble Machine Learning algorithm that uses a gradient boosting framework. In prediction problems involving unstructured data (images, text, etc.) artificial neural networks tend to outperform all other algorithms or frameworks. However, when it comes to small-to-medium structured/tabular data, decision tree based algorithms are considered best-in-class right now. Please see the chart below for the evolution of tree-based algorithms over the years.
AllenNLP is a powerful tool for prototyping with good text processing capabilities. This tool is less effective for production if compared to SpaCy but it is largely used in research. Additionally, it has PyTorch, a very popular deep learning framework that enables customizing models more flexibly than SpaCy. It automates some of the tasks which are essential for almost every deep learning model. It provides a lot of modules like Seq2VecEncoder, Seq2SeqEncoder.
The almond tree, Prunus dulcis, is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its edible seeds (nuts). The tree has brown or gray bark and either an erect or weeping growth habit depending on the variety. The trunk can reach 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Almond leaves are 7.5-13 cm (3-5 in) long with a serrated edge and grow alternately on the branches. The tree produces white to pale pink flowers and hairy green fruits which are oblong in shape. The fruit is a drupe, containing a single seed. The seed is protected by a hard brown shell. At maturity, the flesh of the fruit becomes leathery and splits to reveal the nut inside. Nuts generally measure 3.5 to 6 cm (1.4-2.4 in) in length. Almond trees can reach heights between 4 and 10 m (13-33 ft) and have a commercial lifespan of between 30 and 40 years. Almond may be referred to by variety and this includes bitter almond almond nuts are generally about long and may also be referred to as sweet or bitter almond depending on variety and originates from wild species found in Central and Southwest Asia.
Almond trees will benefit from a layer of mulch around the base to prevent the growth of weeds and conserve soil moisture. Mulch should be spread around the tree in a 1 m (3 ft) radius. Leave a gap between the mulch and the trunk to prevent rotting the trunk. In addition, an application of fertilizer should be made once in Spring before any new growth and again in the Fall.
Almond trees are most commonly propagated by budding. Dormant wood is collected in winter when the trees are dormant and stored until Spring. T-budding is usually carried out in Spring and involves joining a bud from one variety to the rootstock of another. The bud is taken from a parent with desirable characteristics and grows to produce a new tree. Trees may also be propagated by grafting. Cuttings are taken from trees during dormancy and grafted to a suitable rootstock in the Spring. Planting Once trees have been acquired from a nursery, it is important to plant as soon as possible and keep the roots moist in the meantime. Almond trees should be planted by digging a hole just deep enough to accommodate the root ball. The tree should be planted by carefully backfilling the soil into the hole around the tree after it has been properly positioned. Planting depth should not exceed the height of the graft union. The soil around the newly planted tree should then be tamped and watered deeply but not excessively. If planting multiple trees then they should be spaced in rows 6-7 m (20-23 ft) apart with 5-6 m (16-23 ft) between each tree. Pruning Almond trees should be pruned in the first year and every subsequent year to help thin the canopy and prevent disease. The first pruning is critical in establishing the canopy shape. Three limbs should be selected to form the basis of the trees canopy and all others removed, including any growth below the lowest limb. In the second year, two scaffolds (lateral branches which grow to form a Y with the primary limbs) should be selected and the rest removed. Aim for the remaining scaffolds to be evenly spaced around the canopy.
Almond grows best in Mediterranean climates with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The optimal temperature for their growth is between 15 and 30oC (60-85oF) and the tree buds have a chilling requirement of between 300 and 600 hours below 7.2oC (45oF) to break dormancy. Almond trees will grow best when planted in deep, well-draining loam although they can withstand drought and grow in poor soils. The trees benefit from being planted in areas sheltered from frost and wind as trees bloom early and can therefore be susceptible to damage from late frosts. Trees will generally bear nuts after 3 to 4 years with the nut crop developing after blossom, in the fall.
The almond nut is eaten raw or processed into butter, flour, extract, oil, paste, syrup, and milk. Almond oil is used as a flavoring agent in baked goods, perfumery and medicines. Sweet almond oil is used for cosmetic creams and lotions.
Aloe plant are generally very easy to care for but care should be taken to avoid overwatering. The plants should be watered deeply but allowed to dry out before the next watering. Check the soil prior to watering. Allow the soil to dry down to a depth of 7.5 to 10 cm (3-4 in) for older, well-established plants or 3.5-5 cm (1-2 in) for younger plants. In addition, although Aloe plants require lots of lights, sitting them in full sun can be harmful and it is best to position potted Aloes in a bright window. If the plant is receiving too much sun, the leaves will begin to turn brown.
Aloe vera can be grown from seed, but is most easily propagated from suckers which are readily produced by the mother plant. The suckers are commonly referred to as "pups". The pups should be cut from the main root by gently uprooting the mother plant and finding the point of attachment. The young plant should be cut from the parent using a sharp knife. Pups can be safely removed when they have several sets of leaves. The young plants should be planted in their own pot and watered deeply. Refrain from overwatering to force the growth of new roots. If multiple plants are being planted, provide them with individual pots or plant at least 60 cm (24 in) apart outdoors.
Aloe vera can be grown in a wide range of soils providing that they are well-draining. Aloe is commonly found growing in very nutrient poor soil in their natural range. Aloes are very drought tolerant but they will not tolerate frosts due to their succulent leaves. Aloe vera plants do well in pots and can be kept indoors if positioned in a bright, sunny spot. Plants grown in pots should be planted in a well-draining potting medium such as those used for cacti.
Aloe vera plants are grown for the extraction of the gel inside the leaves. The gel is used in desserts, yogurts and beverages. The gel is also commonly used as a home remedy for treatment of burns.
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation
American Samoa /səˈmoʊə/ is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Samoa. Its location is centered on 14°18′S 170°42′W﻿ / ﻿14.3°S 170.7°W﻿ / -14.3; -170.7. It is east of the International Date Line, while Samoa is west of the Line. The total land area is 199 square kilometers, slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator, along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island. Tuna products are the main exports, and the main trading partner is the rest of the United States.
American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Samoa. Its location is centered on 14°18′S 170°42′W﻿ / ﻿14.3°S 170.7°W﻿ / -14.3; -170.7. It is east of the International Date Line, while Samoa is west of the Line. The total land area is 199 square kilometers, slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States and one of two U.S. territories south of the Equator, along with the uninhabited Jarvis Island. Tuna products are the main exports, and the main trading partner is the rest of the United States.
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary ... as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders.
Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4NO3. It is a white crystalline solid consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate. It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer.
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is headed by two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain and the President of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain, and the President of the French Republic.
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country located on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest lusophone country in both total area and population, and it is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city is Luanda.
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest lusophone country in both total area and population, and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the DR Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city is Luanda.
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Anguilla is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles long by 3 miles wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles, with a population of approximately 14,731 .
Anguilla is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately 16 miles long by 3 miles wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is 35 square miles, with a population of approximately 18,090 .
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,200,000 square kilometres, it is the fifth-largest continent and nearly twice the size of Australia. At 0.00008 people per square kilometre, it is by far the least densely populated continent. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,200,000 square kilometres, it is the fifth-largest continent and nearly twice the size of Australia. It is by far the least populated continent, with around 5,000 people in the summer and around 1,000 in the winter. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness, which extends to all but the McMurdo Dry Valleys and the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
Antigua and Barbuda is a sovereign island country in the West Indies in the Americas, lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda separated by 63 km (39 mi), and smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York Islands, Redonda). The permanent population number is about 97,120 (2019 est.), with 97% being resident on Antigua. The capital and largest port and city is St. John's on Antigua, with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda. Lying near each other, Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17°N of the equator.
Apache Mahout is a distributed linear algebra framework and mathematically expressive Scala DSL designed to let mathematicians, statisticians, and data scientists quickly implement their own algorithms.
Apple, Malus domestica, is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae which is grown for its fruits, known as apples. Apple fruits are one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the world, are round (pome) in shape and range in color from green to red. When planted from a seed, an apple tree can take six to ten years to mature and produce fruit of its own. Apple trees are small to medium sized trees reaching heights of 5-10 m (16.4-32.8 ft), with a central trunk which divides into several branches. The leaves of the tree are oval in shape and can reach up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and 7 cm (2.8 in) in width. Apple may also be referred to as mela or appel and the domestic tree is believed to have originated from Western Asia and the Mediterranean from several wild ancestors.
Apple trees grow best in the tropics and at higher latitudes they require a mild growing season and a cold winter to break their dormancy. At these latitudes, the tree will flower in spring and fruit will ripen in the fall. In the tropics, the leaves will remain on the tree longer so that it is essentially evergreen and flowering and fruiting will happen sporadically throughout the year unless the tree is managed to enforce a uniform cycle across the entire tree by bending shoots to create a wide tree. The standard method of propagating apple is by budding. When planting an apple nursery or orchard it is highly advisable to plant seedlings budded from root stock to prevent an increase in dormancy of the buds. Budded trees should be pruned in the first year to encourage new shoot growth. In the tropics, apple trees require careful management in order to make the heavy crop loads sustainable. This includes bending shoots, pruning the tips and also defoliating the trees. Flowers are also removed to promote growth until the first fruit production, generally after 2 years. Apple trees can also be propagated by grafting and mound layering. Grafting involves joining the lower part of one plant (root stock) with the upper part (scion) of another. Grafting is usually done during the dormant season and must be done on dormant scion and stock wood. Mound layering is used to propagate apple clonal root stocks. Soil is mounded around shoots that have been cut back, thereby stimulating roots to grow at the base of the shoots. A year before propagation begins, 8-10 mm (0.3-0.4 in) diameter stock plants are planted in rows and then cut back to 45-60 cm (17.7-23.6 in). They are then grown for one year. In the spring, the plants are again cut back, this time to 2.5 cm (1 in) above the ground. New shoots gradually form and more soil and bark are added in mounds around the plants. This cycle can continue on through the growing season. Then the shoots are harvested by cutting close to the bases. The mother stool beds are then left exposed until further growth of the new shoots has occurred, and another cycle of hilling begins.
Apples are most commonly eaten fresh but can also be used for baking and cooking. Apples can also be processed into apple sauce, cider, vinegar, juice or butter while slices can be dried for later consumption. Apples can also be used for the extraction of useful compounds such as fructose and pectin
Apricots should be pruned annually and are generally trained to an open center. Annual pruning encourages new fruit spurs. When the tree is bearing fruit, it is important to thin the fruits to leave 3 or 4 per cluster. This allows fruits to become larger and prevents the tree from reducing production the following year. Trees should be watered regularly during the growing season to aid with fruit development. During dry periods, water trees every 10 to 14 days. Apply water deeply and widely, to at least the width of the canopy. Trees will also benefit from the application of a nitrogen fertilizer in Spring.
Apricot trees are usually propagated vegetatively to maintain the desirable genetic characteristic of the parent. Trees can be propagated from cuttings or by budding and grafting. Cuttings are lengths of stem usually taken from the previous years growth of an established tree. Cuttings are taken in late winter or early spring and rooted so that they produce a whole new tree. Budding and grafting involves joining two genetically distinct plants one is used for the lower part called the rootstock and another is used for the upper part, known as the scion. The scion is attached by inserting a bud from the desired variety under the bark of the rootstock so that it produces a new tree.
Apricots have a high genetic variability and as a result, they also have a wide range of growing conditions. The trees tend to bloom early compared with other stone fruits and are therefore susceptible to damage from late frosts. Apricots will grow best in deep, well-draining soils and will not tolerate water saturating. Apricots have a chilling requirement (period of cold required to break dormancy) of between 250 and 1200 hours below 7°C (45°F) depending on the variety. In addition, most apricot trees do not require a second variety for cross-pollination.
Apricots can be consumed fresh or dried. They may also be processed into jams and jellies, syrup or juice.
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina covers an area of 2,780,400 km2, making it the largest Spanish-speaking nation in the world. It is the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. Argentina is subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over a part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, the second largest in South America after Brazil, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation by area. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic.
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country located in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor under a Russian peacekeeping force, and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country located in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region; and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the Lachin corridor under a Russian peacekeeping force, and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the capital and largest city.
Globe artichoke flower buds should be harvested before they begin to open. Small, immature heads are more tender than older heads close to opening. Use a sharp knife to cut the buds from the plant leaving a 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1-3 in) section of stem with each bud. Once all buds have been harvested from the plant, the plant should be cut down to the ground.
Globe artichokes will benefit from the application of a balanced fertilizer once every month during the growing season. Plants should not be allowed to dry out and soil should be kept moist. A covering of thick mulch will help to conserve soil moisture. Remove the mulch when the plants begin to bud and replace with a generous covering of compost. After harvest, cut the stems of the plant back to ground level or slightly below the soil line. Protect the plants over winter by mulching over the roots with plenty organic mulch (e.g. about 20cm/8 in of straw and/or leaves). this protective layer can be supplemented by further covering the plants with a cardboard or styrofoam box filled with straw and leaves.
Vegetative propagation Globe artichokes are usually vegetatively propagated from underground shoots known as 'ovoli' or from the suckers, stumps or dried shoots from the previous growing season although it can be grown as an annual plant from seed. Existing globe artichoke plants should be divided in Fall or Winter when the plant is dormant. Shoots should be selected from plants that produce well and should be removed when they are about 20 cm (8 in) in height. The shoots are removed by cutting the attachment to the mother plant at the root with a sharp knife and gently loosening it from the soil and existing root ball. The separated shoots should be planted in a freshly prepared bed. The roots should be set to a depth of 15 to 20 cm (6-8 in) and spaced 1.2 to 1.8 m (4-6 ft) apart. Do not harvest any flower heads in the first year while the new plants establish. Seeds Globe artichoke seeds should be started indoors approximately 2 month prior to the last frost date for your area. Seeds should be sown 2.5 cm (1 in) deep in seeds starting mix in small 4 in pots. Seeds should be sown generously as successful germination is approximately 70% and not all of the emerging seedling will produce high quality plants. Seedlings should be transplanted outdoors after hardening and after all danger of frost has passed. Space the plants 0.9 m (3 ft) apart in rows spaced 0.9 m (3 ft). AFter the first year, remove any plants that are not producing well to achieve a final spacing of 1.2 to 1.8 m (4-6 ft) between plants.
Globe artichokes are cool season crops and grow best in deep, fertile and well drained soils with a pH between 6.0 and 8.0. The prevailing climatic conditions are extremely important to successful growth of high quality flowerheads. The optimum daytime temperature is 20–22°C (68–71.6°F) and optimum nighttime temperature is 12–14°C (53.6–57.2°F). The plants will tolerate both cold and high temperatures but this will reduce the tenderness of the head. Frost can cause the flower heads to blister and may kill the buds. In addition, globe artichokes require frequent irrigation to ensure growth of good quality heads. However, the plants will not tolerate a waterlogged soil.
Artichokes are grown primarily for consumption and can be eaten raw or cooked. Globe artichokes may also be canned or pickled or processed to make tea, liqueur or for extraction of secondary metabolties such as cynarin and chlorogenic acid which can be used in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. The globe artichoke has one of the highest antioxidant contents of any vegetable and is therefore valued as a health food with roles in lowering cholesterol and regulating blood sugar levels.
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Aruba is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about 29 kilometres north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres northwest of Curaçao. It measures 32 kilometres long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, these and the other three Dutch substantial islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean, of which Aruba has about one-third of the population. Since it gained a title of being a constituent country within the Netherlands, it gained the formal name the Country of Aruba.
Aruba is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about 29 kilometres north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres northwest of Curaçao. It measures 32 kilometres long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and 10 kilometres across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, these and the other three Dutch substantial islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean, of which Aruba has about ​1⁄3 of the population.
Allow asparagus ferns to remain until the Spring before cutting or mowing them back to the ground to allow new spears to grow. The new spears are ready to harvest when they reach 17 to 22 cm (7-9 in) in length. The spears can simply be snapped by hand close to the ground. The spears can be harvested every 2 to 4 days for a period of 4 to 6 weeks in the second year (third year if grown from seed). Avoid over-harvesting as this will decrease the yield the following year. The harvest can be extended in the third year (fourth for seed grown plants) to 6-8 weeks.
Growing asparagus from seed is more time consuming and labor intensive than growing from divided crowns. If growing from seed, be aware that you will be unable to harvest the spears for longer than if grown from crowns (spears can generally be harvested in the third year after planting). Asparagus seeds should be sown indoors 12 to 14 weeks before planting outside. This should be timed so that the outdoor planting date is after all danger of frost for your area. Seeds should be sown in mix, planting 0.6 cm (0.25 in) deep. The seeds should be kept moist, but not wet and will germinate in approximately 3 weeks. Seedlings should be fully hardened off prior to planting outdoors, using a cold frame where possible. The asparagus nursery bed should be prepared in advance by digging deeply to break up the soil and incorporating plenty of organic matter such as well-rotted manure and by blending a complete fertilizer into the soil just prior to transplanting. Plant the seedlings 25 to 38 cm (10-25 in) apart in a trench approximately 10 cm (4 in) deep. The trench should be gradually filled in as the seedlings grow. Keep the soil moist by providing about 2.5 cm (1 in) of water weekly. Once the plants are established, irrigation is generally only required in very dry areas due to the deep root system that the plant produces. It is important to control weeds as not only will it prevent any competition with the asparagus plant but it will also ensure that the young spears can be seen and harvested at the correct time. The asparagus plants should be transplanted to their final planting site in the second year following the directions for planting crowns (below). When purchasing asparagus crowns, choose disease-free, 1 year old crowns from a reputable grower. All-male hybrids tend to be produce more spears than females and are a good choice for growing at home. Crowns should be planted once the soil has warmed to 10°C (50°F). Dig a trench 12 to 15 cm (5-6 in) deep and add super phosphate fertilizer to provide the crowns with nutrients immediately after planting. Position the crowns in the trench 30 to 45 cm (12-17 in) apart. It does not matter how the crown are oriented in the trench as they will grow regardless. Backfill the trench to the original level. If planting more than one row, allow at least 1.5 m (5 ft) between rows. New spears should begin to emerge from the soil within a week of planting. Avoid harvesting the spears until the following year. Allowing the ferns to develop and provide energy for the crown to produce spears the following year.
Asparagus grows best in regions with hot days and cool nights and requires 90–150 days of cold temperature to break dormancy. It will grow in most soils as long as they are well-draining and will grow optimally at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. Asparagus should be planted in a sunny location in the home garden and it is best to avoid low lying areas as a late frost will cause damage to newly emerged spears.
Asparagus spears can be eaten raw or cooked. They are low in calories and very low in sodium. Asparagus is a particularly good source of vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium , zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, rutin, niacin, folic acid, iron, phosphorus, potassium, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, dietary fiber, and protein.
Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asparagaceae which is grown for its young shoots, or spears, which are eaten as a vegetable. The asparagus plant is tall with scale like leaves emerging from the underground stem (rhizome) and has stout stems and feathery foliage. The flowers are bell shaped and occur alone or in pairs. They are green-white to yellow in color. After flowering, a round red berry is formed with 1 to 6 black seeds. Asparagus can live for 20 or more years and can attain a height between 100–150 cm (39.4–59.1 in). Asparagus originates from Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia.
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Its population of nearly 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. The country's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia's population of nearly 26 million, in an area of 7,617,930 square kilometres, is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Canberra is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Sydney, and other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states, one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While Austrian German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states, one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects.
AutoML, an approach that automates the design of machine learning models. AutoML can design small neural networks that perform on par with neural networks designed by human experts, these results were constrained to small academic datasets like CIFAR-10, and Penn Treebank. Abstract from authors: In Learning Transferable Architectures for Scalable Image Recognition, we apply AutoML to the ImageNet image classification and COCO object detection dataset -- two of the most respected large scale academic datasets in computer vision. These two datasets prove a great challenge for us because they are orders of magnitude larger than CIFAR-10 and Penn Treebank datasets. For instance, naively applying AutoML directly to ImageNet would require many months of training our method. To be able to apply our method to ImageNet we have altered the AutoML approach to be more tractable to large-scale datasets: We redesigned the search space so that AutoML could find the best layer which can then be stacked many times in a flexible manner to create a final network. We performed architecture search on CIFAR-10 and transferred the best learned architecture to ImageNet image classification and COCO object detection. With this method, AutoML was able to find the best layers that work well on CIFAR-10 but work well on ImageNet classification and COCO object detection. These two layers are combined to form a novel architecture, which we called “NASNet”.
An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is an event that occurs when a cohesive slab of snow lying upon a weaker layer of snow fractures and slides down a steep slope. Avalanches are typically triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the forces of the snow exceed its strength but sometimes only with gradual widening (loose snow avalanche). After initiation, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and grow in mass and volume as they entrain more snow. If the avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with the air forming a powder snow avalanche, which is a type of gravity current.
Newly planted young trees should be mulched after planting with several inches of straw or woodchips. Young trees will also benefit from staking which will help to prevent wind damage. Wood stakes should be driven into the ground outside the root ball allowing 2 stakes per tree. The tree should then be tied loosely to the stakes to provide support while it establishes. Young trees should be irrigated and the root ball should not be allowed to dry out. Trees should be watered every few days. Water trees at and around the base to ensure the root ball is wetted. Trees are usually fertilized at around 4 weeks after planting. Add half a cup of urea every 4 to 6 weeks during the growing season.
Avocados are commonly propagated from seeds but the seeds will not breed true to type and this should be taken into consideration before planting. Clonal plants are obtained from budding and grafting from a parent tree to ensure the offspring are of the same high quality of the parent. In plantations, seeds can be sown directly in the soil. 2 to 3 seeds are usually sown and thinned later to leave the strongest seedling for grafting. Seeds may also be sown in containers and grown for 2 to 3 months before planting at the final site. Planting Avocado seedling should ideally be planted in the Spring when the soil has warmed through. Choose a location that receives full sun and has protection from the wind. The trees should be planted by digging a hole a little wider than the root ball and gently easing the tree into the hole. Slow release fertilizer can be added to the hole at planting but is not necessary. Care should be taken not to disturb the roots as much as possible and the hole should be carefully backfilled and the soil and tamped to prevent dislodging. Trees should be planted 4.5 to 6 m (15-20 ft) apart in rows spaced 6 m (20 ft) apart.
Avocados thrive in subtropical or tropical climates but can also be grown successfully in cooler areas of the world. The optimum temperature for growing avocado is between 25 and 33oC (77-91.4oF) with moderate humidity levels. Once established, trees can tolerate temperatures down to around -2oC (28oF) with minimal damage but young trees will not tolerate freezing temperatures. Avocado requires a well draining, aerated soil and they produce a shallow root system which require a warm soil for efficient water and nutrient uptake. Although trees will tolerate low rainfall, irrigation, particularly during flowering and fruit set, will ensure high fruit yields.
The avocado is usually consumed fresh as a fruit or as an ingredient in salads or savory dishes. It has a markedly higher fat content than other fruits and is a staple in diets that have limited access to foods with high contents of monounsaturated fats. It is the main ingredient in guacamole, a popular Mexican dip. In Asia, avocados are used in desserts and dessert drinks.
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, the Russian republic of Dagestan to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south.
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region, and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city.
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans. As a member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by biotechnology companies.
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 700 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the US state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 of ocean space.
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a country in the Persian Gulf. The island nation comprises a small archipelago made up of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered around Bahrain Island which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. The country is situated between the Qatari peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2020 census, Bahrain's population numbers 1,501,635 people, of which 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. At 760 square kilometres in size, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.
Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a country in the Persian Gulf. The island nation comprises a small archipelago made up of 51 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered around Bahrain Island which make up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. The country is situated between the Qatari peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre King Fahd Causeway. According to the 2010 census, Bahrain's 2020 population is estimated at 1,701,575 people mid-year according to UN data. Half of people counted are non-nationals willing to report their status. At 780 square kilometres in size, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama.
The fruit is the most widely used part of the plant and can be eaten fresh or cooked or processed into starch, chips, puree, beer, vinegar or dehydrated to produce dried fruit. The fruit may also be processed into flour which is used in baking, soups or beverages. The flowers of the plant may be used as a vegetable. Fresh leaves have a high protein content and can be fed to cattle. Other uses for leaves include polishing floors, lining pots or wrapping food.
Banana plants are vegetatively propagated, most often from suckers (shoots that grow from a bud at the base of the plant) or from corms (underground bulbs known as rhizomes). The use of whole corms is very laborious so it is more common to grow from small pieces of corm. There are three different types of banana suckers which are produced by the mother plant; maidenheads, sword suckers and water suckers. Maidenheads have a large pseudostem which does not produce fruit. Sword suckers have a narrow base, short pseudostem and narrow, blade-like leaves. They produce healthy, fruitful pseudostems when they mature Water suckers have short pseudostems and broad leaves. Water suckers are not strongly attached to the rhizome and generally produce weaker plants and less fruit. Maidenheads and large sword suckers are preferred over water suckers. Planting The desired pieces of the plant are usually planted 30-60 cm (11.8-23.6 in) deep in the soil and should generally be planted at the end of the dry season or the beginning of the wet season. Plant spacing is dependent on the cultivar being planted. Frequent weeding is required until plants are tall enough to shade out competing plants and should be started about 6 weeks after planting. The banana plants are fast growing and require the frequent addition of nutrients as well as additional irrigation in the dry season. Banana is often grown alongside other crop plants with similar requirements, indeed, the young banana plants make excellent 'nurses' for other crops such as papaya or cocoa which can be grown very close to the young banana.
Bananas grow best in hot and humid climates, require a rainfall of at least 1000 mm (39.4 in) per year to survive and have a high light requirement. Banana plants grow optimally at 27oC (98.6oF) and require a deep soil, rich in organic matter which is well draining and well aerated. The plants will grow optimally in soil with a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. Young banana plants are very susceptible to wind damage and it is recommended that they are planted in sufficient shelter or in a block so that the plants will protect one another.
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 163 million people, in an area of 148,460 square kilometres, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by Sikkim, in the north, respectively. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's economic, political, and cultural hub. Chittagong, the largest seaport, is the second-largest city.
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 163 million people, in an area of 148,560 square kilometres, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, Myanmar to the southeast, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north, respectively. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's economic, political, and cultural hub. Chittagong, the largest seaport is the second-largest city.
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It is 34 kilometres in length and up to 23 km in width, covering an area of 432 km2 . It is in the western part of the North Atlantic, 100 km east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea. Barbados is east of the Windwards, part of the Lesser Antilles, at roughly 13°N of the equator. It is about 168 km east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km south-east of Martinique and 400 km north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America. It is 34 kilometres in length and up to 23 km in width, covering an area of 432 km2 . It is in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. Barbados is east of the Windwards, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 13°N of the equator. It is about 168 km east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km south-east of Martinique and 400 km north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.
Barley, Hordeum vulgare, is an edible annual grass in the family Poaceae grown as a cereal grain crop. It is a tall grass with a hairy stem which stands erect and produces spikelets at the head. The stem is made up of nodes and internodes. The internodes are solid, whereas the internodes are hollow. The stem supports the inflorescence, or spike, where the grain is produced. Barley seeds heads are cylindrical spikes composed of rachis each with 3 spikelets. Each spike produces 20-60 grains. Barley plants are freely tillering and typically possesses 1-6 stems. The tillers do not produce seed heads. Barley is an annual plant which is harvested each year and it can range in height from 80 to 100 cm (31.5-39.4 in). Barley may be referred to as spring barley or winter barley and it was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East.
Barley is ready to harvest when the stalks and heads have turned from green to yellow and the seed heads are drooping towards the ground. Check the seeds for ripeness before harvest. The should be firm and crunchy and not doughy in texture. Commercially produced wheat is usually harvested using a combine. Smaller plots can be harvested by hand using a scythe or sickle. Small plots can be harvested by snipping off the heads with a pair of scissors.
75.0kg/acre (187.5kg/ha) (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
Barley is cultivated as a food cereal in the tropics and subtropics in India, Nepal, Tibet, Afghanistan, Russia, Ethiopia, North Africa and the Andean region of South America. The straw produced is used as an animal feed, bedding and to cover roofs of houses. In temperate regions, barley is used in malt production to brew beer and make other distilled alcoholic beverages, particularly whisky.
Barley varieties Like wheat, barley can be grown in Spring or Fall. Barley can be classed as either six-rox or two-row. Two-row barley has two rows of seeds on each spike whereas six-row barley has six rows of seeds on each spike. Two-row barley varieties tend to be spring grown whereas six-row barley varieties include both spring and winter grown types. Planting Winter barley varieties should be planted in the Fall approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the first frost date. Spring varieties should be planted as soon as the soil can be worked in the Spring. Barley requires temperatures to have reached a minimum of 1-2oC (34-36oF) for successful germination. Seeds should be sown in prepared seed bed in rows or by broadcasting. Commercially grown barley is usually mechanically drilled using a machine that creates a furrow and drops the seed in before covering it back up. Seeds are usually sown to depths ranging from 2 to 12 cm (0.8-4.7 in) depending on soil conditions (seed must be sown deeper in drier soil) and the soil should be raked lightly after planting. Spring barley varieties usually reach maturity in 60 to 80 days and winter barley in 60 days.
Basil leaves can begin to be harvested any time after the plants have reached a height of 15–20 cm (6–8 in). Harvest leaves by pinching the leaves from the tips of the stems to encourage the more branching. Leaves should be pinched regularly to keep the plants productive and prevent them from going to seed.
Basil seeds should be sown indoors 6–8 weeks before planting outside. Sow seeds in a sterile seed starting mix in seed trays or pots 0.2–1.0 cm (0.08–0.4 in) deep and water gently. Ensure the temperature remains between 15.5 and 27°C (60–80°F). Seeds should germinate in about 5 days at 21°C (70°F). Basil seedlings can be transplanted to the garden when they are between 6 and 8 weeks old, about 2 weeks after the last frost date. Plants should be spaced approximately 30 cm (12 in) apart, allowing 45 cm (18 in) between rows. Pinching back the growing tip of the plants after transplanting will encourage the growth of new shoots.
Basil is a warm season crop which will grow optimally in areas where daytime temperatures are consistently above 21°C (70°F) and nighttime temperatures stay above 10°C (50°F). Basil is very sensitive to frost and will need protected if a late cold snap is forecast. The plant will grow best in a fertile, moist soil with a pH between 6 and 7. Basil requires around 6–8 hours of sun every day and benefits from some shade in the afternoon.
Basil is commonly used as a fresh or dried herb in cooking and is popularly used in beverages in Southeast Asia. Essential oil can be extracted from the leaves and used in cosmetics, dental products and perfume.
The common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae which is grown as a pulse and green vegetable. The common bean can be bushy, vine-like or climbing depending on the variety being grown. The leaves grow alternately on the stems, are green or purple in color and are divided into 3 oval leaflets with smooth edges. The leaves can grow 6-15 cm (2.4-5.9 in) long and 3-11 cm (1.2-4.3 in) wide. The common bean produces white, pink, lilac or purple flowers which are approximately 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, and bean pods 8-20 cm (3.1-7.9 in) long and 1-1.5 cm (0.4-0.6 in) wide which can range in color from green to yellow or black to purple. Each pod contains 4-6 smooth, kidney-shaped beans. Common bean plants are annual plants and last only one growing season and range greatly in size from the bushy varieties 20-60 cm (7.9-24 in) in height; to vines or runner beans which can reach 2-3 m (6 ft 7 in-9 ft 10 in) in length. The common bean includes many varieties and may be referred to as bush bean, dry bean, dwarf bean, field bean, French bean, snap bean, garden bean, haricot bean, kidney bean, pole bean or string bean. The plant originates from the Americas.
Beans are generally ready for harvest approximately two weeks after bloom. The beans should be harvested just before the seeds are mature and before they form bumps on the pod. The pods should be firm and snap when they are bent. Pick beans every 2-3 days to ensure the plants remain productive. Pinch beans rather than pulling to avoid damaging the plant. Cut pole beans from the plant using scissors.
Beans should be direct seeded in the garden in when the soil has reached a temperature of at least 15.5oC (60oF), with the optimum temperature for germination being between 15.5 and 29oC (60-85oF). Planting at cooler temperatures leads to slow germination and promotes seed rotting. Seeds should be planted 2.5-3.5 cm (1-1.5 in) deep. Bush beans should be planted 5-10 cm (2-4 in) apart allowing 0.6-0.9 m ( 2-3 ft) between rows. Pole beans can be planted in both row and hills. In rows, seeds should be spaced 15-25 cm (6-10 in) apart allowing 0.9-1.2 m (3-4 ft) between rows. For a continuous harvest of beans over the summer months, make new plantings every 2-3 weeks. Pole beans should be provided with a pole or trellis to climb on to support the weight of the pods and allow light to penetrate to all parts of the plant, helping to prevent disease. Bean poles should have a rough surface to help the plant to grip and should be 1.8-2.1 m (6-7 ft) long. Three or four poles can be used to form a tripod onto which the plants can be trained. Bean trellises can be constructed easily using posts (or a tripod arrangement of poles), wire and twine. Position a post at either end of the area in which you wish to plant a row of beans and connect with two lengths of wire. The first wire should be approximately 13 cm (5 in) from the ground, and the second 1.5-1.8 m (5-6 ft) from the ground. Finally, use the twine to create a V-shaped trellis by tying the twine to the bottom wire, bringing it up to the top wire and looping it back down around the bottom wire. Continue to zigzag the string all the way along the wires to the second support before tying the twine off. A rough textured twine is best as it will encourage the plant to climb and twine around it. Pinch back the growing tips of the plants once they reach the top support to encourage the plant to branch.
Common beans are warm-season crops and should be planted after all danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed. Beans will grow best at soil temperatures between 15.5 and 29oC (60-85oF) and are sensitive to cold temperatures and frosts. Beans will grow best in a fertile, well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.75 Beans will perform best in full sunlight.
The common bean is used as a pulse and green vegetable eaten fresh or cooked. The beans can be dried, cooked in sauce and canned.
Common beans can either be bush or pole varieties. Bush beans will grow erect without any support and require less care than pole varieties. Pole beans grow vertically on a support and are generally easier to harvest. Most type of bean are now available as both bush and pole varieties. Some green bean varieties may be referred to as “stringâ€ beans. This name is a reference to older varieties which produced a stringy fibre along the seam of the pod. Modern cultivars were bred which did not produce this substance and which are commonly referred to as “snapâ€ beans due to the ease with which the green pods can be snapped in two.
Young beet greens can be harvested for salads when they are 2.5–5.0 cm (1–2 in) high and older greens before they reach 15 cm (6 in) in length. The roots are ready for harvest when they have reached 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and are most tender before the exceed 7.5–10 cm (3–4 in). Watering the soil the day before harvest or the day after rainfall makes pulling the beets easier. Pull beets out of the soil by firmly grasping the top and pulling the root out of the soil vertically. Alternatively, use a garden fork to dig the beets out of the soil. Cut the tops of the beets to 1.25–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) above the root before storing the root. This helps keep the beets fresh.
eets require plenty of moisture to develop optimally. Even watering will promote the development of good quality roots and prevent the formation of rings in the root. Soil moisture can be conserved by applying a layer of mulch around the plants. In addition to moisture, beets also require an adequate supply of nutrients, particularly phosphorus. Apply a complete fertilizer at planting to ensure optimum development. Remove any weeds around plants by cultivating shallowly to avoid damaging the developing roots.
Beets are direct seeded and can be planted as soon as the soil is workable in Spring. The soil should be prepared for planting by first removing any large rocks and stones and then working in 2–3 inches of compost or well-rotted manure. Plant one seed every 2.5 cm (1 in) at a depth of 13 mm (0.5 in) in rows spaced 30–40 cm (12–16 in) apart. Keep the seedbed well watered. Seedlings should emerge in 5 to 17 days at temperatures between 10 and 24°C (50–75°F). When seedlings have reached between 7 and 10 cm (3–4 in) in height, thin to a final spacing of 7–10 cm (3–4 in) between plants. For a continuous harvest, plant seeds every 2–3 weeks as long as the daytime temperature stays below 26.6°C (80°F). Most beet varieties mature in 55 to 70 days.
Beets are cool season vegetables with a long growing season. They grow best in cool climates but can tolerate some heat as well as some freezing. The optimum temperature for their growth is between 15.5 and 18.3°C (60–65°F). Beets grow best in a loose, well draining soil with a pH between 6.2 and 6.8 and should be planted in full sun for optimum development.
The roots are consumed after boiling and may be pickled in vinegar. The leaves of the spinach beet plant are consumed as a herb in Indonesia and Japan. Chemicals in the roots can be extracted and used as food coloring.
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres and with a population of 9.3 million, Belarus is the thirteenth-largest and the twentieth-most populous country in Europe. The country is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres and with a population of 9.4 million, Belarus is the thirteenth-largest and the twentieth-most populous country in Europe. The country is administratively divided into seven regions, and is one of the world's most urbanized, with over 40% of its total land area forested. Minsk is the country's capital and largest city.
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and the North Sea to the northwest. It covers an area of 30,689 km2 and has a population of more than 11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 376 per square kilometre . The capital and largest city is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
Belize is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America. Belize is bordered on the north by Mexico, on the east by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west by Guatemala. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres and a population of 419,199 . Its mainland is about 290 km long and 110 km wide. It has the lowest population and population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere.
Belize is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America. Belize is bordered to the north by Mexico, to the east by the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by Guatemala. It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres and a population of 419,199 . Its mainland is about 290 km long and 110 km wide. It has the lowest population and population density in Central America. The country's population growth rate of 1.87% per year is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere. Its capital is Belmopan, and its largest city is Belize City.
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres and its population in 2018 was estimated to be approximately 11.49 million. Benin is a tropical nation, highly dependent on agriculture, and is a large exporter of cotton and palm oil. Substantial employment and income arise from subsistence farming.
Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3–7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year.
Bergamot seedlings are usually produced by grafting or budding to an appropriate rootstock as seeds will not produce fruit true to type. Grafting is the process by which a scion from one plant is joined to the rootstock of another to produce a new tree. Budding is a special type of grafting where the scion that is joined to the rootstock consists of a single bud. Budding is commonly used in citrus propagation as it is the easier of the two processes and works very well. Bergamot trees can be purchased as seedlings which have already been grafted and only require planting in the garden or orchard. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Standard sized trees should be spaced 3.7–7.6 m (12–25 ft) apart in an area that receives full sunlight, but is protected from strong winds which can damage the trees. Planting against a south facing wall will help protect the tree in cooler climates.
Bergamot oranges grow best in regions with a pronounced change in season. They will grow best at temperatures between 12.8 and 37.8°C (55–100°F) during the growing season and 1.7 to 10°C (35–50°F) during dormancy. Mature trees can survive short periods of freezing, whereas young trees will be killed. Trees should be protected from frosts and freezing conditions to prevent damage. The trees will also tolerate drought conditions but perform poorly in water-logged soil. Trees will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Trees require full sun and should be protected from wind which can cause damage to the trees.
The oil produced by the flowers, leaves and rind of the fruit is used in eau de toilette, cologne and soap. The bitter fruit is used to make marmalade and to flavor liqueurs.
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is about 1,035 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ; 1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; 1,759 km northeast of Cuba, and 1,538 km due north of the British Virgin Islands. Though typically referred to in the singular, Bermuda has 181 islands; the largest of these being Main Island. Bermuda's capital city is Hamilton. Bermuda is internally self-governing, with its constitution and cabinet of ministers selected from the elected Members of the lower house of a Parliament that enacts local laws. As the national government, the Government of the United Kingdom is ultimately responsible for ensuring good governance within British Overseas Territories, and retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations. As of July 2018, it had a population of 71,176, making it the most populous of the British overseas territories. Bermuda's largest industries are offshore insurance, reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century.
Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately 1,035 km east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ; 1,236 km south of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia; 1,759 km northeast of Cuba, and 1,538 km due north of the British Virgin Islands. Though it is typically referred to in the singular, Bermuda consists of 181 islands; the largest of these islands is known as Main Island. The capital city of Bermuda is Hamilton. Bermuda is internally self-governing, with its own constitution and cabinet of ministers selected from the elected Members of the lower house of a Parliament that enacts local laws. As the national government, the Government of the United Kingdom is ultimately responsible for ensuring good governance within British Overseas Territories, and retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations. As of July 2018, it has a population of 71,176, making it the most populous of the British overseas territories. Bermuda's largest industries are offshore insurance, reinsurance, and tourism. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century.
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
Bhutan officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas. It is bordered by China to the north and India to the south east and west. Nepal and Bangladesh are located in proximity to Bhutan but do not share a land border. The country has a population of over 754,000 and a territory of 38,394 square kilometers which ranks 133rd in terms of land area, and 160th in population. Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy with Vajrayana Buddhism as the state religion.
Bhutan, officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas. It is bordered by China to the north and India to the south. Nepal and Bangladesh are located in proximity to Bhutan but do not share a land border. The country has a population of over 754,000 and a territory of 38,394 square kilometers which ranks 133rd in terms of land area. Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy with Mahayana Buddhism as the state religion.
Black pepper can be propagated from dry seeds or, as is most common for commercial production, from cuttings or stolons of established plants. Cuttings are usually taken from the secondary runners of the plant and should possess one or two leaves. Cuttings are then rooted in a seedbed before transplanting when the plant has 4-7 new leaves. In cultivation, a trellis is used to support the plant. The trellis should be at least 4 m (13 ft) high. Black pepper should be planted using an 8 × 8 m (26 × 26 ft) spacing (i.e. 8 m between individual plants and 8 m between rows).
Black pepper is a tropical plant and does not tolerate frost. Plants will not tolerate temperatures below 12˚C (53.6˚F). The plants will grow best in wet, tropical climates at ambient temperatures between 25 and 30˚C (77-86˚F) in a deep, well-draining soil with a good capacity to retain water. The soil should be rich in organic matter with a pH between 5.5 and 6.0. The plants require an annual rainfall of approximately 2000 mm and will require additional irrigation in drier areas.
Black pepper plants are used to produce black, white and green pepper. Black pepper is the product of drying the fruit to produce the familiar black peppercorns. White pepper is produced by soaking the fruits in water for approximately a week to recover the seed from the decomposed fruit. Green pepper is produced by drying the unripe fruit in a way that retains the green colour. Green peppercorns are often conserved by pickling.
Black pepper, Piper nigrum, is a climbing perennial plant in the family Piperaceae which is grown for its fruits. The fruits are used to produce black, white and green peppercorns which are commonly used as a spice in cooking. Black pepper may be vining or have bushy, wooden stems. The plant has simple, alternating leaves which are oval in shape and produces clusters, or spikes, of 50 to 150 flowers. The fruits develop on the flower spike and are small spherical fruits which are green and ripen to red. Each stem can produce 20–30 spikes. Black pepper can grow to be 10 m (33 ft) in height but under cultivation it is usually restricted to 3-4 m (10–13 ft). It is a perennial plant which can live for over 30 years, with a commercial lifespan of 12–20 years. Black pepper may also be referred to as pepper or Madagascar pepper and is native to South and Southeast Asia.
Blackberry, is a perennial shrub in the family Rosaceae that is grown for its aggregate black fruit of the same name. The name blackberry is used to describe several species, including Rubus fruticosis (wild blackberry), Rubus ursinus and Rubus argutus, two species native to North America. Blackberries have three stem types: erect, arching, and trailing. They often have thorns, but some varieties are thornless. The leaves alternate along the stem with each group of leaves consisting of 3-5 leaflets. The leaves are prickly and bright green, and are toothed along the edges. The life-span of blackberry shrubs is variable, but they usually live for less than ten years reaching heights of up to 3 m (10 ft). Blackberry may also be referred to as bramble and the shrubs grow native on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.
Preparation Soil may need prepared up to two years in advance of planting if major amendments are required. Acidic soil can be amended with lime to bring the pH up to a level suitable for blackberries. Organic content can be increased by planting a cover crop or by the addition of manure or compost. Avoid planting blackberries where peppers, eggplant, tomatoes or potatoes have been grown previously as these plants are host to Verticillium fungi which can cause root rot in blackberries. Choose a variety which is suited to your region. Planting and trellising Many blackberry varieties are very vigorous and using a support system such as a trellis will help to protect the canes from wind damage while also supporting the weight of the fruit crop. The trellis should be constructed before or at planting to avoid damaging the young plants after they are in the ground. The traditional method of supporting red blackberry canes is a post and wire system. This method involves running two wires about 60 cm (2 ft) apart vertically between wooden posts staked into the ground. The lower wire should be positioned 90 cm (3 ft) from the ground and the upper 1.5 m (5 ft) from the ground. The blackberry canes can then be tied to the wires. A second option is a T-trellis which is similar to the post and wire but the vertical wooden posts each have two cross bars to attach the wire. Two sets of wires run parallel to one another, one above the other. The vertical posts should be spaced 3.6-4.6 m (12-15 ft) apart with the lower wire positioned 90 cm (3 ft) from the ground and the upper 1.5 m (5 ft) from the ground. Blackberry plants in the home garden are usually grown from bare root plants or from tissue-cultured plants and should be planted in early Spring when the danger of any severe frosts has passed. The plants are usually planted in a row and the suckers will fill in the spaces to produce a hedge. Plant approximately 70 cm (27.5 in) apart, allowing 2.4-3 m (8-10 ft) between rows. Pruning Allow the plants to fill in the row to a width of about 30-38 cm (12-15 in) during the course of the growing season. Remove any suckers which are produced outwith this row. After harvest, cut the fruited canes of summer-fruiting varieties to ground level. Select 6-8 of the strongest young canes on each plant and tie them to the supporting wires so that they are spaced 8-10 cm (3-4 in) apart. Cut all of the canes of Autumn fruiting varieties to ground level after harvest. Cut back canes as needed in the summer if required to prevent crowding.
Blackberries grow best in temperate regions with cool summers and mild winters as they are susceptible to cold weather. They grow best when daytime temperatures are around 25oC (77oF). Blackberries prefer full sun (minimum six hours of direct sunlight) and they need to be planted in soil that drains well, is high in organic matter, and has a pH range of 6-6.5. Drainage it critical in blackberry propagation as the plants are susceptible to root rot. Blackberries should not be planted in low lying areas where water may build up and they require a post support system or trellis to support the weight of the fruit on the plants. Blackberry canes are biennial and produce fruit in the second year of growth. Canes in their first year of growth are called primocanes and those in the second year of growth are called fruiting canes or floricanes. The young canes are green in color, whereas the older floricanes are tougher and have a woody covering making them easy to tell apart.
Blackberries are consumed as a fresh fruit. They can also be frozen or canned for later use in ice creams, juices, pies, jellies, preserves and jams and other sweet desserts. Blackberries are high in antioxidants and vitamins and are a good sources of potassium, phosphorus, iron and calcium.
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds of at least 56 km/h (35 mph) and lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically three hours or more. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow is not falling but loose snow on the ground is lifted and blown by strong winds. Blizzards can have an immense size and usually stretch to hundreds or thousands of kilometres.
Blueberry is a crown forming, woody, perennial shrub in the family Ericaceae grown for its fruits, or berries, of the same name. The blueberry plant possesses oval or elliptical leaves which grow alternately on the stems. The stems, or twigs, are yellow/green in color and turn reddish in winter. Flowers are bell shaped and can be either white or pink, occurring in clusters of 8 to 10 flowers. Berries are blue to black in color and 0.6-1.3 cm (0.25-0.5 in) in size. Lowbush blueberry plants (including Vaccinium angustifolium) are smaller in stature, reaching heights of 35 to 60 cm (13.8-23.6 in) and with proper management can produce fruit for between 40 and 50 years. Lowbush blueberries are also sometimes referred to as Maine, New Hampshire or wild blueberry and are native to eastern/central Canada and northeastern United States. Highbush blueberries (including Vaccinium corymbosum) are generally 2-3 m (6.6-9.8 ft) in height but can reach up to 5 m (16.4 ft) and may also be referred to as huckleberry or swamp blueberry. Highbush blueberry accounts for most of the commercial production of blueberry fruit and is also native only to North America.
Lowbush blueberry grows best in well-drained, acidic soils with a pH between 4.5 and 4.8 and should be planted in early Spring as purchased plants or as “plugsâ€ (a small cutting, including root, from an established bush). The newly planted blueberry should be covered in a couple of inches of mulch to conserve moisture in the soil. Any flowers produced by the plants should be removed for at least one year after planting to promote vigor and new growth. Plants should be pruned by cutting close to the ground and a pruned plant will not produce any fruit in the first year, but in the second year subsequent to pruning their should be a good yield. Growth can be stimulated by field-burning, as these plants are very fire-tolerant. Highbush blueberry can be propagated from seeds, cuttings from an established plant or bare root and should be planted in late Fall. Blueberry plants grow best in well drained, highly acidic soils with a pH between 4.5 and 5.8. The plants have a shallow root system and should be planted in a hole at least twice as large as the existing root system and mulched with a 7-10 cm (3-4 in) layer of organic mulch. The first year of blossom should be removed to encourage new growth and it is also recommended to do the same in the second year. Plants should be pruned annually, particularly after the first two years, to promote plant vigour and remove diseased or broken canes. Irrigation is recommended due to the shallow root system and greatly promotes the fruit yield this practice is highly recommended if growing commercially.
Blueberries can be eaten fresh or can be dried or baked for further processing. Frozen or pureed berries are commonly used to make jams and preserves and baked goods. Lowbush blueberry is commonly used to make wine.
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bolivia /bəˈlɪviə/, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. The constitutional capital is Sucre, while the seat of government and executive capital is La Paz. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.
Stage 4: Booting, Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting For sorghum plants, the booting stage is when the sorghum panicle, also known as the head, is in the flag leaf sheath and can be seen as a bulge or swelling. Leaf collars of all leaves are visible, and the panicle is pushed up through the flag leaf collar by the upper stalk, known as the peduncle. The length of the peduncle can be affected by stress at this time and is influenced by hybrid genetics. With most grain sorghum hybrids, the boot stage occurs approximately 50 to 60 days after emergence. Moisture and heat stress during the boot stage and for the next 14 days will significantly lower yield. The plant progresses from the boot stage to the heading stage in three to five days.
Stage 4: Booting, Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting 41 Early boot stage: flag leaf sheath extending 43 Mid boot stage: flag leaf sheath just visibly swollen 45 Late boot stage: flag leaf sheath swollen 47 Flag leaf sheath opening 49 First awns visible (in awned forms only) Growth Stages of Sorghum: Seeding, Emergence, Three-leaf, Five-leaf, Growing point differentation, Flag leaf visible, Booting, Flowering, Soft Dough, Hard Dough, Physiological maturity
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in South and Southeast Europe, located within the Balkans. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in South and Southeast Europe, located within the Balkans. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city. Bosnia and Herzegovina is bordered by Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. It is not entirely landlocked; to the south it has a narrow coast on the Adriatic Sea, which is about 20 kilometres long and surrounds the town of Neum. The inland Bosnia region has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest moderately hilly, and in the northeast predominantly flatland. The smaller southern region, Herzegovina, has a Mediterranean climate and mostly mountainous topography.
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" or "gray mold".
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. It is connected to Zambia across the short Zambezi River border by the Kazungula Bridge.
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined due to being in the midst of the Zambezi River. This border with Zambia is, at most, a few hundred metres long.
Bouvet Island is a Norwegian uninhabited protected nature reserve. As a subantarctic volcanic island, it is situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge making it the world's most remote island. It is not part of the southern region covered by the Antarctic Treaty System.
Bouvet Island is an uninhabited subantarctic volcanic island located in the South Atlantic Ocean at 54°25′S 3°22′E﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 3.367°E﻿ / -54.417; 3.367Coordinates: 54°25′S 3°22′E﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 3.367°E﻿ / -54.417; 3.367. Politically, it is a dependency of Norway and, because it lies north of the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty System, it is not part of that system. Geographically, it is situated at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and is the most remote island in the world, lying as it does 1,700 kilometres north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, 1,900 kilometres east of the South Sandwich Islands, 1,600 kilometres south of Gough Island, and 2,600 kilometres south-southwest of the coast of South Africa.
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with over 211 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; as well as the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country.
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. It covers an area of 8,515,767 square kilometres with a population of over 211 million. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest and sixth-most populous country, composed of 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Brazil is one of the world's most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world. It is also the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country, and its capital is Brasília, while the largest city is São Paulo.
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
The British Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands, are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.
tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
3,000 military personnel and contractors
The British Indian Ocean Territory is a British Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom situated in the Indian Ocean halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia. The territory comprises the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islands – many very small – amounting to a total land area of 60 square kilometres . The largest and most southerly island is Diego Garcia, 27 km2, the site of a Joint Military Facility of the United Kingdom and the United States.
Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its South China Sea coast, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between Malaysia and Indonesia. As of 2020, its population was 460,345, of whom about 100,000 live in the capital and largest city, Bandar Seri Begawan. The government is an absolute monarchy ruled by its Sultan, entitled the Yang di-Pertuan, and implements a combination of English common law and sharia law, as well as general Islamic practices.
Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace, is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the country is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 428,963 in 2018. The government is an absolute monarchy under the Sultan, which implements a combination of English common law and sharia law, as well as direct general Islamic practices.
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, Bulgaria is Europe's sixteenth-largest country.
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It lies on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. Bulgaria covers a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas.
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa that covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres and is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2019 population estimate by the United Nations was 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé or Burkinabè, and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Due to French colonialism, the country's official language of government and business is French. However, only 15% of the population actually speaks French on a regular basis. There are 59 native languages spoken in Burkina, with the most common language, Moore, spoken by roughly 50% of Burkinabé.
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa that covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres and is bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. The July 2019 population estimate by the United Nations was 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinabé or Burkinabè, and its capital is Ouagadougou. Due to French colonialism, the country's official language of government and business is French. However, only 15% of the population actually speaks French on a regular basis. There are 59 native languages spoken in Burkina, with the most common language, Moore, spoken by roughly 50% of Burkinabé.
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)
Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura, which is also the largest city.
Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and southeast, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura.
Cabbages are ready to harvest when the head is fully formed and feels firm and well-packed when squeezed. Cut the head away from the stalk with a sharp knife. Leaving the stalks in the ground will result in the formation of several smaller heads which can also be harvested and eaten.
Cabbage should be kept evenly watered to ensure the development of tight heads. Uneven watering can cause heads to crack. Application of mulch around plants helps to conserve soil moisture. Cabbage plants have shallow roots and in order to avoid damaging them, it is preferable to hand pull any weeds growing around the plants. Cabbages are heavy feeders and require the addition of fertilizer to meet their growth requirements and develop optimally. Fertilize the plants when they are beginning to form new leaves and starting to develop heads.
Cabbage can be direct seeded or started indoors to produce transplants. The optimum soil temperature for germination is between 12 and 24°C (55–75°F). Cabbage seeds can be planted outdoors 6–8 weeks before the last spring frost date in a cold frame and transplanted to their final location approximately 4 weeks before the last frost. If planting for a fall harvest, cabbage can be direct seeded 6–8 weeks before the first frost date. Prepare the soil for planting through the addition of nitrogen in the form of bone meal or composted manure. Plant cabbage seeds 6 mm (0.25 in) deep allowing 10–15 cm (4–6 in) between plants in the row and a 0.6 to 1.2 m (2–4 ft) between rows. Thin seedlings to a final within row spacing of 45–60 cm (18–24 in). Keep soil moist during germination to prevent a crust from forming on the soil surface as this will cause uneven germination. Seedlings started indoors or in a cold frame are ready to be transplanted when they have 3–4 leaves and the daytime temperature has reached 10°C (50°F). Seedling should be planted at the final spacing for seeds (45–60 cm/18–24 in between plants and 0.6 to 1.2 m/2–4 ft between rows). Plant each seedling slightly deeper than it was previously. The plantings can be staggered in 2 week intervals to prolong the harvest.
Cabbage is cool season crop that grows best in cool, moist conditions. The plant will grow best at temperatures between 4 and 21°C (40–50°F) allowing it to be grown in both Spring and Fall. Cabbage will grow optimally in a rich, moist, well draining soil With a pH of 6.5. The plant requires at least six hours of direct sunlight every day.
Cabbage is primarily grown for consumption as a vegetable, eaten after boiling or steaming. Some cultivars are grown as fodder for animals. Red cabbage is commonly pickled.
Caffe is another popular deep learning framework geared towards the image processing field. It was developed by Yangqing Jia during his Ph.D at the University of Claifornia, Berkeley. And yes, it’s open source as well! First, a caveat – Caffe’s support for recurrent networks and language modeling is not as great as the above three frameworks. But where Caffe stands out is it’s speed of processing and learning from images. That is easily it’s primary USP.
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Phnom Penh is the nation's capital and largest city.
Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 square kilometres in area, bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state, it is geographically and historically in West Africa; the Southern Cameroons, which now form her Nord-Ouest and Sud-Ouest Regions, have particularly strong links to West African history. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa. Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 25 million people.
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African, due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa. Its nearly 25 million people speak 250 native languages.
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres, is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres, making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres, is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Cantaloupes are ready to be harvested when the the surface becomes netted and the color underneath turns from green to yellow. When the melon is ready to picked the stem will come away easily from the fruit.
Cantaloupe vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence to save space. Cantaloupe plants also require a regular supply of water while growing, blooming and setting fruit and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil.
Cantaloupe can be direct seeded in areas with a long, warm growing season but in more Northern climates it should be sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 18.4°C (65°F). Allow 90–120 cm (~3–4 ft) between seeds in a row and 150–180 cm (~5–6 ft) between rows. If transplanting, seeds should be sown approximately 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted after the plants develop their first set of true leaves. Seeds sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering as seeds are prone to rotting. Seeds should germinate in 3–10 days depending on the soil temperature. Cantaloupe seedlings should be transplanted when all danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed to at least 18.4°C (65°F). Covering soil with dark plastic or mulch a week prior to planting outdoors can help bring the soil temperature up more quickly in colder regions, allowing earlier planting. Beginning approximately 7–10 days before transplanting, plants should be set outside to harden off (see https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/264). The planting site should be prepared by incorporating plenty of organic matter to encourage vegetative growth. When transplanting seedlings, allow 90–120 cm (~3–4 ft) between plants and 150–180 cm (~5–6 ft) between rows. Drip or soaker irrigation is preferred to overhead irrigation and plants should be watered evenly to keep them moist.
Cantaloupe is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 28°C (65–82°F). Melon will yield best if grown in a light, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Cantaloupe should be planted in full sun and are heavy feeders and water users. They need to be provided with ample soil moisture and fertilized regularly. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space.
Melon is primarily consumed as a fresh fruit. The pulp may be turned into a fresh beverage and the seeds can be roasted and eaten.The unripe fruit of some species are cooked as a vegetable.
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic
Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres . These islands lie between 600 to 850 kilometres west of Cap-Vert situated at the westernmost point of continental Africa. The Cape Verde islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.
Captan is a general use pesticide (GUP) that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow or brownish.
Carbofuran is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. It is marketed under the trade names Furadan, by FMC Corporation and Curaterr 10 GR, by Bayer, among several others. It is used to control insects in a wide variety of field crops, including potatoes, corn and soybeans. It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained. Carbofuran also has contact activity against pests.
Dianthus caryophyllus, commonly known as the carnation or clove pink, is a species of Dianthus. It is probably native to the Mediterranean region but its exact range is unknown due to extensive cultivation for the last 2,000 years.
Carrot, Daucus carota, is an edible, biennial herb in the family Apiaceae grown for its edible root. The carrot plant produces a rosette of 8-12 leaves above ground and a fleshy conical taproot below ground. The plant produces small (2 mm) flowers which are white, red or purple in color. The root can grow to between 5 and 50 cm (2.0-20 in) long and reach 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter. The foliage of the plant can reach a height of 150 cm (59.1 in) when in flower. The carrot plant can be annual or biennial and may also be referred to as wild carrot. The plant is believed to have originated in Europe or the Western Mediterranean.
Carrots are generally ready to harvest after around 2-3 months when the roots have reached 1.3 cm (0.5 in) in diameter. Allowing the carrots to stay in the ground for at least one frost makes them sweeter but care should be taken to harvest before the ground freezes or to cover the plants to prevent freezing. Carrots are harvested by gently digging around the plant to expose the top of the root and gently, but firmly pulling the root from the soil by grasping the top of the carrot just above the root. Carrot tops should be twisted off and the roots washed prior to refrigeration in airtight bags. Carrots may also be stored in moist sand to keep them fresh prior to use.
Carrots benefit from a plentiful moisture supply and should be provided with 2.5 cm (1 in) of water each week. Mulching around the plants helps to conserve moisture and reduce weeds. Any weeds growing around the plants should be carefully removed. The plants should be fertilized 5-6 weeks after the seeds are sown.
Carrot is usually direct seeded and should be planted 3-5 weeks before the least frost date in your area. Soil should be prepared prior to planting by removing rocks and breaking up any hard lumps of soil down to a depth of at least 30 cm (12 in). It is also beneficial to work some compost into the soil prior to planting. Avoid using fresh manure as it can cause forking of the roots. Sow seeds 6 mm (0.25 in) deep, leaving 5 cm (2 in) between seeds and approximately 30 cm (1 ft) apart. When seedlings reach 2.5 cm (1 in) in height, thin them to a final spacing of 7.5 cm (3 in) between plants by snipping with scissors - this avoids damaging plant roots.
arrots are cool-season crops which can be planted in early Spring and left in the ground all summer for harvest in the fall. Carrots grow best in a well-draining, loose, sandy soil which is free of large rocks and has a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. They require full sun for optimum development but will tolerate some very light shade. The optimum temperature for their growth is between 16 and 24oC (61-74oF). Carrot seedlings are very sensitive to extremes of temperature, very hot weather may kill the plant whereas temperatures below 10oC (50oF) tend to cause the development of longer, paler roots. The plants also require plenty moisture and organic matter. Carrots do very well in raised beds and can also be grown in containers.
Carrot roots are eaten as a vegetable and can be consumed fresh or cooked. Carrot juice is consumed as a beverage. The leaves of the plant can be used as feed for animals.
Young trees do not produce high yields of cashews and the yield increases as the trees mature.
Young trees should be provided with supplemental irrigation to help them establish. Establishment of trees is slow but mature trees can survive dry periods as their extensive root systems can access moisture deep in the soil. The area around the trunk of the tree should be kept free from weeds to prevent competition for water and nutrients, particularly during establishment. Cashews require little pruning. Pruning is limited to the removal of limbs to facilitate movement of machinery in commercial plantations and is only practices on trees that are 6 years old or greater.
Trees are propagated from mature seeds which can be directly sown at the final planting site or planted in polyethylene bags to produce seedlings for transplanting. Only seeds that sink when floated in water should be selected for planting. Newly emerging seedling should be grown under approximately 45% shade in the nursery and hardened off in sunlight before final planting. As the seeds have a poor germination rate 2–3 seeds should be sown per planting hole and then thinned as necessary. Seedlings should be thinned to a final spacing of 10 m (33 ft) allowing a further 10 m (33 ft) between rows.
Cashew trees grow only in regions with consistently high temperatures, typically between 24 and 28°C (69.8–82.4°F). The trees cannot be grown in frost prone areas as they will be killed by the low temperatures. Cashew will grow optimally in deep, well draining soils with a pH between 4.2 and 8.7. The trees have the ability to grow in sandy soils where other fruit trees will not survive. In cooler areas, they can be grown in containers and moved indoors in winter to prevent damage to the plant.
Cashew nuts are usually eaten after roasting either as a snack or as in ingredient in other dishes. Cashew apples are also edible and can be eaten fresh or cooked in a variety of dishes. It may also be used to flavor drinks or be fermented to produce vinegar or alcoholic beverages.
Cassava is ready to harvest about a year after planting depending on the variety being grown. Some early maturing varieties may be ready to harvest in around nine months. In colder regions, cassava tubers can remain in the ground for up to 2 years before harvesting but can become fibrous so this is not recommended where cassava is being grown for consumption. Cassava tubers are harvested by digging. The roots should be dug up carefully to prevent damage.
Cassava is propagated from stem cuttings as the tubers do not produce buds. Stem cuttings should only be taken from plants which are free from disease, are at least 10 months old and havee borne tubers. The cuttings should be taken from hardened stems leaving at least 30 cm (11.8 in) of stem intact in the ground. The stem can be severed using a sharp knife, secateurs or saw and each cutting should have 1-2 nodes and be approximately 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Plants propagated from stem cuttings are ready to be transplanted after approximately 4-6 weeks. Prepare the field for planting by cultivating the soil and removing weeds. Space transplants 75–100 cm (2.5–3.2 ft) apart in rows spaced 1–-5 m (3.2–16.4 ft) apart. Fertilize the plants as appropriate. Manure or poultry droppings can be used. Cultivate the soil to remove weeds and break up the soil around the plants
Cassava thrives in tropical and subtropical regions of the world as it requires warm temperatures for optimal growth. The plants require at least 8 months of warm weather, thriving in regions with warm, moist climates with regular rainfall. Cassava can be grown in many types of soil, producing even in poor soil but but will be optimally productive in well-draining, sandy clay loam with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Cassava is drought resistant but will not tolerate water-logging. Root production is maximized when temperatures are between 25 and 32°C (77–90°F). Cassava should be planted in full sun and is very sensitive to shading, which leads to low yields.
Cassava root is eaten as a vegetable and is considered to be toxic in raw form which is why it must be cooked before being consumed. The root has a variety of applications, some of which include the production of flour, starch, or ethanol. Cassava leaves can supply a good source of vitamins and protein which can also be consumed after cooking. Cassava hay is used as animal feed and it plays a role in the production of adhesives, textiles, and cosmetics.
Cauliflower heads are ready for harvest when the head reaches 15 to 20 cm in diameter (6-8 in), usually about 7 to 12 days after blanching begins. Harvest the head by cutting the main stem with a sharp knife, including some of the central leaves which will protect the head. The heads can quickly become overmature, leading to reduced quality. Be sure to harvest the heads while they are still firm, before individual florets can be distinguished.
Cauliflower is most successfully grown from transplants started in the glasshouse or indoors. Peat pots work well for growing seedlings as damage to the roots during transplanting can be avoided. Plant seeds in a sterile seed starting mix to a depth of 0.6-1.3 cm (0.25-0.5 in) deep and keep moist. Seedlings can be transplanted when they are approximately 6 weeks old after hardening. Plant spacing will greatly affect the final size of the cauliflower head and the plants should be spaced at least 46 cm (18 in) apart leaving approximately 75 cm (30 in) between rows.
Cauliflower is a cool season crop and grows best in well draining, organic soil at a pH of 6.5 or above. A high amount of organic matter in the soil will help to hold moisture. The plant requires consistent cool temperatures to prevent ‘buttoning’ - the formation of several small heads instead of one large one. Cauliflower is less cold hardy than its relatives and it should be planted after the last frost as sub-freezing temperatures are likely to damage the plant. It is best grown as a Fall crop in cooler areas. Only mature plants will survive frost in the Fall.
Cauliflower is grown for consumption as a vegetable, either fresh or cooked. May be processed for freezing or pickling.
Cave is a natural underground chamber in a hillside or cliff.
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
The Cayman Islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory, the largest by population, in the western Caribbean Sea. The 264-square-kilometre territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras, between Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is the most populous of the three islands.
The Cayman Islands, is a self-governing British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea. The 264-square-kilometre territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras, between Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is the most populous of the three islands.
Celery can begin to be harvested when the stalks are about 20 cm (8 in) tall. Unblanched celery can be harvested as needed by cutting stalks from the outside in. Blanched celery can be harvested by cutting the plant just below the soil line. The plants can be kept in the garden until Fall and will tolerate a light frost but not continuous heavy frosts. If uncovered, the stalks will grow darker in color and the resultant texture will be more fibrous than the young stalks.
Celery is a very heavy feeder and should be fed every 10–14 days with a balanced fertilizer. The plants require constant moisture and should be provided with at least 1 inch of water per week. A layer of mulch spread around the plants helps to conserve the moisture in the soil and prevents weeds. Any weeds should be gently removed from around the plants. If temperatures are forecast to drop below 12.7°C (55°F) then the plants should be protected with cloches to prevent them developing weak stalks. Prolonged exposure to temperatures below this threshold will result in bolting.
For best results celery should usually be started indoors or in a glasshouse and transplanted to the garden or field. Germination of celery seeds is slow and the seeds should be planted 10 to 12 weeks before the last Spring frost. Soaking seeds in warm water overnight prior to planting can increase germination success. Plant seeds in seedling flats containing a good quality sterile seed starting mix by lately sprinkling a pinch of seeds across the soil surface and covering with a thin layer of starting mix or vermiculite. Place trays in a warm location inside the house or in the glasshouse and keep well-watered. Do not allow the trays to dry out. It is important to keep the soil at the temperature between 12.7 and 21°C (55 and 70°F). The optimum temperature for germination is 60° to 70° (15° to 21° C) and the seedlings should emerge within 2–3 weeks. The seedlings can be potted into individual pots when the are about 5 cm (2 in) tall. Seedlings are ready to transplant when they are 15 cm (6 in) tall and have been hardened off. Prepare the transplant site in advance of planting by working fertilizer or compost into the soil and plant the seedlings when the weather has settled after the last frost. Seedling should be planted at the same depth as their previous container and should be spaced 15–20 cm (6–8 in) apart in rows spaced 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) apart.
Celery is a cool season vegetable which grows best in cool climates in well-draining, fertile soils with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8.. Celery plants grow optimally in cool, moist locations and will tolerate some shade but will not tolerate heat. The plants require constant moisture and can tolerate temperatures between 5 and 27°C (41–80.6°F) with the optimum for growth being between 15–21°C (59–69.8°F). If temperatures drop below 12.7°C (55°F) then the plants will benefit from protective coverings to prevent the plants from bolting (going to seed).
Celery is eaten around the world as a vegetable. In North America the crisp petiole is used. In Europe the hypocotyl is used as a root vegetable. The leaves are strongly flavored and are used less often, either as a flavoring in soups and stews or as a dried herb. Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the "holy trinity" of Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups. Celery is a staple in many soups, such as chicken noodle soup.
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.
The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018. As of 2021, the CAR is the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012.
A cereal is any plant cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
Chad, officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west.
Chad, officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. It has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city N'Djamena.
Chalk soil - can be either light or heavy but always highly alkaline due to the calcium carbonate or lime within its structure. As these soils are alkaline they will not support the growth of ericaceous plants that require acidic soils to grow. If a chalky soil shows signs of visible white lumps then they can’t be acidified and gardeners should be resigned to only choose plants that prefer an alkaline soil.
Cherry tree, Prunus avium, is a perennial tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its fruit, the cherry. Cherry trees have alternating simple oval leaves which often have serrated margins and approximately eight pairs of veins, 5-13 cm (2-5 in) long. The flowers are white and appear in clusters of about 3-5. They appear in early spring and are about one inch long. The fruit is dark red, about half an inch to a full inch, matures in early to mid summer. The bark is gray-brown, smooth and glossy and it often peels. Cherry trees can live up to 60 years, growing to a height of over 15 m (50 ft). Cherry may also be referred to as sweet cherry, gean, mazzard or wild cherry and originates from the Caspian-Black Sea region and Asia. Sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, is closely related to Prunus avium but with fruit that is more acidic. The tree has twiggy branches with bright red to near black cherries. The tree reaches a height of 4-10 m (13.1-16.4 ft) and is believed to have originated as a natural hybrid of wild cherry (Prunus avium) and ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa) somewhere in the Caucasus Mountains, Turkey or Eastern Europe where the two species' geographic ranges overlap.
The area around the base of the tree should be kept free from weeds either by cultivating or using a chemical weed control. In the home garden, trees are usually surrounded by turf with only a small area of soil around the trunk which is easy to keep weed free by hand. Unless grown in fertile soils, cherry trees may require the addition of some nitrogen fertilizer, the volume of which will vary with the age of the tree. The fertilizer should be applied in a band around the trunk of the tree.
Cherry nurseries are mainly propagated by budding and grafting onto 1-2 year old seedling grown from seed. In order to grow from seed, pits should be planted in the fall (after first being chilled) and seedlings will emerge in the spring. A cherry tree will take three-four years to produce its first crop of fruit and seven years to attain full maturity. Planting Cherry trees should be planted in the Spring when all danger of frost has passed and the soil has warmed. If bare root plants have been purchased, be sure to keep the root ball moist prior to planting. The tree should be planted in a hole which is large enough to accommodate the root ball without bending any of the roots. Broken or damaged roots can be removed but try to avoid pruning the roots. Place the tree in the planting hole and carefully backfill with soil. The tree should be planted at the same depth as it was in the nursery. Carefully firm or tamp the soil to prevent air pockets and when the planting hole is about 2/3 filled, water the roots thoroughly before filling the remainder of the hole with top soil. The tree should be watered as needed throughout the first year of growth. Pruning Cherry trees are usually trained to a modified central leader system where the lateral limbs branch from a central trunk. Sweet cherries have a more upright growth habit than sour cherries which tend to have a more open and spreading canopy. Trees should only pruned lightly while the tree matures and reaches maximum productivity. Any dead or damaged branches should be removed.
Cherries grow optimally in mild, dry climates and also have a chilling requirement to break dormancy so require cold winters. Because of the cold weather requirement, none of the Prunus family, including cherries, can grow in tropical climates. Cherry trees will grow in a variety of soils provided that they are well-draining. Soils which remain wet for prolonged periods of time and soils that become excessively dry should be avoided. Trees will perform best if planted in sandy soil with a pH of 5.5-7.5. Planting on a gentle slope is beneficial for cherry as cold air can drain away from the trees to lower areas, helping to prevent damage. Sweet cherries bloom earlier than sour cherries and can be susceptible to damage from late frosts.
Cherries are mainly consumed as a fresh fruit or processed into jellies and juices. The wood of the cherry tree is a distinctive honey color and is used in furniture making and for musical instruments. Sour cherries are used mainly for canning and processing.
After planting, the areas around the trees should be kept free from weeds. A layer of mulch spread around the trunks will help suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture. You may have to protect the young trees from pests such as deer which can cause severe damage to the trees. The most effective method of protecting trees is to erect an 8 ft high metal deer fence around the area where the new trees have been planted.
Chestnut trees can be grown from seeds or can be propagated by grafting onto a seedling rootstock. Seedling grown for use as a rootstock for grafting are usually ready to receive a scion when they are two years old. The seedling must have reached a suitable thickness in order to receive a graft (usually when it reaches a thickness similar to that of a pencil). Chestnut seeds germinate readily but not all will produce a seedling suitable for planting and/or grafting. Seeds can be obtained from breeders or collected from chestnut trees in the Fall. Seeds should be kept refrigerated until planting and can then be directed seeded outdoors or grown in containers inside. Seeds should be planted in early Spring as soon as the soil can be worked. The seed should be planted in a hole 7.5 to 15.0 cm (3-6 in) deep with the radicle (embryo emerging from the seed) facing downwards. If planting in a container, be sure to choose one that is at least 30 cm (12 in) deep and 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The seeds can be planted earlier if the containers are to be kept indoors. Seedlings started in containers can be transplanted after all danger of frost has passed and after hardening. The seedling should be planted in a hole that is at least 1.5 times the size of the existing root ball. Gently remove the remnants of the nut from the roots and place the seedling in the hole. Backfill the hole with soil and tamp to remove air pockets. Seedlings should be planted 10–12 m (33–39 ft) apart, allowing an additional 10–12 m (33–39 ft) between rows. After planting, the seedlings should be watered thoroughly. Continue watering the seed for the first month after planting to help the seedling establish.
Chestnuts are hardy trees which will grow in a variety of conditions. The trees grow best in well-draining, acid loam soils and require a pH between 4.5 and 6.5. The trees perform well when planted on a gentle slope which allows cold air to drain to a lower area as well as aiding in soil drainage. Chestnuts should be planted in full sunlight and open fields are preferred for maximum nut production.Chestnut has poor self compatibility and at least 2 trees are required for nut production.
Chestnuts are commonly consumed after roasting or may be processed to produce chestnut creams and purees or for canning.
Chickpeas are ready to harvest approximately 100 days after planting. in the home garden, chickpeas can be collected and eaten when green but for dried seeds, the leaves should be allowed to turn brown before collecting the pods. The pods should be allowed to dry and split open before collecting seeds. In commercial production, chickpeas can be harvested by swathing and/or combine.
In the home garden, chickpea seedlings will benefit from the addition of a layer of mulch after they have emerged to suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture. Plants should be provided with additional irrigation during periods of dry weather but care should be taken not to overwater as this can cause the plants to drop their flowers and/or pods. Application of fertilizer is generally not necessary as chickpeas are leguminous and fix their own nitrogen with the aid of micro-organisms but requirements vary from field to field and management should be based on the results of a soil test. Like other pulses, chickpeas require phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients for growth and application should be based on the results of soil testing. Suppression of weeds in commercial fields is important as chickpeas do not compete well and weed will reduce productivity. Pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications can be helpful for managing weed. If a field has a history of weed problems then it is not suitable for chickpea production.
Chickpeas are propagated directly from seed with timing of planting depending on the variety being grown and geographic location. Spring crops should be planted when the soil has warmed to at least 5°C (41°F). Chickpeas are leguminous and when planting in a site which has not previously been used for chickpea cultivation, seed should be inoculated with an appropriate type of Rhizobacteria prior to planting. Seed is usually spread by broadcasting or by drilling in rows. Desi types require a seed rate of 30 to 40 kg per hectare whereas Kabuli types require 80 to 100 kg per hectare. The seed should be planted 2 to 12 cm (0.8–4.7 in) deep and when planting in rows, seed should be spaced 10 cm (4 in) apart allowing 25 to 60 cm (9.8 to 23.6 in) between rows. Seedlings usually emerge between 7 and 15 days after sowing depending on temperature.
Chickpeas are cool-season legumes which are best grown as a winter crop in the tropics or as a spring or summer crop in temperate regions. Chickpeas are classified into two distinct types based on seed characteristics. Desi chickpeas have a thick, colored seed coat and the surface of the seed is rough and angular whereas the Kabuli type have white or beige seeds with a smooth surface. Kabuli chickpeas are best grown in temperate areas whereas Desi chickpeas are best suited to semi-arid areas of the tropics. Chickpeas will grow optimally at temperatures between 15 and 29°C (59–84.2°F) with extremes of temperature above 35°C (95°F) and below 15°C (59°F) causing flowers to drop, reducing production. Plants will perform best when planted in well-draining sandy loam soils with a pH between 5.0 and 7.0 in areas where the annual rainfall is between 600 and 1000 mm.
Chickpea is primarily consumed as a dry pulse. The shelled peas are eaten as snack or vegetable. The seed husks can be used as a feed for animals. Chickpeas are also commonly cooked and ground into a paste to produce the popular dish, hummus.
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It occupies a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometres and has a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. The capital and largest city is Santiago and the national language is Spanish.
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It occupies a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of 756,096 square kilometres, with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017. Chile is the southernmost country in the world, the closest to Antarctica, and borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a country in East Asia and unitary one-party socialist republic led by the Communist Party of China . It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.43 billion. China follows a single standard time offset of UTC+08:00 even though it spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 countries, the second most of any country in the world after Russia. Covering an area of approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, it is the world's third or fourth largest country. The country is officially divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, and four direct-controlled municipalities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, as well as two special administrative regions: Hong Kong and Macau.
China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.4 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, it is the world's third or fourth-largest country by area. The country is officially divided into 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
Chlorfluazuron is a benzoylurea insecticide, an organochlorine insecticide, an organofluorine insecticide and a dichlorobenzene. Chlorfluazuron is an insect growth regulator that inhibits chitin synthesis and provides good control of various pest insects, especially Lepidoptera, at a low.
Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) is an organic compound mainly used as a broad spectrum, nonsystemic fungicide, with other uses as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, and to control mold, mildew, bacteria, algae.
tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Christmas Island, officially known as the Territory of Christmas Island, is an Australian external territory comprising the island of the same name. It is located in the Indian Ocean, around 350 kilometres south of Java and Sumatra and around 1,550 km north-west of the closest point on the Australian mainland. It lies 2,600 km northwest of Perth and 1,327 km south of Singapore. It has an area of 135 square kilometres .
Clay >= 27 and Clay <= 40 Sand >= 20 and Sand <= 45 Silt >= 15 and Silt <= 52
Clay soil are heavy soils that benefit from high nutrients. Clay soils remain wet and cold in winter and dry out in summer. These soils are made of over 25 percent clay, and because of the spaces found between clay particles, clay soils hold a high amount of water. Because these soils drain slowly and take longer to warm up in summer, combined with drying out and cracking in summer, they can often test gardeners.
Climate change is the rising average temperature of Earth's climate system, also called global warming. It is driving changes in rainfall patterns, extreme weather, arrival of seasons, and more.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are available throughout the year owing to different harvest seasons in different countries.
The cocoa nursery should be kept weed free while the seedlings established but generally do not require weeding after the trees have formed a closed canopy as the lack of light under the trees prevent any further growth. Cocoa should be supplied with additional nutrients by fertilizing, particularly when trees are grown on poor soils or without shade. Organic fertilizers are generally preferable to inorganic ones as they do not deplete the soil organic content and conserve soil structure. The amount of fertilizer required is dependent on many factors, such as the age of the tree and the amount of shading but mature cocoa generally requires at least 50–100 kg/ha of nitrogen, 25 kg/ha of phosphorus, 75 kg/ha of potassium and 15 kg/ha of magnesium each year.
Cocoa can also be vegetatively propagated via cuttings, marcotting and budding. Cuttings should have 2–5 leaves and 1 or 2 buds. Leaves should be cut in half before placing the cutting in a pot and covering with polyethylene to allow roots to develop. Marcotting, is achieved by removing a strip of bark from a tree branch and covering the area with a layer of sawdust before covering it with polyethylene. The covered area will develop roots and can then be removed and planted. The final method, called budding, can be used to rejuvenate older plantings and involves excising a bud and positioning it under a flap of bark on another tree. The join is then sealed with raffia and waxed tape. Once the bud begins to grow the tree above the new growth should be removed. Seedlings are usually planted in the ground when they are 4–6 months old. The young trees are delicate and require some protection from strong sunlight and wind damage. Protection is usually provided by planting seedlings next to mother trees. This shading also helps to prevent the trees from growing too tall, keeping them at a manageable size for maintenance and harvest. Shade trees are usually other crops such as banana, plantain coconut or rubber. Cocoa seedlings should be planted 3–4 m (10–13 ft) apart and 3–6 m (10–20 ft) from the shade trees. The shading can be reduced once the cocoa trees have formed a closed canopy but some should be retained to reduce water stress and insect damage.
Cocoa trees are tropical plants and grow best in humid conditions at temperatures between 18 and 32°C (65–90°F). It is typically grown in regions where daytime humidity reaches up to 100% and night time humidity is between 70 and 80%. The plants require a deep, fertile and well-draining soil with a pH of 5.0–7.5 for optimum development. Cocoa is usually grown in tropical lowland areas is sensitive to drought. It should typically not be grown in regions which experience less than 1 cm of rainfall for periods in excess of 3 months.
Cocoa beans are primarily used in the production of chocolate, cocoa powder and cocoa butter for consumption. Cocoa butter is also used in the cosmetic industry.
Coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is an erect palm in the family Arecaceae which is grown its fruits, used primarily for the extraction of coconut oil for use in cooking. The coconut palm has an erect or slightly curved stem which grows from a swollen base. The stem is smooth, light gray in color and has prominent leaf scars. The stem is topped with a crown of 60-70 spirally arranged leaves. The leaves are long (up to 7 m/23 ft), pinnately divided and composed of 200-250 tapering leaflets. The inflorescence is a spike produced at the leaf axil with 20-60 branches, each with a female flower at the base and many male flowers. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed. It is ovoid in shape with three sides divided by ridges. The exocarp and the mesocarp make up the husk of the coconut. The seed is protected by a thick, stony shell, or endocarp, and is partially filled with a liquid known as coconut water. The edible endosperm is white and meaty and can be between 1.0 and 2.5 cm (0.4-1.0 in) thick. Coconut palms can reach a height of 30 m (98 ft), produce up to 75 fruits a year, and live for up to 90 years. The origin of the coconut is unknown although the center of genetic diversity lies in Southeast Asia.
Coconut palms are propagated exclusively from seed. The seeds are ready for planting when the coconut milk can be heard sloshing around inside the seed when it is shaken. Seeds are germinated by planting in seed beds before transferring to a polythene bag or nursery beds after germination. Seeds should be planted on their sides in a shallow hole with enough soil to cover about one third of the seed. The seed should be watered regularly to prevent it drying out. Germination usually occurs after about 3 months but may take up to 6 months. Coconut seedling can be transplanted from 6 months onwards or transferred to pots and grown further in the nursery. Trees require a wide spacing and are typically planted 8-9 m (26-30 ft) apart allowing a further 8-9 m (26-30 ft) between rows. Dwarf varieties can be spaced closer together and are typically planted 7.5 m (25 ft) apart allowing another 7.5 m (25 ft) between rows
Coconuts are primarily cultivated for their oil. The oil is extracted from the endosperm and is used in cooking. Low grade oils are used in the production of soaps. The endosperm can be consumed fresh or dry and is commonly grated for use in baking. Young coconuts, termed waternuts, are commonly sold in tropical resorts, where the liquid is drunk directly from the shell. Coconuts may also be used to produce coconut milk by squeezing the liquid from the grated endosperm. Coconut milk is popularly used in many dishes from Southeast Asia.
tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
The Territory of Cocos Islands is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka . It is part of Southeast Asia and is in the Southern Hemisphere. The territory's dual name reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.
The Territory of Cocos Islands is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and relatively close to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The territory's dual name reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.
Coffee is the name give to several species of plant in the genus Coffea (family Rubiaceae), including C. arabica and C. canephora which are cultivated for their beans (seeds) that are used to make the stimulatory drink. Coffee plants are small evergreen trees or shrubs often with multiple stems and smooth leaves. The leaves are oval in shape and dark, glossy green. Coffee plants produce clusters of cream-white flowers and a fruit, commonly referred to as a berry, which normally possesses two seeds. The fruit is green to begin with but ripens to a crimson red and turns black when dry. C. canephora can reach a height of 15 m (49 ft), but C. arabica is smaller, reaching only 4-5 m (13-16 ft). The trees can live for 20-30 years. Coffee may also be referred to as Arabian coffee (C. arabica) or robusta coffee (C.cenephora) and originates from Africa.
Most coffee varieties are self pollinating and can be propagated from seed. Coffee seeds are usually pre-germinated in sand beds before planting in a nursery. The seeds are spread in the sand and covered to keep them moist. The seeds usually germinate within 4-5 weeks. When shoots begin to emerge, they are removed and planted in polyethylene bags or prepared nursery beds. The seedlings are grown in shade and are are ready to be transplanted when they are 6 to 12 months old. Young coffee plants are planted in the field in large, pre-dug holes. (50cm × 50cm × 50cm). Various spacings are used in different regions of the world and coffee can be grown as hedgerows or in high density squares depending on the variety. Coffee will usually grow best if planted in rows and plants should be spaced 3 m (9.8 ft) apart. Young trees are delicate and require protection by shading. Shade trees are usually planted before the coffee trees are transplanted (up to a year in advance).
Coffee plants grow best in warm, humid environments. Arabica coffee varieties grow best at temperatures between 18 and 22oC (64-72oF), while Robusta coffee grows best in slightly warmer temperatures of 22-26oC (72-79oF). The plants do not tolerate cold and freezing temperatures will kill the leaves instantly. The plants can grow in a wide range of soils but generally prefer a deep, well-draining loam with a pH between 5 and 6.
Coffee beans are usually cured, roasted and ground before being brewed with hot water to produce the coffee beverage. The ground beans are often dehydrated to produce instant coffee.
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with territories in North America. Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, the northwest by Panama, the south by Ecuador and Peru, the east by Venezuela, the southeast by Brazil, and the west by the Pacific Ocean. It comprises 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city.
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, the northwest by Panama, the south by Ecuador and Peru, the east by Venezuela, the southeast by Brazil, and the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia is composed of 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometres, with a population of 50 million. Colombia's rich cultural heritage reflects influences by various Amerindian civilizations, European settlement, African slaves, and immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Spanish is the nation's official language, besides which over 70 languages are spoken.
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa. It shares maritime borders with Madagascar and Mayotte to the southeast, Tanzania to the northwest, Mozambique to the west, and the Seychelles to the northeast. Its capital and largest city is Moroni. The religion of the majority of the population, and the official state religion, is Sunni Islam. As a member of the Arab League, it is the only country in the Arab world which is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is also a member state of the African Union, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Indian Ocean Commission. The country has three official languages: Comorian, French and Arabic.
tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. To the west lies Gabon; Cameroon to its northwest and the Central African Republic to its northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to its south; and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest. The official language is French.
The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. The country is bordered to the west by Gabon, to its northwest by Cameroon and its northeast by the Central African Republic, to the southeast by the DR Congo, to its south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda and to its southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. French is the official language of the Republic of the Congo.
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (hot summers and cold winters).
A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea. Much of these shelves has been exposed during glacial periods and interglacial periods. The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf.
tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March
The Cook Islands are a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres . The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone covers 1,960,027 square kilometres of ocean.
The Cook Islands is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres . The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone covers 1,960,027 square kilometres of ocean.
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.
Corn is an annual grass in the family Poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world. The maize plant possesses a simple stem of nodes and internodes. A pair of large leaves extend off of each internode and the leaves total 8-21 per plant. The leaves are linear or lanceolate (lance-like) with an obvious midrib (primary vein) and can grow from 30 to 100 cm (11.8-39.4 in) in length. The male and female inflorescences (flower bearing region of the plant) are positioned separately on the plant. The male inflorescence is known as the 'tassel' while the female inflorescence is the 'ear'. The ear of the maize is a modified spike and there may be 1-3 per plant. The maize grains, or 'kernels', are encased in husks and total 30-1000 per ear. The kernels can be white, yellow, red, purple or black. Maize is an annual plant, surviving for only one growing season and can reach 2-3 m (7-10 ft) in height. Maize may also be referred to as corn or Indian corn and is believed to originate from Mexico and Central America.
Each maize stalk should produce 1 large ear of maize. Under ideal conditions, the stalk will produce a second, slightly smaller ear which reaches maturity slightly later than the first. Maize ears should be harvested at the “milk stageâ€ of development, when the kernels within the husk are well packed and produce a milky substance when the kernel is punctured. Check ears for ripeness by gently peeling back a small portion of the husk. Be sure to check the ears frequently for ripeness and harvest as required as ears can quickly become over-ripe and lose their sweetness. Remove the ears from the stalk by pulling quickly downward while twisting and then refrigerate until consumption.
Maize plants are heavy feeders, particularly of nitrogen (N) and care should be taken to provide them with adequate nutrients by applying fertilizer. Maize undergoes a rapid growth period between 30 and 40 days after planting and should be fertilized just before this. All fertilizer applications should be made before the tasseling period to ensure the plant maximizes nitrogen use. Be aware of symptoms of nutrient deficiency, plants should be a deep green color. Purple tinged leaves indicate that the plants are suffering from a lack of phosphorous, whereas light green leaves indicate a lack of nitrogen. Apply fertilizer. Plants also require adequate soil moisture throughout the growing period in order to tassel and form silks. Soaker hoses can be used to great effect in small to mid-size plantings. Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the male tassel to the female silk by the wind. Each silk produced a single kernel of corn and partially filled ears are usually a result of poor pollination.
Planting dates for maize depend on the variety being grown. Standard varieties should be planted when the soil has warmed to at least 12.7oC (55oF) and supersweet varieties when the soil reaches 18.3oC (65oF). Soil can be brought up to temperature faster by laying black plastic mulches approximately 1 week prior to planting. Seeds should be sown about 2.5 cm (1 in) deep and 10-15 cm (~3-4 in) apart allowing 76-91 cm (~30-36 in) between rows. Maize should be planted in blocks (numerous rows) rather than in a single long row as it is wind pollinated and pollen can transfer between plants much more efficiently. Seedlings should be thinned to a final spacing 20-30 cm (8-12 in) when they are approximately 7.5-10.0 cm (3-4 in) in height. It is common to stagger maize plantings to ensure a continuous harvest over the summer months.
Maize is best grown in warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions as it requires warm soils to develop optimally. One of the most important requirements for growing maize is a high quality soil which is deep, fertile and well-draining with a pH between 6.0 and 6.8. Maize plants are very heavy feeders and even the most fertile of soils may need to supplemented with nutrients as the plants develop, particularly nitrogen. Maize also requires plenty of space as it grows and is pollinated by wind. It should be planted where it will receive full sunlight for most of the day and provided with ample moisture.
Corn and cornmeal (dried, ground maize) are staple foods in countries all over the world. The ears can be cooked and eaten from the cob as a vegetable or the kernels can be removed and either eaten as is or used to produce a wide variety of foodstuffs including cereals and flour. Cor is also a major source of starch, which can be processed into oils and high fructose corn syrup. Maize is also commonly grown as feed for livestock.
Corynespora cassiicola is a species of fungus well known as a plant pathogen. It is a sac fungus in the family Corynesporascaceae. It is the type species of the genus Corynespora.
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 5 million in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, with around 2 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located on the south coast of West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The official language of the republic is French, with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has large populations of adherents of Christianity, Islam and various indigenous religions.
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located on the south coast of West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The official language of the republic is French, with local indigenous languages also being widely used that include Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has large populations of the adherents of Christianity, Islam and various indigenous religions.
Cotton is the collective name given to four species of plants in the genus Gossypium, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium herbaceum which are perennial shrubs in the family Malvaceae grown for the fluffy fiber which protects the seeds of the plant. G. hirsutum accounts for approximately 90% of world wide cotton production today. Cotton plants possess a main stem giving rise to several branches at the top. The leaves of the plant are spirally arranged on the branches, have long petioles and have 3-5 triangular lobes. The plant produces a single flower on each axillary branch which can be red-purple, yellow or white in color and forms a leathery, oval seed capsule, or 'boll' which is 2-6 cm (0.8-2.4 in) long. Mature bolls will usually split open to reveal the characteristic white cotton fibers and the seed. The cotton plant can reach heights of 1-1.5 m (3.3-4.9 ft) and is usually cultivated as an annual, surviving only one growing season. Cotton may also be referred to as tree cotton and its center of origin is unknown although the plant has diversified from Mexico, north-east Africa and Arabia and Australia.
Cotton is still picked by hand in many areas of the world where the crop is grown. In the US cotton is machine harvested. Cotton in ready to harvest approximately 4 months after sowing when the bolls split open to reveal the white cotton fibers. Fields are usually picked once every 3 to 4 weeks to prevent the fibers remaining in the field too long where they are susceptible to pests. The entire field is usually harvested with 2 to 3 pickings.
The cotton field should be kept free from weeds and where the crop does not receive an adequate amount of water from rainfall, additional irrigation should be provided. Demand for nutrients is dependent on the type of soil on which the cotton is being grown. Cotton growing in acidic soils the plants will have a greater demand for nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas in sandy soil, potassium will be of greater importance. It is not recommended to grow cotton in the same field for more than three years and the crop should be rotated to prevent the build-up of diseases in the soil.
Cotton is propagated from seed by planting directly in a prepared field when growing conditions are favorable (suitable temperature, adequate rainfall etc). Cotton should only be planted when the soil has warmed to at least 18.3oC (65oF). Generally, seeds should be sown at a depth of 0.25 cm (1 in), with 3-6 seed sown in each hole. Ridging the soil is recommended as it helps to drain the plant in wet conditions and also to conserve water in dry conditions. Plant spacing depends on the variety but generally 20-100 cm (7.9-39.4 in) should be left between plants.
Cotton is best grown in desert conditions using irrigation. The seeds will germinate optimally at 34oC (93.2oF), while the seedlings requires a temperature between 24 and 29oC (75.2-84.2oF) to grow and develop properly. Cotton will grow on a variety of soils including sandy soil and heavy clay as long as it is water permeable and will grow optimally in a soil with a pH of 5.5-8.5. In addition cotton has a high tolerance for salt.
The major use of cotton today is in the textile industry, the fibers or 'lints' of the cotton plant are harvested and woven into fabric for the production of clothing, towels, bed sheets and many other textiles. Cotton fiber may also be used in the production of yarn and twine. The cotton seeds can be used to extract oil for use in the production of shortening or cooking oil and the manufacture of soaps and lubricants. The seed may be used as a feed for livestock. The fuzz produced as a byproduct of the ginning process can be used in the upholstery industry.
Cranberry is the name given to a group of long-lived woody perennial shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium, including Vaccinium macrocarpon, the most popular commercial species, grown for their edible berries. The cranberry bush possesses a slender, wiry stems with small elliptical waxy evergreen leaves 7–10 mm (0.28–0.45 in) in length. The plant produces distinctive dark pink flowers with reflexed petals that leave the style and stamens exposed. The fruit is produced on the new plant growth produced that season and are initially white and ripen to dark red, waxy berries measuring 9–14 mm (0.4–0.6 in) in diameter. The cranberry plant can reach 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) in height, with the vines stretching up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long.
Cranberries are wetland plants which grow best in bogs, swamps and poorly draining soils. The plants grow best in acidic, organic or sandy soils with a pH between 4.0 and 5.5 where there is a plentiful water supply. The bed should have a base material which is impermeable to water such as clay or peat. Commercially grown cranberries are grown in large beds surrounded by dykes that hold water in the beds when flooded for harvest. Cranberry is very susceptible to frost and flooding is also used to protect the plants along with sprinkler irrigation. This means that it is the water that will freeze and the resultant heat produced by the change of liquid to solid (latent heat of fusion) protects the plants from freezing themselves. It is common for cranberry beds to be covered with up to 25 cm (9.8 in) of ice.
Cranberries are usually processed into juice, sauce, jam and sweetened dried cranberries. They may also eaten raw. Cranberries have long been used as a remedy to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections, research has demonstrated the benefit to women, but the effect on other groups is less clear.
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe on the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. Croatia has 56,594 square kilometres and a population of 4.07 million.
The action of producing flowers of crop.
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 . The main island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 104,556 km2 . Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The official area of the Republic of Cuba is 109,884 km2 . The main island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 104,556 km2 . Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti, with over 11 million inhabitants.
Cucumber, Cucumis sativus, is a warm season, vining, annual plant in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for its edible cucumber fruit. The cucumber plant is a sprawling vine with large leaves and curling tendrils. The plant may have 4 or 5 main stems from which the tendrils branch. The leaves of the plant are arranged alternately on the vines, have 3-7 pointed lobes and are hairy. The cucumber plant produces yellow flowers that are 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. The cucumber fruit varies in shape but is generally a curved cylinder rounded at both ends that can reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter. Cucumber plants are annual plants, surviving only one growing season and the vines can reach up to 5 m (16.4 ft) in length. Cucumber may also be referred to as gherkin and originates from the foothills of the Himalayas, likely in India.
Cucumbers should be harvested from the plant when they are still immature and green in color. Mature fruits are yellow and the flesh is often tough with woody seeds. The size of cucumbers at harvest depends on the variety of the cucumber being grown and what it is to be used for. Cucumbers for pickling are generally picked when they are less than 5 cm (2 in) long whereas burpless cucumbers for slicing should be allowed to reach approximately 4 cm (~1.5 in) in diameter. It is important to remove any fruits nearing maturity to ensure the plant remains productive. Their rapid growth means that cucumbers may need harvested every couple of days.
Cucumber vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Providing burpless varieties with vertical support allows the fruits to hang loose and grow straight. Cucumbers also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently will reduce fruit yields. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black plastic mulch has the advantage of warming the soil.
Direct seeding is the preferred method for sowing cucumbers as they do not transplant well. Seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6oC (60oF). Sow seeds 1.3-2.5 cm (0.5-1.0 in) deep, thinning to a spacing of at least 30 cm (12 in) between plants after germination. Cucumbers can also be seeded on hills or mounds of soil to encourage warm soil and better drainage. In this instance, seeds should be sown on hills in groups of 4-6 seeds, allowing 1.2 m (4 ft) between each group in all directions. After emergence, thin the seedlings to 1 or 2 plants per hill. Cucumber seeds should germinate in 4-13 days depending on the soil temperature.
Cucumbers require warm, dry conditions to develop optimally, preferring both warm days and warm nights and growing best at a temperature of 30oC (86oF). Cucumbers will yield best if grown in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Cucumbers are very sensitive to cold and should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture due to their shallow root system.
Although technically a fruit, cucumbers are used as a fresh vegetable, consumed fresh in salads. Some varieties are grown specifically for pickling. Yellow varieties are generally cooked before consumption.
One of the biggest considerations when choosing a cucumber variety is whether or not it requires pollinating. Many newer cucumber varieties are gynoecious which means that they produce only, or mostly, female flowers. Some gynoecious varieties require pollinating with male flowers, in which case a proportion of the seeds in the packet will be pollinator plants which produce the male flowers. Some gynoecious varieties are parthenocarpic which means that they do not need the male plants to produce fruit. These types are recommended for growing in glasshouses as they do not require the presence of insect pollinators.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most common plant viruses, causing yellow mottling, distorted leaves and stunted growth in a wide range of garden plants, not just cucumbers.
A cyclonic storm, also known as tropical cyclone, is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain or squalls.
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Cyprus, officially called the Republic of Cyprus, is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and is located south of Turkey; west of Syria; northwest of Lebanon, Israel and Palestine; north of Egypt; and southeast of Greece. Nicosia is the country's capital and largest city.
Cyprus, officially called the Republic of Cyprus, is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean, and is located south of Turkey; west of Syria; northwest of Lebanon, Israel and the Gaza Strip; north of Egypt; and southeast of Greece. Nicosia is the country's capital and largest city.
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
The Czech Republic, also known by its short-form name, Czechia, formerly known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate.
The Czech Republic, also known by its short-form name, Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DROC, or simply either Congo or the Congo, and historically Zaire, is a country in Central Africa. It is, by area, the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa, the second-largest in all of Africa, and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of around 107 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most-populous officially Francophone country in the world, as well as the 3rd-most populous country in Africa and the 14th-most populous country in the world. It is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, and COMESA. Since 2015, the Eastern DR Congo has been the scene of an ongoing military conflict in Kivu.
The DUALEM-2, a commercially available type of EMI sensor, is an instrument that combines two geometries, called "horizontal co-planar" (HCP) and "perpendicular co-planar" (PRP). The DUALEM-2 sensor provides simultaneous ECa readings to soil depths of exploration (DOE) of 1 m (HCP) and 3.2 m (PRP).
Number of Images for each disease : Rice sheath blight: 3559 Rice blast : 2741 Rice flax spot: 795 Cucumber powdery mildew: 763 Cucumber downy mildew: 780 Cucumber target spot: 576
AES-CD9214 is a challenging dataset, which is collected in a natural environment. The images in the dataset have different backgrounds, various noises, and environmental factors such as different resolutions, angles, and illumination. The number of examples in the AES-CD9214 dataset is unbalanced, which is challenging to the recognition methods. The disease name and number of corresponding images in our introduce AES-CD9214 dataset. Number of Images for each disease : Rice sheath blight: 3559 Rice blast : 2741 Rice flax spot: 795 Cucumber powdery mildew: 763 Cucumber downy mildew: 780 Cucumber target spot: 576
The CIFAR-10 dataset (Canadian Institute For Advanced Research) is a collection of images that are commonly used to train machine learning and computer vision algorithms. It is one of the most widely used datasets for machine learning research. The CIFAR-10 dataset contains 60,000 32x32 color images in 10 different classes. The 10 different classes represent airplanes, cars, birds, cats, deer, dogs, frogs, horses, ships, and trucks. There are 6,000 images of each class.
Deng, Jia, Wei Dong, Richard Socher, Li-Jia Li, Kai Li, and Li Fei-Fei. "Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database." In 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 248-255. Ieee, 2009.
ImageNet is a large-scale ontology of images built upon the backbone of the WordNet structure. ImageNet aims to populate the majority of the 80,000 synsets of WordNet with an average of 500-1000 clean and full resolution images. This will result in tens of millions of annotated images organized by the semantic hierarchy of WordNet. This paper offers a detailed analysis of ImageNet in its current state: 12 subtrees with 5247 synsets and 3.2 million images in total.
The MK-D2 is a subset of the Malaya Kew leaf dataset, including 44 types of plant leaves. Number of pictures in each type of the MK-D2 training set is 788, and that of the test set is 200.
There are two(2) folders associated with the dataset and a ReadMe file: + D1 dataset - It consists of segmented leaf images with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 2288 and 528 respectively. + Dataset Groundtruth - It consists of cropped image patches of leaf with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 34672 and 8800 respectively.
MalayaKew (MK) Leaf dataset was collected at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. It consists of scan-like images of leaves from 44 species classes. This dataset is very challenging as leaves from different species classes have very similar appearance. There are two(2) folders associated with the dataset and a ReadMe file: + D1 dataset - It consists of segmented leaf images with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 2288 and 528 respectively. + Dataset Groundtruth - It consists of cropped image patches of leaf with size 256 * 256 pixels. - Number of training and testing images is 34672 and 8800 respectively.
The National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) dataset used as first insect dataset that consists of 40 classes of field crop insect images.
National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR) dataset
NSIS dataset with 13,000 geo-referenced soil profiles
PlantVillage have 54,306 images, with 26 diseases for 14 crop plants.
Hughes, D., Salathe, Marcel, 2015. An open access repository of images on plant health to enable the development of mobile disease diagnostics, pp. 1-13.
{CifunaLocuples; EurydemaDominulus; TettigellaViridis; ColaphellusBowvingi; ColposcelisSignata; PierisRapae; MarucaTestulalis; EurydemaGebleri; AtractomorphaSinensis; ErthesinaFullo; SympiezomiasVelatus; ChromatomyiaHorticola; SogatellaFurcifera; EysacorisGuttiger; CletusPunctiger; DolerusTritici; CnaphalocrocisMedinalis; PentfaleusMajor; LaodelphaxStriatellua; SitobionAvenae; ChiloSuppressalis; AeliaSibirica; MythimnaSeparta; NephotettixBipunctatus}
C. Xie, J. Zhang, R. Li, J. Li, P. Hong, J. Xia, P. Chen, "Automatic classification for field crop insects via multiple-task sparse representation and multiple-kernel learning", Comput. Electron. Agric., 119 (2015), pp. 123-132
Xie1 insect dataset contains 24 different types of insects from fieldbased insect collection, including about 60 images per species.
DolycorisBaccarum; LycormaDelicatula; EurydemaDominulus; PierisRapae; HalyomorphaHalys; SpilosomaObliqua; GraphosomaRubrolineata; LuperomorphaSuturalisChen; LeptocorisaAcuta; SesamiaInferens; CicadellaViridis; CallitettixVersicolor; ScotinopharaLurida; CletusPunctiger; NezaraViridula; DicladispaArmigera; RiptortusPedestris; MarucaTestulalisGryer; ChauliopsFallaxScott; ChiloSuppressalis; StolliaVentralis; NilaparvataLugens; DiostrombusPolitusUhler; PhyllotretaStriolata; AulacophoraIndica; LaodelphaxStriatellus; CeroplastesCeriferus; CorythuchaMarmorata; DryocosmusKuriphilusYasumatsu; PorthesiaTaiwanaShiraki; ChromatomyiaHorticola; IscadiaInexacta; PlutellaXylostella; EmpoascaFlavescens; DolerusTriticiChu; SpodopteraLitura; CorythuchaCiliata; BemisiaTabaci; CeutorhynchusAsperRoelofs; StrongyloidesVariegatus;
C. Xie, R. Wang, J. Zhang, P. Chen, W. Dong, R. Li, T. Chen, H. Chen, "Multi-level learning features for automatic classification of field crop pests", Comput. Electron. Agric., 152 (2018), pp. 233-241
Xie2 insect dataset contains 24 different types of insects from fieldbased insect collection, including about ... images per species.
Daytime heating occurs it increases the air's capacity to evaporate water vapor. The sun heats the ground which in turn heats the air above the ground.
DeepSpeed is a deep learning optimization library that makes distributed training easy, efficient, and effective. DeepSpeed delivers extreme-scale model training for everyone, from data scientists training on massive supercomputers to those training on low-end clusters or even on a single GPU: Extreme scale: Using current generation of GPU clusters with hundreds of devices, 3D parallelism of DeepSpeed can efficiently train deep learning models with trillions of parameters. Extremely memory efficient: With just a single GPU, ZeRO-Offload of DeepSpeed can train models with over 10B parameters, 10x bigger than the state of arts, democratizing multi-billion-parameter model training such that many deep learning scientists can explore bigger and better models. Extremely long sequence length: Sparse attention of DeepSpeed powers an order-of-magnitude longer input sequence and obtains up to 6x faster execution comparing with dense transformers. Extremely communication efficient: 3D parallelism improves communication efficiency allows users to train multi-billion-parameter models 2–7x faster on clusters with limited network bandwidth. 1-bit Adam/1-bit LAMB reduce communication volume by up to 5x while achieving similar convergence efficiency to Adam/LAMB, allowing for scaling to different types of GPU clusters and networks. Early adopters of DeepSpeed have already produced a language model (LM) with over 17B parameters called Turing-NLG, establishing a new SOTA in the LM category. DeepSpeed is an important part of Microsoft’s new AI at Scale initiative to enable next-generation AI capabilities at scale
Deeplearning4j is implemented in Java and is hence more efficient as compared to Python. It uses the tensor library called ND4J which provides an ability to work with n-dimensional arrays (also called tensors). This framework also supports both CPUs and GPUs. Deeplearning4j treats the task of loading data and training algorithms as separate processes. This separation of functions provides a whole lot of flexibility. And who wouldn’t like that, especially in deep learning?! Deeplearning4j works with different data types as well: - Images - csv - plain text, etc. The kind of deep learning models you can build using Deeplearning4j are: - Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) - Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) - Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and many other architectures.
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is constitutionally a unitary state comprising Denmark proper and the two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of 42,943 km2 as of 2020, and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 . Denmark proper has a population of 5.83 million .
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Denmark proper, which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, Funen and the North Jutlandic Island. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and is bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark is constitutionally a unitary state comprising Denmark proper and the two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has a total area of 42,943 km2 as of 2020, and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 . Denmark proper has a population of 5.85 million, of which 800,000 live in the capital and largest city Copenhagen.
The desert climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk), is a climate in which there is an excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates hold little moisture and evaporate the little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of earth's land area, hot deserts are the most common type of climate on earth after polar climate.
Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somaliland in the south, Ethiopia in the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the east. Across the Gulf of Aden is Yemen. The country has a total area of 23,200 km2 .
Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somaliland in the south, Ethiopia in the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden in the east. Across the Gulf of Aden is Yemen. The country has a total area of 23,200 km2 . The Republic of Djibouti is predominantly inhabited by two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar people, with the former comprising the majority of the population.
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is located near Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Its area is 750 km2, and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.
Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean. The capital, Roseau, is located on the western side of the island. It is geographically situated as part of the Windward Islands chain in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. The island is surrounded by the Republic of France with Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Its area is 750 km2, and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with Haiti, making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that are shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers, and third-largest by population, with approximately 10.8 million people, of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.
The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with Haiti, making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that is shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers, and third-largest by population, with approximately 10.8 million people, of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.
Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer.
A dust storm, also called sandstorm, is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions. Dust storms arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by saltation and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and deposits it in another.
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. The capital and largest city is Quito.
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. The capital is Quito.
Eggplant, Solanum melongena, is a tropical, herbaceous, perennial plant, closely related to tomato, in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible fruit. The plants has a branching stem and simple, long, flat. coarsely lobed leaves which are green in color and are arranged alternately on the branches. The leaves can measure 10 to 20 cm (4–8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2–4 in) broad. The plant produces purple flowers which are 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in diameter. The fruit is a large, fleshy ovoid berry which can reach 40 cm (15.7 in) in length, with glossy smooth skin and numerous small seeds. The color of the fruit is variable and can be white, green, yellow, purple or black. Eggplants can reach up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in height and although they are perennial plants, they are most commonly grown as annuals. Eggplant may also be referred to as aubergine or guinea squash and originates from the Indian subcontinent.
Eggplant fruits are ready to harvest while the flesh is still firm and seeds are small and tightly packed. The skin of the fruit should be firm, glossy and dark purple. Over ripe fruit will contain darker seeds and will taste bitter. Harvest the fruit as soon as it is ripe to ensure maximum productivity. The fruit should be removed from the plant by cutting the calyx (green stem above the fruit) with a sharp knife.
Eggplant may benefit from the addition of mulch to conserve soil moisture and maintain a higher soil temperature. Row covers will help to increase the temperature around the plants in cooler climates and during cool spells in otherwise warm areas. The row covers should be removed to allow pollinators to access the plants during flowering. Eggplant should be provided with a steady water supply for optimum development of fruit and the soil around the plants should not be allowed to dry out but should also not be wet. Plants can be laden with numerous fruit and the use of stakes and supports can help to support the plants before harvest.
In cold areas and regions with a short growing season it is necessary to start eggplant indoors or in a glasshouse. In addition, eggplant will often perform much better in colder areas if planted in containers or grown under row covers as this helps to keep the soil warm. Seeds should be sown indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost date. Sow seeds thickly in seed trays containing good quality sterile seed starting mix to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in). Keep the trays moist and provide bottom heat by placing on a heat mat or in a warm area of the house. Seedling should be potted into larger pots when they have two sets of true leaves. Eggplant seedlings can be transplanted after hardening-off and when all danger of frost has passed in your area. Seedlings should be spaced 45–60 cm (18–24 in) apart, depending on variety, allowing a further 60–90 cm (24–36 in) between rows.
Eggplants are warm-season crops which require a long growing season.They grow best in regions where the daytime temperature is between 26 and 32°C (80–90°F) and night time temperatures around 21°C (70°F). In addition, eggplant is a sun loving plant and should be positioned in an area that receives full sunlight. Plants will perform best when planted in a fertile soil with a pH between 6.3 and 6.8.
Eggplant is usually cooked before consumption and is eaten as a vegetable.
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, although none share a land border with Egypt.
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. As of 2018, the country had a population of approximately 6.42 million, making it the smallest and second-least populated country in Central America.
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is San Salvador. As of 2021, the country had a population of approximately 6,825,935.
The plant is visible when the first leaf, known as the coleoptile leaf, breaks through the soil surface. The coleoptile leaf is shorter than the later-emerging leaves and has a rounded leaf tip. Emergence time can range from 3 to 14 days, depending largely on soil temperature, moisture, seeding depth and seedling vigor. Growth Stages of Sorghum: Seeding, Emergence, Three-leaf, Five-leaf, Growing point differentation, Flag leaf visible, Booting, Flowering, Soft Dough, Hard Dough, Physiological maturity
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country located on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2020, the country had a population of 1,454,789.
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of 28,000 square kilometres . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. As of 2015, the country had a population of 1,225,367.
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Eastern Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.
Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands.
maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands on eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,227 km2, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, and Tartu are the largest cities and urban areas in the country. Other notable cities include Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Järve and Viljandi. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language.
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, covering a total area of 45,227 km2, the land area is 43,432 km², and is influenced by a humid continental climate. Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, and Tartu are the largest cities and urban areas in the country. Other notable cities include Narva, Pärnu, Kohtla-Järve and Viljandi. The official language of the country, Estonian, is the second-most-spoken Finnic language.
Etofenprox is a pyrethroid derivative which is used as an insecticide. Mitsui Chemicals Agro Inc. is the main manufacturer of the chemical. It is also used as an ingredient in flea medication for cats and dogs.
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres and over 109 million inhabitants and is the 13th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa. The capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and to the north, Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres and over 117 million inhabitants and is the 12th-most populous country in the world and the 2nd-most populous in Africa. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates.
cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate
The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 miles east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 miles from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 square miles, comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The Falkland Islands' capital is Stanley on East Falkland.
The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 miles east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 miles from the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 square miles, comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, and the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
The Faroe Islands or just Faroes are a North Atlantic archipelago located 320 kilometres north-northwest of Scotland, and about halfway between Norway and Iceland. Like Greenland, it is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. The islands have a total area of about 1,400 square kilometres with a population of 52,703 as of September 2020.
The Faroe Islands, or simply the Faroes or Faeroes, are a North Atlantic archipelago located 320 kilometres north-northwest of Scotland, and about halfway between Norway and Iceland. Like Greenland, it is a autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark. The islands have a total area of about 1,400 square kilometres with a population of 53,358 as of June 2021.
A fibrous root system is the opposite of a taproot system. It is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of roots when the tree has reached full maturity. Most trees begin life with a taproot, but after one to a few years change to a wide-spreading fibrous root system with mainly horizontal surface roots and only a few vertical, deep anchoring roots. A typical mature tree 30–50 m tall has a root system that extends horizontally in all directions as far as the tree is tall or more, but well over 95% of the roots are in the top 50 cm depth of soil. A few plants with fibrous root systems: - Coconut palm - Grass - Rosemary Fibrous roots grow fairly close to the surface of the ground. Leaves with parallel venation have fibrous roots. Forages have a fibrous root system, which helps combat erosion by anchoring the plants to the top layer of the soil, and covering the entirety of the field, as it is a non-row crop. In a fibrous root system, the roots grow downwards into the soil, and also branch off sideways throughout the soil. This forms a mass of fine roots, with no distinct tap root, because the embryonic root dies back while the plant is still young and growing.
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,100 nautical miles northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about 18,300 square kilometres . The most outlying island group is Ono-i-Lau. About 87% of the total population of 883,483 live on the two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts: either in the capital city of Suva; or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry; or in Lautoka, where the sugar-cane industry is dominant. The interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited because of its terrain.
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres, with a population of 5.5 million. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city, but together with the neighboring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, it forms a larger metropolitan area. Finnish, the native language of the Finns, is among the few Finnic languages in the world. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres, with a population of 5.5 million. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city. Finnish, the native language of the Finns, is among the only few Finnic languages in the world. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. Finland is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
The collar of the fifth fully expanded leaf is visible, and the growing point is at or just below the soil surface. This stage occurs approximately 20 to 25 days after emergence, when the plant is 7 to 9 inches tall. Farmers should apply most post-emergent herbicides at or before this time. Side-dress fertilizer applications are best made at this stage or within the following 10 to 15 days.
The last leaf to emerge prior to heading is called the flag leaf, which is shorter than the preceding leaves. The sorghum plant is in the flag leaf stage when the leaf tip is visible in the whorl. The last two or three leaves will fully expand during this period. Typically, the plant progresses from the flag leaf tip being visible to the boot stage in five to seven days.
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health.
White fonio, Digitaria exilis, is an annual grass in the family Poaceae grown for its grain which is commonly used to make porridge. Fonio is an erect, tillering grass with delicate stems and alternate leaves. The leaves are blade like or linear and tapering and can reach up to 15 cm (6 in) in length. The plant produces spikelets, where the grain is produced, on branched, spike-like panicles. A single inflorescence possesses 2-5 racemes with spikelets arranged in pairs or in threes or fours, giving it a lacy appearance. White fonio can reach a height of 30-80 cm (11.8-31.5 in) depending on variety and is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season. White fonio may also be referred to fonio, hungry rice or hungry millet and originates from West Africa.
Fonio is harvested using traditional methods, The plants are cut using a knife or sickle and gathered into sheaths for drying. Processing the grain is a laborious process that requires beating the dried plants to extract the grain and then dehulling the grain using a mortar.
Fonio requires little maintenance after planting and is highly adapted to drought conditions.
Fonio is direct seeded by broadcasting in the field and germinates and grows rapidly, out-competing weeds and negating the need for weeding the field. The soil is roughly loosened prior to planting and seed is generally broadcast at a rate of 10 to 30 kg of seed/ha. The seeds are then lightly dug into the soil or covered using a hoe and allowed to germinate.
Fonio is a tropical plant and requires a dry season to grow properly. The plant grows optimally at temperatures between 25 and 30oC (77-86oF) and in areas where the average rainfall is between 900 and 1000 mm. Fonio can be grown on a range of soils and it is generally grown in soils that are considered too nutrient poor for other crops. The plants will grow best in light, sandy soils and it is often planted in rotation with rice, sorghum or millet.
The fonio grain is consumed after cooking, either as a porridge or couscous. The grain may also be ground and mixed with other cereals. Fonio grain may be used to brew beers and the straw can be used as animal fodder.
Fonio is the term for two cultivated grasses in the genus Digitaria that are notable crops in parts of West Africa. They are millets with small grains.
metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
France, officially the French Republic, is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland, Monaco and Italy to the east, Andorra and Spain to the south, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname and Brazil in the Americas. The country's eighteen integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 km2 and a total population of 67.4 million . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice. France, including its overseas territories, has the most time zones of any country, with a total of twelve.
France, officially the French Republic, is a transcontinental country spanning Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland, Monaco and Italy to the east, Andorra and Spain to the south, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas. Its eighteen integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 km2 and over 67 million people . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille, and Nice. Including its overseas territories, France has twelve time zones, the most of any country.
tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
French Guiana is an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas. It borders Brazil to the east and south and Suriname to the west.
French Polynesia is an overseas collectivity of France and its sole overseas country. It comprises 118 geographically dispersed islands and atolls stretching over more than 2,000 kilometres in the South Pacific Ocean. The total land area of French Polynesia is 4,167 square kilometres .
The French Southern and Antarctic Lands is an Overseas Territory of France. It consists of:
Stage 7: Development of fruit 71 Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size 73 Early milk 75 Medium milk: grain content milky, grains reached final size, still green 77 Late milk
Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres and its population is estimated at 2.1 million people. Its capital and largest city is Libreville. The official language is French.
Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly 270,000 square kilometres and its population is estimated at 2.1 million people. There are three distinct regions: the coastal plains, the mountains, and the savanna in the east. Gabon's capital and largest city is Libreville. The official language is French.
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa, and is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast on the Atlantic Ocean. The Gambia is situated on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. It has an area of 10,689 square kilometres with a population of 1,857,181 as of the April 2013 census. Banjul is the Gambian capital and the country's largest metropolitan area. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Garlic is ready to harvest when the plants begin to turn yellow or brown and begin to fall over. Dig the plants while there are still some green leaves remaining on the plant. Harvest the bulbs by digging the plant carefully and lifting the bulbs using a fork. The garlic can be used straight away or it can be cured for longer storage. Garlic can be cured by hanging the plants in bunches or by spreading them out on a rack or screen. The plants should be kept intact while they cure, do not remove the tops until the garlic is dry. Curing should be carried out in a cool, dry place with good ventilation such as a barn, attic or garage. Once dry, the bulbs will keep for up to a year.
When the ground begins to freeze, it is good practice to cover the garlic plants with a layer of straw mulch. This helps to protect the plants over winter, prevents frost heaving and helps to suppress weeds in the Spring. Garlic requires additional irrigation during dry periods but watering should be ceased a few weeks prior to harvest to allow the papery skin around the bulb to dry and to prevent the development of disease. Garlic benefits from the addition of fertilizer during the growing season. Nitrogen should be applied in early Spring, later applications may delay bulb development. Hardneck garlic should be pruned when the flowering stalks (scapes) begin to straighten. Removal of the flower head directs the plants energy to bulb production. Softneck garlic does not require pruning.
Most garlic varieties do not produce fertile seed so the plant is propagated from the cloves. Individual cloves are obtained by breaking apart the bulb. Generally, garlic should be planted in the Fall around the same time spring bulbs such as daffodils are planted. Planting in the Spring does not allow sufficient time for the roots system to develop and the garlic may not form heads. The soil should be prepared for planting by digging with a fork to loosen it and break up any large clumps. Cloves should be planted 5–8 cm (2-3 in) deep, leaving 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) between individual plants and 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) between rows. The cloves should be planted pointed side up with the basal plate positioned downwards. The roots will grow from the basal plate. Each clove will produce a whole head of garlic which can be harvested and cured before use.
Garlic is a hardy perennial which can be grown in a variety of soil types. The plants perform best when planted in a light, well draining, organic loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The plant grows well in cool weather but will tolerate a range from 9–28°C (48.2–82.4°F). Garlic should be planted in an area that receives full sun for most of the day. Garlic requires a period of cold followed by a period of light and heat in order to develop properly. The plants will perform best when they have 6-8 weeks below 4.4ºC (40ºF). It may be beneficial to chill bulbs prior to use if planting in area that does not fulfil these temperature requirements.
Rehurek, Radim, and Petr Sojka. "Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora." In Proceedings of the LREC 2010 workshop on new challenges for NLP frameworks. 2010.
Gensim is a highly specialized Python library that largely deals with topic modeling tasks using algorithms like Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). It’s also excellent at recognizing text similarities, indexing texts, and navigating different documents. This library is fast, scalable, and good at handling large volumes of data. Here are some tutorials to get started.
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Georgia is a country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region, bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north and east by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres, and its approximate population is about 3.716 million. Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy. Tbilisi is the country's capital and largest city.
Georgia is a country located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region, bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north and east by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. It covers 69,700 square kilometres, and has a population of around 4 million. Georgia is a representative democracy governed as a unitary parliamentary republic. Tbilisi is the capital and largest city, home to roughly a quarter of the population.
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country at the intersection of Central and Western Europe. It is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of 357,022 square kilometres, with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. Germany is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; covering an area of 357,022 square kilometres, with a population of over 83 million within its 16 constituent states. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana which was formerly called Gold Coast, is a country along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2, Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east, the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean in the south. Ghana means "Warrior King" in the Soninke language.
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It spans the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Ghana covers an area of 238,535 km2, spanning a diverse geography and ecology that ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests. With over 31 million people, Ghana is the second-most populous country in West Africa, after Nigeria. The capital and largest city is Accra; other major cities include Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 6.7 km2 and is bordered to the north by Spain. The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar at the foot of which is a densely populated town area, home to over 32,000 people, primarily Gibraltarians.
Gourds are annual trailing or climbing vines in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for their fruit of the same name. The two most commonly grown types of gourd are Lagenaria species and Cucurbita species. Gourd plants produce long vines with long-stemmed, large, oval or triangular lobed leaves. The Cucurbita gourds produce yellow flowers and unusually shaped fruit which can be smooth or warty, plain or patterned. The Lagenaria gourds produce white flowers and smooth, knobly or ridged fruit which can range in size from 7 cm (3 in) up to 1 m (3 ft). Gourd vines are capable of climbing over 3.5 m (12 ft) and as annual plants, survive only one growing season. Gourds may also be referred to as dudi, cucuzzi, spaghetti squash or calabash and are believed to have originated in Africa.
Gourd plants sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Plants also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently encourages a shallow root system. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil. Gourds produce both male and female flowers (monoecious) and are pollinated by insects such as bees. Poor fruit set is often caused by poor pollination.
Gourds can be direct seeded or sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6°C (60°F). Sow 1–2 seeds 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) deep, at least 90 cm (~3 ft) apart if growing bush varieties and 120–150 cm (4–5 ft) apart if growing vining varieties. Allow a further 1–3 m (6–10 ft) between rows depending on the variety. If transplanting, seeds should be sown 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted before the plants develop their second set of true leaves. Sowing seeds in 3–4 inch pots help to minimize disturbance to the roots prior to transplanting. Peat pots can be transplanted with the seedlings eliminating the need to disturb the roots entirely. Seeds in sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering. Seeds should germinate in 5–10 days depending on the soil temperature.
Gourds are warm-season crops, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally. Plants will grow best at temperatures between 18 and 25°C (65–75°F) in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Gourd plants should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space.
Young gourds can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable while the mature gourds are used to make decorative items such as bottles, containers and utensils. In the US, gourds have become a very popular household decoration in the Fall.
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a long stemmed, woody vine (liana) which produces high value berries, or grapes. The vines can reach lengths in excess of 30 m and can live for many years with proper management. The leaves of the grape vine are alternately arranged on the stem and are long and broad with 5-7 lobes, typically reaching sizes of 5-20 cm (2.0-7.9 in). Flowers are produced in clusters and fruit. The fruit is a berry known as a grape and grows in clusters from the vine. In wild species, the fruit is 6 mm (1/5 in) in diameter and ripens to dark purple to black with a pale wax bloom. In cultivated plants, the berry is usually much larger, up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long and can be green, red or purple. Vitis vinifera is native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia but is cultivated on every continent except Antarctica. Most grape cultivation centers on the use of Vitis vinifera, however, in North America the related species Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia and Vitis rotundifolia are also grown. Vitis amurensis is native to Asia and has been hybridized with Vitis vinifera to produce cold tolerant grapevine varieties.
Preparation Grape vines are usually planted as dormant bare root vines in Spring. Young plants can be purchased from nurseries and garden centres for planting in the home garden. Grape vines require a trellis and this should be built before the vines are planted in the ground. For information on constructing a suitable trellis see: https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/192-grape-how-to-build-a-trellis-for-grape-vines?locale=en. The trellis helps support the weight of the fruit and protects the vines from damage while aslo increasing air circulation and reducing diseases in the canopy. You may also consider a more decorative method of supporting the vines, such as an arbor. Planting New vines should be planted out in Spring after all danger of frost has passed. Dig a hole for each plant approximately 30 cm (12 in) deep and 30 cm (12 in) wide, spaced 1.8- 3.0 m (6-10 ft) apart and plant the vine at the same level as the nursery. It is important not to cover the graft union in soil. Tamp the soil around the plants and add any remaining soil. The newly planted vines should be cut back to have only 2 or 3 new buds and watered lightly. Pruning Pruning is an essential component of healthy grape production and should be carried out annually in early Spring while the vines are still dormant and before the buds begin to swell. From the third year onwards, most of the previous years growth should be removed. The more buds that are left on each shoot, the more fruit it will produce but care must be taken to ensure that too many are not left as the fruit may not ripen as a result. Fruit clusters can be removed as required throughout the growing season.
The first consideration when attempting to cultivate grape is to select a variety based on the prevailing local climate, with the best production occurring in hot, dry regions. American varieties tend to be the most cold hardy while the European hybrids perform best in hotter, drier regions. Generally, vines should be grown in full sun, in a well draining soil and in a location where there is good circulating air to reduce incidence of disease. Low lying areas should be avoided when selecting a planting site as this can lead to water accumulation during periods of wet weathe Vines prefer a soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH between 6.0 and 7.0 and require a trellis system to support the weight of the fruit on the vines.
Grapes are the most widely produced commercial fruit crop in the world. They are often eaten fresh but are also commonly used to produce wine. Grapes can also be processed into jams, and preserves, juices, grape seed oil, grape seed extract, raisins and vinegar.
The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semisweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink.
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greece, also known as Hellas, and officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018; Athens is its largest and capital city, followed by Thessaloniki. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring many islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018; Athens is its largest and capital city, followed by Thessaloniki. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring many islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands.
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Greenland is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium, beginning in 986. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors migrated from Alaska through Northern Canada, gradually settling across the island by the 13th century.
Greenland is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for more than a millennium. The majority of its residents are Inuit, whose ancestors migrated from Alaska through Northern Canada, gradually settling across the island by the 13th century.
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Grenada is a country in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and several small islands which lie to the north of the main island and are a part of the Grenadines. It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Its size is 348.5 square kilometres, and it had an estimated population of 112,523 in July 2020. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops.
Grenada is an island country in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself, two smaller islands, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and several small islands which lie to the north of the main island and are a part of the Grenadines. It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Its size is 348.5 square kilometres, and it had an estimated population of 112,523 in July 2020. Its capital is St. George's. Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops.
subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity
Guadeloupe is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the two inhabited Îles des Saintes—as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat, and north of Dominica. The region's capital city is Basse-Terre, located on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; however, the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main center of business is neighbouring Pointe-à-Pitre, both located on Grande-Terre Island.
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States ; in Oceania, it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous village is Dededo.
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south. With an estimated population of around 17.2 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and has the 11th largest national population in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City.
Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south. With an estimated population of around 17.2 million, it is the most populous country in Central America and is the 11th most populous country in the Americas. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City, the largest city in Central America.
Trees grown from seed may not come into production for anywhere between 3 to 8 years. Guava does not ripen off the tree and it can be difficult to distinguish when the fruits are ready for harvest. The best indication is a color change from dark to light green and the development of some yellowing on the fruits. Fruit should be harvested every 2-3 days to prevent fruit becoming overripe.
Newly planted guava trees should be watered every two days after planting for the first week and then once a week for the following few months to allow the root system to develop and become established. A 0.6 to 1.5 m (2.0-5.0 ft) area around the trunk should be maintained to be free from grass and weeds. Guava trees benefit from the application of a layer or organic mulch such as bark or wood chips around the base. This helps to suppress weeds and conserve moisture in the soil. Do not mound the mulch around the trunk, allow a gap of 20 to 30 cm (8-10 in) between the trunk and the mulch layer. Young trees benefit from fertilizer application with the type an amount varying with area and soil type.
Guavas grown for processing can be grown from seed as approximately 70% of the seedlings will retain the genetic characteristics of the parent tree. Guavas that are grown for fresh fruit are usually vegetatively propagated by air layering or budding. Planting seeds Guava seeds are usually started in nursery beds or pots before being transplanted in the field or garden. Only seeds from healthy, vigorous trees with the desired characteristics should be planted. Seeds should be planted in flats containing sandy soil and covered to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in). Seeds usually germinate within 15 to 20 days of planting. When the seedlings reach 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in height they should be transplanted into individual pots. Seedling are ready to be moved to the field after about 6 to 7 months when they have reached approximately 30.5 cm (12 in) in height. Transplanting seedlings Guava trees should be planted in full sun and should be spaced 4.5–7.5 m (15–25 ft) away from other trees and buildings to prevent shading. A hole should be dug which is slightly larger than the existing root ball and the addition of a layer of compost or rotted manure at the bottom of the planting hole. The tree should be planted at the same depth as it was in the nursery by placing the seedling upright into the planting hole and backfilling the soil around the plant. The soil should be tamped by hand around the tree to eliminate any air pockets. Water the newly planted seedlings immediately unless the soil is already damp. Young trees should be pruned to encourage the development of laterals. This is achieved by cutting back existing laterals at 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft). During the first year of growth, 3 to 4 of the lateral branches should be allowed to grow 60 to 90 cm (24-36 in) before the tips are cut to encourage further branching. any new shoots formed by this process should also be tipped when they reach 60 to 90 cm (24-36 in). Pruning of established trees should be carried out to retain a manageable height and to open out the canopy.
Guava is mainly grown in the tropics and will tolerate temperatures between 15 and 45°C (59–113°F). Guava will grow optimally between 23 and 28°C (73–82°F) but established trees can tolerate short periods at -3 to -2°C (27-28°F) although temperatures below 15°C (60°F) can cause the tree to cease producing fruit. Guava is also amenable to a wide range of soils and will grow in both sandy or rocky soils in addition to loams, preferring a pH of 4.5–7 but tolerating alkaline soil to to pH 8.5. Guava is more resistant to drought than most tropical fruits and can withstand long periods of dry weather by ceasing vegetative growth until conditions improve.
Guava fruits may be eaten fresh or processed to produce paste, jellies or preserves. Dehydrated fruit is used to make guava powder.
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
Guernsey is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown Dependency.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey is one of three Crown Dependencies.
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea, the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from other countries with "Guinea" in the name and the eponymous region, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres .
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea, the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry, after its capital and largest city Conakry, to distinguish it from other countries with "Guinea" in the name and the eponymous region, such as Papua New Guinea,Western New Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 12.4 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres .
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres with an estimated population of 1,874,303. It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east.
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres with an estimated population of 1,874,303. It borders Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south-east. Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea . Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and only one elected president has successfully served a full five-year term. The current president is Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who was elected on 29 December 2019.
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
Guyana, officially the Co‑operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America and the capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the east. With 215,000 square kilometres, Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname; it is also the second-least populous sovereign state in South America after Suriname.
Hail is a form of solid precipitation. It is distinct from ice pellets, though the two are often confused. It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is called a hailstone. Ice pellets fall generally in cold weather while hail growth is greatly inhibited during cold surface temperatures.
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island, which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration. Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers in size, the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean.
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island, which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration. Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers in size, the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean.
At the hard dough stage, grain has reached 75 percent of its final dry weight, and nutrient uptake is almost complete. The grain can no longer be crushed between the thumb and index finger. The seed coat is no longer green and has turned its final color, which can be white, tan, bronze or red. The total moisture content of the plant is now decreasing daily, and water stress during this time tends to promote lodging. The hard dough stage typically lasts 10 to 14 days.
Newly planted trees usually bear nuts within two to three years after planting although full production may not be reached until twenty five years after planting. The nuts are usually harvested two to three times over the season. The nuts can be spread out on the ground to dry or, as with commercially produced nuts, dried artificially at a temperature of 90 to 100°C (176-212°F).
While it is possible to propagate filberts from cuttings, the success rate for obtaining rooted cuttings is usually only between 20 and 50%. The most successful method of propagating filberts is by layering. The most successful and widely used method of layering for commercial filbert production is tip layering. Tip layering involves bending shoots into a V-shape and burying the lower parts in the soil to a depth of 20 to 25 cm (8-10 in) while the tips of the shoot, which will form the new tree tops, are kept upright. The soil is kept moist to promote root development above the V bend on the tip and roots should ideally be congregated in a 5 to 10 cm (2-4 in) section of the shoot. Trees should be planted in early winter while dormant. The trees should be planted at least 6 m (20 ft) apart. Before planting, remove as much as possible of the old layered shoot and prune back the ends of any broken roots. Plant the tree in a hole large enough to accommodate the roots but avoid deep planting. Fill in the hole around the roots with fine soil, pressing down with your hands to eliminate any air pockets around the roots. Add soil on top of the roots and tamp down to set the tree. Fill in the remainder of the hole with loosely packed soil. Once planted, the tree should be headed back in order to compensate for reduced water uptake. the tree should be cut back to a height of 45 to 76 cm (18-30 in). Hazelnut trees produce suckers which should be removed from the tree at, or close to, their point of origin on the trunk. This can be achieved by gently removing the soil from around the sucker. While the trunk is exposed, any other buds which are beginning to show should also be removed. Cutting the sucker at or just below the soil line will encourage more suckers so it is important to make the cut as close to the trunk as possible.
Filberts are hardy plants which can survive adverse growing conditions. They should be grown in a soil which is at least 2.4 to 3 m (8-10 ft) deep and will grow optimally in well-draining, fertile loams with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5 in full sun or partial shade. Filberts will grow well in areas where wild hazel grows large and vigorous.
The kernel of the hazelnut is edible and can be eaten raw or toasted. The kernels can be processed to produce praline or as an ingredient in confectionery and baked goods.
Heading date is characterized together by the vegetative growth phase i.e., the time period from germination to panicle initiation and the reproductive phase, meaning the time period from panicle initiation to heading.
Healthy mentions a state which plants have firm leaves, well-formed flowers and fruit, and well-developed root systems. Unhealthy plants show damage to leaves, stems, roots, flowers or fruit. A pest is an animal that damages plants. Disease is caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is an Australian external territory comprising a volcanic group of mostly barren Antarctic islands, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. The group's overall size is 372 km2 in area and it has 101.9 km of coastline. Discovered in the mid-19th century, the islands have been an Australian territory since 1947 and contain the country's two active volcanoes. The summit of one, Mawson Peak, is higher than any mountain on the Australian mainland. The islands lie on the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian Ocean.
Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate.
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Its capital and largest city is Tegucigalpa.
subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta in South China. With over 7.5 million residents of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world.
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) winters. Precipitation is usually distributed throughout the year. The definition of this climate regarding temperature is as follows: the mean temperature of the coldest month must be below - 3 oC (26.6 oF) [2] and there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above 10 oC (50 oF). In addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid.
A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cold to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25o and 35o and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates.
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Hungary is a country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres in the Carpathian Basin, it borders Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world, and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe. Hungary's capital and largest city is Budapest; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs, and Győr.
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary has a population of 10 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian, the official language, is the world's most widely spoken Uralic language, and among the few non-Indo-European languages widely spoken in Europe. Budapest is the country's capital and largest city; other major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs, and Győr.
An ice cap climate is a polar climate where no mean monthly temperature exceeds 0 oC (32 oF). The climate covers areas in or near the high latitudes (65o latitude) to polar regions (70-90o north and south latitude), such as Antarctica and Greenland, that have vast deserts of snow and ice. In the coldest months, most ice cap climates have mean temperatures between - 30 and - 55 oC (-22 to -67 oF). Ice cap climates are normally covered by a permanent layer of ice and have no vegetation.
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is the only part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that rises above sea-level, and its central volcanic plateau is erupting almost constantly. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 356,991 and an area of 103,000 km2, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, with most of its islands having a polar climate.
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by land area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the second-most populous country, the seventh-largest country by land area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia.
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest island country and the 14th-largest country by land area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres . With more than 270 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest island country and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres . With more than 270 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.
Stage 5: Inflorescence emergence, heading 51 Beginning of heading: tip of inflorescence emerged from sheath, first spikelet just visible 52 20% of inflorescence emerged 53 30% of inflorescence emerged 54 40% of inflorescence emerged 55 Middle of heading: half of inflorescence emerged 56 60% of inflorescence emerged 57 70% of inflorescence emerged 58 80% of inflorescence emerged 59 End of heading: inflorescence fully emerged
Stage 5: Inflorescence emergence, heading
Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals; they include more than a million described species and represent more than half of all known living organisms.
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iran, also called Persia and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan, to the southeast by Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Iran covers an area of 1,648,195 km2, with a population of 83 million. It is the second largest country in the Middle East, and its capital and largest city is Tehran.
Iran, also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan, to the southeast by Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Iran covers an area of 1,648,195 km2, with a population of 83 million. It is the second-largest country in the Middle East, and its capital and largest city is Tehran.
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Yazidis, Shabakis, Armenians, Mandaeans, Circassians, Sabians and Kawliya. Around 99% of the country's 38 million citizens are Muslims, with small minorities of Christians, Yarsans, Yezidis and Mandeans also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians/Chaldeans, Yazidis, Shabakis, Armenians, Sabian-Mandaeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95–98% of the country's 38 million citizens are Muslims, with small minorities of Christians, Yarsans, Yezidis and Mandaeans also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern side of the island. Around 40% of the country's population of 5 million people resides in the Greater Dublin Area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann, an upper house, Seanad Éireann, and an elected President who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the eastern side of the island. Around 40% of the country's population of 4.9 million people resides in the Greater Dublin Area. The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland which is part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south-east, and the Irish Sea to the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The legislature, the Oireachtas, consists of a lower house, Dáil Éireann, an upper house, Seanad Éireann, and an elected President who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state, but with some important powers and duties. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers.
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time
The Isle of Man, also known as Mann, is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. The United Kingdom is responsible for the isle's military defence.
The Isle of Man, also known as Mann, is an island and self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The United Kingdom is responsible for the isle's military defence.
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Israel, officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia, located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although international recognition of the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem is limited.
Israel, officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea, and shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. Tel Aviv is the economic and technological center of the country, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although international recognition of the state's sovereignty over the city is limited.
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country consisting of a continental part, delimited by the Alps, a peninsula and several islands surrounding it. Italy is located in Southern Europe, and is also considered part of Western Europe. A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital, the country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial enclave in Switzerland and a maritime exclave in Tunisian waters . With around 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and several islands surrounding it. Italy is located in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, in Southern Europe, and is also often considered part of Western Europe. A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital and largest city, the country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial enclave in Switzerland and a maritime exclave in Tunisian waters . With around 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres west of Hispaniola ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres to the north-west.
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. Part of the Ring of Fire, Japan spans an archipelago of 6852 islands covering 377,975 square kilometers ; the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is Japan's capital and largest city; other major cities include Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.
temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island and British Crown Dependency near the coast of Normandy, France. It is the second-closest of the Channel Islands to France, after Alderney. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey and the other Channel Islands remained attached to the English Crown.
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is an island and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France. It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 22 kilometres from the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy. The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles, Les Écréhous, Les Minquiers, and Les Pierres de Lecq.
Jointing is the point in the plant's life cycle when the growing point moves above the soil surface. each tiller is moving up the stem.
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel and the West Bank of Palestine. The Dead Sea is located along its western borders, and the country has a 26-kilometre coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Amman is the nation's capital and largest city, as well as the economic, political and cultural centre.
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab country in the Levant region of Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Israel and Palestine . The Dead Sea is located along its western borders and the country has a 26-kilometre coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.
KNIME, the Konstanz Information Miner, is a free and open-source data analytics, reporting and integration platform. KNIME integrates various components for machine learning and data mining through its modular data pipelining concept. A graphical user interface and use of JDBC allows assembly of nodes blending different data sources, including preprocessing (ETL: Extraction, Transformation, Loading), for modeling, data analysis and visualization without, or with only minimal, programming.
Kale leaves can be harvested when they are 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long. Harvest the outer leaves to avoid damaging the growing tip of the plant. Kale leaves are sweeter when they are harvested after frost.
Kale should be kept evenly watered, application of mulch around plants helps to conserve soil moisture. The plants have shallow roots and in order to avoid damaging them, it is preferable to hand pull any weeds growing around the plants. Kale plants are heavy feeders, requiring plentiful nitrogen to meet their growth requirements and develop optimally. Apply an appropriate complete fertilizer when thinning seedlings.
Kale can be direct seeded or started indoors for transplants. The optimum soil temperature for germination is between 12 and 24°C (55–75°F). Kale seeds should be planted after any danger of hard frost or in a cold frame for transplanting to their final location. For a Fall harvest, try to time seeding so that the plants will mature in cool weather. This often means sowing in July but may be as late as October in warmer Southern regions. Prepare the soil for planting through the addition of nitrogen in the form of bone meal or composted manure. Plant seeds 12 mm (0.5 in) deep allowing 3.5 cm (1 in) between plants in the row. Thin seedlings to a final within row spacing of 45–60 cm (18–24 in). Keep soil moist during germination to prevent a crust from forming on the soil surface as this will cause uneven germination. Seedlings started indoors or in a cold frame are ready to be transplanted when they have 3–4 leaves and the daytime temperature has reached 10°C (50°F). Seedlings should be planted at the final spacing for seeds (45–60 cm/18–24 in between plants and 0.6 to 1.2 m/2–4 ft between rows). Plant each seedling slightly deeper than it was previously. The plantings can be staggered in 2 week intervals to prolong the harvest.
Kale is cool season crop that grows best in cool, moist conditions. The plant will grow best at temperatures between 4 and 21°C (40–50°F) allowing it to be grown in both Spring and Fall. Kale is a hardy plant, tolerating frost, and will grow optimally in a rich, moist, well draining soil with a pH of 6.5. Kale requires at least six hours of direct sunlight every day.
Kale is used as a green vegetable and is usually cooked before consumption. Some varieties of kale are grown as decorative ornamental plants due to their attractive, brightly colored foliage.
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country mainly located in Central Asia with a smaller portion west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe. It covers a land area of 2,724,900 square kilometres, and shares land borders with Russia in the north, China in the east, and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south while also adjoining a large part of the Caspian Sea in the southwest. Kazakhstan does not border Mongolia, although they are only 37 kilometers apart, separated by a short portion of the border between Russia and China.
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Eastern Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres, Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by total area. With a population of more than 47.6 million people in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Eastern Africa. At 580,367 square kilometres, Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by total area. With a population of more than 47.6 million people in the 2019 census, Kenya is the 29th most populous country. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi, while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third-largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret. As of 2020, Kenya is the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after Nigeria and South Africa. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest, Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Uganda to the west, Tanzania to the south, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
Keras is an open-source neural-network library written in Python. It is capable of running on top of TensorFlow, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, R, Theano. Keras is a pretty solid framework to start your deep learning journey. If you are familiar with Python and are not doing some high-level research or developing some special kind of neural network, Keras is for you. The focus is more on achieving results rather than getting bogged down by the model intricacies. So if you are given a project related to, say image classification or sequence models, start with Keras. You will be able to get a working model very quickly. Keras is also integrated in TensorFlow and hence you can also build your model using tf.keras.
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an independent island nation in the central Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is over 119,000, more than half of whom live on Tarawa atoll. The state comprises 32 atolls and one raised coral island, Banaba. They have a total land area of 811 square kilometres and are dispersed over 3.5 million km2 .
Kiwis have a high nutrient demand, particularly for nitrogen and potassium. after the first year of planting, plants should be fertilized in the Spring and as required throughout the growing season with the type and amount of fertilizer depending on the particular soil type and the age of the vines.
Kiwis can be propagated by a variety of methods, including growing from seed or from hard or softwood cuttings or root cuttings. The easiest method of propagation is the use of softwood cuttings. The cuttings should be taken during the summer months when the tree is actively growing. Each cutting should be taken from the current season’s growth and should possess 2-3 nodes (leaves). The leaves must be fully expanded in order for the cutting to be successful, cuttings should not be taken from immature growth such as at the end of shoots. once the cuttings have been obtained, they should be stripped of all but the top-most leaf. Rooting hormone can be used to aid the cuttings in developing new roots. Those containing indole-3-butyric acid have been shown to be most effective in kiwi propagation. After treatment with rooting hormone, the kiwi cuttings should be planted in beds or small pots, preferably in a glasshouse, and kept moist. When the cuttings have began to develop new shoots, they should be transferred into 1 gallon pots containing a high quality potting soil and watered daily. The potted plants should be fed with a slow release fertilizer at least twice over the growing season. If the kiwi vines are to be grown on a trellis or pergola, this should be constructed prior to planting. Kiwi should be planted by digging a planting hole which is at least three times the width of the current pot that the plant is in. Individual plants should typically be spaced 5 m (16.4 ft) apart when using a T-trellis system but can be planted closer together when vines are managed by pruning. Approximately 6 m (19.6 ft) should be left between rows. This distance is again dependent on the training system being utilized. Almost all kiwi species are dioecious and require the presence of both a male and female tree in order to set fruit. The recommended planting ratio is 1 male to every 8 females but a higher density of male trees will increase productivity.
Kiwi plants are native to warm, forest regions of China and require a long growing season with 8 to 9 month with no frost. The optimal temperature during the growing season is between 14 and 24°C (57.2–75.2°F). The plant can tolerate cold but is damaged by temperatures below -8°C (17.6°F). Some varieties of A. deliciosa, such as the Hayward cultivar will tolerate temperatures down to -10°C (14°F). In general, kiwifruit vines will grow best when planted in deep, well-draining, sandy loams as they are extremely sensitive to standing water. The optimum pH for the soil is between 5.5 and 6.0. In addition, kiwifruits require a plentiful supply of water during production and the vines require the support of a trellis to support the weight of the growing fruit. Kiwi should be planted in full sunlight to ensure optimal productivity.
Kiwis are primarily consumed as a fresh fruit.
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The country is bordered to the north by China and by Russia along the Amnok and Tumen rivers, and to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone separating the two. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the country's capital and largest city.
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It borders China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu and Tumen rivers; it borders South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Its western border is formed by Korea Bay and the Yellow Sea, while its eastern border is defined by the Sea of Japan. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the country's capital and largest city.
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Arabian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 499 km . As of 2021, Kuwait has a population of 4.67 million people where 1.45 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are foreign nationals. Most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of the capital city Kuwait City.
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. It is situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south. As of 2016, Kuwait has a population of 4.5 million people: 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are expatriates. Expatriates account for approximately 70% of the population.
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, also known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, also known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's six million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. The Kyrgyz language is closely related to other Turkic languages, although Russian remains spoken and is an official language, a legacy of a century of Russification. Ninety percent of Kyrgyzstan's population are Muslim, with the majority of its population following Sunni Islam. In addition to its Turkic origins, Kyrgyz culture bears elements of Iranic, Mongolian and Russian influence.
LIONsolver is an integrated software for data mining, business intelligence, analytics, and modeling Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN and reactive business intelligence approach. A non-profit version is available as LIONoso.
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast and Thailand to the west and southwest.
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast and Thailand to the west and southwest. Its capital and largest city is Vientiane.
Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.
Latvia, officially known as the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the Baltic states; and is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,589 km2, with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts; and speak Latvian, one of the only two surviving Baltic languages. Russians are a prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population.
Latvia, officially known as the Republic of Latvia,, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the Baltic states; and is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,589 km2, with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Riga. Latvians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts; and speak Latvian, one of the only two surviving Baltic languages. Russians are a prominent minority in the country, at some 24% of the population.
Stage 1: Leaf development 10 First leaf through coleoptile 11 First leaf unfolded 12 2 leaves unfolded 13 3 leaves unfolded 1 . Stages continuous till . . . 19 9 or more leaves unfolded
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Coordinates: 33°50′N 35°50′E﻿ / ﻿33.833°N 35.833°E﻿ / 33.833; 35.833Lebanon, officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies to its west across the Mediterranean Sea; its location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has contributed to its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious diversity. Lebanon is home to roughly six million people and covers an area of 10,452 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest countries in the world. The official language of the state is Arabic, while French is also formally recognized; the Lebanese dialect of Arabic is used alongside Modern Standard Arabic throughout the country.
Lebanon, officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a country in the Levant region of Western Asia, and the transcontinental region of the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lies west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has contributed to its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km2, it is one of the smallest recognized sovereign states in the Asian continent. The official language, Arabic, is the most common language spoken by the citizens of Lebanon.
Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3–7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year. Lemon trees will need protected from cold temperatures to prevent damage. Soil can be mounded up around the trunk during the winter and removed in the Spring. Young trees can also be protected from frosts by covering them with tarps or blankets as required.
Budding should be carried out when seedling stems have reached roughly the diameter of a pencil (6–9 mm/0.25–0.36 in) and at a time when the bark of the rootstock tree is slipping (this is the term used to describe a period of active growth when the bark can be easily peeled from the plant). Twigs (budwood) should be collected from the previous growth flush or the current flush so long as the twig has begun to harden. The twigs should have well developed buds and should be as close as possible to the diameter of the rootstock onto which it will be joined. It is extremely important to only collect budwood from disease-free trees. The use of diseased budwood can cause the spread of many serious citrus diseases which can kill trees. The budwood to be used for propagation should be trimmed to create budsticks which are 20–25 cm (8–10 in) by removing any unwanted wood and leaves. These budsticks can be stored for 2–3 months under the correct conditions but it is best to use them as soon as possible after cutting. The simplest way to join the budwood the the rootstock is by T-budding. The area to be joined should be pruned to remove any thorns or twigs and the cut made approximately 15 cm (6 in) from the ground. Using a sharp knife, a 2.5–3.8 cm (1–1.5 in) vertical cut should be made in the stem of the rootstock, through the bark. A horizontal cut should be made at either the top or the bottom of the vertical cut to produce a "T-shape" The horizontal cut should be made a slightly upward-pointing angle and should reach through the bark. Remove a bud from a budstick by slicing a thin, shield-shaped piece of bark and wood from the stem, beginning about 1.25 cm (0.5 in) above the bud. This piece should measure 1.9–2.5 cm(0.75–1.0 in) in length. Immedietely insert the piece of bud into the cut on the rootstock by sliding it under the opened bark so that the cut surface lies flat against the wood of the rootstock plant. Finish the join by wrapping the bud with budding tape. After the union has formed and the tape is removed, the bud is forced to grow by cutting the rootstock stem 2.5–3.9 cm (1.0–1.5 in) above the join about 2/3 of the way through the stem on the same side as the join. The top of the seedling should then be pushed over towards the ground. This process, known as "lopping" allows all of the nutrients to be diverted to the bud Once the bud begins to grow and reaches several inches in lengthe, the lop can be removed completely from the seedling. Lemon trees can be purchased as seedlings which have already been grafted and only require planting in the garden or orchard. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Trees should be planted at or higher than the level of the nursery pot. Once the tree is positioned in the planting hole, backfill the soil by about half and water to allow the soil to settle around the lower roots before filling in the hole. The newly planted tree should be watered every few days.
Lemon is a subtropical plant and the trees grow best in regions with a pronounced change in season. They will grow best at temperatures between 26–28°C (79–82°F) and are very sensitive to cold. Trees and fruit will be damaged or killed by freezing conditions without protection.The trees will tolerate drought conditions but perform poorly in water-logged soil. Trees will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Lemon trees will grow best when positioned in full sunlight.
Due to their bitter taste, lemon fruit is not usually consumed fresh. It is used widely to make juices such as lemonade, as garnishes in cooking and as a flavoring in cooking and baking.
The lentil is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 40 cm (16 in) tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. As a food crop, producing 58% combined of the world total.
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved country surrounded entirely by South Africa. It is by far the largest of the world's three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country, with Vatican City and San Marino being the other two. Additionally, it is the only such state outside the Italian peninsula, and the only one that is not a microstate. Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 and has a population of about 2 million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. The official languages are Sesotho and English.
Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa. It is by far the largest of the world's three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country, with Vatican City and San Marino being the other two. Additionally, it is the only such state outside the Italian peninsula, and the only one that is not a microstate. Lesotho is just over 30,000 km2 and has a population of around 2 million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. The official language is Sesotho.
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Côte d'Ivoire to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers . English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers . English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, reflecting the country's ethnic and cultural diversity. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad to the south, Niger to the southwest, Algeria to the west and Tunisia to the northwest. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 700,000 square miles, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya and contains over three million of Libya's seven million people.
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein, is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps and in the southwest of Central Europe. The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein; the Prince's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system.
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein, is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland in Central Europe. The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein; the Prince's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system.
Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3–7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year. Lime trees will need protected from cold temperatures to prevent damage. Soil can be mounded up around the trunk during the winter and removed in the Spring. Trees can also be protected by stringing christmas lights in the branches and covering the leaves with tarps. In areas with cold winters, lime trees are best grown in containers which allows them to be moved indoors during the winter months.
Unlike many other fruit bearing trees, limes are commonly propagated from seed as the will produce offspring that is true to the parent plant. In some cases, trees are propagated by removing offshoots from the main trunk (called suckers) and replanting although, if the tree is grafted, it should be noted that the suckers will be the same variety of the rootstock. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Trees should be planted at or higher than the level of the nursery pot. Once the tree is positioned in the planting hole, backfill the soil by about half and water to allow the soil to settle around the lower roots before filling in the hole. The newly planted tree should be watered every few days.
Lime is a tropical plant and the trees grow best in regions with hot summers and warm winters where temperatures are typically between 25 and 30°C (77–86°F). Limes are more sensitive to cold than lemons and trees are killed by freezing conditions without protection. Lime trees are the most drought tolerant of all citrus trees conditions and will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Lime trees will grow best when positioned in full sunlight.
Lime fruit is commonly used to make juices and cordials or for extraction of citric acid. It may be used as a flavoring in cooking. Lime oil can be extracted from the peel of the fruit.
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of the Baltic states, and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the southeast of Sweden and the east of Denmark, with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the southwest. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2, with a population of 2.7 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts, and speak Lithuanian; one of only two living Baltic languages.
Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It shares land borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Russia to the southwest. Lithuania covers an area of 65,300 km2, with a population of 2.8 million. Its capital and largest city is Vilnius; other major cities are Kaunas and Klaipėda. Lithuanians belong to the ethno-linguistic group of the Balts and speak Lithuanian, one of only a few living Baltic languages.
Clay >= 7 and Clay <= 27 Sand >= 23 and Sand <= 52 Silt >= 28 and Silt <= 50
Clay <= 15 Sand >= 70 and Sand <= 86 Silt<= 30
Loam soil - are a mixture of sand, silt and clay that are combined to avoid the negative effects of each type. These soils are fertile, easy to work with and provide good drainage. Depending on their predominant composition they can be either sandy or clay loam. As the soils are a perfect balance of soil particles, they are considered to be a gardeners best friend, but still benefit from topping up with additional organic matter.
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's surface, or the surface of a celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda. Meridians (lines running from pole to pole) connect points with the same longitude.
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the four official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbors, making it a mixture of French and German cultures. It has three official languages: French, German, and the national language of Luxembourgish.
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is one of the four official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. Its culture, people, and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it a mixture of French and German cultures. It has three official languages: French, German, and the national language of Luxembourgish.
Grafted trees will begin to produce a crop 3 years after planting but it is not until the 7th year that the crop will be of any economic significance. Trees will give maximum yields 15 to 20 years after planting. Nuts should be collected when they fall from the tree and this should be done every 1-2 weeks during the nut producing periods. In commercial plantations, nuts can be collected mechanically or by hand.
During the first four years after planting, animal manure and a thick layer of organic mulch can be applied around the trees year round. after this period, the amount of manure added should be decreased to prevent the trees being provided with too much nitrogen and being deficient in potassium. In the first 4 years following planting, vegetative growth should be stimulated through pruning. Once the leading shoot has reached a height of approximately 80 cm (31.5 in) it should be clipped to stimulate branching. Established trees are usually pruned in the Spring when old, unproductive and diseased branches are removed from the canopy. Any nuts remaining on the tree should also be removed. Mulches are best applied after nut harvest to allow the material to decompose before the next crop. Avoid piling mulch up against the trunks to prevent disease.
When planting numerous macadamia trees in a plantation, consideration must be given to drainage, irrigation, row alignment and wind protection. Planting distances tend to be site specific and are dependent on factors such as the macadamia variety, soil and rainfall. In general, macadamia trees are planted 4 to 8 m (13-26 ft) apart within a row, allowing 7 to 11 m (23-36 ft) between rows. Young trees are planted in Spring and Fall by digging holes which are 45 cm deep and 60 cm in diameter. Once the tree is in position, the hole is backfilled with soil. it is recommended that some compost and rock phosphate be added to the backfill at time of planting. The soil around the tree should then be gently tamped and the tree watered. Staking will help to protect the young trees from wind damage. Grafted trees usually begin to produce fruit 3 years after planting.
Macadamia trees originate from the sub-tropical rainforests of Australia and therefore tend to grow best in areas of high humidity and high rainfall. They will grow optimally at average annual temperatures between 20 and 25°C (68–77°F) in a deep, well draining loam and sandy loam with a pH between 5.0 and 5.5. Trees should not be planted in heavy clays. It is recommended that macadamia only be planted in frost free areas, young trees will be killed by temperatures of -6°C (21°F) although older, established trees can tolerate some light frost.
The kernels of the macadamia nut are mainly consumed as a snack food. The kernels from M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla can be eaten raw from the shell while the remaining Macadamia species contain toxins which must be removed prior to consumption. Macadamia may also be used in baked goods and confectionery.
Macadamia trees belong to the genus Macadamia which contains four species of tree or shrub in the family Proteaceae which are grown for their edible seeds (nuts). Cultivated macadamia is a derivative of the subtropical species' Macadamia integrifoia and Macadamia tetraphylla and their hybrids. Macadamia plants naturally have multiple stems but are trained to a central leader system (single stem) in plantations. The leaves of the trees are oval or oblong and are arranged in whorls of 3 or 4 depending on variety. The tree produces creamy white or pink-red flowers on racemes of 100–300 flowers and a rounded fleshy fruit up to 27 mm (1 in) in diameter. The flesh covers a single spherical or elliptical seed (nut) with a white or gray kernel depending on the variety of tree. Macadamia can reach a height of 20 m (65.6 ft) and have a commercial lifespan of 40–60 years. Macadamia may also be referred to as Queensland nut or Australian nut and originates from Australia.
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macau, also spelled Macao and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city and special administrative region of the People's Republic of China in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. With a population of about 680,000 and an area of 32.9 km2, it is the most densely populated region in the world.
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. North Macedonia is a landlocked country bordering with Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 2.06 million population. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, Bosniaks, and Aromanians .
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. North Macedonia is a landlocked country bordering with Kosovo to the northwest, Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south, and Albania to the west. It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 2.08 million population. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Romani, Serbs, Bosniaks, and Aromanians.
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately 400 kilometres off the coast of East Africa across the Mozambique Channel. At 592,800 square kilometres Madagascar is the world's second-largest island country, after Indonesia. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately 400 kilometres off the coast of East Africa. At 592,800 square kilometres Madagascar is the world's second-largest island country. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
Magnaporthe oryzae or rice blast fungus, causes rice blast, the most important fungal rice disease in the world. Taxonomic research indicated that M. oryzae is distinct from M. grisea, a species that is morphologically indistinguishable from M. oryzae, a species that affects crabgrass (Digitaria). M. oryzae, infects millet and other grasses but primarily rice, the most economically important host. Leaf blast may result in significant economic loss; however, it is the panicle blast symptom that has the greater economic impact.
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 and has an estimated population of 19,431,566 . Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa, takes up about a third of Malawi's area. Malawi's capital is Lilongwe. Its second-largest is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name for the Chewa people who inhabit the area. The country is nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa" because of the friendliness of its people.
Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 and has an estimated population of 19,431,566 . Malawi's capital is Lilongwe. Its second-largest is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name for the Chewa people who inhabit the area. The country is nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa" because of the friendliness of its people.
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. With a population of over 32 million, Malaysia is the world's 43rd-most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia is in Tanjung Piai. In the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, home to a number of endemic species.
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is a small archipelagic state in Indian Subcontinent situated in the Indian Ocean. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about 700 kilometres from the Asian continent's mainland. The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres, Maldives is one of the world's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and, with around 557,426 inhabitants, the 2nd least populous country in Asia. Malé is the capital and the most populated city, traditionally called the "King's Island" where the ancient royal dynasties ruled for its central location.
Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is a small archipelagic state in South Asia, situated in the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean. It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India, about 700 kilometres from the Asian continent's mainland. The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres, Maldives is one of the world's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and, with around 557,426 inhabitants, the 2nd least populous country in Asia. Malé is the capital and the most populated city, traditionally called the "King's Island" where the ancient royal dynasties ruled for its central location.
subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres . The population of Mali is 19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres . The population of Mali is 19.1 million. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. Its capital is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent. It also exports salt.
Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta and formerly Melita, is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km south of Italy, 284 km east of Tunisia, and 333 km north of Libya. With a population of about 515,000 over an area of 316 km2, Malta is the world's tenth smallest country in area and fourth most densely populated sovereign country. Its capital is Valletta, which is the smallest national capital in the European Union by area at 0.61 km2 . The official and national language is Maltese, which is descended from Sicilian Arabic that developed during the Emirate of Sicily, while English serves as the second official language. Italian and Sicilian also previously served as official and cultural languages on the island for centuries, with Italian being an official language in Malta until 1934 and a majority of the current Maltese population being at least conversational in the Italian language.
Mancozeb is a dithiocarbamate non-systemic agricultural fungicide with multi-site, protective action on contact. It is a combination of two other dithiocarbamates: maneb and zineb.[1] The mixture controls many fungal diseases in a wide range of field crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals. It is marketed as Penncozeb, Trimanoc, Vondozeb, Dithane, Manzeb, Nemispot, and Manzane.
The mandarin orange , also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-coloured citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.
Maneb is a fungicide and a polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand.
Mango, Mangifera indica, is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruit. The mango tree is erect and branching with a thick trunk and broad, rounded canopy. The leaves of the tree are are shiny and dark green. They are either elliptical or lanceolate with long petioles and a leathery texture. The tree produces dense clusters of flowers with cream-pink petals on branched panicles. The mango fruit is roughly oval in shape, with uneven sides. The fruit is a drupe, with an outer flesh surrounding a stone. The flesh is soft and bright yellow-orange in color. The skin of the fruit is yellow-green to red. Mango trees can grow to a height of 45 m (148 ft) and can live for in excess of 100 years.
Mango fruits are usually ready for harvest 4-5 months after flowering. Fruits that are ready for harvesting will snap easily from the tree. If the fruit does not dislodge with a slight pull then it is not fully mature and should be left to ripen fully. Fruits can be harvested by hand or, in commercial plantations, with the aid of special fruit picking devices. Mango fruit is delicate and easily bruised and must be handled carefully. Mango sap is very caustic and additional care must be taken during harvest to prevent sap coming into contact with the skin of the fruit or it will result in dark blemishes.
Mango trees are easy to maintain once established. They are tolerant of drought but will perform best if irrigated during dry spells. Mango planted in the home garden does not generally require regular fertilization. if leaves are beginning to look pale or yellow, a balanced fertilizer may be applied once or twice every year. When grown commercially, mango trees require regular pruning to open up the canopy. Pruning keep the canopy at a manageable size and also promotes good air circulation around the leaves and fruit, reducing the incidence of disease.
Seeds Mango seeds are commonly used to produce rootstock or in the production of new cultivars. Seeds can be polyembryonic or monoembryonic. Polyembryonic seeds can produce between 3 and 10 seedlings from one seed, the majority of which will exhibit the characteristics of the parent plant. Monoembryonic seeds produce only one seedling from each seed and it usually does not breed true to type. Monoembryonic mango varieties are usually vegetatively propagated by grafting onto polyembryonic rootstocks. Seeds are collected from fully ripe fruit before chilling. The kernel is then removed from the endocarp and is planted within 24 hours of collection due to a rapid degeneration in seed viability. Mango seeds should be planted to a depth of 2 cm (0.8 in) and should be positioned on their sides to promote a straight growth habit. Monoembryonic seeds should be planted to a depth of 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) in 1 to 5 gallon pots containing a well-draining potting soil. Polyembryonic seeds are usually planted in beds to allow space for the multiple seedlings. It is common to plant above a root barrier to facilitate the removal of seedlings from the bed when the time comes to pot them. Generally only 3-4 of the most vigorous seedlings are selected and potted up. Potted seedlings are usually raised under 50 to 80% shade and hardened to the sun prior to plating in the field. Vegetative propagation Desirable mango varieties can be vegetatively propagated by budding and grafting to ensure that the new tree shares the genetic characteristics of the parent. Twigs for propagation are best collected from healthy, mature trees when the trees are beginning a growth flush but when most of the terminals are still dormant. The twigs for propagation quickly lose their viability so it is important to keep them moist and cool after cutting and make the grafts immediately. The twigs should be of the same girth as the rootstock wood onto which it will be grafted and at least the thickness of a pencil to support the cuts. There is no preferred method of grafting the wood onto the rootstock and methods tend to vary by region. Veneer grafting, V-grafting and chip budding are all suitable methods for joining the scion wood to the rootstock. Graft unions are usually complete 2–3 weeks after they are made. Depending on the grafting method, the buds on the grafted scion may require forcing. This is achieved by cutting the rootstock horizontally 2–5 cm (0.8–1.9 in) above the graft on the same side as the scion. When a scion bud has grown several centimeters, the rootstock wood can be cut back close to the scion.
Mango trees grow best in tropical or subtropical climates where there is no danger of frost and especially in areas where the rainfall over the four summer months (June to September) totals 75 to 250 cm (30 to 100 in) and is followed by 8 months of dry weather. The trees grow optimally at temperatures of 24–27°C (75.2–80.6°F) with a relatively cool dry season and where heat is highest during flowering and fruiting. Mangos will tolerate almost any soil as long as it is well draining. Optimal growth will be achieved in rich, deep, well drained, loams. However, very rich soils will promote vegetative growth at the expense of flower and fruit production and should be avoided. The trees also grow well in sand, gravel and limestone soils. The optimum soil pH is between 5.5 and 7.5. Trees should be positioned in full sunlight for optimal fruit production.
Mango is commonly eaten as a fresh fruit. The fruit may also be processed to produce mango pickles or chutneys.
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or temperate oceanic climate, is the Köppen classification of climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool but not cold winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature. Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature below 22 oC (72 oF) in the warmest month, and above 0 oC (32 oF) (or - 3 oC (27 oF)) in the coldest month. This climate type is often caused by the onshore flow from the cool, high latitude oceans that are found west of their location.
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an independent island country near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 58,413 people is spread out over 5 islands and 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The capital and largest city is Majuro. It has the largest portion of its territory composed of water of any sovereign state, at 97.87%.
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands, is an island country and an associated state of the United States near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 58,413 people is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The capital and largest city is Majuro. It has the largest portion of its territory made of water of any sovereign state, at 97.87%.
Martinique is an island and an Overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France, and therefore an integral part of the French Republic, located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is also an Outermost Region of European Union as a special territory of the European Union and the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entire population speaks both French and Martinican Creole.
Martinique is an island and an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France. An integral part of the French Republic, Martinique is located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It has a land area of 1,128 square kilometres and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is also an Outermost Region of the European Union and a special territory of the European Union; the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entire population speaks both French and Martinican Creole.
MATLAB combines a desktop environment tuned for iterative analysis and design processes with a programming language that expresses matrix and array mathematics directly. It includes the Live Editor for creating scripts that combine code, output, and formatted text in an executable notebook.
Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in Northwest Africa. It is the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest.
Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in Northwest Africa. It is the twenty-eighth largest country or dependency in the world, the eleventh largest sovereign state in Africa and the largest country lying entirely below an altitude of 1,000 metres . It has a population of 4.4 million, of which 1 million live in the capital and largest city Nouakchott. Mauritania is in the Maghreb region and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north and northwest, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest.
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of the African continent, east of Madagascar. It includes the main island (also called Mauritius), as well as Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon. The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, along with nearby Réunion (a French overseas department), are part of the Mascarene Islands. The capital and largest city, Port Louis, is located on Mauritius, where most of the population is concentrated. The country spans 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) and has an Exclusive Economic Zone covering 2.3 million square kilometres.
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Mayotte is an overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France officially named the Department of Mayotte . is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa, between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte consists of a main island, Grande-Terre, a smaller island, Petite-Terre, and several islets around these two. Mayotte is the most prosperous territory in the Mozambique Channel, making it a major destination for illegal immigration.
A Mediterranean climate /ËŒmÉ›dÉªtÉ™ËˆreÉªniÉ™n/ or dry summer climate is characterized by dry summers and mild, wet winters. The climate receives its name from the Mediterranean Basin, where this climate type is most common. Mediterranean climate zones are typically located along the western sides of continents, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the equator. The main cause of Mediterranean, or dry summer climate, is the subtropical ridge which extends northwards during the summer and migrates south during the winter due to increasing north-south temperature differences.
Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br. This colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas is produced both industrially and biologically. It has a tetrahedral shape and it is a recognized ozone-depleting chemical. It was used extensively as a pesticide until being phased out by most countries in the early 2000s.
Adjusted Mutual Information between two clusterings. Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI) is an adjustment of the Mutual Information (MI) score to account for chance. It accounts for the fact that the MI is generally higher for two clusterings with a larger number of clusters, regardless of whether there is actually more information shared. For two clusterings and , the AMI is given as: AMI(U, V) = [MI(U, V) - E(MI(U, V))] / [avg(H(U), H(V)) - E(MI(U, V))] This metric is independent of the absolute values of the labels: a permutation of the class or cluster label values won’t change the score value in any way. This metric is furthermore symmetric: switching label_true with label_pred will return the same score value. This can be useful to measure the agreement of two independent label assignments strategies on the same dataset when the real ground truth is not known.
Rand index adjusted for chance. The Rand Index computes a similarity measure between two clusterings by considering all pairs of samples and counting pairs that are assigned in the same or different clusters in the predicted and true clusterings. The raw RI score is then “adjusted for chanceâ€ into the ARI score using the following scheme: ARI = (RI - Expected_RI) / (max(RI) - Expected_RI) The adjusted Rand index is thus ensured to have a value close to 0.0 for random labeling independently of the number of clusters and samples and exactly 1.0 when the clusterings are identical (up to a permutation). ARI is a symmetric measure: adjusted_rand_score(a, b) == adjusted_rand_score(b, a)
Area Under Curve(AUC) is one of the most widely used metrics for evaluation. It is used for binary classification problem. AUC of a classifier is equal to the probability that the classifier will rank a randomly chosen positive example higher than a randomly chosen negative example. Before defining AUC, let us understand two basic terms : + True Positive Rate (Sensitivity) : True Positive Rate is defined as TP/ (FN+TP). True Positive Rate corresponds to the proportion of positive data points that are correctly considered as positive, with respect to all positive data points. Image for post + True Negative Rate (Specificity) : True Negative Rate is defined as TN / (FP+TN). False Positive Rate corresponds to the proportion of negative data points that are correctly considered as negative, with respect to all negative data points. Image for post + False Positive Rate : False Positive Rate is defined as FP / (FP+TN). False Positive Rate corresponds to the proportion of negative data points that are mistakenly considered as positive, with respect to all negative data points.
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value.
Correct Classification Rate (CCR) is the sum of the number on the diagonal divided by the sample size in the test data.
Confusion Matrix as the name suggests gives us a matrix as output and describes the complete performance of the model. Lets assume we have a binary classification problem. We have some samples belonging to two classes : YES or NO. Also, we have our own classifier which predicts a class for a given input sample.
False Discovery Rate (FDR) is the number of people who do not have the disease but are identified as having the disease (all FPs), divided by the total number of people who are identified as having the disease (includes all FPs and TPs).
False Positive Rate (FPR) is the number of people who do not have the disease but are identified as having the disease (all FPs), divided by the total number of people who do not have the disease (includes all FPs and TNs).
FPR (False Positive Rate) = # False Positives / # negatives = FP / (FP+TN)
F-score evaluation metric combines both precision and recall as a measure of effectiveness of classification. It is calculated in terms of ratio of weighted importance on either recall or precision as determined by β coefficient.
F= 2 x (Recall * Precision) / ( Recall + Precision )
Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income).
Homogeneity metric of a cluster labeling given a ground truth. A clustering result satisfies homogeneity if all of its clusters contain only data points which are members of a single class. This metric is independent of the absolute values of the labels: a permutation of the class or cluster label values won’t change the score value in any way. This metric is not symmetric: switching label_true with label_pred will return the completeness_score which will be different in general.
Jaccard index, or Jaccard similarity coefficient, defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of two label sets, is used to compare set of predicted labels for a sample to the corresponding set of labels in y_true.
Two novice raters will be selected to read the excerpts and themes in order to determine inter-rater reliability. Raters will be provided a list of excerpts and themes. They will be instructed to read each excerpt and each theme prior to analysis. Once they have read over the materials, they are instructed to read each excerpt, one by one, and rate whether they believe each of the themes are either present or absent. The raters were instructed to indicate which themes were present or absent in each of the excerpts. The rater could determine that none, one, some, or all of the themes were present in the excerpts. Each theme could be present in more than one excerpt and each excerpt could contain more than one theme. A Kappa coefficient will be used to verify the presence of the themes that were presented. The Kappa coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability or agreement that is used to assess qualitative documents and determine agreement between two raters. The equation used to calculate kappa is: Κ = PR(e), where Pr(a) is the observed agreement among the raters and Pr(e) is the hypothetical probability of the raters indicating a chance agreement
Lin, Lawrence I-Kuei. March, 1989. 'A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility.' Biometrics 45, 255-268.
Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is the concordance between a new test or measurement (Y) and a gold standard test or measurement (X). This statistic quantifies the agreement between these two measures of the same variable (e.g. chemical concentration). Like a correlation, CCC ranges from -1 to 1, with perfect agreement at 1. It cannot exceed the absolute value of ρ, Pearson’s correlation coefficient between Y and X. It can be legitimately calculated on as few as ten observations.
Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (LCCC)
Logarithmic Loss or Log Loss, works by penalising the false classifications. It works well for multi-class classification. When working with Log Loss, the classifier must assign probability to each class for all the samples.
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics.
The mean absolute deviation of a dataset is the average distance between each data point and the mean. It gives us an idea about the variability in a dataset.
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error y_true = [3, -0.5, 2, 7] y_pred = [2.5, 0.0, 2, 8] mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred)
Mean absolute error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement. MAE is calculated as:
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics, for example in trend estimation, also used as a loss function for regression problems in machine learning.
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement.
Mean of Relative Error (MRE) is often used, it is defined as the absolute value of the ratio of the error to the actual observed value.
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error y_true = [3, -0.5, 2, 7] y_pred = [2.5, 0.0, 2, 8] mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred)
The MSE is a measure of the quality of an estimator. As it is derived from the square of Euclidean distance, it is always a positive value with the error decreasing as the error approaches zero.
Mean squared logarithmic error is, as the name suggests, a variation of the Mean Squared Error.
Negative Predictive Value (NPV), computed as: NPV = TN / PN Total Samples (TS) Predicted Positives (PP) Predicted Negatives (PN) Actual Positives (AP) True Positives (TP) False Negatives (FN) Actual Negatives (AN) False Positives (FP) True Negatives (TN)
The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency is calculated as one minus the ratio of the error variance of the modeled time-series divided by the variance of the observed time-series. In the situation of a perfect model with an estimation error variance equal to zero, the resulting Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency equals 1 (NSE = 1). Conversely, a model that produces an estimation error variance equal to the variance of the observed time series results in a Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.0 (NSE = 0). In reality, NSE = 0 indicates that the model has the same predictive skill as the mean of the time-series in terms of the sum of the squared error. In the case of a modeled time series with an estimation error variance that is significantly larger than the variance of the observations, the NSE becomes negative. An efficiency less than zero (NSE < 0) occurs when the observed mean is a better predictor than the model. Values of the NSE nearer to 1, suggest a model with more predictive skill.
P.O. Yapo, H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, "Automatic calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models: sensitivity to calibration data", J. Hydrol., 181 (1996), pp. 23-48
Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC), or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of linear correlation between two sets of data. It is the covariance of two variables, divided by the product of their standard deviations; thus it is essentially a normalised measurement of the covariance, such that the result always has a value between −1 and 1. As with covariance itself, the measure can only reflect a linear correlation of variables, and ignores many other types of relationship or correlation. As a simple example, one would expect the age and height of a sample of teenagers from a high school to have a Pearson correlation coefficient significantly greater than 0, but less than 1 (as 1 would represent an unrealistically perfect correlation).
Positive Predictive Value (PPV) computed as: PPV = TP / PP Total Samples (TS) Predicted Positives (PP) Predicted Negatives (PN) Actual Positives (AP) True Positives (TP) False Negatives (FN) Actual Negatives (AN) False Positives (FP) True Negatives (TN)
Precision can be measured as of the total actual positive cases, how many positives were predicted correctly. It can be represented as: Precision = TP / (TP + FP)
R^2 (coefficient of determination) regression score function.
The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) or root-mean-square error (RMSE) is a frequently used measure of the differences between values (sample or population values) predicted by a model or an estimator and the values observed. The RMSD represents the square root of the second sample moment of the differences between predicted values and observed values or the quadratic mean of these differences.
RMSE is a measure of the differences between values predicted by a model or an estimator and the values actually observed. It is the standard deviation of the residuals. Residuals are a measure of how far from the regression line data points are.
Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation (RMSECV)
Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) is a commonly used measure for the predictive capacity of a model.
Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP)
Root Mean Square Error for Validation (RMSEV)
Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error (RMSLE) is the techniques to find out the difference between the values predicted by your machine learning model and the actual values.
Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) is calculated by dividing the RMSE by the mean observed data.
The Root Relative Squared Ưrror (RRSE) is relative to what it would have been if a simple predictor had been used. This simple predictor is just the average of the actual values. Thus, the relative squared error takes the total squared error and normalizes it by dividing by the total squared error of the simple predictor. By taking the square root of the relative squared error one reduces the error to the same dimensions as the quantity being predicted.
Ratio of RMSE to the Standard Deviation of Observations (RSR)
Recall is described as the measured of how many of the positive predictions were correct. It can be represented as: Recall = TP / (TP + FN)
Standard Error is a measure of precision for a statistic (slope, intercept or custom calculations). Standard error is an estimate of amount of sampling error as we typically don’t know the population parameters and that we are using a sample. The standard error of an estimator reflects how it varies under repeated sampling (ie repeated training set). Standard Error can be seen as the standard deviation of the error distribution. It determines the spread of the x's around the mean. From two data set from the same population, we can get for the slope 0,5 or - 0.1 for instance. Standard Error permits to say how close is a coefficient to 0.
SD = SD / sqrt(N) SD : Standard Deviation N : Samle Size
Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) measures the precision of the prediction (i.e. the difference between repeated measurements). The SEP squared is approximately equal to the RMSEP squared minus the Bias squared.
The Silhouette Coefficient is calculated using the mean intra-cluster distance (a) and the mean nearest-cluster distance (b) for each sample. The Silhouette Coefficient for a sample is (b - a) / max(a, b). To clarify, b is the distance between a sample and the nearest cluster that the sample is not a part of. Note that Silhouette Coefficient is only defined if number of labels is 2 <= n_labels <= n_samples - 1. This function returns the mean Silhouette Coefficient over all samples. To obtain the values for each sample, use silhouette_samples. The best value is 1 and the worst value is -1. Values near 0 indicate overlapping clusters. Negative values generally indicate that a sample has been assigned to the wrong cluster, as a different cluster is more similar.
True Negative Rate (TNR), also known as specificity, is the proportion of people who do not have the disease who are identified as not having the disease.
True Positive Rate (TPR), also known as sensitivity, is the proportion of people who have the disease who are identified as having the disease.
TPR (True Positive Rate) = # True positives / # positives = Recall = TP / (TP+FN)
Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC), also known as Watanabe–Akaike information criterion, is the generalized version of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) onto singular statistical models. Widely applicable Bayesian information criterion (WBIC) is the generalized version of Bayesian information criterion (BIC) onto singular statistical models.
Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC)
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers, making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants, it is 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. Mexico is organized as a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers, making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. Mexico is organized as a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
The Federated States of Micronesia or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Oceania associated with the United States. It consists of four states – from west to east, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the western Pacific Ocean. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km just north of the equator. They lie northeast of New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km southwest of the main islands of Hawaii.
The Federated States of Micronesia, or simply Micronesia, is an island country in Oceania. It consists of four states – from west to east, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae – that are spread across the western Pacific. Together, the states comprise around 607 islands that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km just north of the equator. They lie northeast of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, south of Guam and the Marianas, west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands, east of Palau and the Philippines, about 2,900 km north of eastern Australia, 3,400 km southeast of Japan, and some 4,000 km southwest of the main islands of the Hawaiian Islands.
The milk stage is the first part of maturing, and this is when the kernel begins forming. The kernel is fully formed during the dough stage, and the plant takes nutrients from the stalk and leaves and transfers them to the kernel.
Mint leaves can be harvested as soon as the plants have reached 8 to 10 cm (3-4 in) in height. Cut leaves and stems with a sharp knife or scissors. If harvesting whole stems, cut the stem at about 2.5 cm (1 in) from the soil line.
Mint is very vigorous and should be pruned regularly to keep the plants in check. Remove any unwanted runners and pinch the tips of the plants back regularly. Mint may be fertilized in the Spring with a slow release fertilizer to supply it with nutrients throughout the growing season. Pinch of any flowers that form to conserve the flavor of the leaves. Essential oil content is reduced during bloom. In areas with mild winters, mint can be moved to a sheltered area of the garden to overwinter, otherwise the plant can be cut to the ground in the Fall. Container grown mint plants can be brought indoors.
Mint is readily propagated from seeds, cuttings or by dividing an established plant. Seeds should be planted in the Spring or in the Fall in areas that are free from frost. Seeds should be sown to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in). Seedling should be thinned after emergence such that the plants are spaced 46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 in) apart. Established mint can be easily divided for transplanting by taking some branches along with a portion of root. Many people choose to keep mint in containers or sink the containers into the ground when planting to prevent mint from spreading uncontrollably.
int is a rapidly growing plant which is very easy to grow. It is best grown in partial shade to full sun and is generally very hardy, tolerating temperatures down to -29°C (-20°F). Care should be taken with variegated varieties which may scorch in full sun. Mint is very fast growing which can lead to it invading gardens quickly unless controlled. The best soils for planting mint are rich and moist with a slightly acidic pH between 6.0 and 7.0.
Mint leaves are used fresh or dried to make teas, jams and desserts. Essentila oil can be extracted from the leaves and is used as a flavoring.
Machine Learning PYthon (mlpy) is a high-performance Python library for predictive modeling.
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. Additionally, the unrecognised state of Transnistria, internationally recognised as part of Moldova, lies across the Dniester on the country's eastern Ukrainian border. The capital and largest city is Chișinău.
Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera close to the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe. Bordered by France to the north, east and west, it is lapped by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The principality is home to 38,682 residents, of whom 9,486 are Monégasque nationals; it is widely recognised for being one of the most expensive and wealthiest places in the world. The official language is French, although Monégasque, Italian and English are spoken and understood by a sizeable group.
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera close to the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe. It is bordered by France to the north, east and west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The principality is home to 38,682 residents, of whom 9,486 are Monégasque nationals; it is widely recognised for being one of the most expensive and wealthiest places in the world. The official language is French, although Monégasque, Italian and English are spoken and understood by a sizeable group.
MoneyLearn is an easy-to-use, NLP tool that helps in obtaining valuable insights from the text data. The tool enables in performing text analysis such as sentiment analysis, topic classification, or keyword extraction, etc. The tool is used to train text analysis models to deliver accurate insights and once it is done then you can easily connect the models to your favorite apps like Excel. Google sheets through MonkeyLearn’s APIs that are available in all major programming languages.
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia. Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia, which is sometimes used to refer to the current state. It is situated between Russia to the north and China to the south, where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, although only 37 kilometres separate them.
Mongolia, is a landlocked country in East Asia. It is located between Russia to the north and China to the south, where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres, with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic Sea and is a part of the Balkans, sharing borders with Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north and west, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea and Croatia to the southwest. Podgorica, the capital and largest city, covers 10.4% of Montenegro's territory of 13,812 square kilometres, and is home to roughly 30% of its total population of 621,000.
Montenegro is a country in southeast Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkans. It borders Bosnia and Herzegovina to the north, Serbia to the northeast, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, the Adriatic Sea and Croatia to the west. The largest and capital city Podgorica covers 10.4% of Montenegro's territory and is home to 29.9% of the country's population, while Cetinje has the status of old royal capital. Major group in the country are Montenegrins. Serbs form a significant minority at 28.7%, followed by Bosniaks, Albanians, Croats and Roma people.
Montserrat is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. The island is in the Leeward Islands, which is part of the chain known as the Lesser Antilles, in the West Indies. Montserrat measures approximately 16 km in length and 11 km in width, with approximately 40 km of coastline. Montserrat is nicknamed "The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean" both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish ancestry of many of its inhabitants. Montserrat is the only non-fully sovereign full member of the Caribbean Community and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States.
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca. Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 and has a population of over 37 million.
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the northwesternmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to the east, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south. Morocco also claims the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and several small Spanish-controlled islands off its coast. It spans an area of 446,550 km2 or 710,850 km2, with a population of roughly 37 million. Its official and predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber; the Moroccan dialect of Arabic and French are also widely spoken. Moroccan identity and culture is a vibrant mix of Berber, Arab, and European cultures. Its capital is Rabat, while its largest city is Casablanca.
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Africa to the southwest. The sovereign state is separated from the Comoros, Mayotte and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city of Mozambique is Maputo .
Harvest the mushrooms at soil level by carefully twisting them or by cutting them at soil level with sharp knife. Pulling can damage other surrounding mushrooms. Harvest flushes of mushrooms daily. The beds will continue to produce for up to 6 months.
Substrates for growing Agaricus mushrooms are either agricultural by-products such as straw bedded horse manure or synthetic composts specially formulated for mushroom growing. Horse manure substrates should have a nitrogen content of 1.5–1.7%, while synthetic composts should contain between 1.7 and 1.9%. Additional nitrogen can be added to the substrate if required using nitrogen supplements or through the addition of poultry manure. Gypsum is commonly added to the mix to buffer the pH and to give the compost the desired structure for optimum mushroom growth. The growing substrate then must be composted to make it suitable for growing mushrooms. Horse manure is composted by turning every 4–5 days and watering after each turning to keep the substrate moist. The compost is ready to use when it turns a rich brown color, usually after 4 or 5 turnings. Other compost mixes should be turned after 5–6 days and kept moist by watering. The compost should be turned a second time and should be ready for use after another week. the compost is then set out in trays for planting the spawn. In commercial mushroom production, the compost is pasteurized to remove and fungal, bacterial or insect contaminants from the medium before the spawn is planted. Spawn Mushroom spawn can be purchased from many commercial seed companies or online suppliers. Spawn should be planted when the compost reaches 24°C (75°F) and should be planted in the trays at a depth of 5 cm (2 in) allowing 20–25 cm (8–10 in) between plantings. The temperature should be kept at 21°C (70°F) for the next 21 days before lowering to 15.6°C (60°F) and covering with a 2.5 cm (1 in) layer of good quality soil. The growing mushrooms should be kept moist throughout by watering with a gentle spray of water whenever the top of the soil begins to dry. Tiny white spots should begin to appear on the soil surface after approximately 3 weeks and will begin to be ready for harvest approximately 10 days later.
Mushrooms grow from a filamentous mass (mycelia or 'spawn') that grows on dead or decaying plant material. Agaricus mushrooms can be cultivated in a dark, moist, cool space such as a basement. Agaricus mushrooms require a rich organic material in which to grow such as horse manure. Oyster mushrooms are cultivated on hardwood logs by introducing spawn into pre-drilled holes in the wood or or by sawing a section through the log and covering the exposed wood in spawn before nailing the log back together. The logs are then stored in watertight bags containing sand and soaked with water. Oyster mushrooms can also be grown in straw or sawdust by inoculating the sterile substrate with spawn and sealing in plastic bags. Straw mushrooms can be grown on wheat straw, rice straw or sawdust inoculated with spawn and stored at temperatures between 28 and 36°C and relative humidity of 75–85%.
Mushrooms are widely used after cooking and are incorporated into many dishes worldwide.
Mustard is generally ready to harvest 80 to 85 days after planting. The crop should be harvested promptly to reduce losses to shattering. In commercially grown fields the recommended method of harvest is swathing. The plants should be cut just below the height of the lowest seed pods. In the home garden, mustard can be harvested by hand by cutting the plants. The seeds can then be recovered from the pods and dried for storage.
Weeds can cause huge losses in mustard cultivation as they quickly out compete seedlings and are difficult to eradicate once established. The best method of preventing weed growth in a mustard field is to plant seeds at the appropriate depth. Shallow planted seeds germinate rapidly, allowing the development of a uniform plant stand. Established plants are less susceptible to competition from weeds. soil should be tested to determine nutrient requirements prior to planting. Mustard will benefit from the addition of supplemental nitrogen and this is generally applied at a rate of 100–120 lb per acre.
Mustards is propagated from seed and due to the small size of the seeds, should be planted in a well prepared seed bed which is firm and flat. Mustard seeds should be sown in Spring once soils have warmed to 4.4–7.2°C (40–45°F) and should be planted at a depth of 1.25–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) at a density of 8–14 lbs of seeds per acre. The seed can be spread by broadcasting in the home garden or, in the case of commercial production, using a seed drill. Mustard generally matures in 80–85 days.
Mustard grows very well in cool climates with short growing seasons, at temperatures as low as 4.4°C (40°F). Seedlings can tolerate some light frost but severe frost will kill the plants. The mustard plant can be grown in sandy, loamy or clay soils with a pH between 4.9 and 8.2 and prefers moist soil. The plant will tolerate partial shade.
The leaves and shoots of the mustard plant are consumed as a vegetable in some countries. Mustard seed is incorporated into seasonings and dressings. Mustard may be grown as a cover crop in rotation with other vegetables.
Myanmar or Burma, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is a country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. Myanmar is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia and the 10th largest in Asia by area. As of 2017, the population was about 54 million. Its capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon .
Natural Language Toolkit or NLTK is one of the most popular platforms to build Python programmes. It offers a suite of open source Python modules, tutorials and data sets to support the research and development of NLP. More than 50 corpora and lexical resources are recipients of interfaces from NLTK. These include: A suite of text processing libraries for classification Tokenisation Stemming Tagging Parsing Semantic reasoning Wrappers for industrial-strength NLP libraries WordNet It is suitable for all kinds of programmers– students, educators, engineers, researchers, and industry professionals. NLTK can be accessed in Python version 3.6 and above and is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Linux.
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Botswanan right bank of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)
Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km northeast of the Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic. Additionally, its population of 10,670 is the world's second smallest, after Vatican City.
Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km northeast of the Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic. Its population of about 10,000 is the world’s second smallest, after Vatican City.
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country located in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, bordering Tibet of China to the north, and India in the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the largest city.
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a sovereign country in South Asia. It is mainly in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is the 49th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area. It is landlocked and borders Tibet in the north and India in the south, east and west, while Bangladesh is located only 27 km from its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city. Nepal is a multiethnic country, with Nepali as the official language.
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Western Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages, while Dutch Sign Language, Sinte Romani, and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country primarily located in Western Europe and partly in the Caribbean. It is the largest of four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In Europe, the Netherlands consists of twelve provinces, bordering Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom. In the Caribbean, it consists of three special municipalities: the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. The country's official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland, and English and Papiamento as secondary official languages in the Caribbean Netherlands. Dutch Low Saxon and Limburgish are recognised regional languages, while Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised non-territorial languages.
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
The Netherlands Antilles was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies and was dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans in the Netherlands.
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210 km east of Australia and 17,000 km from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Chesterfield Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines, and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands are in the Coral Sea. French people, especially locals, call Grande Terre Le Caillou .
New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island and the South Island —and more than 700 smaller islands, covering a total area of 268,021 square kilometres . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the northwest, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Managua is the country's capital and largest city and is also the third-largest city in Central America, behind Tegucigalpa and Guatemala City. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes people of indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage. The main language is Spanish. Indigenous tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English.
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country. The capital and largest city is Niamey, located in Niger's southwest corner.
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. Lagos is the most populous city in the country and the African continent, as well as one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world.
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It borders Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located. Lagos, one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, is the largest city in Nigeria and the continent of Africa. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa by population with a population of 211 million while covering an area of 923,769 square kilometers. Nigeria is the world's 32nd largest country by size and the 7th largest country by population. Nigeria is one of the world's most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations. Nigeria is Africa's largest economy by nominal GDP surpassing Egypt and South Africa and is the country with the 27th highest nominal GDP.
Night cooling refers to the operation of natural ventilation at night in order to purge excess heat and cool the building fabric.
A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom. The nitrogenous fertilizer industry includes the production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and urea. Synthetic ammonia and nitric acid are used primarily as intermediates in the production of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilizers.
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Niue is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about 261 square kilometres and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. It is 604 kilometers northeast of Tonga. The island is commonly referred to as "The Rock", which comes from the traditional name "Rock of Polynesia". Niue is one of the world's largest coral islands. The terrain of the island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of a limestone cliff running along the coast, with a plateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 0.5 km wide and about 25–27 metres high, which slopes down and meets the sea in small cliffs. A coral reef surrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi.
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation
Norfolk Island is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about 900 kilometres from Lord Howe Island. Together with the neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island, the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. At the 2016 census, it had 1748 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 . Its capital is Kingston.
tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago; the southernmost island, Guam, is a separate U.S. territory. The CNMI and Guam are the easternmost territories of the United States.
The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago; the southernmost island, Guam, is a separate U.S. territory. The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States.
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe whose mainland territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of Norway; it also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land.
Nucleotides are organic molecules consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver.
Nutrient stress in crops results into symptoms that may be detected by the use of hyperspectral or measured by multispectral imaging. Both heavy metal contamination and deficiencies in nutrients soils can be assessed with the technology.
Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O3.
Oats are annual grasses belonging to the genus Avena, in the family Poaceae and are grown primarily for use as livestock feed. Several species of oats are grown commercially in different regions of the world, including Avena sativa (common oat), Avena byzantina (Algerian or red oat), Avena nuda (naked oat) and Avena sterilis (the sterile or animated oat). Like wheat, oats generally have been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring oats are planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter oats are planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Oats generally possess an upright stem and fibrous root system. The inflorescence consists of a number of branches, or racemes, and spikelets (20-150 per plant) which usually contain three florets or flowers (naked oats produce 3-7 flowers per spikelet). Generally, two seeds (kernels) are produced per spikelet, but sometimes only one develops. Ancestors of the common oat, Avena sativa and the closely related Avena byzantina originated from the Fertile Crescent of the Near East.
Yields range from 60 to 80 US bushels per acre (5.2-7.0 m3/ha) on marginal land, to 100 to 150 US bushels per acre (8.7-13.1 m3/ha) on high-producing land. The average production is 100 bushels per acre, or 3.5 tonnes per hectare.
Oats are ready to harvest when the kernels are at the “hard doughâ€ stage when the grain moisture content drops below 14%. The plants will have lost their green color and appear yellow-brown. The kernels harden and cannot be dented with a fingernail. Commercially produced oats are harvested by combine. Small-scale productions can be harvested by hand cutting. After harvest, the grain must be dried before being stored.
Soil should be tested prior to planting oats in order to establish the rate of fertilizer and lime application required. Lime is often applied to raise the pH of the soil. if pH is too low, yields may be reduced. Nitrogen should be applied to oats after seedlings emerge at a rate of 20 lb per acre. Further applications are made throughout the growing season based on the specific soil and rotation schedule. In addition to nitrogen, oats require phosphorus and potassium for optimal growth. The rates of application of these nutrients should be based on the results of a soil test.
Oats are propagated from seed which can be sown in Spring or in Fall depending on the variety, prevailing climate and the intended use. Commercially produced oats are drilled into a prepared seedbed. Seedbeds should be firm and free of any weeds or vegetation. If oats are being grown to harvest grain then the recommended seeding rate is 60-90 lb of seed per acre. This should be increased slightly if the seeds is being sown by broadcasting as is commonly the case in small-scale production or home gardens. Seeds should be sown at depths of 3-7 cm (1.2-2.8 in) allowing 15-17 cm (5.9-6.7 in) between rows.
Oats grow best in cool, moist climates, with the optimum temperature for growth being between 20 and 21oC (68-70oF). The plants will thrive in well drained soils but are adapted to grow in many soil types, requiring a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. Oats are less tolerant of drought and heat than other cereals but, like other small grains, tolerate acidic soils well.
70.0kg/acre (175.0kg/ha) (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
Oats can be rolled or crushed to produce oatmeal or ground to produce oat flour. Oats may also be used in the production of several baked goods such as oat cakes or oat bread. The vast majority of commercially grown oats are used as livestock feed.
Oil palm, includes the palm species native to Africa, Elaeis guineensis, and the species native to South and Central America, Elaeis oleifera. Both species are perennial tropical trees in the family Arecaceae which are grown for their oil which is used in cooking and in industry. Oil palm trees are unbranched with a long stout single stem, or trunk, terminating in a crown of 7-100 leaves. The leaves are pinnate and can reach 3-5 m (9.8-16.4 ft) in length. The tree produces large, spherical red fruits in bunches. Up to 200 fruits can be produced per bunch and and the oil is extracted from the pulp and kernel. Oil palm can reach heights of 20-30 m (65.6-98.4 ft) and has an economic lifespan of 25-30 years, at which point they become too tall to be managed efficiently and are cut down. Left alone, oil palm has been known to live for periods up to 200 years. Oil palm may also be referred to as African oil palm and originated from West Africa.
Harvesting of oil palms generally begins 2.5 years after the trees are planted in the field. Harvesting takes place throughout the year, usually at 2-3 week intervals, as the bunches ripen. Bunches are harvested by cutting from the tree using a sharp knife or sickle.
Oil palms are frequently planted along with a leguminous cover crop which helps provide nitrogen to the palms while also suppressing weeds. When bunches are harvested, it is usual for fronds to be pruned. The number of fronds per palm is maintained at between 35 and 40. Oil palm plantations are rarely, if ever, irrigated. Due to the moisture requirements of the palms, supplemental irrigation is recommended during dry spells.
Trees are propagated from seed and are germinated prior to planting by moistening them and and placing them in a small box within a polyethylene bag placed in a germinator. Once the seeds have germinated they are allowed to grow further in a pre-nursery (a prepared bed, tray or container with fertile soil). The seedlings are then planted on into a nursery where they will be allowed to grow for a further 6-12 months before they are planted in the field. Field seedlings are planted in the field allowing 9 m (29.5 ft) between trees and an additional 9 m (29.5 ft) between rows. Trees will begin to bear fruit after 3-4 years.
Oil palm is typically grown in tropical lowland regions over large areas. The tree requires deep soil and stable high temperatures (30-32oC/86-89.6oF for at least 80 days) for optimum productivity. Temperatures below 20oC (68oF) will severely reduce the growth of both species, while the African oil palm will also suffer a reduction in growth at temperatures above 40oC (104oF). Palms will grow in a variety of deep tropical soils and will tolerate a pH between 4.0 and 8.0. Oil palms have a requirement for continuous moisture throughout the year. The trees can tolerate 2-3 months of dry conditions but it can affect yields.
Palm oil is widely used as a cooking oil, as an ingredient in many processed foods and as a substitute for butter. Palm oil can be used to produce biodiesel. Palm oil is also used as a binding agent in cosmetics.
Pods are usually ready for harvesting 2 months after planting. Okra pods are generally ready to harvest 4 to 6 days after flowering and pods should be harvested every 2–3 days when they have reached 7.6–15.2 cm (3–5 in) in length. Pods can be removed from the plant by cutting with a sharp knife or by snapping from the plant.
Okra requires a moist soil for optimum development. Water should be applied at a rate of 1.5 inches every 10 days is recommended in hotter areas. In cooler climates, plants require less water as it tends to cool the plants and restrict their growth. Okra benefits from the addition of nitrogen and phosphorous. Growers generally apply ammonium phosphate fertilizer that contain both nutrients at a rate of 100 lb per acre prior to planting seed. Chicken manure may be spread in place of chemical fertilizer 1 week prior to planting. An additional side dressing of 40–60 lb of nitrogen can be applied 6 weeks after planting. Due to the long period over which okra is harvested, weeds can become a problem and require management. in the home garden, weeds can be removed by careful cultivation of the soil around the plants. Applications of appropriate herbicides may be required in commercial production.
Okra is typically propagated from seed. Soaking seeds in water overnight prior to planting helps the plants to germinate. In the home garden, seeds should be sown at a depth of 2.5 cm (1 in) leaving 25–45 cm (10–18 in) between rows only after the soil has reached a temperature of 18°C (65°F). In commercial okra production, seeds are planted in rows spaced 0.65–1.0 m (26–40 in) apart. Okra seed is commonly planted at a rate of 10 lb per acre but this quantity is vastly reduced by the use of precision planting methods. Seedlings are thinned to a final spacing of 15.0–22.5 cm (6–9 in) when they are 4–6 weeks old to produce the final plant stand.
Okra is a heat loving plant, growing best in southern climates in a well draining, light sandy to medium loams. Soils should be high in organic matter with a pH between 5.8 to 6.8. If planting in clay soil, transplants are recommended due to the difficulty encountered in seedling emerging from the heavy soil. The plant should be grown in an area of high sunlight and grows best in hot temperatures. Soil temperatures should be at least 18.3°C (65°F) with optimal growth of the plants occurring at soil temperatures between 23.9–32.3°C (75–90°F).
The young seed pods are eaten fresh or cooked as a vegetable. The seeds can be used to extract oil. Okra fiber can be used in paper production.
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia and the oldest independent state in the Arab world. Located in a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries.
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia and the oldest independent state in the Arab world. Located in a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the country shares land borders with the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries. Muscat is its capital and largest city.
Onion, Allium cepa, is an herbaceous biennial in the family Liliaceae grown for its edible bulb. The stem of the plant is a flattened disc at the base and the tubular leaves form a pseudostem where their sheaths overlap. The leaves are either erect or oblique and there are 3–8 per plant. The onion plant produces pink or white flowers clustered on stalks. The bulbs are formed just above the flattened stem of the plant by overlapping leaves. The bulb is made up of several layers, each corresponding to a leaf. They are are generally oval but shape can be variable and occur in clusters of 3–18 to a plant. The bulb is protected by a membrane which turns to a papery coat. Onion plants can reach a height of 50 cm (20 in) and are grown as annuals, harvested after one growing season. Onion may also be referred to by cultivar and these include red or purple onion, shallots and spring onions or scallions. The origin of the onion has not been conclusively determined although it is likely to be somewhere in South East Asia where the gene pool is most diverse.
When the soil at the base of the plants begins to crack, this indicates that the bulbing process has begun. Fertilizer applications should be stopped at this point. Avoid hilling the soil over the bulbs as onions mature best if they are on top of the soil. When the onion bulbs are mature, the leaves will begin to yellow and fall over. The tops can be bent right back to speed maturation. After a few days, the bulbs can be pulled and left on the soil surface to begin curing. Any damaged onions should be cooked and consumed right away as they will not store well. Onions should be cured for several weeks before storing. This can be done outdoors by placing them on a plastic sheet off of the ground, under cover if the weather is wet.
Onions should be watered thoroughly after planting and once every week thereafter, applying approximately 1 inch of water each time. Be careful not to allow the soil to become dry and cracked as onions have a shallow root system and this indicates a lack of water. Water adequately but do not overwater. Remove any weeds around young plants by hoeing shallowly so as not to damage the roots of the onions. Plants should be fertilized avery few weeks with a high nitrogen fertilizer.
In milder climates, onion seeds can be direct seeded as soon as the soil is workable in the Spring, 4–6 weeks before the last frost date, or even earlier if starting seeds indoors to produce transplants. The planting site should be cultivated deeply and be free of stones. Work some compost into the soil and ensure that soil has a soft crumbly texture before planting. Seeds should be sown 2.5 cm (1 in) deep allowing 10–13 cm between plants and 30–45 cm (12–18 in) between rows. Onion transplants which have been started indoors can be transplanted to the garden at a similar time to planting seeds. Transplants are best produced in cell trays by planting 2 seeds per cell. Once the seeds have germinated, the seedlings should be thinned to one plant per cell. Transplants are ready to be planted when the root system has developed sufficiently to bind the soil in the cell together. Transplants should be spaced 10–13 cm allowing 30–45 cm (12–18 in) between rows. Onion sets are small, immature onion bulbs which can be purchased from seed companies and garden centers for planting in place of seeds. Select the smaller sets for planting as they are less prone to bolting. Sets should be planted 2 cm (0.75 in) deep allowing 5–7.5 cm between sets and 25 cm (10 in) between rows.
Onions are hardy, cool season vegetables that grow best at temperatures of 12 to 24 °C (55–75 °F), growing particularly well in areas with cool spring weather and drier, hotter summer weather. They require a fertile, well-draining soil such as clay or silt loams with a pH of 5.5–6.5. The plants do not do well in acidic soils. Onions should be set out in full sun for optimum bulb development. Onions are biennial vegetables and if they are left in the ground for a second year, they will produce flowers and set seed.
The bulb is an edible vegetable and is the most commonly used part of the onion, usually consumed after cooking although it can be eaten fresh. The stems and leaves are also edible.
Apache OpenNLP - Data Analysis and Sentiment Analysis Accessibility is essential when you need a tool for long-term use, which is challenging in the realm of Natural Language Processing open-source tools. Because while being powered with the right features, it could be too complex to use. Apache OpenNLP is an open-source library for those who prefer practicality and accessibility. Like Stanford CoreNLP, it uses Java NLP libraries with Python decorators. While NLTK and Stanford CoreNLP are state-of-the-art libraries with tons of additions, OpenNLP is a simple yet useful tool. Besides, you can configure OpenNLP in the way you need and get rid of unnecessary features. Apache OpenLP is the right choice for: Named Entity Recognition Sentence Detection POS tagging Tokenization You can use OpenNLP for all sorts of text data analysis and sentiment analysis operations. It is also perfect in preparing text corpora for generators and conversational interfaces.
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant, grown in gardens. Its native range is probably the eastern Mediterranean, but is now obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
Orange, Citrus sinensis, is an evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its edible fruit. The orange tree is branched with a rounded crown and possesses elliptical or oval leaves which are alternately arranged on the branches. The leaves have narrowly winged petioles, a feature that distinguishes it from bitter orange, which has broadly winged petioles. The tree produces white flowers singly or clustered on a raceme. The fruit is a spherical berry with a green-yellow to orange skin covered in indented glands and a segmented pulpy flesh and several seeds. Orange trees can grow to a height of 6-15 m (16-49 ft) and can live for periods in excess of 100 years. Most plantations have an economic lifespan of around 30 years. Orange may also be referred to as sweet orange or navel orange and is believed to have originated from a wild ancestor in the border between Vietnam and China.
Newly planted trees require proper irrigation to ensure they become established. During the first year, water should be applied at the base of the trunk so that the root ball is kept moist to allow the roots to establish in the soil. Newly planted trees should be provided with water every 3-7 days. The soil should be moist, but not wet. Trees planted in sandy soils will require water more frequently. Young trees will also require a light application of fertilizer every month in the first year.
Orange seedlings are usually produced by grafting or budding to an appropriate rootstock as seeds will not produce fruit true to type. Grafting is the process by which a scion from one plant is joined to the rootstock of another to produce a new tree. Budding is a special type of grafting where the scion that is joined to the rootstock consists of a single bud. Budding is commonly used in citrus propagation as it is the easier of the two processes and works very well. Planting Orange trees can be purchased as seedlings which have already been grafted and only require planting in the garden or orchard. The best time to plant citrus trees is in Spring after all danger of frost has passed in your area. Standard sized trees should be spaced 3.7-7.6 m (12-25 ft) apart in an area that receives full sunlight, but is protected from strong winds which can damage the trees. Planting against a south facing wall will help protect the tree in cooler climates.
Orange is a subtropical plant and the trees grow best in regions with a pronounced change in season. They will grow best at temperatures between 12.8 and 37.8oC (55-100oF) during the growing season and 1.7 to 10oC (35-50oF) during dormancy. Mature orange trees can survive short periods of freezing, whereas young trees will be killed. Trees should be protected from frosts and freezing conditions to prevent damage. The trees will also tolerate drought conditions but perform poorly in water-logged soil. Trees will grow best when planted in a well-draining sandy loam with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. Soil must be deep enough to permit adequate root development. Orange trees require full sun and should be protected from wind which can cause damage to the trees.
Oranges can be consumed as a fresh fruit and are commonly pressed or squeezed to produce orange juice.
Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as houseplants, cut flowers and specimen display. The cultivation of ornamental plants is called floriculture, which forms a major branch of horticulture.
Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)
PROBA-V, or PROBA-Vegetation (the V standing for vegetation and not the Roman numeral for 5), is a satellite in the European Space Agency's PROBA series.
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212.2 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres . It has a 1,046-kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population exceeding 225.2 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres . It has a 1,046-kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Palau, officially the Republic of Palau and historically Belau, Palaos or Pelew, is an island country in the western Pacific. The nation has approximately 340 islands and connects the western chain of the Caroline Islands with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia. It has a total area of 466 square kilometers . The most populous island is Koror, home to the country's most populous city of the same name. The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the north west.
Palau, officially the Republic of Palau and historically Belau, Palaos or Pelew, is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean. The country contains approximately 340 islands, and together with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia, forms the western chain of the Caroline Islands. Its area is 466 square kilometers . The most populous island is Koror. The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob, in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the west.
Palestine, officially recognized as the State of Palestine by the United Nations and other entities, is a de jure sovereign state in Western Asia officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization and claiming the West Bank and Gaza Strip with Jerusalem as the designated capital; in practice, however, only partial administrative control is held over the 167 "islands" in the West Bank, and Gaza is ruled by a rival government . The entirety of territory claimed by the State of Palestine has been occupied since 1948, first by Egypt and Jordan and then by Israel after the Six-Day War in 1967. Palestine has a population of 5,051,953 as of February 2020, ranked 121st in the world.
The term "Palestinian territories" has been used for many years to describe the territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. More recently, the official United Nations terminology has been used, occupied Palestinian territory increasingly replacing other terms since 1999. The European Union also has adopted this usage. The term Occupied Palestinian Territory was used by the UN and other international organizations between October 1999 and December 2012 to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority. The EU had utilized a parallel term Palestinian Authority territories occasionally during the same period. The International Court of Justice referred to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "the Occupied Palestinian Territory" and this term was used as the legal definition by the ICJ in the ruling in July 2004.
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a transcontinental country in Central America and South America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people.
Papaya, Carica papaya, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Caricaceae grown for its edible fruit. The papaya plant is tree-like,usually unbranched and has hollow stems and petioles. The leaves are palmately lobed, spirally arranged and clustered at the growing tip of the trunk. Papaya trees can be male, female or hermaphrodite and the type of inflorescence produced is reflective of this. Male trees produce many flowers on long, pendulous panicles while female trees produce either solitary flowers of clusters of a few flowers which are yellow-green in color. Hermaphrodite trees produce bisexual flowers. The papaya fruit is a large fleshy berry with smooth green skin that ripens to yellow or orange. The flesh of the fruit is thick and succulent and ranges in color from yellow to red or orange. The fruit contains many black wrinkled seeds. Papaya trees range in height from 2–10 m (6.6–33 ft) and can live for up to 25 years. Plantations are usually replaced every 3 years to ensure maximum productivity. Papaya may also be referred to as pawpaw and is believed to originate from the Caribbean region on Central America.
Papaya fruits generally require 22–26 weeks to mature. The fruits can be picked when 1/5 of the fruit surface has turned from green to yellow but leaving them on the tree longer will increase the sugar content of the fruit. Fruit can be twisted or snapped from the tree or cut using a sharp knife.
Papaya seedlings are very susceptible to competition from weeds and the areas around the trees should be kept weed-free. A layer of mulch around the plants can successfully suppress weeds. Papaya requires regular fertilizer applications to meet the nutrient requirements for fruit production. In commercial plantations, fertilizer is usually applied 2–4 times per year. In the home garden, the addition of 1/4 cup of a balanced fertilizer every 14 days is usually sufficient. As the trees mature, the amount of fertilizer should be increased. When trees reach 7 to 8 months, 1–2 lbs of a complete fertilizer should be provided every 2 months. Papaya trees should be watered regularly, particularly during hot, dry periods. Papaya trees do not require pruning but it is good practice to remove any dead leaves from the tree.
Papaya is propagated from seed due to the labor involved in producing cuttings. Seeds are usually sown in small containers or nursery beds in sterilized soil. It is usual to sow 3–4 seeds per container and seeds can take 3–4 weeks to germinate depending on temperature.. Seedlings are transplanted after approximately 2 months when the reach approximately 20 cm (8 in) in height and possess 3–4 leaves. Seedlings are commonly planted on hills or ridges to aid drainage and should be spaced 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) apart.
Papaya is a tropical plant and will grow optimally at temperatures between 21 and 33°C (69.8–91.4°F) in areas with no frost. Papaya can be grown in a range of soils as long as there is adequate drainage but will grow optimally in light, well-draining soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Papaya requires well distributed rainfall of about 4 inches per month. In areas with low rainfall, trees should be provided with supplemental irrigation. Trees are very sensitive to flooding and water-logged soils should be be avoided. Papaya is also sensitive to high winds and the tall trees can be easily toppled. Windy areas should be avoided for planting.
Papaya fruits are commonly eaten fresh. The may also be processed into jams, jellies and juices are dried and candied. Green fruits and young leaves can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia . Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. It is the world's third largest island country with 462,840 km2 .
Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia . Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. It is the world's third largest island country with an area of 462,840 km2 .
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America, the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. It has a population of 7 million, nearly 3 million of which live in the capital and largest city of Asunción, and its surrounding metro. Although one of only two landlocked countries in South America, the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.
Pattern is a web mining module for Python. It has tools for: - Data Mining: web services (Google, Twitter, Wikipedia), web crawler, HTML DOM parser - Natural Language Processing: part-of-speech taggers, n-gram search, sentiment analysis, WordNet - Machine Learning: vector space model, clustering, classification (KNN, SVM, Perceptron) - Network Analysis: graph centrality and visualization. It is well documented, thoroughly tested with 350+ unit tests and comes bundled with 50+ examples. The source code is licensed under BSD. Pattern, multi-purpose, open-source library, can be used for several different tasks — network analysis, text processing, machine learning, data mining and NLP. In the Pattern library, the parse method takes care of functions for tokenising and POS tagging. Pattern is very popular among students for its simple and straightforward syntax. In addition, it is easy to understand and comes to the use of web developers who need to work with text data.
Peaches should be pruned annually, including the year of planting and are best trained to an open center. When the tree is bearing fruit, it is important to thin the fruits to prevent the tree from over-bearing. Aim to have 1 fruit every 8 inches. This allows fruits to become larger and prevents the tree from reducing production the following year. Trees should be watered regularly during the growing season to aid with fruit development. During dry periods, water trees every 10 to 14 days. Apply water deeply and widely, to at least the width of the canopy. Trees will also benefit from the application of a nitrogen fertilizer in Spring.
Peach trees are propagated vegetatively to maintain the desirable genetic characteristic of the parent. Commercial trees are usually propagated by T-budding in the summer. T-budding involves joining a bud from a desired variety onto an appropriate rootstock. Buds can also be collected late in the summer for budding during dormancy. The budwood should be collected from healthy shoots of current season growth, leaves removed and the budwood kept moist until the union with the rootstock is made. The budwood is joined to the rootstock by inserting the bud stick into a T-shaped cut on the bark of the rootstock and allowing it to grow. The rest of the tree is pruned to force the growth of the new bud which has the desired characteristics.
Peaches grow best in areas with warm summers and require a summer temperature between 20 and 30°C (68-86°F) for the fruit to mature. The trees also have a chilling requirement to break dormancy but fruit buds can be damaged by prolonged periods below -15°C (5°F) and as such, the majority of production takes place in countries which are relatively close to the equator. In addition, peach trees bloom early and can be damaged by late frosts. Trees grow best in well-draining sandy loams in areas that receive full sun but can will grow in a variety of soils as long as water does not sit on the surface after heavy rainfall. It can be beneficial to plant the trees on elevated land to allow cold air to drain away. Trees will grow optimally in soils with a pH of 6.5.
Peach trees are primarily grown for their fruit which is consumed fresh. Peach trees are also grown as ornamental plants.
Peanuts are ready for harvest between 85 and 130 days after sowing, depending on the variety. Pods can be harvested by hand or by mechanical means. Plants should be pulled from the ground and the pods removed. After harvest, pods are dried in the sun for 2–10 days until their moisture content is about 10%.
To achieve maximum yields, peanut fields should be kept as free as possible from competing weeds. Plants should be supplied with additional irrigation if dry conditions coincide with flowering and pod fill. Peanuts do not generally require the addition of supplemental nitrogen as their roots form symbioses bacteria which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Peanuts require calcium in the soil for good pod fill. the calcium in the soil is absorbed directly by the pods in the pegging zone. Calcium deficient soils may result in empty or poorly filled pods.
Peanut is usually propagated from seed. Seeds should be planted in a well prepared seedbed in soil that is loose and crumbly with no large clumps. The seedbed should be free from weeds which will compete with the peanut seedlings. Weeds may be removed by hand cultivating or through the use of an appropriate herbicide. Peanut seeds should be planted by hand to a depth of 3–5 cm (1–2 in). It is best to ridge the soil or use flat beds as this will make harvesting the peanuts easier. Peanuts can be grown a sole crop or intercropped with other crops such as corn (maize), cassava or soybean.
Peanuts grow very well in tropical and subtropical climates, requiring warm temperatures and a long growing season. Plants grow optimally at a temperatures between 30 and 34°C (86–93°F) although they will tolerate a range between 15 and 45°C (59–113°F). Temperatures above 34°C may damage flowers. The peanut plant grows best in a light, well draining sandy loam, but may also grow in heavier soils. The optimal pH range for peanut growth is with a pH of 6.0-6.5. Peanuts are resistant to drought and can withstand long periods without water albeit with a reduction in yield. For optimal production, a well distributed rainfall of between 500 and 600 mm of water over the course of the growing season is ideal.
Most commercially grown peanuts are used for the extraction of their oil which is used in cooking. The by product of oil extraction is a pressed cake which is used as an animal feed and also in the production of peanut flour. Raw kernels are also commonly roasted and eaten as a snack food.
Pear fruits are usually harvested when mature, but are are ripened off of the tree. Pear allowed to ripen on the tree tend to ripen from the core outwards, resulting in fruit with mushy centers. It can be difficult to determine the correct time to harvest pears and so a variety of factors should be taken into consideration prior to picking. One of the most common indicators of maturity is the firmness of the fruit. Commercial plantations use devices called penetrometers to determine fruit firmness. Pears should be harvested when the reading is between 16 and 19 pounds.
The amount of fertilizer that should be supplied to pear trees depends on the soil type and composition and should be checked with the aid of a soil test. Less nitrogen is supplied to pear trees than to apple as it promotes vigorous growth, increasing susceptibility to fire blight. in the first year of growth, phosphorous and potassium may be required but in subsequent years, only nitrogen is generally added to the soil. The area around the base of the pear tree should be kept free from weeds which compete for water and nutrients. In commercial plantations, appropriate herbicides may be used for weed control. In the home garden, weeds can be removed by hand. Pear trees may require fruit to be thinned to prevent over production which can lead to reduced yields in subsequent years or cause damage to the tree through excess weight. fruits should be thinned early in the season to a final density of approximately 1 fruit every 15 cm (6 in).
Pear trees are propagated by budding onto suitable rootstocks. Rootstocks are usually also pear but quince is also used in warmer growing regions. Pear trees are usually acquired from the nursery as bare-rooted seedlings. They are planted by digging a whole which is large enough to accommodate the outstretched roots of the tree without bending. The graft union should be at least 10–15 cm (4–6 in) above the soil line.Trees should be spaced 4.8 m (16 ft) apart, leaving 7.5 m (25 ft) between rows. The best time for planting is in early Spring or Fall while the trees are still dormant. Young trees are susceptible to wind damage and should be provided with a wind break.
Pears grow very well in areas that have a late frost and a cool, dry summer and will grow at temperatures between -26 and 45°C (-14.8–133°F). Pear trees have a chilling requirement of between 1000 and 1500 hours between 0 and 7°C (32–44.6°F) to break dormancy depending on the particular variety being grown. Generally, trees must cross pollinate with a different variety in order to successfully set fruit. Pear trees require a deep, well draining soil with a pH of 6–7 and will grow in sandy, medium or heavy soil. Pear trees are the most tolerant of all fruit trees of wet soils but roots should not be waterlogged for more than a few days at a time.
The pear fruit is eaten fresh or can be cooked in a range of sweet dishes. The fruit may also be pressed for juice. The leaves of the tree can be used to produce dyes and the wood can be used in carpentry and is very durable.
Peat soil - are high in organic matter and retain a large amount of moisture. This type of soil is very rarely found in a garden and often imported into a garden to provide an optimum soil base for planting.
Peppers are varieties of several plant species in the genus Capsicum, including Capsicum annuum (e.g. jalapeños and cayennes), C. frutescens (e.g. tabasco and piri piri), C. chinense (e.g. habaneros and Scotch bonnet), C. pubescens (e.g. rocoto and locoto) and C. baccatum (e.g. aji peppers) and their hybrids which include some of the hottest peppers known. Unsurprisingly, the plants are most commonly grown for the harvest of their fruits, which are used as a spice. Hot peppers are perennial plants with varying structure. They can be herbaceous or shrub-like but are generally branching with green-brown stems and simple oval leaves. The plants produces flowers with five teeth (petals) which are usually white in color. Chilli pepper plants can reach heights in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 m (1.6–4.9 ft) tall and although they are perennial species, they are commonly grown as annuals, with fruit being harvested for one growing season.
Peppers will benefit from applications of fertilizer to keep them supplied with essential nutrients. A timed release fertilizer can be applied at bloom or the plants can be fed with a liquid fertilizer at planting and every two weeks thereafter. In addition, pepper plants can produce a heavy load of fruit and it can be helpful to provide the plants with some support using stakes or cages to prevent branches from breaking under the weight. Use a soft material to tie plants to stakes or cages.
Peppers are warm-season crops and grow best at temperatures between 18 and 30°C (65–86°F). They can be grown in many soil types although sandy soils warm faster in Spring and are good for early planting. The soil should have a pH between 6 and 7. Peppers will not tolerate water saturated soil and should be planted in a well draining soil or raised bed. Peppers should be planted in an area that receives full sun for most of the day.
Hot peppers can be eaten fresh or cooked as a vegetable, seasoning or garnish.
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. Peru has a population of 33 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At 1.28 million km2, Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.
Phaeosphaeria nodorum (synonym and correct taxonomic name: Parastagonospora nodorum) is a major fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum), causing the disease Septoria nodorum blotch, and a member of the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families.
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, and consists of about 7,640 islands, that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest, and shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 and, as of 2020, had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's twelfth-most populous country. The Philippines is a multinational state, with diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City, both lying within the urban area of Metro Manila.
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both within the urban area of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest.
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid H3PO4.
The Pitcairn Islands, officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, also known as the British Polynesia, is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands — Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno — are scattered across several hundred kilometres of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles . Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva to the west and Easter Island to the east.
The Pitcairn Islands, officially the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, is a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean that form the sole British Overseas Territory in the Pacific Ocean. The four islands — Pitcairn proper, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno — are scattered across several hundred kilometres of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles . Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands are Mangareva to the west and Easter Island to the east.
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres, and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. Poland has a population of nearly 38.5 million people, and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres, and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of nearly 38.5 million people, Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin.
The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers. Every month in a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 oC (50 oF). Regions with polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from the equator, and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long ( could last for the entirety of each season or longer). A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters, which results in treeless tundra, glaciers, or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
PolyAnalyst is an integrated data mining tool that allows the user to address all issues involved in a data analysis project: data import or linking to an external database, transformation, analysis, visualization, results reporting, and model application to the bulk of the data. The system assists in clustering, classifying, segmenting, predicting and explaining data, as well as finding association rules. PolyAnalyst offers a broad selection of data visualization tools including histograms, two-dimensional line and scatter plots, rule graphs, thermal charts and interactively rotating three-dimensional charts.
Pomegranate fruits are generally ready to harvest between 6 and 7 months after flowering, fruits should be allowed to mature fully on the branch prior to harvest as they will not continue to ripen off of the tree. Fully mature fruit turn bright red in color and make a metallic sound when tapped. Fruits should be harvested by cutting from the tree.
Pomegranates have a similar water requirement to citrus trees and should be provided with additional irrigation during dry periods. Pomegranate orchards usually utilize drip, furrow or sprinkler irrigation systems to promote optimal yields. Pomegranates can be pruned to a single stemmed tree or allowed to grow as a multi-stemmed bush. Suckers should be removed from around the central trunks as they develop. Pomegranates will benefit from the addition of nitrogen. Nitrogen should be applied at a rate of 0.2–0.5 kg per tree each year. Pomegranate fruits are usually thinned to promote the production of larger fruits
Commercial pomegranate trees are propagated from softwood and hardwood cuttings as seeds will not breed true to type. Hardwood cutting are generally preferred over softwood due to the ease with which they root. Hardwood cuttings are taken from shoots or suckers from the previous season and are rooted in nursery beds after treatment with a rooting hormone. Cuttings are grown in the nursery for one season before being planted out in the orchard. Rooted cuttings are best planted in winter or early spring and are usually spaced 3.5–5.5 m (11.5–18 ft) apart. The young trees are headed back to a height of 60–70 cm (23–28 in) after planting to promote branching.
Pomegranates grow best in temperate or semi-arid climates with a cool winter and warm summer. They are less hardy than many other deciduous fruit trees but more hardy than citrus. Pomegranates will suffer severe damage when temperatures drop below -10°C (14°F). Pomegranate can be grown successfully on a range of soil types, including calcareous soils and acidic loam but will grow optimally in deep, well-draining loam.
Pomegranate is primarily eaten as a fresh fruit by splitting open the rind and consuming the seeds. The seeds may be used in salads. The fruit may also be used to produce juice, either by removing and pressing the seeds or by pressing the whole fruit.
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in south-western Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state in mainland Europe, bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Portugal’s territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The official and national language is Portuguese. Lisbon is the capital and largest city.
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost sovereign state in mainland Europe, being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain. Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The official and national language is Portuguese.
Potassium Nitrate is a crystalline salt, KNO3; a strong oxidizer used especially in making gunpowder, as a fertilizer, and in medicine.
Potassium sulfate (US) or potassium sulphate (UK), also called sulphate of potash (SOP), arcanite, or archaically potash of sulfur, is the inorganic compound with formula K2SO4, a white water-soluble solid. It is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur.
Potato, Solanum tuberosum, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. The potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves consisting of leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape. The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the leaves can reach 10-30 cm (4-12 in) in length and 5-15 cm (2-6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. The potato tubers grow underground and generally located in the top 25 cm (10 in) of the soil. The tubers can range in color from yellow to red or purple depending on the variety. Potato plants can reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. Potato may also be referred to as, spud, Irish potato, white potato or Spanish potato and originates from South America.
The time potato tubers take to reach maturity is variable and depends on the variety being grown, although it is usually about 2-3 weeks after the plants have bloomed. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died or before a frost which will kill the plants. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork or with your hands if the soil is loose enough. Harvesting is easier when the soil is dry. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing.
Potatoes are sensitive to soil moisture and grow best when soil moisture is consistent. The plants generally require about 1 inch of water a week from rainfall or irrigation. Water-satureated soil should be avoided as it can poorly formed tubers and rot. In addition, potatoes are heavy feeders and the addition of a balnced fertilizer every two weeks can help increase tuber yields.
Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Small sections of a large tuber known as “seed piecesâ€ or small seed potatoes can be used. Seed potatoes can be purchased from garden centers when in season and through seed companies. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. The eyes are the area from which a shoot will sprout and after cutting should be allowed to cure for a few days prior to planting in the soil. Curing helps to protect the seed pieces from rotting as well as reducing the likelihood of a pathogen invading. Curing is very simple and can be achieved by laying out the seed pieces on paper towels and allowing to dry out for 3 to 4 days. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0-2 weeks after the last frost or as soon as the soil is workable in early Spring bearing in mind that the plants will be killed by a frost. Prepare soil for planting by working in compost or well-rotted manure. Potatoes are commonly grown in hilled rows. This involves digging shallow trenches 60-90 cm (2-3 ft) apart after the addition of the compost or manure. Space the seed pieces 30 cm (12 in) apart and cover with 7.5 cm (3 in) of soil. When the plants reach approximately 25 cm (10 in) in height mound the soil up around the stems of the plants so that they are covered up to about half of their height. This protects shallow tubers from turning green from exposure to sunlight. Allow the plants to grow another 25 cm (10 in) and again mound the soil. Continue this process for the duration of the crops growth. Straw can be used around the plants instead of soil which eliminates the need to dig for the tubers but care must be taken to add fresh the straw regularly as it will break down over time. Alternatively, potatoes can be grown in containers or burlap bags.
Potatoes are cool season crops which grow best in cooler climates or as a winter crop in areas with warm summers. They are sensitive to heat but can tolerate a light frost. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27oC (65-80oF) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18oC (55-65oF). Plants can also be successfully grown outdoors in burlap bags or large containers.
Potato tubers are a staple food source in temperate regions and are eaten after cooking. They may be cut or sliced and made into potato chips or fries. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
Google ALBERT is a deep-learning NLP model, an upgrade of BERT, which has advanced on 12 NLP tasks including the competitive SQuAD v2.0 and SAT-style comprehension RACE benchmark. The model has been released as an open-source implementation on the TensorFlow framework and includes many ready-to-use pertained language representation models. The model further uses 89% fewer parameters than the BERT model — only 12M parameters and with way less loss of accuracy while evaluating, with an average of 80.1% accuracy. The model uses two optimisations to reduce model size — factorisation of the embedding layer and parameter-sharing across the hidden layers of the network.
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E. 2012. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks". In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Eds. F. Pereira, C.J.C. Burges, L. Bottou, and K.Q. Weinberger (Curran Associates, Inc.), pp. 1097–1105.
Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks." Advances in neural information processing systems 25 (2012): 1097-1105.
AlexNet is the name of a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, designed by Alex Krizhevsky in collaboration with Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey Hinton. AlexNet competed in the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge on September 30, 2012. The network achieved a top-5 error of 15.3%, more than 10.8 percentage points lower than that of the runner up. The original paper's primary result was that the depth of the model was essential for its high performance, which was computationally expensive, but made feasible due to the utilization of graphics processing units (GPUs) during training.
Krizhevsky, A. 2014. "One weird trick for parallelizing convolutional neural networks". arXiv:1404.5997.
BART model was proposed in BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension by Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Ves Stoyanov and Luke Zettlemoyer on 29 Oct, 2019. According to the abstract, Bart uses a standard seq2seq/machine translation architecture with a bidirectional encoder (like BERT) and a left-to-right decoder (like GPT). The pretraining task involves randomly shuffling the order of the original sentences and a novel in-filling scheme, where spans of text are replaced with a single mask token. BART is particularly effective when fine tuned for text generation but also works well for comprehension tasks. It matches the performance of RoBERTa with comparable training resources on GLUE and SQuAD, achieves new state-of-the-art results on a range of abstractive dialogue, question answering, and summarization tasks, with gains of up to 6 ROUGE.
BARThez model was proposed in BARThez: a Skilled Pretrained French Sequence-to-Sequence Model by Moussa Kamal Eddine, Antoine J.-P. Tixier, Michalis Vazirgiannis on 23 Oct, 2020. The abstract of the paper: Inductive transfer learning, enabled by self-supervised learning, have taken the entire Natural Language Processing (NLP) field by storm, with models such as BERT and BART setting new state of the art on countless natural language understanding tasks. While there are some notable exceptions, most of the available models and research have been conducted for the English language. In this work, we introduce BARThez, the first BART model for the French language (to the best of our knowledge). BARThez was pretrained on a very large monolingual French corpus from past research that we adapted to suit BART’s perturbation schemes. Unlike already existing BERT-based French language models such as CamemBERT and FlauBERT, BARThez is particularly well-suited for generative tasks, since not only its encoder but also its decoder is pretrained. In addition to discriminative tasks from the FLUE benchmark, we evaluate BARThez on a novel summarization dataset, OrangeSum, that we release with this paper. We also continue the pretraining of an already pretrained multilingual BART on BARThez’s corpus, and we show that the resulting model, which we call mBARTHez, provides a significant boost over vanilla BARThez, and is on par with or outperforms CamemBERT and FlauBERT.
Devlin, Jacob, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. "BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding." In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pp. 4171-4186. 2019.
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) applies Transformers, a popular attention model, to language modelling. This mechanism has an encoder to read the input text and a decoder that produces a prediction for the task. This model uses the technique of masking out some of the words in the input and then condition each word bidirectionally to predict the masked words. BERT also learns to model relationships between sentences, predicts if the sentences are connected or not.
BEiT model was proposed in BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image Transformers by Hangbo Bao, Li Dong and Furu Wei. Inspired by BERT, BEiT is the first paper that makes self-supervised pre-training of Vision Transformers (ViTs) outperform supervised pre-training. Rather than pre-training the model to predict the class of an image (as done in the original ViT paper), BEiT models are pre-trained to predict visual tokens from the codebook of OpenAI’s DALL-E model given masked patches. The abstract from the paper is the following: We introduce a self-supervised vision representation model BEiT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder representation from Image Transformers. Following BERT developed in the natural language processing area, we propose a masked image modeling task to pretrain vision Transformers. Specifically, each image has two views in our pre-training, i.e, image patches (such as 16x16 pixels), and visual tokens (i.e., discrete tokens). We first “tokenize” the original image into visual tokens. Then we randomly mask some image patches and fed them into the backbone Transformer. The pre-training objective is to recover the original visual tokens based on the corrupted image patches. After pre-training BEiT, we directly fine-tune the model parameters on downstream tasks by appending task layers upon the pretrained encoder. Experimental results on image classification and semantic segmentation show that our model achieves competitive results with previous pre-training methods. For example, base-size BEiT achieves 83.2% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K, significantly outperforming from-scratch DeiT training (81.8%) with the same setup. Moreover, large-size BEiT obtains 86.3% only using ImageNet-1K, even outperforming ViT-L with supervised pre-training on ImageNet-22K (85.2%). Tips: BEiT models are regular Vision Transformers, but pre-trained in a self-supervised way rather than supervised. They outperform both the original model (ViT) as well as Data-efficient Image Transformers (DeiT) when fine-tuned on ImageNet-1K and CIFAR-100. As the BEiT models expect each image to be of the same size (resolution), one can use BeitFeatureExtractor to resize (or rescale) and normalize images for the model. Both the patch resolution and image resolution used during pre-training or fine-tuning are reflected in the name of each checkpoint. For example, microsoft/beit-base-patch16-224 refers to a base-sized architecture with patch resolution of 16x16 and fine-tuning resolution of 224x224. All checkpoints can be found on the hub. The available checkpoints are either (1) pre-trained on ImageNet-22k (a collection of 14 million images and 22k classes) only, (2) also fine-tuned on ImageNet-22k or (3) also fine-tuned on ImageNet-1k (also referred to as ILSVRC 2012, a collection of 1.3 million images and 1,000 classes). BEiT uses relative position embeddings, inspired by the T5 model. During pre-training, the authors shared the relative position bias among the several self-attention layers. During fine-tuning, each layer’s relative position bias is initialized with the shared relative position bias obtained after pre-training. Note that, if one wants to pre-train a model from scratch, one needs to either set the use_relative_position_bias or the use_relative_position_bias attribute of BeitConfig to True in order to add position embeddings.
BORT model was proposed in Optimal Subarchitecture Extraction for BERT by Adrian de Wynter and Daniel J. Perry. It is an optimal subset of architectural parameters for the BERT, which the authors refer to as “Bort”. The abstract from the paper is the following: We extract an optimal subset of architectural parameters for the BERT architecture from Devlin et al. (2018) by applying recent breakthroughs in algorithms for neural architecture search. This optimal subset, which we refer to as “Bort”, is demonstrably smaller, having an effective (that is, not counting the embedding layer) size of 5.5% the original BERT-large architecture, and 16% of the net size. Bort is also able to be pretrained in 288 GPU hours, which is 1.2% of the time required to pretrain the highest-performing BERT parametric architectural variant, RoBERTa-large (Liu et al., 2019), and about 33% of that of the world-record, in GPU hours, required to train BERT-large on the same hardware. It is also 7.9x faster on a CPU, as well as being better performing than other compressed variants of the architecture, and some of the non-compressed variants: it obtains performance improvements of between 0.3% and 31%, absolute, with respect to BERT-large, on multiple public natural language understanding (NLU) benchmarks.
BPT is Binary-Partitioning Transformer (BPT), which uses the transformer, or rather an enhanced version of it for text classification, machine translation, etc. However, using a transformer is still a costly process since it uses the self-attention mechanism. Self-attention just means that we are performing the attention operation on the sentence itself, as opposed to 2 different sentences (this is attention). Self-attention helps identify the relationship between the words in a single sentence. It is this self-attention mechanism that contributes to the cost of using a transformer. Bipartitioning, transformer The Binary-Partitioning Transformer (BPT) aims to improve the efficiency of the self-attention mechanism by treating the transformer as a graph neural network. Essentially, each node in this graph represents an input token. This is how the BP Transformer works: Step 1: Divide the sentence into 2 parts recursively until some stopping condition is reached. This is called a binary partitioning. So, for example, the sentence "I like going to New York" will have the following partitions: I like going; to New York I like; going; to New; York I; like; going; to; New; York Note: A sentence with n words will have 2*n – 1 partitions, and in the end, you have a complete binary tree. Step 2: Each partition is now a node in the Graph Neural Network. There can be 2 types of edges: The edge connecting a parent node to its children The edge connecting the leaf nodes with other nodes Step 3: Perform self-attention on each node of the graph with its neighboring nodes: Binary_partitioning, transformers The BPT achieves: SOTA performance on Chinese to English Machine Translation (BLEU score: 19.84) Accuracy of 92.12 for Sentiment Analysis on the IMDb dataset (combined with GloVE embedding) I appreciate this model in the sense that it made me revisit the concept of graphs and made me venture into looking up graph neural networks. I am admittedly late to the party, but I will surely be exploring more on Graph Neural networks in the near future!
BertGeneration model is a BERT model that can be leveraged for sequence-to-sequence tasks using EncoderDecoderModel as proposed in Leveraging Pre-trained Checkpoints for Sequence Generation Tasks by Sascha Rothe, Shashi Narayan, Aliaksei Severyn. The abstract from the paper is the following: Unsupervised pretraining of large neural models has recently revolutionized Natural Language Processing. By warm-starting from the publicly released checkpoints, NLP practitioners have pushed the state-of-the-art on multiple benchmarks while saving significant amounts of compute time. So far the focus has been mainly on the Natural Language Understanding tasks. In this paper, we demonstrate the efficacy of pre-trained checkpoints for Sequence Generation. We developed a Transformer-based sequence-to-sequence model that is compatible with publicly available pre-trained BERT, GPT-2 and RoBERTa checkpoints and conducted an extensive empirical study on the utility of initializing our model, both encoder and decoder, with these checkpoints. Our models result in new state-of-the-art results on Machine Translation, Text Summarization, Sentence Splitting, and Sentence Fusion.
BertJapanese is a BERT models trained on Japanese text. There are models with two different tokenization methods: Tokenize with MeCab and WordPiece. This requires some extra dependencies, fugashi which is a wrapper around MeCab. Tokenize into characters.
BERTweet model was proposed in BERTweet: A pre-trained language model for English Tweets by Dat Quoc Nguyen, Thanh Vu, Anh Tuan Nguyen. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present BERTweet, the first public large-scale pre-trained language model for English Tweets. Our BERTweet, having the same architecture as BERT-base (Devlin et al., 2019), is trained using the RoBERTa pre-training procedure (Liu et al., 2019). Experiments show that BERTweet outperforms strong baselines RoBERTa-base and XLM-R-base (Conneau et al., 2020), producing better performance results than the previous state-of-the-art models on three Tweet NLP tasks: Part-of-speech tagging, Named-entity recognition and text classification.
BigBird model was proposed in Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequences by Zaheer, Manzil and Guruganesh, Guru and Dubey, Kumar Avinava and Ainslie, Joshua and Alberti, Chris and Ontanon, Santiago and Pham, Philip and Ravula, Anirudh and Wang, Qifan and Yang, Li and others. BigBird, is a sparse-attention based transformer which extends Transformer based models, such as BERT to much longer sequences. In addition to sparse attention, BigBird also applies global attention as well as random attention to the input sequence. Theoretically, it has been shown that applying sparse, global, and random attention approximates full attention, while being computationally much more efficient for longer sequences. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird has shown improved performance on various long document NLP tasks, such as question answering and summarization, compared to BERT or RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to their full attention mechanism. To remedy this, we propose, BigBird, a sparse attention mechanism that reduces this quadratic dependency to linear. We show that BigBird is a universal approximator of sequence functions and is Turing complete, thereby preserving these properties of the quadratic, full attention model. Along the way, our theoretical analysis reveals some of the benefits of having O(1) global tokens (such as CLS), that attend to the entire sequence as part of the sparse attention mechanism. The proposed sparse attention can handle sequences of length up to 8x of what was previously possible using similar hardware. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird drastically improves performance on various NLP tasks such as question answering and summarization. We also propose novel applications to genomics data.
BigBirdPegasus - The BigBird model was proposed in Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequences by Zaheer, Manzil and Guruganesh, Guru and Dubey, Kumar Avinava and Ainslie, Joshua and Alberti, Chris and Ontanon, Santiago and Pham, Philip and Ravula, Anirudh and Wang, Qifan and Yang, Li and others. BigBird, is a sparse-attention based transformer which extends Transformer based models, such as BERT to much longer sequences. In addition to sparse attention, BigBird also applies global attention as well as random attention to the input sequence. Theoretically, it has been shown that applying sparse, global, and random attention approximates full attention, while being computationally much more efficient for longer sequences. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird has shown improved performance on various long document NLP tasks, such as question answering and summarization, compared to BERT or RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to their full attention mechanism. To remedy this, we propose, BigBird, a sparse attention mechanism that reduces this quadratic dependency to linear. We show that BigBird is a universal approximator of sequence functions and is Turing complete, thereby preserving these properties of the quadratic, full attention model. Along the way, our theoretical analysis reveals some of the benefits of having O(1) global tokens (such as CLS), that attend to the entire sequence as part of the sparse attention mechanism. The proposed sparse attention can handle sequences of length up to 8x of what was previously possible using similar hardware. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BigBird drastically improves performance on various NLP tasks such as question answering and summarization. We also propose novel applications to genomics data.
Blenderbot - The Blender chatbot model was proposed in Recipes for building an open-domain chatbot Stephen Roller, Emily Dinan, Naman Goyal, Da Ju, Mary Williamson, Yinhan Liu, Jing Xu, Myle Ott, Kurt Shuster, Eric M. Smith, Y-Lan Boureau, Jason Weston on 30 Apr 2020. The abstract of the paper is the following: Building open-domain chatbots is a challenging area for machine learning research. While prior work has shown that scaling neural models in the number of parameters and the size of the data they are trained on gives improved results, we show that other ingredients are important for a high-performing chatbot. Good conversation requires a number of skills that an expert conversationalist blends in a seamless way: providing engaging talking points and listening to their partners, and displaying knowledge, empathy and personality appropriately, while maintaining a consistent persona. We show that large scale models can learn these skills when given appropriate training data and choice of generation strategy. We build variants of these recipes with 90M, 2.7B and 9.4B parameter models, and make our models and code publicly available. Human evaluations show our best models are superior to existing approaches in multi-turn dialogue in terms of engagingness and humanness measurements. We then discuss the limitations of this work by analyzing failure cases of our models.
ByT5 model was presented in ByT5: Towards a token-free future with pre-trained byte-to-byte models by Linting Xue, Aditya Barua, Noah Constant, Rami Al-Rfou, Sharan Narang, Mihir Kale, Adam Roberts, Colin Raffel. The abstract from the paper is the following: Most widely-used pre-trained language models operate on sequences of tokens corresponding to word or subword units. Encoding text as a sequence of tokens requires a tokenizer, which is typically created as an independent artifact from the model. Token-free models that instead operate directly on raw text (bytes or characters) have many benefits: they can process text in any language out of the box, they are more robust to noise, and they minimize technical debt by removing complex and error-prone text preprocessing pipelines. Since byte or character sequences are longer than token sequences, past work on token-free models has often introduced new model architectures designed to amortize the cost of operating directly on raw text. In this paper, we show that a standard Transformer architecture can be used with minimal modifications to process byte sequences. We carefully characterize the trade-offs in terms of parameter count, training FLOPs, and inference speed, and show that byte-level models are competitive with their token-level counterparts. We also demonstrate that byte-level models are significantly more robust to noise and perform better on tasks that are sensitive to spelling and pronunciation. As part of our contribution, we release a new set of pre-trained byte-level Transformer models based on the T5 architecture, as well as all code and data used in our experiments.
CANINE model was proposed in CANINE: Pre-training an Efficient Tokenization-Free Encoder for Language Representation by Jonathan H. Clark, Dan Garrette, Iulia Turc, John Wieting. It’s among the first papers that trains a Transformer without using an explicit tokenization step (such as Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), WordPiece or SentencePiece). Instead, the model is trained directly at a Unicode character-level. Training at a character-level inevitably comes with a longer sequence length, which CANINE solves with an efficient downsampling strategy, before applying a deep Transformer encoder. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pipelined NLP systems have largely been superseded by end-to-end neural modeling, yet nearly all commonly-used models still require an explicit tokenization step. While recent tokenization approaches based on data-derived subword lexicons are less brittle than manually engineered tokenizers, these techniques are not equally suited to all languages, and the use of any fixed vocabulary may limit a model’s ability to adapt. In this paper, we present CANINE, a neural encoder that operates directly on character sequences, without explicit tokenization or vocabulary, and a pre-training strategy that operates either directly on characters or optionally uses subwords as a soft inductive bias. To use its finer-grained input effectively and efficiently, CANINE combines downsampling, which reduces the input sequence length, with a deep transformer stack, which encodes context. CANINE outperforms a comparable mBERT model by 2.8 F1 on TyDi QA, a challenging multilingual benchmark, despite having 28% fewer model parameters.
CLIP model was proposed in Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision by Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, Ilya Sutskever. CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training) is a neural network trained on a variety of (image, text) pairs. It can be instructed in natural language to predict the most relevant text snippet, given an image, without directly optimizing for the task, similarly to the zero-shot capabilities of GPT-2 and 3. The abstract from the paper is the following: State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at this https URL.
CPM model was proposed in CPM: A Large-scale Generative Chinese Pre-trained Language Model by Zhengyan Zhang, Xu Han, Hao Zhou, Pei Ke, Yuxian Gu, Deming Ye, Yujia Qin, Yusheng Su, Haozhe Ji, Jian Guan, Fanchao Qi, Xiaozhi Wang, Yanan Zheng, Guoyang Zeng, Huanqi Cao, Shengqi Chen, Daixuan Li, Zhenbo Sun, Zhiyuan Liu, Minlie Huang, Wentao Han, Jie Tang, Juanzi Li, Xiaoyan Zhu, Maosong Sun. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have proven to be beneficial for various downstream NLP tasks. Recently, GPT-3, with 175 billion parameters and 570GB training data, drew a lot of attention due to the capacity of few-shot (even zero-shot) learning. However, applying GPT-3 to address Chinese NLP tasks is still challenging, as the training corpus of GPT-3 is primarily English, and the parameters are not publicly available. In this technical report, we release the Chinese Pre-trained Language Model (CPM) with generative pre-training on large-scale Chinese training data. To the best of our knowledge, CPM, with 2.6 billion parameters and 100GB Chinese training data, is the largest Chinese pre-trained language model, which could facilitate several downstream Chinese NLP tasks, such as conversation, essay generation, cloze test, and language understanding. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPM achieves strong performance on many NLP tasks in the settings of few-shot (even zero-shot) learning. This model was contributed by canwenxu. The original implementation can be found here: https://github.com/TsinghuaAI/CPM-Generate Note: We only have a tokenizer here, since the model architecture is the same as GPT-2.
CTRL model was proposed in CTRL: A Conditional Transformer Language Model for Controllable Generation by Nitish Shirish Keskar*, Bryan McCann*, Lav R. Varshney, Caiming Xiong and Richard Socher. It’s a causal (unidirectional) transformer pre-trained using language modeling on a very large corpus of ~140 GB of text data with the first token reserved as a control code (such as Links, Books, Wikipedia etc.). The abstract from the paper is the following: Large-scale language models show promising text generation capabilities, but users cannot easily control particular aspects of the generated text. We release CTRL, a 1.63 billion-parameter conditional transformer language model, trained to condition on control codes that govern style, content, and task-specific behavior. Control codes were derived from structure that naturally co-occurs with raw text, preserving the advantages of unsupervised learning while providing more explicit control over text generation. These codes also allow CTRL to predict which parts of the training data are most likely given a sequence. This provides a potential method for analyzing large amounts of data via model-based source attribution. Tips: CTRL makes use of control codes to generate text: it requires generations to be started by certain words, sentences or links to generate coherent text. Refer to the original implementation for more information. CTRL is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left. CTRL was trained with a causal language modeling (CLM) objective and is therefore powerful at predicting the next token in a sequence. Leveraging this feature allows CTRL to generate syntactically coherent text as it can be observed in the run_generation.py example script. The PyTorch models can take the past as input, which is the previously computed key/value attention pairs. Using this past value prevents the model from re-computing pre-computed values in the context of text generation. See reusing the past in generative models for more information on the usage of this argument.
Jia, Yangqing, Evan Shelhamer, Jeff Donahue, Sergey Karayev, Jonathan Long, Ross Girshick, Sergio Guadarrama, and Trevor Darrell. "Caffe: Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding." In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 675-678. 2014.
CamemBERT model was proposed in CamemBERT: a Tasty French Language Model by Louis Martin, Benjamin Muller, Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez, Yoann Dupont, Laurent Romary, Éric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Djamé Seddah, and Benoît Sagot. It is based on Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It is a model trained on 138GB of French text. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pretrained language models are now ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing. Despite their success, most available models have either been trained on English data or on the concatenation of data in multiple languages. This makes practical use of such models –in all languages except English– very limited. Aiming to address this issue for French, we release CamemBERT, a French version of the Bi-directional Encoders for Transformers (BERT). We measure the performance of CamemBERT compared to multilingual models in multiple downstream tasks, namely part-of-speech tagging, dependency parsing, named-entity recognition, and natural language inference. CamemBERT improves the state of the art for most of the tasks considered. We release the pretrained model for CamemBERT hoping to foster research and downstream applications for French NLP.
Feng, Zhangyin, Daya Guo, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Xiaocheng Feng, Ming Gong, Linjun Shou et al. "Codebert: A pre-trained model for programming and natural languages." arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08155 (2020).
Microsoft’s CodeBERT, with ‘BERT’ suffix referring to Google’s BERT framework for NLP, has been built upon a bidirectional multi-layer neural architecture. By understanding the connection between natural language and programming language, the model can support tasks such as code search, code documentation generation etc. CodeBERT has also been evaluated on NL-PL tasks by fine-tuning model parameters and following that it achieved excellent performance on both natural language code search and code documentation generation. The model has further been trained on the large dataset from Github code repositories in six programming languages, including 2.1 million bimodal data points and 6.4 million unimodal codes.
ConvBERT model was proposed in ConvBERT: Improving BERT with Span-based Dynamic Convolution by Zihang Jiang, Weihao Yu, Daquan Zhou, Yunpeng Chen, Jiashi Feng, Shuicheng Yan. The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-trained language models like BERT and its variants have recently achieved impressive performance in various natural language understanding tasks. However, BERT heavily relies on the global self-attention block and thus suffers large memory footprint and computation cost. Although all its attention heads query on the whole input sequence for generating the attention map from a global perspective, we observe some heads only need to learn local dependencies, which means the existence of computation redundancy. We therefore propose a novel span-based dynamic convolution to replace these self-attention heads to directly model local dependencies. The novel convolution heads, together with the rest self-attention heads, form a new mixed attention block that is more efficient at both global and local context learning. We equip BERT with this mixed attention design and build a ConvBERT model. Experiments have shown that ConvBERT significantly outperforms BERT and its variants in various downstream tasks, with lower training cost and fewer model parameters. Remarkably, ConvBERTbase model achieves 86.4 GLUE score, 0.7 higher than ELECTRAbase, while using less than 1/4 training cost. Code and pre-trained models will be released. ConvBERT training tips are similar to those of BERT.
DETR model was proposed in End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers by Nicolas Carion, Francisco Massa, Gabriel Synnaeve, Nicolas Usunier, Alexander Kirillov and Sergey Zagoruyko. DETR consists of a convolutional backbone followed by an encoder-decoder Transformer which can be trained end-to-end for object detection. It greatly simplifies a lot of the complexity of models like Faster-R-CNN and Mask-R-CNN, which use things like region proposals, non-maximum suppression procedure and anchor generation. Moreover, DETR can also be naturally extended to perform panoptic segmentation, by simply adding a mask head on top of the decoder outputs. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present a new method that views object detection as a direct set prediction problem. Our approach streamlines the detection pipeline, effectively removing the need for many hand-designed components like a non-maximum suppression procedure or anchor generation that explicitly encode our prior knowledge about the task. The main ingredients of the new framework, called DEtection TRansformer or DETR, are a set-based global loss that forces unique predictions via bipartite matching, and a transformer encoder-decoder architecture. Given a fixed small set of learned object queries, DETR reasons about the relations of the objects and the global image context to directly output the final set of predictions in parallel. The new model is conceptually simple and does not require a specialized library, unlike many other modern detectors. DETR demonstrates accuracy and run-time performance on par with the well-established and highly-optimized Faster RCNN baseline on the challenging COCO object detection dataset. Moreover, DETR can be easily generalized to produce panoptic segmentation in a unified manner. We show that it significantly outperforms competitive baselines. This model was contributed by nielsr. The original code can be found here. The quickest way to get started with DETR is by checking the example notebooks (which showcase both inference and fine-tuning on custom data). Here’s a TLDR explaining how DetrForObjectDetection works: First, an image is sent through a pre-trained convolutional backbone (in the paper, the authors use ResNet-50/ResNet-101). Let’s assume we also add a batch dimension. This means that the input to the backbone is a tensor of shape (batch_size, 3, height, width), assuming the image has 3 color channels (RGB). The CNN backbone outputs a new lower-resolution feature map, typically of shape (batch_size, 2048, height/32, width/32). This is then projected to match the hidden dimension of the Transformer of DETR, which is 256 by default, using a nn.Conv2D layer. So now, we have a tensor of shape (batch_size, 256, height/32, width/32). Next, the feature map is flattened and transposed to obtain a tensor of shape (batch_size, seq_len, d_model) = (batch_size, width/32*height/32, 256). So a difference with NLP models is that the sequence length is actually longer than usual, but with a smaller d_model (which in NLP is typically 768 or higher). Next, this is sent through the encoder, outputting encoder_hidden_states of the same shape (you can consider these as image features). Next, so-called object queries are sent through the decoder. This is a tensor of shape (batch_size, num_queries, d_model), with num_queries typically set to 100 and initialized with zeros. These input embeddings are learnt positional encodings that the authors refer to as object queries, and similarly to the encoder, they are added to the input of each attention layer. Each object query will look for a particular object in the image. The decoder updates these embeddings through multiple self-attention and encoder-decoder attention layers to output decoder_hidden_states of the same shape: (batch_size, num_queries, d_model). Next, two heads are added on top for object detection: a linear layer for classifying each object query into one of the objects or “no object”, and a MLP to predict bounding boxes for each query. The model is trained using a bipartite matching loss: so what we actually do is compare the predicted classes + bounding boxes of each of the N = 100 object queries to the ground truth annotations, padded up to the same length N (so if an image only contains 4 objects, 96 annotations will just have a “no object” as class and “no bounding box” as bounding box). The Hungarian matching algorithm is used to find an optimal one-to-one mapping of each of the N queries to each of the N annotations. Next, standard cross-entropy (for the classes) and a linear combination of the L1 and generalized IoU loss (for the bounding boxes) are used to optimize the parameters of the model. DETR can be naturally extended to perform panoptic segmentation (which unifies semantic segmentation and instance segmentation). DetrForSegmentation adds a segmentation mask head on top of DetrForObjectDetection. The mask head can be trained either jointly, or in a two steps process, where one first trains a DetrForObjectDetection model to detect bounding boxes around both “things” (instances) and “stuff” (background things like trees, roads, sky), then freeze all the weights and train only the mask head for 25 epochs. Experimentally, these two approaches give similar results. Note that predicting boxes is required for the training to be possible, since the Hungarian matching is computed using distances between boxes. Tips: DETR uses so-called object queries to detect objects in an image. The number of queries determines the maximum number of objects that can be detected in a single image, and is set to 100 by default (see parameter num_queries of DetrConfig). Note that it’s good to have some slack (in COCO, the authors used 100, while the maximum number of objects in a COCO image is ~70). The decoder of DETR updates the query embeddings in parallel. This is different from language models like GPT-2, which use autoregressive decoding instead of parallel. Hence, no causal attention mask is used. DETR adds position embeddings to the hidden states at each self-attention and cross-attention layer before projecting to queries and keys. For the position embeddings of the image, one can choose between fixed sinusoidal or learned absolute position embeddings. By default, the parameter position_embedding_type of DetrConfig is set to "sine". During training, the authors of DETR did find it helpful to use auxiliary losses in the decoder, especially to help the model output the correct number of objects of each class. If you set the parameter auxiliary_loss of DetrConfig to True, then prediction feedforward neural networks and Hungarian losses are added after each decoder layer (with the FFNs sharing parameters). If you want to train the model in a distributed environment across multiple nodes, then one should update the num_boxes variable in the DetrLoss class of modeling_detr.py. When training on multiple nodes, this should be set to the average number of target boxes across all nodes, as can be seen in the original implementation here. DetrForObjectDetection and DetrForSegmentation can be initialized with any convolutional backbone available in the timm library. Initializing with a MobileNet backbone for example can be done by setting the backbone attribute of DetrConfig to "tf_mobilenetv3_small_075", and then initializing the model with that config. DETR resizes the input images such that the shortest side is at least a certain amount of pixels while the longest is at most 1333 pixels. At training time, scale augmentation is used such that the shortest side is randomly set to at least 480 and at most 800 pixels. At inference time, the shortest side is set to 800. One can use DetrFeatureExtractor to prepare images (and optional annotations in COCO format) for the model. Due to this resizing, images in a batch can have different sizes. DETR solves this by padding images up to the largest size in a batch, and by creating a pixel mask that indicates which pixels are real/which are padding. Alternatively, one can also define a custom collate_fn in order to batch images together, using pad_and_create_pixel_mask(). The size of the images will determine the amount of memory being used, and will thus determine the batch_size. It is advised to use a batch size of 2 per GPU. See this Github thread for more info.
Dense Passage Retrieval (DPR) is a set of tools and models for state-of-the-art open-domain Q&A research. It was introduced in Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering by Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oğuz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, Wen-tau Yih. The abstract from the paper is the following: Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dual-encoder framework. When evaluated on a wide range of open-domain QA datasets, our dense retriever outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system largely by 9%-19% absolute in terms of top-20 passage retrieval accuracy, and helps our end-to-end QA system establish new state-of-the-art on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks.
DeBERTa model was proposed in DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention by Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu Chen It is based on Google’s BERT model released in 2018 and Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It builds on RoBERTa with disentangled attention and enhanced mask decoder training with half of the data used in RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent progress in pre-trained neural language models has significantly improved the performance of many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper we propose a new model architecture DeBERTa (Decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention) that improves the BERT and RoBERTa models using two novel techniques. The first is the disentangled attention mechanism, where each word is represented using two vectors that encode its content and position, respectively, and the attention weights among words are computed using disentangled matrices on their contents and relative positions. Second, an enhanced mask decoder is used to replace the output softmax layer to predict the masked tokens for model pretraining. We show that these two techniques significantly improve the efficiency of model pretraining and performance of downstream tasks. Compared to RoBERTa-Large, a DeBERTa model trained on half of the training data performs consistently better on a wide range of NLP tasks, achieving improvements on MNLI by +0.9% (90.2% vs. 91.1%), on SQuAD v2.0 by +2.3% (88.4% vs. 90.7%) and RACE by +3.6% (83.2% vs. 86.8%). The DeBERTa code and pre-trained models will be made publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa. This model was contributed by DeBERTa. This model TF 2.0 implementation was contributed by kamalkraj .
DeBERTa-v2 - The DeBERTa model was proposed in DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention by Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, Weizhu Chen It is based on Google’s BERT model released in 2018 and Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It builds on RoBERTa with disentangled attention and enhanced mask decoder training with half of the data used in RoBERTa. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent progress in pre-trained neural language models has significantly improved the performance of many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper we propose a new model architecture DeBERTa (Decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention) that improves the BERT and RoBERTa models using two novel techniques. The first is the disentangled attention mechanism, where each word is represented using two vectors that encode its content and position, respectively, and the attention weights among words are computed using disentangled matrices on their contents and relative positions. Second, an enhanced mask decoder is used to replace the output softmax layer to predict the masked tokens for model pretraining. We show that these two techniques significantly improve the efficiency of model pretraining and performance of downstream tasks. Compared to RoBERTa-Large, a DeBERTa model trained on half of the training data performs consistently better on a wide range of NLP tasks, achieving improvements on MNLI by +0.9% (90.2% vs. 91.1%), on SQuAD v2.0 by +2.3% (88.4% vs. 90.7%) and RACE by +3.6% (83.2% vs. 86.8%). The DeBERTa code and pre-trained models will be made publicly available at https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa. The following information is visible directly on the [original implementation repository](https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa). DeBERTa v2 is the second version of the DeBERTa model. It includes the 1.5B model used for the SuperGLUE single-model submission and achieving 89.9, versus human baseline 89.8. You can find more details about this submission in the authors’ [blog](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/microsoft-deberta-surpasses-human-performance-on-the-superglue-benchmark/) New in v2: Vocabulary In v2 the tokenizer is changed to use a new vocabulary of size 128K built from the training data. Instead of a GPT2-based tokenizer, the tokenizer is now [sentencepiece-based](https://github.com/google/sentencepiece) tokenizer. nGiE(nGram Induced Input Encoding) The DeBERTa-v2 model uses an additional convolution layer aside with the first transformer layer to better learn the local dependency of input tokens. Sharing position projection matrix with content projection matrix in attention layer Based on previous experiments, this can save parameters without affecting the performance. Apply bucket to encode relative positions The DeBERTa-v2 model uses log bucket to encode relative positions similar to T5. 900M model & 1.5B model Two additional model sizes are available: 900M and 1.5B, which significantly improves the performance of downstream tasks. This model was contributed by DeBERTa. This model TF 2.0 implementation was contributed by kamalkraj. The original code can be found here.
DeiT model was proposed in Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attention by Hugo Touvron, Matthieu Cord, Matthijs Douze, Francisco Massa, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Hervé Jégou. The Vision Transformer (ViT) introduced in Dosovitskiy et al., 2020 has shown that one can match or even outperform existing convolutional neural networks using a Transformer encoder (BERT-like). However, the ViT models introduced in that paper required training on expensive infrastructure for multiple weeks, using external data. DeiT (data-efficient image transformers) are more efficiently trained transformers for image classification, requiring far less data and far less computing resources compared to the original ViT models. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recently, neural networks purely based on attention were shown to address image understanding tasks such as image classification. However, these visual transformers are pre-trained with hundreds of millions of images using an expensive infrastructure, thereby limiting their adoption. In this work, we produce a competitive convolution-free transformer by training on Imagenet only. We train them on a single computer in less than 3 days. Our reference vision transformer (86M parameters) achieves top-1 accuracy of 83.1% (single-crop evaluation) on ImageNet with no external data. More importantly, we introduce a teacher-student strategy specific to transformers. It relies on a distillation token ensuring that the student learns from the teacher through attention. We show the interest of this token-based distillation, especially when using a convnet as a teacher. This leads us to report results competitive with convnets for both Imagenet (where we obtain up to 85.2% accuracy) and when transferring to other tasks. We share our code and models.
Huang, Gao, Zhuang Liu, Laurens Van Der Maaten, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. "Densely connected convolutional networks." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 4700-4708. 2017.
Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., et al. 2015. "Going deeper with convolutions". Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
A DenseNet is a type of convolutional neural network that utilises dense connections between layers, through Dense Blocks, where we connect all layers (with matching feature-map sizes) directly with each other. To preserve the feed-forward nature, each layer obtains additional inputs from all preceding layers and passes on its own feature-maps to all subsequent layers.
DialoGPT was proposed in DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generation by Yizhe Zhang, Siqi Sun, Michel Galley, Yen-Chun Chen, Chris Brockett, Xiang Gao, Jianfeng Gao, Jingjing Liu, Bill Dolan. It’s a GPT2 Model trained on 147M conversation-like exchanges extracted from Reddit. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present a large, tunable neural conversational response generation model, DialoGPT (dialogue generative pre-trained transformer). Trained on 147M conversation-like exchanges extracted from Reddit comment chains over a period spanning from 2005 through 2017, DialoGPT extends the Hugging Face PyTorch transformer to attain a performance close to human both in terms of automatic and human evaluation in single-turn dialogue settings. We show that conversational systems that leverage DialoGPT generate more relevant, contentful and context-consistent responses than strong baseline systems. The pre-trained model and training pipeline are publicly released to facilitate research into neural response generation and the development of more intelligent open-domain dialogue systems. Tips: DialoGPT is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left. DialoGPT was trained with a causal language modeling (CLM) objective on conversational data and is therefore powerful at response generation in open-domain dialogue systems. DialoGPT enables the user to create a chat bot in just 10 lines of code as shown on DialoGPT’s model card. Training: In order to train or fine-tune DialoGPT, one can use causal language modeling training. To cite the official paper: We follow the OpenAI GPT-2 to model a multiturn dialogue session as a long text and frame the generation task as language modeling. We first concatenate all dialog turns within a dialogue session into a long text x_1,…, x_N (N is the sequence length), ended by the end-of-text token. For more information please confer to the original paper. DialoGPT’s architecture is based on the GPT2 model, so one can refer to GPT2’s documentation page.
Sanh, Victor, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. "DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter." arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108 (2019).
The DistilBERT model was proposed in the blog post Smaller, faster, cheaper, lighter: Introducing DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT, and the paper DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. DistilBERT is a small, fast, cheap and light Transformer model trained by distilling BERT base. It has 40% less parameters than bert-base-uncased, runs 60% faster while preserving over 95% of BERT’s performances as measured on the GLUE language understanding benchmark.
ELECTRA model was proposed in the paper ELECTRA: Pre-training Text Encoders as Discriminators Rather Than Generators. ELECTRA is a new pretraining approach which trains two transformer models: the generator and the discriminator. The generator’s role is to replace tokens in a sequence, and is therefore trained as a masked language model. The discriminator, which is the model we’re interested in, tries to identify which tokens were replaced by the generator in the sequence. The abstract from the paper is the following: Masked language modeling (MLM) pretraining methods such as BERT corrupt the input by replacing some tokens with [MASK] and then train a model to reconstruct the original tokens. While they produce good results when transferred to downstream NLP tasks, they generally require large amounts of compute to be effective. As an alternative, we propose a more sample-efficient pretraining task called replaced token detection. Instead of masking the input, our approach corrupts it by replacing some tokens with plausible alternatives sampled from a small generator network. Then, instead of training a model that predicts the original identities of the corrupted tokens, we train a discriminative model that predicts whether each token in the corrupted input was replaced by a generator sample or not. Thorough experiments demonstrate this new pretraining task is more efficient than MLM because the task is defined over all input tokens rather than just the small subset that was masked out. As a result, the contextual representations learned by our approach substantially outperform the ones learned by BERT given the same model size, data, and compute. The gains are particularly strong for small models; for example, we train a model on one GPU for 4 days that outperforms GPT (trained using 30x more compute) on the GLUE natural language understanding benchmark. Our approach also works well at scale, where it performs comparably to RoBERTa and XLNet while using less than 1/4 of their compute and outperforms them when using the same amount of compute. Tips: ELECTRA is the pretraining approach, therefore there is nearly no changes done to the underlying model: BERT. The only change is the separation of the embedding size and the hidden size: the embedding size is generally smaller, while the hidden size is larger. An additional projection layer (linear) is used to project the embeddings from their embedding size to the hidden size. In the case where the embedding size is the same as the hidden size, no projection layer is used. The ELECTRA checkpoints saved using Google Research’s implementation contain both the generator and discriminator. The conversion script requires the user to name which model to export into the correct architecture. Once converted to the HuggingFace format, these checkpoints may be loaded into all available ELECTRA models, however. This means that the discriminator may be loaded in the ElectraForMaskedLM model, and the generator may be loaded in the ElectraForPreTraining model (the classification head will be randomly initialized as it doesn’t exist in the generator).
ELMo, also known as Embeddings from Language Models is a deep contextualised word representation that models syntax and semantic of words as well as their linguistic contexts. The model, developed by Allen NLP, has been pre-trained on a huge text-corpus and learned functions from deep bi-directional models (biLM). ELMo can easily be added to the existing models, which drastically improves the functions across vast NLP problems, including answering questions, textual entailment and sentiment analysis.
ERNIE 1.0 (released in March 2019) has been a popular model for text classification, it was ERNIE 2.0 which became the talk of the town in the latter half of 2019. Developed by tech-giant Baidu, ERNIE outperformed Google XLNet and BERT on the GLUE benchmark for English. ERNIE stands for Enhanced Representation through kNowledge IntEgration, and ERNIE 2.0 is an upgraded version of ERNIE 1.0. ERNIE 1.0 was pathbreaking in its own way – it was one of the first models to leverage Knowledge Graphs. This incorporation further enhanced training the model for advanced tasks like Relation Classification and NamedEntityRecognition (NER).
EfficientNet is a convolutional neural network architecture and scaling method that uniformly scales all dimensions of depth/width/resolution using a compound coefficient. Unlike conventional practice that arbitrary scales these factors, the EfficientNet scaling method uniformly scales network width, depth, and resolution with a set of fixed scaling coefficients. For example, if we want to use times more computational resources, then we can simply increase the network depth by , width by , and image size by , where are constant coefficients determined by a small grid search on the original small model. EfficientNet uses a compound coefficient to uniformly scales network width, depth, and resolution in a principled way. The compound scaling method is justified by the intuition that if the input image is bigger, then the network needs more layers to increase the receptive field and more channels to capture more fine-grained patterns on the bigger image. The base EfficientNet-B0 network is based on the inverted bottleneck residual blocks of MobileNetV2, in addition to squeeze-and-excitation blocks.
FSMT (FairSeq MachineTranslation) models were introduced in Facebook FAIR’s WMT19 News Translation Task Submission by Nathan Ng, Kyra Yee, Alexei Baevski, Myle Ott, Michael Auli, Sergey Edunov. The abstract of the paper is the following: This paper describes Facebook FAIR’s submission to the WMT19 shared news translation task. We participate in two language pairs and four language directions, English <-> German and English <-> Russian. Following our submission from last year, our baseline systems are large BPE-based transformer models trained with the Fairseq sequence modeling toolkit which rely on sampled back-translations. This year we experiment with different bitext data filtering schemes, as well as with adding filtered back-translated data. We also ensemble and fine-tune our models on domain-specific data, then decode using noisy channel model reranking. Our submissions are ranked first in all four directions of the human evaluation campaign. On En->De, our system significantly outperforms other systems as well as human translations. This system improves upon our WMT’18 submission by 4.5 BLEU points.
FlauBERT model was proposed in the paper FlauBERT: Unsupervised Language Model Pre-training for French by Hang Le et al. It’s a transformer model pretrained using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective (like BERT). The abstract from the paper is the following: Language models have become a key step to achieve state-of-the art results in many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Leveraging the huge amount of unlabeled texts nowadays available, they provide an efficient way to pre-train continuous word representations that can be fine-tuned for a downstream task, along with their contextualization at the sentence level. This has been widely demonstrated for English using contextualized representations (Dai and Le, 2015; Peters et al., 2018; Howard and Ruder, 2018; Radford et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019b). In this paper, we introduce and share FlauBERT, a model learned on a very large and heterogeneous French corpus. Models of different sizes are trained using the new CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) Jean Zay supercomputer. We apply our French language models to diverse NLP tasks (text classification, paraphrasing, natural language inference, parsing, word sense disambiguation) and show that most of the time they outperform other pretraining approaches. Different versions of FlauBERT as well as a unified evaluation protocol for the downstream tasks, called FLUE (French Language Understanding Evaluation), are shared to the research community for further reproducible experiments in French NLP.
Funnel Transformer model was proposed in the paper Funnel-Transformer: Filtering out Sequential Redundancy for Efficient Language Processing. It is a bidirectional transformer model, like BERT, but with a pooling operation after each block of layers, a bit like in traditional convolutional neural networks (CNN) in computer vision. The abstract from the paper is the following: With the success of language pretraining, it is highly desirable to develop more efficient architectures of good scalability that can exploit the abundant unlabeled data at a lower cost. To improve the efficiency, we examine the much-overlooked redundancy in maintaining a full-length token-level presentation, especially for tasks that only require a single-vector presentation of the sequence. With this intuition, we propose Funnel-Transformer which gradually compresses the sequence of hidden states to a shorter one and hence reduces the computation cost. More importantly, by re-investing the saved FLOPs from length reduction in constructing a deeper or wider model, we further improve the model capacity. In addition, to perform token-level predictions as required by common pretraining objectives, Funnel-Transformer is able to recover a deep representation for each token from the reduced hidden sequence via a decoder. Empirically, with comparable or fewer FLOPs, Funnel-Transformer outperforms the standard Transformer on a wide variety of sequence-level prediction tasks, including text classification, language understanding, and reading comprehension. Tips: Since Funnel Transformer uses pooling, the sequence length of the hidden states changes after each block of layers. The base model therefore has a final sequence length that is a quarter of the original one. This model can be used directly for tasks that just require a sentence summary (like sequence classification or multiple choice). For other tasks, the full model is used; this full model has a decoder that upsamples the final hidden states to the same sequence length as the input. The Funnel Transformer checkpoints are all available with a full version and a base version. The first ones should be used for FunnelModel, FunnelForPreTraining, FunnelForMaskedLM, FunnelForTokenClassification and class:~transformers.FunnelForQuestionAnswering. The second ones should be used for FunnelBaseModel, FunnelForSequenceClassification and FunnelForMultipleChoice.
OpenAI’s GPT-2 or Generative Pre-Training version 2 is a state-of-the-art language model that can generate text like humans. It is unmatched when it comes to a model that is generalised yet capable of outperforming models trained on specific tasks.
A large transformer-based language model that given a sequence of words within some text, predicts the next word. GPT-3 is one of the most controversial pre-trained models by OpenAI. This large scale transformer-based language model has been trained on 175 billion parameters, which is ten times more than any previous non-sparse language model available. The model has been trained to achieve strong performance on many NLP datasets, including tasks like translation, answering questions, as well as several tasks that require on-the-fly reasoning such as unscrambling words. With its recent advancements, it has been used even to write news articles and generate codes helping developers to build ML applications. GPT-3 is the largest model so far, and its impressive capabilities have positioned it to outrank other text prediction models. In June, this year, the company released its API for allowing the users to access the new AI models virtually.
GPTNeo model was released in the EleutherAI/gpt-neo repository by Sid Black, Stella Biderman, Leo Gao, Phil Wang and Connor Leahy. It is a GPT2 like causal language model trained on the Pile dataset. The architecture is similar to GPT2 except that GPT Neo uses local attention in every other layer with a window size of 256 tokens.
Pennington, Jeffrey, Richard Socher, and Christopher D. Manning. "Glove: Global vectors for word representation." In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp. 1532-1543. 2014.
GloVe is an unsupervised learning algorithm for obtaining vector representations for words. Training is performed on aggregated global word-word co-occurrence statistics from a corpus, and the resulting representations showcase interesting linear substructures of the word vector space.
Szegedy, Christian, Wei Liu, Yangqing Jia, Pierre Sermanet, Scott Reed, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Vincent Vanhoucke, and Andrew Rabinovich. "Going deeper with convolutions." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1-9. 2015.
GoogLeNet is a convolutional neural network that is 22 layers deep. You can load a pretrained version of the network trained on either the ImageNet or Places365 data sets. The network trained on ImageNet classifies images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. The network trained on Places365 is similar to the network trained on ImageNet, but classifies images into 365 different place categories, such as field, park, runway, and lobby. These networks have learned different feature representations for a wide range of images. The pretrained networks both have an image input size of 224-by-224.
GoogLeNet is a type of convolutional neural network based on the Inception architecture. It utilises Inception modules, which allow the network to choose between multiple convolutional filter sizes in each block. An Inception network stacks these modules on top of each other, with occasional max-pooling layers with stride 2 to halve the resolution of the grid.
Hubert was proposed in HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Units by Wei-Ning Hsu, Benjamin Bolte, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Kushal Lakhotia, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Abdelrahman Mohamed. The abstract from the paper is the following: Self-supervised approaches for speech representation learning are challenged by three unique problems: (1) there are multiple sound units in each input utterance, (2) there is no lexicon of input sound units during the pre-training phase, and (3) sound units have variable lengths with no explicit segmentation. To deal with these three problems, we propose the Hidden-Unit BERT (HuBERT) approach for self-supervised speech representation learning, which utilizes an offline clustering step to provide aligned target labels for a BERT-like prediction loss. A key ingredient of our approach is applying the prediction loss over the masked regions only, which forces the model to learn a combined acoustic and language model over the continuous inputs. HuBERT relies primarily on the consistency of the unsupervised clustering step rather than the intrinsic quality of the assigned cluster labels. Starting with a simple k-means teacher of 100 clusters, and using two iterations of clustering, the HuBERT model either matches or improves upon the state-of-the-art wav2vec 2.0 performance on the Librispeech (960h) and Libri-light (60,000h) benchmarks with 10min, 1h, 10h, 100h, and 960h fine-tuning subsets. Using a 1B parameter model, HuBERT shows up to 19% and 13% relative WER reduction on the more challenging dev-other and test-other evaluation subsets.
I-BERT model was proposed in I-BERT: Integer-only BERT Quantization by Sehoon Kim, Amir Gholami, Zhewei Yao, Michael W. Mahoney and Kurt Keutzer. It’s a quantized version of RoBERTa running inference up to four times faster. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformer based models, like BERT and RoBERTa, have achieved state-of-the-art results in many Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint, inference latency, and power consumption are prohibitive for efficient inference at the edge, and even at the data center. While quantization can be a viable solution for this, previous work on quantizing Transformer based models use floating-point arithmetic during inference, which cannot efficiently utilize integer-only logical units such as the recent Turing Tensor Cores, or traditional integer-only ARM processors. In this work, we propose I-BERT, a novel quantization scheme for Transformer based models that quantizes the entire inference with integer-only arithmetic. Based on lightweight integer-only approximation methods for nonlinear operations, e.g., GELU, Softmax, and Layer Normalization, I-BERT performs an end-to-end integer-only BERT inference without any floating point calculation. We evaluate our approach on GLUE downstream tasks using RoBERTa-Base/Large. We show that for both cases, I-BERT achieves similar (and slightly higher) accuracy as compared to the full-precision baseline. Furthermore, our preliminary implementation of I-BERT shows a speedup of 2.4 - 4.0x for INT8 inference on a T4 GPU system as compared to FP32 inference. The framework has been developed in PyTorch and has been open-sourced.
Inception-v3 is a convolutional neural network that is 48 layers deep. You can load a pretrained version of the network trained on more than a million images from the ImageNet database [1]. The pretrained network can classify images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. As a result, the network has learned rich feature representations for a wide range of images. The network has an image input size of 299-by-299.
Inception-v4 is a convolutional neural network architecture that builds on previous iterations of the Inception family by simplifying the architecture and using more inception modules than Inception-v3.
LED model was proposed in Longformer: The Long-Document Transformer by Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, Arman Cohan. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism that scales linearly with sequence length, making it easy to process documents of thousands of tokens or longer. Longformer’s attention mechanism is a drop-in replacement for the standard self-attention and combines a local windowed attention with a task motivated global attention. Following prior work on long-sequence transformers, we evaluate Longformer on character-level language modeling and achieve state-of-the-art results on text8 and enwik8. In contrast to most prior work, we also pretrain Longformer and finetune it on a variety of downstream tasks. Our pretrained Longformer consistently outperforms RoBERTa on long document tasks and sets new state-of-the-art results on WikiHop and TriviaQA. We finally introduce the Longformer-Encoder-Decoder (LED), a Longformer variant for supporting long document generative sequence-to-sequence tasks, and demonstrate its effectiveness on the arXiv summarization dataset. Tips: LEDForConditionalGeneration is an extension of BartForConditionalGeneration exchanging the traditional self-attention layer with Longformer’s chunked self-attention layer. LEDTokenizer is an alias of BartTokenizer. LED works very well on long-range sequence-to-sequence tasks where the input_ids largely exceed a length of 1024 tokens. LED pads the input_ids to be a multiple of config.attention_window if required. Therefore a small speed-up is gained, when LEDTokenizer is used with the pad_to_multiple_of argument. LED makes use of global attention by means of the global_attention_mask (see LongformerModel). For summarization, it is advised to put global attention only on the first token. For question answering, it is advised to put global attention on all tokens of the question. To fine-tune LED on all 16384, it is necessary to enable gradient checkpointing by setting config.gradient_checkpointing = True. A notebook showing how to evaluate LED, can be accessed here. A notebook showing how to fine-tune LED, can be accessed here. This model was contributed by patrickvonplaten.
LUKE model was proposed in LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention by Ikuya Yamada, Akari Asai, Hiroyuki Shindo, Hideaki Takeda and Yuji Matsumoto. It is based on RoBERTa and adds entity embeddings as well as an entity-aware self-attention mechanism, which helps improve performance on various downstream tasks involving reasoning about entities such as named entity recognition, extractive and cloze-style question answering, entity typing, and relation classification. The abstract from the paper is the following: Entity representations are useful in natural language tasks involving entities. In this paper, we propose new pretrained contextualized representations of words and entities based on the bidirectional transformer. The proposed model treats words and entities in a given text as independent tokens, and outputs contextualized representations of them. Our model is trained using a new pretraining task based on the masked language model of BERT. The task involves predicting randomly masked words and entities in a large entity-annotated corpus retrieved from Wikipedia. We also propose an entity-aware self-attention mechanism that is an extension of the self-attention mechanism of the transformer, and considers the types of tokens (words or entities) when computing attention scores. The proposed model achieves impressive empirical performance on a wide range of entity-related tasks. In particular, it obtains state-of-the-art results on five well-known datasets: Open Entity (entity typing), TACRED (relation classification), CoNLL-2003 (named entity recognition), ReCoRD (cloze-style question answering), and SQuAD 1.1 (extractive question answering). Tips: This implementation is the same as RobertaModel with the addition of entity embeddings as well as an entity-aware self-attention mechanism, which improves performance on tasks involving reasoning about entities. LUKE treats entities as input tokens; therefore, it takes entity_ids, entity_attention_mask, entity_token_type_ids and entity_position_ids as extra input. You can obtain those using LukeTokenizer. LukeTokenizer takes entities and entity_spans (character-based start and end positions of the entities in the input text) as extra input. entities typically consist of [MASK] entities or Wikipedia entities. The brief description when inputting these entities are as follows: Inputting [MASK] entities to compute entity representations: The [MASK] entity is used to mask entities to be predicted during pretraining. When LUKE receives the [MASK] entity, it tries to predict the original entity by gathering the information about the entity from the input text. Therefore, the [MASK] entity can be used to address downstream tasks requiring the information of entities in text such as entity typing, relation classification, and named entity recognition. Inputting Wikipedia entities to compute knowledge-enhanced token representations: LUKE learns rich information (or knowledge) about Wikipedia entities during pretraining and stores the information in its entity embedding. By using Wikipedia entities as input tokens, LUKE outputs token representations enriched by the information stored in the embeddings of these entities. This is particularly effective for tasks requiring real-world knowledge, such as question answering. There are three head models for the former use case: LukeForEntityClassification, for tasks to classify a single entity in an input text such as entity typing, e.g. the Open Entity dataset. This model places a linear head on top of the output entity representation. LukeForEntityPairClassification, for tasks to classify the relationship between two entities such as relation classification, e.g. the TACRED dataset. This model places a linear head on top of the concatenated output representation of the pair of given entities. LukeForEntitySpanClassification, for tasks to classify the sequence of entity spans, such as named entity recognition (NER). This model places a linear head on top of the output entity representations. You can address NER using this model by inputting all possible entity spans in the text to the model. LukeTokenizer has a task argument, which enables you to easily create an input to these head models by specifying task="entity_classification", task="entity_pair_classification", or task="entity_span_classification". Please refer to the example code of each head models. There are also 3 notebooks available, which showcase how you can reproduce the results as reported in the paper with the HuggingFace implementation of LUKE.
LXMERT model was proposed in LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers by Hao Tan & Mohit Bansal. It is a series of bidirectional transformer encoders (one for the vision modality, one for the language modality, and then one to fuse both modalities) pretrained using a combination of masked language modeling, visual-language text alignment, ROI-feature regression, masked visual-attribute modeling, masked visual-object modeling, and visual-question answering objectives. The pretraining consists of multiple multi-modal datasets: MSCOCO, Visual-Genome + Visual-Genome Question Answering, VQA 2.0, and GQA. The abstract from the paper is the following: Vision-and-language reasoning requires an understanding of visual concepts, language semantics, and, most importantly, the alignment and relationships between these two modalities. We thus propose the LXMERT (Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers) framework to learn these vision-and-language connections. In LXMERT, we build a large-scale Transformer model that consists of three encoders: an object relationship encoder, a language encoder, and a cross-modality encoder. Next, to endow our model with the capability of connecting vision and language semantics, we pre-train the model with large amounts of image-and-sentence pairs, via five diverse representative pretraining tasks: masked language modeling, masked object prediction (feature regression and label classification), cross-modality matching, and image question answering. These tasks help in learning both intra-modality and cross-modality relationships. After fine-tuning from our pretrained parameters, our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on two visual question answering datasets (i.e., VQA and GQA). We also show the generalizability of our pretrained cross-modality model by adapting it to a challenging visual-reasoning task, NLVR, and improve the previous best result by 22% absolute (54% to 76%). Lastly, we demonstrate detailed ablation studies to prove that both our novel model components and pretraining strategies significantly contribute to our strong results; and also present several attention visualizations for the different encoders Tips: Bounding boxes are not necessary to be used in the visual feature embeddings, any kind of visual-spacial features will work. Both the language hidden states and the visual hidden states that LXMERT outputs are passed through the cross-modality layer, so they contain information from both modalities. To access a modality that only attends to itself, select the vision/language hidden states from the first input in the tuple. The bidirectional cross-modality encoder attention only returns attention values when the language modality is used as the input and the vision modality is used as the context vector. Further, while the cross-modality encoder contains self-attention for each respective modality and cross-attention, only the cross attention is returned and both self attention outputs are disregarded. This model was contributed by eltoto1219. The original code can be found here.
LayoutLM model was proposed in the paper LayoutLM: Pre-training of Text and Layout for Document Image Understanding by Yiheng Xu, Minghao Li, Lei Cui, Shaohan Huang, Furu Wei, and Ming Zhou. It’s a simple but effective pretraining method of text and layout for document image understanding and information extraction tasks, such as form understanding and receipt understanding. It obtains state-of-the-art results on several downstream tasks: form understanding: the FUNSD dataset (a collection of 199 annotated forms comprising more than 30,000 words). receipt understanding: the SROIE dataset (a collection of 626 receipts for training and 347 receipts for testing). document image classification: the RVL-CDIP dataset (a collection of 400,000 images belonging to one of 16 classes). The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-training techniques have been verified successfully in a variety of NLP tasks in recent years. Despite the widespread use of pretraining models for NLP applications, they almost exclusively focus on text-level manipulation, while neglecting layout and style information that is vital for document image understanding. In this paper, we propose the LayoutLM to jointly model interactions between text and layout information across scanned document images, which is beneficial for a great number of real-world document image understanding tasks such as information extraction from scanned documents. Furthermore, we also leverage image features to incorporate words’ visual information into LayoutLM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that text and layout are jointly learned in a single framework for document-level pretraining. It achieves new state-of-the-art results in several downstream tasks, including form understanding (from 70.72 to 79.27), receipt understanding (from 94.02 to 95.24) and document image classification (from 93.07 to 94.42). Tips: In addition to input_ids, forward() also expects the input bbox, which are the bounding boxes (i.e. 2D-positions) of the input tokens. These can be obtained using an external OCR engine such as Google’s Tesseract (there’s a Python wrapper available). Each bounding box should be in (x0, y0, x1, y1) format, where (x0, y0) corresponds to the position of the upper left corner in the bounding box, and (x1, y1) represents the position of the lower right corner. Note that one first needs to normalize the bounding boxes to be on a 0-1000 scale.
LayoutLMV2 model was proposed in LayoutLMv2: Multi-modal Pre-training for Visually-Rich Document Understanding by Yang Xu, Yiheng Xu, Tengchao Lv, Lei Cui, Furu Wei, Guoxin Wang, Yijuan Lu, Dinei Florencio, Cha Zhang, Wanxiang Che, Min Zhang, Lidong Zhou. LayoutLMV2 improves LayoutLM to obtain state-of-the-art results across several document image understanding benchmarks: information extraction from scanned documents: the FUNSD dataset (a collection of 199 annotated forms comprising more than 30,000 words), the CORD dataset (a collection of 800 receipts for training, 100 for validation and 100 for testing), the SROIE dataset (a collection of 626 receipts for training and 347 receipts for testing) and the Kleister-NDA dataset (a collection of non-disclosure agreements from the EDGAR database, including 254 documents for training, 83 documents for validation, and 203 documents for testing). document image classification: the RVL-CDIP dataset (a collection of 400,000 images belonging to one of 16 classes). document visual question answering: the DocVQA dataset (a collection of 50,000 questions defined on 12,000+ document images). The abstract from the paper is the following: Pre-training of text and layout has proved effective in a variety of visually-rich document understanding tasks due to its effective model architecture and the advantage of large-scale unlabeled scanned/digital-born documents. In this paper, we present LayoutLMv2 by pre-training text, layout and image in a multi-modal framework, where new model architectures and pre-training tasks are leveraged. Specifically, LayoutLMv2 not only uses the existing masked visual-language modeling task but also the new text-image alignment and text-image matching tasks in the pre-training stage, where cross-modality interaction is better learned. Meanwhile, it also integrates a spatial-aware self-attention mechanism into the Transformer architecture, so that the model can fully understand the relative positional relationship among different text blocks. Experiment results show that LayoutLMv2 outperforms strong baselines and achieves new state-of-the-art results on a wide variety of downstream visually-rich document understanding tasks, including FUNSD (0.7895 -> 0.8420), CORD (0.9493 -> 0.9601), SROIE (0.9524 -> 0.9781), Kleister-NDA (0.834 -> 0.852), RVL-CDIP (0.9443 -> 0.9564), and DocVQA (0.7295 -> 0.8672). The pre-trained LayoutLMv2 model is publicly available at this https URL.
LayoutXLM was proposed in LayoutXLM: Multimodal Pre-training for Multilingual Visually-rich Document Understanding by Yiheng Xu, Tengchao Lv, Lei Cui, Guoxin Wang, Yijuan Lu, Dinei Florencio, Cha Zhang, Furu Wei. It’s a multilingual extension of the LayoutLMv2 model trained on 53 languages. The abstract from the paper is the following: Multimodal pre-training with text, layout, and image has achieved SOTA performance for visually-rich document understanding tasks recently, which demonstrates the great potential for joint learning across different modalities. In this paper, we present LayoutXLM, a multimodal pre-trained model for multilingual document understanding, which aims to bridge the language barriers for visually-rich document understanding. To accurately evaluate LayoutXLM, we also introduce a multilingual form understanding benchmark dataset named XFUN, which includes form understanding samples in 7 languages (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, French, Italian, German, Portuguese), and key-value pairs are manually labeled for each language. Experiment results show that the LayoutXLM model has significantly outperformed the existing SOTA cross-lingual pre-trained models on the XFUN dataset.
LeCun, Yann, Léon Bottou, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner. "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE 86, no. 11 (1998): 2278-2324.
LeNet is a convolutional neural network structure proposed by Yann LeCun et al. in 1989. In general, LeNet refers to lenet-5 and is a simple convolutional neural network. Convolutional neural networks are a kind of feed-forward neural network whose artificial neurons can respond to a part of the surrounding cells in the coverage range and perform well in large-scale image processing.
Longformer model was presented in Longformer: The Long-Document Transformer by Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, Arman Cohan. The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism that scales linearly with sequence length, making it easy to process documents of thousands of tokens or longer. Longformer’s attention mechanism is a drop-in replacement for the standard self-attention and combines a local windowed attention with a task motivated global attention. Following prior work on long-sequence transformers, we evaluate Longformer on character-level language modeling and achieve state-of-the-art results on text8 and enwik8. In contrast to most prior work, we also pretrain Longformer and finetune it on a variety of downstream tasks. Our pretrained Longformer consistently outperforms RoBERTa on long document tasks and sets new state-of-the-art results on WikiHop and TriviaQA. Tips: Since the Longformer is based on RoBERTa, it doesn’t have token_type_ids. You don’t need to indicate which token belongs to which segment. Just separate your segments with the separation token tokenizer.sep_token (or ).
M2M100 model was proposed in Beyond English-Centric Multilingual Machine Translation by Angela Fan, Shruti Bhosale, Holger Schwenk, Zhiyi Ma, Ahmed El-Kishky, Siddharth Goyal, Mandeep Baines, Onur Celebi, Guillaume Wenzek, Vishrav Chaudhary, Naman Goyal, Tom Birch, Vitaliy Liptchinsky, Sergey Edunov, Edouard Grave, Michael Auli, Armand Joulin. The abstract from the paper is the following: Existing work in translation demonstrated the potential of massively multilingual machine translation by training a single model able to translate between any pair of languages. However, much of this work is English-Centric by training only on data which was translated from or to English. While this is supported by large sources of training data, it does not reflect translation needs worldwide. In this work, we create a true Many-to-Many multilingual translation model that can translate directly between any pair of 100 languages. We build and open source a training dataset that covers thousands of language directions with supervised data, created through large-scale mining. Then, we explore how to effectively increase model capacity through a combination of dense scaling and language-specific sparse parameters to create high quality models. Our focus on non-English-Centric models brings gains of more than 10 BLEU when directly translating between non-English directions while performing competitively to the best single systems of WMT. We open-source our scripts so that others may reproduce the data, evaluation, and final M2M-100 model.
MBart model was presented in Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation by Yinhan Liu, Jiatao Gu, Naman Goyal, Xian Li, Sergey Edunov Marjan Ghazvininejad, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer. According to the abstract, MBART is a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pretrained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective. mBART is one of the first methods for pretraining a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text.
MBart-50 is a MBart model, which was presented in Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation by Yinhan Liu, Jiatao Gu, Naman Goyal, Xian Li, Sergey Edunov Marjan Ghazvininejad, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer. According to the abstract, MBART is a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pretrained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective. mBART is one of the first methods for pretraining a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text.
MPNet model was proposed in MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding by Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, Tie-Yan Liu. MPNet adopts a novel pre-training method, named masked and permuted language modeling, to inherit the advantages of masked language modeling and permuted language modeling for natural language understanding. The abstract from the paper is the following: BERT adopts masked language modeling (MLM) for pre-training and is one of the most successful pre-training models. Since BERT neglects dependency among predicted tokens, XLNet introduces permuted language modeling (PLM) for pre-training to address this problem. However, XLNet does not leverage the full position information of a sentence and thus suffers from position discrepancy between pre-training and fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose MPNet, a novel pre-training method that inherits the advantages of BERT and XLNet and avoids their limitations. MPNet leverages the dependency among predicted tokens through permuted language modeling (vs. MLM in BERT), and takes auxiliary position information as input to make the model see a full sentence and thus reducing the position discrepancy (vs. PLM in XLNet). We pre-train MPNet on a large-scale dataset (over 160GB text corpora) and fine-tune on a variety of down-streaming tasks (GLUE, SQuAD, etc). Experimental results show that MPNet outperforms MLM and PLM by a large margin, and achieves better results on these tasks compared with previous state-of-the-art pre-trained methods (e.g., BERT, XLNet, RoBERTa) under the same model setting.
mT5 model was presented in mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer by Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, Colin Raffel. The abstract from the paper is the following: The recent “Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer” (T5) leveraged a unified text-to-text format and scale to attain state-of-the-art results on a wide variety of English-language NLP tasks. In this paper, we introduce mT5, a multilingual variant of T5 that was pre-trained on a new Common Crawl-based dataset covering 101 languages. We describe the design and modified training of mT5 and demonstrate its state-of-the-art performance on many multilingual benchmarks. All of the code and model checkpoints
MarianMT is a Translations model, but not identical to output in the test set linked to in each model card. The list of supported language pairs can be found here. Models were originally trained by Jörg Tiedemann using the Marian C++ library, which supports fast training and translation. All models are transformer encoder-decoders with 6 layers in each component. Each model’s performance is documented in a model card. The 80 opus models that require BPE preprocessing are not supported. The modeling code is the same as BartForConditionalGeneration with a few minor modifications: static (sinusoid) positional embeddings (MarianConfig.static_position_embeddings=True) no layernorm_embedding (MarianConfig.normalize_embedding=False) the model starts generating with pad_token_id (which has 0 as a token_embedding) as the prefix (Bart uses ), Code to bulk convert models can be found in convert_marian_to_pytorch.py. This model was contributed by sshleifer. Naming All model names use the following format: Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-{src}-{tgt} The language codes used to name models are inconsistent. Two digit codes can usually be found here, three digit codes require googling “language code {code}”. Codes formatted like es_AR are usually code_{region}. That one is Spanish from Argentina. The models were converted in two stages. The first 1000 models use ISO-639-2 codes to identify languages, the second group use a combination of ISO-639-5 codes and ISO-639-2 codes. Examples Since Marian models are smaller than many other translation models available in the library, they can be useful for fine-tuning experiments and integration tests. Fine-tune on GPU Fine-tune on GPU with pytorch-lightning Multilingual Models All model names use the following format: Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-{src}-{tgt}: If a model can output multiple languages, and you should specify a language code by prepending the desired output language to the src_text. You can see a models’s supported language codes in its model card, under target constituents, like in opus-mt-en-roa. Note that if a model is only multilingual on the source side, like Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-roa-en, no language codes are required.
MegatronBERT model was proposed in Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism by Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper and Bryan Catanzaro. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent work in language modeling demonstrates that training large transformer models advances the state of the art in Natural Language Processing applications. However, very large models can be quite difficult to train due to memory constraints. In this work, we present our techniques for training very large transformer models and implement a simple, efficient intra-layer model parallel approach that enables training transformer models with billions of parameters. Our approach does not require a new compiler or library changes, is orthogonal and complimentary to pipeline model parallelism, and can be fully implemented with the insertion of a few communication operations in native PyTorch. We illustrate this approach by converging transformer based models up to 8.3 billion parameters using 512 GPUs. We sustain 15.1 PetaFLOPs across the entire application with 76% scaling efficiency when compared to a strong single GPU baseline that sustains 39 TeraFLOPs, which is 30% of peak FLOPs. To demonstrate that large language models can further advance the state of the art (SOTA), we train an 8.3 billion parameter transformer language model similar to GPT-2 and a 3.9 billion parameter model similar to BERT. We show that careful attention to the placement of layer normalization in BERT-like models is critical to achieving increased performance as the model size grows. Using the GPT-2 model we achieve SOTA results on the WikiText103 (10.8 compared to SOTA perplexity of 15.8) and LAMBADA (66.5% compared to SOTA accuracy of 63.2%) datasets. Our BERT model achieves SOTA results on the RACE dataset (90.9% compared to SOTA accuracy of 89.4%).
MegatronGPT2 model was proposed in Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism by Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper and Bryan Catanzaro. The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent work in language modeling demonstrates that training large transformer models advances the state of the art in Natural Language Processing applications. However, very large models can be quite difficult to train due to memory constraints. In this work, we present our techniques for training very large transformer models and implement a simple, efficient intra-layer model parallel approach that enables training transformer models with billions of parameters. Our approach does not require a new compiler or library changes, is orthogonal and complimentary to pipeline model parallelism, and can be fully implemented with the insertion of a few communication operations in native PyTorch. We illustrate this approach by converging transformer based models up to 8.3 billion parameters using 512 GPUs. We sustain 15.1 PetaFLOPs across the entire application with 76% scaling efficiency when compared to a strong single GPU baseline that sustains 39 TeraFLOPs, which is 30% of peak FLOPs. To demonstrate that large language models can further advance the state of the art (SOTA), we train an 8.3 billion parameter transformer language model similar to GPT-2 and a 3.9 billion parameter model similar to BERT. We show that careful attention to the placement of layer normalization in BERT-like models is critical to achieving increased performance as the model size grows. Using the GPT-2 model we achieve SOTA results on the WikiText103 (10.8 compared to SOTA perplexity of 15.8) and LAMBADA (66.5% compared to SOTA accuracy of 63.2%) datasets. Our BERT model achieves SOTA results on the RACE dataset (90.9% compared to SOTA accuracy of 89.4%).
MobileBERT model was proposed in MobileBERT: a Compact Task-Agnostic BERT for Resource-Limited Devices by Zhiqing Sun, Hongkun Yu, Xiaodan Song, Renjie Liu, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. It’s a bidirectional transformer based on the BERT model, which is compressed and accelerated using several approaches. The abstract from the paper is the following: Natural Language Processing (NLP) has recently achieved great success by using huge pre-trained models with hundreds of millions of parameters. However, these models suffer from heavy model sizes and high latency such that they cannot be deployed to resource-limited mobile devices. In this paper, we propose MobileBERT for compressing and accelerating the popular BERT model. Like the original BERT, MobileBERT is task-agnostic, that is, it can be generically applied to various downstream NLP tasks via simple fine-tuning. Basically, MobileBERT is a thin version of BERT_LARGE, while equipped with bottleneck structures and a carefully designed balance between self-attentions and feed-forward networks. To train MobileBERT, we first train a specially designed teacher model, an inverted-bottleneck incorporated BERT_LARGE model. Then, we conduct knowledge transfer from this teacher to MobileBERT. Empirical studies show that MobileBERT is 4.3x smaller and 5.5x faster than BERT_BASE while achieving competitive results on well-known benchmarks. On the natural language inference tasks of GLUE, MobileBERT achieves a GLUEscore o 77.7 (0.6 lower than BERT_BASE), and 62 ms latency on a Pixel 4 phone. On the SQuAD v1.1/v2.0 question answering task, MobileBERT achieves a dev F1 score of 90.0/79.2 (1.5/2.1 higher than BERT_BASE). Tips: MobileBERT is a model with absolute position embeddings so it’s usually advised to pad the inputs on the right rather than the left. MobileBERT is similar to BERT and therefore relies on the masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It is therefore efficient at predicting masked tokens and at NLU in general, but is not optimal for text generation. Models trained with a causal language modeling (CLM) objective are better in that regard.
MobileNetV2 is a convolutional neural network architecture that seeks to perform well on mobile devices. It is based on an inverted residual structure where the residual connections are between the bottleneck layers. The intermediate expansion layer uses lightweight depthwise convolutions to filter features as a source of non-linearity. As a whole, the architecture of MobileNetV2 contains the initial fully convolution layer with 32 filters, followed by 19 residual bottleneck layers.
Yamada, Ikuya, and Hiroyuki Shindo. "Neural attentive bag-of-entities model for text classification." arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.01259 (2019).
NABoE is Neural Attentive Bag-of-Entities Model for Text Classification (NABoE) Neural networks have always been the most popular models for NLP tasks and they outperform the more traditional models. Additionally, replacing entities with words while building the knowledge base from the corpus has improved model learning. This means that instead of building vocabulary from the words in a corpus, we build a bag of entities using Entity Linking. Though there has been research on this method of representing the corpus to the model, the NABoE model goes a step further by: + Using a Neural network to detect the entities + Using the attention mechanism to compute the weights on the detected entities (this decides the relevance of the entities for the document in question) Bag_Entitities, text_classification The Neural Attentive Bag of Entities model uses the Wikipedia corpus to detect the associated entities with a word. For example, the word "Apple" can refer to the fruit, the company, and other possible entities. Once all these entities are retrieved, the weight of each entity is calculated using the softmax-based attention function. This gives a smaller subset of entities which are relevant only to that particular document. In the end, the final representation of the word is given by its vectorized embedding combined with the vectorized embedding of the relevant entities associated with the word.
NASNet refers to Neural Architecture Search Network, a family of models that were designed automatically by learning the model architectures directly on the dataset of interest. Here we consider NASNet-A, the highest performance model that was found for the CIFAR-10 dataset, and then extended to ImageNet 2012 dataset, obtaining state of the art performance on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet 2012. Only the NASNet-A models, and their respective weights, which are suited for ImageNet 2012 are provided.
NASNet-Large is a convolutional neural network that is trained on more than a million images from the ImageNet database. The network can classify images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. As a result, the network has learned rich feature representations for a wide range of images. The network has an image input size of 331-by-331.
NASNet-Mobile is a convolutional neural network that is trained on more than a million images from the ImageNet database. The network can classify images into 1000 object categories, such as keyboard, mouse, pencil, and many animals. As a result, the network has learned rich feature representations for a wide range of images. The network has an image input size of 224-by-224.
OverFeat is an Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection using Convolutional Networks
Pegasus model was proposed in PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization by Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu on Dec 18, 2019. Pegasus’ pretraining task is intentionally similar to summarization: important sentences are removed/masked from an input document and are generated together as one output sequence from the remaining sentences, similar to an extractive summary. Pegasus achieves SOTA summarization performance on all 12 downstream tasks, as measured by ROUGE and human eval.
PhoBERT model was proposed in PhoBERT: Pre-trained language models for Vietnamese by Dat Quoc Nguyen, Anh Tuan Nguyen. The abstract from the paper is the following: We present PhoBERT with two versions, PhoBERT-base and PhoBERT-large, the first public large-scale monolingual language models pre-trained for Vietnamese. Experimental results show that PhoBERT consistently outperforms the recent best pre-trained multilingual model XLM-R (Conneau et al., 2020) and improves the state-of-the-art in multiple Vietnamese-specific NLP tasks including Part-of-speech tagging, Dependency parsing, Named-entity recognition and Natural language inference.
ProphetNet model was proposed in ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training, by Yu Yan, Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Dayiheng Liu, Nan Duan, Jiusheng Chen, Ruofei Zhang, Ming Zhou on 13 Jan, 2020. ProphetNet is an encoder-decoder model and can predict n-future tokens for “ngram” language modeling instead of just the next token. The abstract from the paper is the following: In this paper, we present a new sequence-to-sequence pretraining model called ProphetNet, which introduces a novel self-supervised objective named future n-gram prediction and the proposed n-stream self-attention mechanism. Instead of the optimization of one-step ahead prediction in traditional sequence-to-sequence model, the ProphetNet is optimized by n-step ahead prediction which predicts the next n tokens simultaneously based on previous context tokens at each time step. The future n-gram prediction explicitly encourages the model to plan for the future tokens and prevent overfitting on strong local correlations. We pre-train ProphetNet using a base scale dataset (16GB) and a large scale dataset (160GB) respectively. Then we conduct experiments on CNN/DailyMail, Gigaword, and SQuAD 1.1 benchmarks for abstractive summarization and question generation tasks. Experimental results show that ProphetNet achieves new state-of-the-art results on all these datasets compared to the models using the same scale pretraining corpus.
Retrieval-augmented generation (“RAG”) models combine the powers of pretrained dense retrieval (DPR) and sequence-to-sequence models. RAG models retrieve documents, pass them to a seq2seq model, then marginalize to generate outputs. The retriever and seq2seq modules are initialized from pretrained models, and fine-tuned jointly, allowing both retrieval and generation to adapt to downstream tasks. It is based on the paper Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks by Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandara Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, Douwe Kiela. The abstract from the paper is the following: Large pre-trained language models have been shown to store factual knowledge in their parameters, and achieve state-of-the-art results when fine-tuned on downstream NLP tasks. However, their ability to access and precisely manipulate knowledge is still limited, and hence on knowledge-intensive tasks, their performance lags behind task-specific architectures. Additionally, providing provenance for their decisions and updating their world knowledge remain open research problems. Pre-trained models with a differentiable access mechanism to explicit nonparametric memory can overcome this issue, but have so far been only investigated for extractive downstream tasks. We explore a general-purpose fine-tuning recipe for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) — models which combine pre-trained parametric and non-parametric memory for language generation. We introduce RAG models where the parametric memory is a pre-trained seq2seq model and the non-parametric memory is a dense vector index of Wikipedia, accessed with a pre-trained neural retriever. We compare two RAG formulations, one which conditions on the same retrieved passages across the whole generated sequence, the other can use different passages per token. We fine-tune and evaluate our models on a wide range of knowledge-intensive NLP tasks and set the state-of-the-art on three open domain QA tasks, outperforming parametric seq2seq models and task-specific retrieve-and-extract architectures. For language generation tasks, we find that RAG models generate more specific, diverse and factual language than a state-of-the-art parametric-only seq2seq baseline.
Reformer model was proposed in the paper Reformer: The Efficient Transformer by Nikita Kitaev, Łukasz Kaiser, Anselm Levskaya. The abstract from the paper is the following: Large Transformer models routinely achieve state-of-the-art results on a number of tasks but training these models can be prohibitively costly, especially on long sequences. We introduce two techniques to improve the efficiency of Transformers. For one, we replace dot-product attention by one that uses locality-sensitive hashing, changing its complexity from O(L^2) to O(Llog(L)), where L is the length of the sequence. Furthermore, we use reversible residual layers instead of the standard residuals, which allows storing activations only once in the training process instead of N times, where N is the number of layers. The resulting model, the Reformer, performs on par with Transformer models while being much more memory-efficient and much faster on long sequences.
RemBERT model was proposed in Rethinking Embedding Coupling in Pre-trained Language Models by Hyung Won Chung, Thibault Févry, Henry Tsai, Melvin Johnson, Sebastian Ruder. The abstract from the paper is the following: We re-evaluate the standard practice of sharing weights between input and output embeddings in state-of-the-art pre-trained language models. We show that decoupled embeddings provide increased modeling flexibility, allowing us to significantly improve the efficiency of parameter allocation in the input embedding of multilingual models. By reallocating the input embedding parameters in the Transformer layers, we achieve dramatically better performance on standard natural language understanding tasks with the same number of parameters during fine-tuning. We also show that allocating additional capacity to the output embedding provides benefits to the model that persist through the fine-tuning stage even though the output embedding is discarded after pre-training. Our analysis shows that larger output embeddings prevent the model’s last layers from overspecializing to the pre-training task and encourage Transformer representations to be more general and more transferable to other tasks and languages. Harnessing these findings, we are able to train models that achieve strong performance on the XTREME benchmark without increasing the number of parameters at the fine-tuning stage.
A residual neural network (ResNet) is an artificial neural network (ANN) of a kind that builds on constructs known from pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex.
ResNet-50 is a pretrained Deep Learning model for image classification of the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN, or ConvNet), which is a class of deep neural networks, most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery. ResNet-50 is 50 layers deep and is trained on a million images of 1000 categories from the ImageNet database. Furthermore the model has over 23 million trainable parameters, which indicates a deep architecture that makes it better for image recognition. Using a pretrained model is a highly effective approach, compared if you need to build it from scratch, where you need to collect great amounts of data and train it yourself. Of course, there are other pretrained deep models to use such as AlexNet, GoogleNet or VGG19, but the ResNet-50 is noted for excellent generalization performance with fewer error rates on recognition tasks and is therefore a useful tool to know.
RetinaNet is a one-stage object detection model that utilizes a focal loss function to address class imbalance during training. Focal loss applies a modulating term to the cross entropy loss in order to focus learning on hard negative examples. RetinaNet is a single, unified network composed of a backbone network and two task-specific subnetworks. The backbone is responsible for computing a convolutional feature map over an entire input image and is an off-the-self convolutional network. The first subnet performs convolutional object classification on the backbone's output; the second subnet performs convolutional bounding box regression. The two subnetworks feature a simple design that the authors propose specifically for one-stage, dense detection.
RetriBERT model was proposed in the blog post Explain Anything Like I’m Five: A Model for Open Domain Long Form Question Answering. RetriBERT is a small model that uses either a single or pair of BERT encoders with lower-dimension projection for dense semantic indexing of text.
Liu, Yinhan, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. "Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach." arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019).
Facebook’s RoBERTa is an optimised method for pre-training a self-supervised NLP system built on BERT’s language masking strategy. The model has been trained to predict intentionally hidden sections of text within otherwise unannotated language examples. RoBERTa modifies key hyperparameters in the model BERT allowing it to improve on the masked language modelling objective leading to better downstream task performance. The researchers are also training RoBERTa on more data than BERT and for a more extended amount of time. Researchers used existing unannotated natural language processing data sets as well as public news articles to train the model.
RoFormer model was proposed in RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding by Jianlin Su and Yu Lu and Shengfeng Pan and Bo Wen and Yunfeng Liu. The abstract from the paper is the following: Position encoding in transformer architecture provides supervision for dependency modeling between elements at different positions in the sequence. We investigate various methods to encode positional information in transformer-based language models and propose a novel implementation named Rotary Position Embedding(RoPE). The proposed RoPE encodes absolute positional information with rotation matrix and naturally incorporates explicit relative position dependency in self-attention formulation. Notably, RoPE comes with valuable properties such as flexibility of being expand to any sequence lengths, decaying inter-token dependency with increasing relative distances, and capability of equipping the linear self-attention with relative position encoding. As a result, the enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding, or RoFormer, achieves superior performance in tasks with long texts. We release the theoretical analysis along with some preliminary experiment results on Chinese data. The undergoing experiment for English benchmark will soon be updated.
SegNet neural network, developed by Alex Kendall, Vijay Badrinarayanan, and Roberto Cipolla, all from the University of Cambridge, is a convolutional neural network used for semantic pixel wise labeling. This problem is more commonly called semantic segmentation. Networks used for semantic segmentation typically take an RGB image as input data, and have a label which is an n channel image, where n is the number of labels involved. Each channel corresponds to a label, for example cars, road, etc, and each pixel in a certain channel will be 1 or 0 depending on whether that pixel belongs to the label corresponding to that channel. SegNet consists of layers called encoders and decoders. Each encoder applies convolution, batch normalization and a non linearity, then applies max pooling on the result, while storing the index of the value extracted from each window. Decoders are similar to the encoders, the difference is that they don’t have a non linearity, and they upsample their input, using indices stored from the encoding stage. After the final decoder, the output is fed to a softmax classifier which gives the final prediction. The prediction is going to be an n channel image so we have to write a separate function to convert it into an RGB image where we can look at the results qualitatively.
ShuffleNet is an Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices It is introduced as an extremely computation-efficient CNN architecture named ShuffleNet, which is designed specially for mobile devices with very limited computing power (e.g., 10-150 MFLOPs). The new architecture utilizes two new operations, pointwise group convolution and channel shuffle, to greatly reduce computation cost while maintaining accuracy. Experiments on ImageNet classification and MS COCO object detection demonstrate the superior performance of ShuffleNet over other structures, e.g. lower top-1 error (absolute 7.8%) than recent MobileNet on ImageNet classification task, under the computation budget of 40 MFLOPs. On an ARM-based mobile device, ShuffleNet achieves ~13x actual speedup over AlexNet while maintaining comparable accuracy
Speech2Text model was proposed in fairseq S2T: Fast Speech-to-Text Modeling with fairseq by Changhan Wang, Yun Tang, Xutai Ma, Anne Wu, Dmytro Okhonko, Juan Pino. It’s a transformer-based seq2seq (encoder-decoder) model designed for end-to-end Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Speech Translation (ST). It uses a convolutional downsampler to reduce the length of speech inputs by 3/4th before they are fed into the encoder. The model is trained with standard autoregressive cross-entropy loss and generates the transcripts/translations autoregressively. Speech2Text has been fine-tuned on several datasets for ASR and ST: LibriSpeech, CoVoST 2, MuST-C.
Splinter model was proposed in Few-Shot Question Answering by Pretraining Span Selection by Ori Ram, Yuval Kirstain, Jonathan Berant, Amir Globerson, Omer Levy. Splinter is an encoder-only transformer (similar to BERT) pretrained using the recurring span selection task on a large corpus comprising Wikipedia and the Toronto Book Corpus. The abstract from the paper is the following: In several question answering benchmarks, pretrained models have reached human parity through fine-tuning on an order of 100,000 annotated questions and answers. We explore the more realistic few-shot setting, where only a few hundred training examples are available, and observe that standard models perform poorly, highlighting the discrepancy between current pretraining objectives and question answering. We propose a new pretraining scheme tailored for question answering: recurring span selection. Given a passage with multiple sets of recurring spans, we mask in each set all recurring spans but one, and ask the model to select the correct span in the passage for each masked span. Masked spans are replaced with a special token, viewed as a question representation, that is later used during fine-tuning to select the answer span. The resulting model obtains surprisingly good results on multiple benchmarks (e.g., 72.7 F1 on SQuAD with only 128 training examples), while maintaining competitive performance in the high-resource setting.
SqueezeBERT model was proposed in SqueezeBERT: What can computer vision teach NLP about efficient neural networks? by Forrest N. Iandola, Albert E. Shaw, Ravi Krishna, Kurt W. Keutzer. It’s a bidirectional transformer similar to the BERT model. The key difference between the BERT architecture and the SqueezeBERT architecture is that SqueezeBERT uses grouped convolutions instead of fully-connected layers for the Q, K, V and FFN layers. The abstract from the paper is the following: Humans read and write hundreds of billions of messages every day. Further, due to the availability of large datasets, large computing systems, and better neural network models, natural language processing (NLP) technology has made significant strides in understanding, proofreading, and organizing these messages. Thus, there is a significant opportunity to deploy NLP in myriad applications to help web users, social networks, and businesses. In particular, we consider smartphones and other mobile devices as crucial platforms for deploying NLP models at scale. However, today’s highly-accurate NLP neural network models such as BERT and RoBERTa are extremely computationally expensive, with BERT-base taking 1.7 seconds to classify a text snippet on a Pixel 3 smartphone. In this work, we observe that methods such as grouped convolutions have yielded significant speedups for computer vision networks, but many of these techniques have not been adopted by NLP neural network designers. We demonstrate how to replace several operations in self-attention layers with grouped convolutions, and we use this technique in a novel network architecture called SqueezeBERT, which runs 4.3x faster than BERT-base on the Pixel 3 while achieving competitive accuracy on the GLUE test set. The SqueezeBERT code will be released.
Raffel, Colin, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. "Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer." Journal of Machine Learning Research 21 (2020): 1-67.
T5 is a transformer model which aims to provide great flexibility and provide better semantic understanding through the training of multiple tasks at once. Transformer-based language model trained on multiple tasks including summarization, sentiment-analysis, q&a, translation etc. The implementation in this repo is an adaptation of the onnxt5 repo which makes the export and use of T5 with ONNX easier.
T5 library serves primarily as code for reproducing the experiments in Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. In the paper, we demonstrate how to achieve state-of-the-art results on multiple NLP tasks using a text-to-text transformer pre-trained on a large text corpus. The bulk of the code in this repository is used for loading, preprocessing, mixing, and evaluating datasets. It also provides a way to fine-tune the pre-trained models released alongside the publication. The t5 library can be used for future model development by providing useful modules for training and fine-tuning (potentially huge) models on mixtures of text-to-text tasks.
TAPAS model was proposed in TAPAS: Weakly Supervised Table Parsing via Pre-training by Jonathan Herzig, Paweł Krzysztof Nowak, Thomas Müller, Francesco Piccinno and Julian Martin Eisenschlos. It’s a BERT-based model specifically designed (and pre-trained) for answering questions about tabular data. Compared to BERT, TAPAS uses relative position embeddings and has 7 token types that encode tabular structure. TAPAS is pre-trained on the masked language modeling (MLM) objective on a large dataset comprising millions of tables from English Wikipedia and corresponding texts. For question answering, TAPAS has 2 heads on top: a cell selection head and an aggregation head, for (optionally) performing aggregations (such as counting or summing) among selected cells. TAPAS has been fine-tuned on several datasets: SQA (Sequential Question Answering by Microsoft), WTQ (Wiki Table Questions by Stanford University) and WikiSQL (by Salesforce). It achieves state-of-the-art on both SQA and WTQ, while having comparable performance to SOTA on WikiSQL, with a much simpler architecture. The abstract from the paper is the following: Answering natural language questions over tables is usually seen as a semantic parsing task. To alleviate the collection cost of full logical forms, one popular approach focuses on weak supervision consisting of denotations instead of logical forms. However, training semantic parsers from weak supervision poses difficulties, and in addition, the generated logical forms are only used as an intermediate step prior to retrieving the denotation. In this paper, we present TAPAS, an approach to question answering over tables without generating logical forms. TAPAS trains from weak supervision, and predicts the denotation by selecting table cells and optionally applying a corresponding aggregation operator to such selection. TAPAS extends BERT’s architecture to encode tables as input, initializes from an effective joint pre-training of text segments and tables crawled from Wikipedia, and is trained end-to-end. We experiment with three different semantic parsing datasets, and find that TAPAS outperforms or rivals semantic parsing models by improving state-of-the-art accuracy on SQA from 55.1 to 67.2 and performing on par with the state-of-the-art on WIKISQL and WIKITQ, but with a simpler model architecture. We additionally find that transfer learning, which is trivial in our setting, from WIKISQL to WIKITQ, yields 48.7 accuracy, 4.2 points above the state-of-the-art. In addition, the authors have further pre-trained TAPAS to recognize table entailment, by creating a balanced dataset of millions of automatically created training examples which are learned in an intermediate step prior to fine-tuning. The authors of TAPAS call this further pre-training intermediate pre-training (since TAPAS is first pre-trained on MLM, and then on another dataset). They found that intermediate pre-training further improves performance on SQA, achieving a new state-of-the-art as well as state-of-the-art on TabFact, a large-scale dataset with 16k Wikipedia tables for table entailment (a binary classification task). For more details, see their follow-up paper: Understanding tables with intermediate pre-training by Julian Martin Eisenschlos, Syrine Krichene and Thomas Müller.
ToD-BERT is Pre-trained Natural Language Understanding for Task-Oriented Dialogues.
Transformer-XL model was proposed in Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context by Zihang Dai, Zhilin Yang, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Quoc V. Le, Ruslan Salakhutdinov. It’s a causal (uni-directional) transformer with relative positioning (sinusoïdal) embeddings which can reuse previously computed hidden-states to attend to longer context (memory). This model also uses adaptive softmax inputs and outputs (tied). The abstract from the paper is the following: Transformers have a potential of learning longer-term dependency, but are limited by a fixed-length context in the setting of language modeling. We propose a novel neural architecture Transformer-XL that enables learning dependency beyond a fixed length without disrupting temporal coherence. It consists of a segment-level recurrence mechanism and a novel positional encoding scheme. Our method not only enables capturing longer-term dependency, but also resolves the context fragmentation problem. As a result, Transformer-XL learns dependency that is 80% longer than RNNs and 450% longer than vanilla Transformers, achieves better performance on both short and long sequences, and is up to 1,800+ times faster than vanilla Transformers during evaluation. Notably, we improve the state-of-the-art results of bpc/perplexity to 0.99 on enwiki8, 1.08 on text8, 18.3 on WikiText-103, 21.8 on One Billion Word, and 54.5 on Penn Treebank (without finetuning). When trained only on WikiText-103, Transformer-XL manages to generate reasonably coherent, novel text articles with thousands of tokens.
ULMFiT, also known as Universal Language Model Fine-tuning, is an effective transfer learning method which can be used to perform any sort of NLP tasks. The model performs significantly on six text classification tasks, reducing the error by 18-24% on the majority of datasets. Furthermore, the model has only been trained on 100 labelled examples to match the performance of model training from scratch on 100x more data. The creators have open-sourced their pre-trained models and code for developers to use.
Simonyan, Karen, and Andrew Zisserman. "Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition." arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014).
VGG16 and VGG19 have been introduced in Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large Scale Image Recognition, Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman, 2014, https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556. The network used 3×3 convolutional layers stacked and alternated with max pooling, two 4096 fully-connected layers, followed by a softmax classifier. The 16 and 19 stand for the number of weight layers in the network (columns D and E):
Vision Transformer (ViT) model was proposed in An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale by Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, Jakob Uszkoreit, Neil Houlsby. It’s the first paper that successfully trains a Transformer encoder on ImageNet, attaining very good results compared to familiar convolutional architectures. The abstract from the paper is the following: While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple mid-sized or small image recognition benchmarks (ImageNet, CIFAR-100, VTAB, etc.), Vision Transformer (ViT) attains excellent results compared to state-of-the-art convolutional networks while requiring substantially fewer computational resources to train.
VisualBERT model was proposed in VisualBERT: A Simple and Performant Baseline for Vision and Language by Liunian Harold Li, Mark Yatskar, Da Yin, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Kai-Wei Chang. VisualBERT is a neural network trained on a variety of (image, text) pairs. The abstract from the paper is the following: We propose VisualBERT, a simple and flexible framework for modeling a broad range of vision-and-language tasks. VisualBERT consists of a stack of Transformer layers that implicitly align elements of an input text and regions in an associated input image with self-attention. We further propose two visually-grounded language model objectives for pre-training VisualBERT on image caption data. Experiments on four vision-and-language tasks including VQA, VCR, NLVR2, and Flickr30K show that VisualBERT outperforms or rivals with state-of-the-art models while being significantly simpler. Further analysis demonstrates that VisualBERT can ground elements of language to image regions without any explicit supervision and is even sensitive to syntactic relationships, tracking, for example, associations between verbs and image regions corresponding to their arguments. Tips: Most of the checkpoints provided work with the VisualBertForPreTraining configuration. Other checkpoints provided are the fine-tuned checkpoints for down-stream tasks - VQA (‘visualbert-vqa’), VCR (‘visualbert-vcr’), NLVR2 (‘visualbert-nlvr2’). Hence, if you are not working on these downstream tasks, it is recommended that you use the pretrained checkpoints. For the VCR task, the authors use a fine-tuned detector for generating visual embeddings, for all the checkpoints. We do not provide the detector and its weights as a part of the package, but it will be available in the research projects, and the states can be loaded directly into the detector provided. Usage: VisualBERT is a multi-modal vision and language model. It can be used for visual question answering, multiple choice, visual reasoning and region-to-phrase correspondence tasks. VisualBERT uses a BERT-like transformer to prepare embeddings for image-text pairs. Both the text and visual features are then projected to a latent space with identical dimension. To feed images to the model, each image is passed through a pre-trained object detector and the regions and the bounding boxes are extracted. The authors use the features generated after passing these regions through a pre-trained CNN like ResNet as visual embeddings. They also add absolute position embeddings, and feed the resulting sequence of vectors to a standard BERT model. The text input is concatenated in the front of the visual embeddings in the embedding layer, and is expected to be bound by [CLS] and a [SEP] tokens, as in BERT. The segment IDs must also be set appropriately for the textual and visual parts.
XLM model was proposed in Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining by Guillaume Lample, Alexis Conneau. It’s a transformer pretrained using one of the following objectives: a causal language modeling (CLM) objective (next token prediction), a masked language modeling (MLM) objective (BERT-like), or a Translation Language Modeling (TLM) object (extension of BERT’s MLM to multiple language inputs) The abstract from the paper is the following: Recent studies have demonstrated the efficiency of generative pretraining for English natural language understanding. In this work, we extend this approach to multiple languages and show the effectiveness of cross-lingual pretraining. We propose two methods to learn cross-lingual language models (XLMs): one unsupervised that only relies on monolingual data, and one supervised that leverages parallel data with a new cross-lingual language model objective. We obtain state-of-the-art results on cross-lingual classification, unsupervised and supervised machine translation. On XNLI, our approach pushes the state of the art by an absolute gain of 4.9% accuracy. On unsupervised machine translation, we obtain 34.3 BLEU on WMT’16 German-English, improving the previous state of the art by more than 9 BLEU. On supervised machine translation, we obtain a new state of the art of 38.5 BLEU on WMT’16 Romanian-English, outperforming the previous best approach by more than 4 BLEU. Our code and pretrained models will be made publicly available.
XLM-ProphetNet model was proposed in ProphetNet: Predicting Future N-gram for Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training, by Yu Yan, Weizhen Qi, Yeyun Gong, Dayiheng Liu, Nan Duan, Jiusheng Chen, Ruofei Zhang, Ming Zhou on 13 Jan, 2020. XLM-ProphetNet is an encoder-decoder model and can predict n-future tokens for “ngram” language modeling instead of just the next token. Its architecture is identical to ProhpetNet, but the model was trained on the multi-lingual “wiki100” Wikipedia dump. The abstract from the paper is the following: In this paper, we present a new sequence-to-sequence pretraining model called ProphetNet, which introduces a novel self-supervised objective named future n-gram prediction and the proposed n-stream self-attention mechanism. Instead of the optimization of one-step ahead prediction in traditional sequence-to-sequence model, the ProphetNet is optimized by n-step ahead prediction which predicts the next n tokens simultaneously based on previous context tokens at each time step. The future n-gram prediction explicitly encourages the model to plan for the future tokens and prevent overfitting on strong local correlations. We pre-train ProphetNet using a base scale dataset (16GB) and a large scale dataset (160GB) respectively. Then we conduct experiments on CNN/DailyMail, Gigaword, and SQuAD 1.1 benchmarks for abstractive summarization and question generation tasks. Experimental results show that ProphetNet achieves new state-of-the-art results on all these datasets compared to the models using the same scale pretraining corpus.
XLM-RoBERTa model was proposed in Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale by Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov. It is based on Facebook’s RoBERTa model released in 2019. It is a large multi-lingual language model, trained on 2.5TB of filtered CommonCrawl data. The abstract from the paper is the following: This paper shows that pretraining multilingual language models at scale leads to significant performance gains for a wide range of cross-lingual transfer tasks. We train a Transformer-based masked language model on one hundred languages, using more than two terabytes of filtered CommonCrawl data. Our model, dubbed XLM-R, significantly outperforms multilingual BERT (mBERT) on a variety of cross-lingual benchmarks, including +13.8% average accuracy on XNLI, +12.3% average F1 score on MLQA, and +2.1% average F1 score on NER. XLM-R performs particularly well on low-resource languages, improving 11.8% in XNLI accuracy for Swahili and 9.2% for Urdu over the previous XLM model. We also present a detailed empirical evaluation of the key factors that are required to achieve these gains, including the trade-offs between (1) positive transfer and capacity dilution and (2) the performance of high and low resource languages at scale. Finally, we show, for the first time, the possibility of multilingual modeling without sacrificing per-language performance; XLM-Ris very competitive with strong monolingual models on the GLUE and XNLI benchmarks. We will make XLM-R code, data, and models publicly available.
Yang, Zhilin, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Quoc V. Le. "XLNet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding." arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.08237 (2019).
XLNet is an unsupervised language representation learning method based on a novel generalized permutation language modeling objective. Additionally, XLNet employs Transformer-XL as the backbone model, exhibiting excellent performance for language tasks involving long context. Overall, XLNet achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) results on various downstream language tasks including question answering, natural language inference, sentiment analysis, and document ranking.
XLSR-Wav2Vec2 model was proposed in Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning For Speech Recognition by Alexis Conneau, Alexei Baevski, Ronan Collobert, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Michael Auli. The abstract from the paper is the following: This paper presents XLSR which learns cross-lingual speech representations by pretraining a single model from the raw waveform of speech in multiple languages. We build on wav2vec 2.0 which is trained by solving a contrastive task over masked latent speech representations and jointly learns a quantization of the latents shared across languages. The resulting model is fine-tuned on labeled data and experiments show that cross-lingual pretraining significantly outperforms monolingual pretraining. On the CommonVoice benchmark, XLSR shows a relative phoneme error rate reduction of 72% compared to the best known results. On BABEL, our approach improves word error rate by 16% relative compared to a comparable system. Our approach enables a single multilingual speech recognition model which is competitive to strong individual models. Analysis shows that the latent discrete speech representations are shared across languages with increased sharing for related languages. We hope to catalyze research in low-resource speech understanding by releasing XLSR-53, a large model pretrained in 53 languages.
Xception Model is proposed by Francois Chollet. Xception is an extension of the inception Architecture which replaces the standard Inception modules with depthwise Separable Convolutions.
Redmon, Joseph, and Ali Farhadi. "YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger." In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 7263-7271. 2017.
YOLO is an ultra popular object detection framework for deep learning applications. This repository contains implementations of YOLOv2 in Keras. While the developers have tested the framework on all sorts of object images – like kangaroo detection, self-driving car, red blood cell detection, etc., they have released the pretrained model for raccoon detection.
YOLO vesion 3 is an ultra popular object detection framework for deep learning applications. This repository contains implementations of YOLOv2 in Keras. While the developers have tested the framework on all sorts of object images – like kangaroo detection, self-driving car, red blood cell detection, etc., they have released the pretrained model for raccoon detection.
NASNet refers to Neural Architecture Search Network, a family of models that were designed automatically by learning the model architectures directly on the dataset of interest.
Bojanowski, Piotr, Edouard Grave, Armand Joulin, and Tomas Mikolov. "Enriching word vectors with subword information." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (2017): 135-146.
fastText is a library for efficient learning of word representations and sentence classification.
herBERT model was proposed in KLEJ: Comprehensive Benchmark for Polish Language Understanding by Piotr Rybak, Robert Mroczkowski, Janusz Tracz, and Ireneusz Gawlik. It is a BERT-based Language Model trained on Polish Corpora using only MLM objective with dynamic masking of whole words. The abstract from the paper is the following: In recent years, a series of Transformer-based models unlocked major improvements in general natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. Such a fast pace of research would not be possible without general NLU benchmarks, which allow for a fair comparison of the proposed methods. However, such benchmarks are available only for a handful of languages. To alleviate this issue, we introduce a comprehensive multi-task benchmark for the Polish language understanding, accompanied by an online leaderboard. It consists of a diverse set of tasks, adopted from existing datasets for named entity recognition, question-answering, textual entailment, and others. We also introduce a new sentiment analysis task for the e-commerce domain, named Allegro Reviews (AR). To ensure a common evaluation scheme and promote models that generalize to different NLU tasks, the benchmark includes datasets from varying domains and applications. Additionally, we release HerBERT, a Transformer-based model trained specifically for the Polish language, which has the best average performance and obtains the best results for three out of nine tasks. Finally, we provide an extensive evaluation, including several standard baselines and recently proposed, multilingual Transformer-based models.
Propineb, a contact fungicide with broad spectrum activity against various diseases of rice, chilli, grapes, potato and other vegetables and fruits. Propineb is a polymeric zinc-containing dithiocarbamate. Due to the release of zinc, the application of Antracol results in greening effect on the crop and subsequent improvement in quality of produce.
Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, saprotrophic soil bacterium. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida was taxonomically confirmed to be a Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) and placed, along with several other species, in the P. putida group, to which it lends its name.[1] However, a recent phylogenomic analysis [2] of 494 complete genomes from the entire Pseudomonas genus clearly showed that the genomes that were named as P. putida did not form a monophyletic clade, but were dispersed and formed a wider evolutionary group (the putida group) that included other species as well, such as Pseudomonas alkylphenolia, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas parafulva, Pseudomonas entomophila, Pseudomonas mosselii, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. A variety of P. putida, called multiplasmid hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas, is the first patented organism in the world. Because it is a living organism, the patent was disputed and brought before the United States Supreme Court in the historic court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, which the inventor, Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, won. It demonstrates a very diverse metabolism, including the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene.[3] This ability has been put to use in bioremediation, or the use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. Use of P. putida is preferable to some other Pseudomonas species capable of such degradation, as it is a safe species of bacteria, unlike P. aeruginosa, for example, which is an opportunistic human pathogen.
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles southeast of Miami, Florida.
Pumpkins are harvested by hand when the fruit reaches full maturity. The fruit is ripe when the color changes uniformly and the rind becomes hard. Pumpkins should be harvested by cutting the stem of the fruit with a sharp knife. it is best to harvest the fruit with a portion of stem as the fruit will keep better.
Pumpkin vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Pumpkin also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently encourages a shallow root system. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil. All pumpkin varieties produce both male and female flowers (monoecious) and are pollinated by insects such as bees.
Pumpkin can be direct seeded or sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6°C (60°F). Sow 1–2 seeds 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) deep, at least 90 cm (~3 ft) apart if growing bush varieties and 120–150 cm (4–5 ft) apart if growing vining varieties. Allow a further 1–3 m (6–10 ft) between rows depending on the variety. If transplanting, seeds should be sown 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted before the plants develop their second set of true leaves. Seeds in sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering. Seeds should germinate in 5–10 days depending on the soil temperature.
Pumpkin is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 25°C (65–75°F). Pumpkin will yield best if grown in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Pumpkin should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture due to their shallow root system. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space. Smaller bush varieties are available for more modest spaces.
Pumpkin flesh can be cooked and eaten in a variety of dishes. The seeds are also edible and are commonly roasted and eaten as a snack.
PyCaret is an open source, low-code machine learning library in Python that allows you to go from preparing your data to deploying your model within minutes in your choice of notebook environment.
PyNLPl Python library for NLP contains modules for both standard and less common NLP tasks. Its use case ranges from basic functions like extracting n-grams and frequency lists to building simple language models. In addition, PyNLPl comes with an entire library for working with FoLiA XML. It works on Python 2.7 and Python 3. Find in-depth information on common functions, data types, experiments, formats, language models, search algorithms and more
PyTorch is An open source machine learning framework that accelerates the path from research prototyping to production deployment.
Pyrenophora graminea is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of barley that once caused significant crop yield losses in many areas of the world.
Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain.
Quinalphos is an organothiophosphate chemical chiefly used as a pesticide. It is a reddish-brown liquid. The chemical formula is C12H15N2O3PS, and IUPAC name O,O-diethyl O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate. Quinalphos is classified as a yellow label (highly toxic) pesticide in India, and is widely used in the following crops: wheat, rice, coffee, sugarcane, and cotton.
Quince fruits should be harvested when they are mature but not full ripe. Fruits will continue to ripen off of the tree and by harvesting in this manner, losses from fruit dropping from the tree are reduced. Fruit should be cut from the tree using a sharp knife as pulling them can cause damage to the skin.
Quince trees are susceptible to fire blight and should not be fertilized excessively with nitrogen as this promotes vegetative growth which makes the trees more susceptible to the bacterium. Suckers should be removed by pruning from the tree in winter or early spring. Trees should be pruned in winter to thin out fruiting wood and stimulate new growth. If fruiting wood is pruned properly then fruits should not require thinning when the trees are bearing. Quince will benefit from regular deep watering during the summer months.
Quince trees are usually propagated from hardwood cuttings or by budding onto a quince rootstock. Seeds can be grown but will not breed true to type and should not be used for commercial purposes where fruit quality is very important. Some varieties are not self compatible and require another variety for successful pollination and fruit production. Quince trees should be spaced 5–6 m apart (16–20 ft) apart, allowing 4–5 m (13–16 ft) between rows.
Quince trees grow well in a wide range of climates and soils but the plants shallow root system make it susceptible to drought or a low availability of water and additional irrigation may be required. Quince should be planted in full sun and will grow optimally at temperatures averaging 15°C (59°F). Quince trees are more tolerant of wet soils and drought than apple trees and, compared with other fruit trees, has good cold tolerance, being hardy to temperatures between -15 and -25°C (5 and -13°F respectively). Quince trees are easily damaged by strong winds and should be planted in a sheltered location which will also protect them from rapid temperature fluctuations which is also detrimental to their growth.
Quince fruits are consumed fresh or may be used to make jams and jellies.
Rapeseed, Brassica napus, is an herbaceous annual or biennial member of the family Brassicaceae primarily grown for the oil which can be extracted from its seeds. The rapeseed plant has several erect, branched stems originating from a single base, the stems are purple in color towards the base. The leaves of the plant are bluish-green and mostly smooth. The basal leaves are stalked whereas the highest leaves grow straight off of the stem. The plant produces pale to bright yellow flowers which are 11-15 mm (0.4-0.6 in) in diameter, and after pollination the plant develops pods containing a single row of seeds. Each pod can contain 20-40 dark brown to black seeds. The rapeseed plant can reach 1.0-2.5 m (3.3-8.2 ft) and is grown as an annual, harvested after one growing season. Rapeseed may also be referred to as colza, oilseed rape, canola, swede rape or fodder rape and is believed to originate from the Mediterranean.
Rapeseed is a fast-ripening plant and is ready for harvest when the seeds have turned from green to black in color. Rapeseed is mechanically harvested by combine or by swathing. in some countries, such as China, the crop is cut by hand.
It is important to control weed growth in rapeseed fields as they can have a significant impact on the growth and productivity of the crop. Good preparation of the seedbed helps to limit weed growth. This is achieved by tilling the soil in the fall prior to planting, followed by shallow cultivation just prior to seeding. Rapeseed has a high nutrient requirement and a soil test should be carried out prior to planting in order to prevent nutrient deficiencies from occurring. fertilizers are most successfully applied to the side of the seed furrows to prevent damage to the plants. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at a basic rate of 50-60 kg per hectare for spring planted rapeseed and 70 kg per hectare for winter crops. Fertilizer is commonly applied at time of sowing. in addition to nitrogen, rapeseed may also require the addition of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and magnesium to the soil. The rate of application of these nutrients should be determined by a soil test.
Rapeseed in almost always propagated from seed which is sown in prepared fields by drilling in rows. Seeds are sown shallowly as the seeds are very small and seed should be sown at a depth of 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in). Spring crops of rapeseed should be drilled in rows 18-23 cm (7-9 in) apart, whereas winter crops require more space and should be drilled in rows approximately 40 cm (16 in) apart.
Rapeseed is adapted to grow in cool, moist climates, requiring a temperature range of 2-10oC (35.6-56oF), although temperatures closer to 10oC (56oF) promote the most rapid growth. As a result, rapeseed is grown as a cool season crop in sub-tropical regions and a winter crop in more temperate areas. Rapeseed can be grown on a variety of soil types but medium textured, well-draining soils work best. Rapeseed should be grown in soil with a pH between 5.5 and 8.3. Rapeseed should not be grown in soil in which other brassicas have been grown within the past 3-4 years.
The seeds of the plant are used to extract rapeseed oil which can be used as a cooking oil or in the production of margarine. Some recently developed cultivars have a high erucic acid content which is extracted for the production of industrial oil. Rapeseed is also grown as fodder for livestock.
Rapid Insight products enable users to turn their raw data into actionable information. The company's analytic software simplifies the extraction and analysis of data, enabling clients ranging from small businesses to Fortune 500 companies to fully utilize their information for data-driven decision making.
RapidMiner is a data science software platform developed by the company of the same name that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning, deep learning, text mining, and predictive analytics. It is used for business and commercial applications as well as for research, education, training, rapid prototyping, and application development and supports all steps of the machine learning process including data preparation, results visualization, model validation and optimization.
Soil may need prepared up to two years in advance of planting if major amendments are required. Acidic soil can be amended with lime to bring the pH up to a level suitable for raspberries. Organic content can be increased by planting a cover crop or by the addition of manure or compost. Avoid planting raspberries where peppers, eggplant, tomatoes or potatoes have been grown previously as these plants are host to Verticillium fungi which can cause root rot in raspberries. Choose a raspberry variety which is suited to your region. Red raspberries tend to be the most cold hardy, whereas black or yellow varieties are more sensitive.
Raspberry plants grow best in regions with cool summers and relatively mild winters. The plants are sensitive to high temperatures and grow best when daytime temperatures are around 25°C (77°F). Raspberries are best suited to well-draining sandy loams, rich in organic matter and have a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Drainage it critical in raspberry propagation as the plants are susceptible to root rot. Plants require full sunlight and should not be planted in low lying areas where water may build up. Raspberries also require a post support system or trellis to support the weight of the fruit on the canes. Raspberry canes are biennial and produce fruit in the second year of growth. Canes in their first year of growth are called primocanes and those in the second year of growth are called fruiting canes or floricanes. The young canes are green in color, whereas the older floricanes are tougher and have a woody covering making them easy to tell apart.
Raspberries are primarily consumed as a fresh fruit or may be processed into jams, jellies, juices and pulp.
Sandy soil - are light, warm, dry and tend to be acidic and low in nutrients. Sandy soils are often known as light soils due to their high proportion of sand and little clay (clay weighs more than sand). These soils have quick water drainage and are easy to work with. They are quicker to warm up in spring than clay soils but tend to dry out in summer and suffer from low nutrients that are washed away by rain. The addition of organic matter can help give plants an additional boost of nutrients by improving the nutrient and water holding capacity of the soil.
Reproduction is the production of new offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur.
Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately 550 km east of the island of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of the island of Mauritius. As of January 2021, it had a population of 858,450.
Réunion is an overseas department and region of the French Republic and an Indian Ocean island in East Africa, approximately 550 km east of the island of Madagascar and 175 km southwest of the island of Mauritius. As of January 2020, it had a population of 859,959.
Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen fixation, rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. In general, they are gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods. Rhizobia are a "group of soil bacteria that infect the roots of legumes to form root nodules". Rhizobia are found in the soil and after infection, produce nodules in the legume where they fix nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere turning it into a more readily useful form of nitrogen. From here, the nitrogen is exported from the nodules and used for growth in the legume. Once the legume dies, the nodule breaks down and releases the rhizobia back into the soil where they can live individually or reinfect a new legume host.
There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world, Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Both species are annual grasses (except in the tropics, where the plant can be perennial) belonging to the family Poaceae which are cultivated for their grain which is considered a staple food in most parts of the world. Asian and African rice plants are morphologically very similar and can be difficult to tell apart. They have rounded stems (called culms) which are divided into nodes and internodes. The plant leaves are borne on the nodes of the stem and are long and slender with a pronounced midrib. The plant produces three flowers, two of which are reduced, on a spikelet on the terminal (last) internode of the stem. The rice grain is formed by the ripened ovary of the flower and is between 5 and 12 mm in length. Rice is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of between 1 and 1.8 m (3.3-5.9 ft) depending on variety. Generally, African rice tends to form smaller, pear shaped grains with a red bran and olive to black seed coat and has several disadvantages compared with its Asian counterpart e.g. seed is easily scattered, the grain is difficult to mill and the crop gives a lower yield. The growing of Asian rice has therefore begun to supercede that of African rice in West Africa. Asian rice originates from China and African rice is believed to have been domesticated in areas around the Niger river in Africa.
In many areas of the world rice is still harvested using the traditional method of cutting by hand. Rice should be cut when 80-85% of the panicles have turned from green to straw colored. When harvested by hand, the rice is cut using sharp knives or sickles. In some areas, rice is mechanically harvested using threshers or combines.
Propagation Rice is propagated directly from seed and sown on wet or dry seed beds or used to grow transplants in a nursery bed. Transplants produced in a nursery are always planted in dry seed beds when they are transferred to the field. Seeds may be sown in the field by broadcasting or by mechanical drilling. Three main methods are used for direct seeding rice in lowland areas: dry seedbeds, wet seedbeds and dapog. Dry seedbeds are prepared in close proximity to a water source. Each bed is generally 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in width and is seeded at a rate of 10 kg of seed for every 10 square meters. The seeds are covered with a light layer of soil and the bed is saturated with water until the seeds germinate. Wet seedbeds are raised nursery beds in which pre-germinated seeds are sown. The bed is puddled or wet with water and the germinated seeds are spread out uniformly and kept wet. When the seedling reach 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in) in height, shallow irrigation is used and the water levels in the bed are increased as the plants grow. Dapod is a method of producing transplants on a mat made of banana leaves of plastic sheeting which is used in some areas of the Philippines. Pre-germinated seeds are spread out on cement of wet soil and covered with the leaves or plastic sheeting. The cover is pushed down onto the seeds and continuously watered. After 11 days, the mat is rolled up and transferred to to the field. Cropping systems Rice can be be grown in an irrigated system, as a rainfed crop or in an upland systems in managed fields known as paddies. In irrigated systems, supplemental water is provided during the dry season alone or in both the dry and wet seasons depending on the amount of local rainfall. Irrigated systems are required in areas where rainfall is very low. Irrigated fields are bunded and the water levels are carefully managed prior to harvest. Rainfed systems are generally a poorer alternative to irrigated systems as they are unstable and prone to drought or floods. Rainfed fields are also bunded but are only flooded for short periods and water depths never exceed 50 cm (20 in). In some parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America, rice is grown in upland areas in acidic and nutrient depleted soils. Fields are either planted on flat land in valleys or on mountainside terraces where the land is sharply sloping. Fields in upland systems are generally unbunded and surface water does not usually accumulate as in the other growing systems.
Rice is mainly grown in warmer regions as the plants will not grow at temperatures below 10oC. Rice is considered to be a semi-aquatic annual grass and is commonly grown in paddies in wetlands or under shallow water. Several new methods of propagating rice have been developed which allow rice to be cultivated in less conventional areas e.g. drought resistant varieties are grown in upland areas.
After removal of the rice grain from the chaff, the rice can be used as brown rice or further processed to remove the bran to produce white rice. Brown and white rice may be consumed after cooking or may be ground into rice flour. Rice can be puffed under low pressure to produce puffed rice that is commonly used as a breakfast cereal. Rice bran oil can be produced from the inner husk and can be used as a cooking oil. Rice starch can be extracted and fermented to produce rice wine or brewed to produce sake.
Stage 8: Ripening 83 Early dough 85 Soft dough: grain content soft but dry. Fingernail impression not held 87 Hard dough: grain content solid. Fingernail impression held 89 Fully ripe: grain hard, difficult to divide with thumbnail
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Romania is a country at the confluence of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2, with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe, and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest; other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It shares land borders with Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east and has its opening to the Black Sea. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres, Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union, having approximately 19.3 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest. Other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
Rosemary can be harvested as soon as the plant is established in the the ground and has reached a suitable size. Branches are harvested by cutting the terminal growth (25–30 cm/9.8–11.8 in) before they become woody. Rosemary can be harvested several times in one season but it is important to allow the plant to recover and replace growth before the next harvest.
Rosemary is very prone to root rot and should therefore be planted in a well-draining soil and watered sparingly. Allow the soil to dry before watering, generally watering once every 1–2 weeks is sufficient but watering should be adjusted to suit climatic conditions. Plants will benefit from the regular addition of a balanced fertilizer. A layer of mulch will protect the plants over winter.
Rosemary can be propagated from seed, cuttings, or by air layering. Seeds germinate slowly, emerging after 3–4 weeks, and have a low germination rate so vegetative propagation is preferred. Cuttings should be taken from healthy, vigorous plants by taking a clipping about 7.6 cm (3 in) in length from the end of a branch. The leaves should be removed from the lower half of the cutting before planting in light textured potting media to root. The cutting should be watered regularly and kept moist, but not wet while they root. The new plants will be ready for transplanting after approximately 8 weeks. after hardening, transplants should be planted 45 cm (18 in) apart allowing 1.2 m (4 ft) between rows.
Rosemary is suited to both temperate and subtropical areas with most varieties growing optimally at temperatures between 6 and 24°C (39–75°F) in a well-draining loamy soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Rosemary plants require at least 6 hours of sun every day, direct sunlight being best. Rosemary can survive mild winters but will not tolerate temperatures that are regularly below -3°C (26.6°F). Established rosemary is very drought resistant.
Rosemary leaves can be used fresh or dried as a herb in cooking or in salads. The leaves and flowers can be used to extract rosemary oil which is used as a seasoning or as a scent in soaps and household products.
Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, is an erect, bushy evergreen shrub in the family Lamiaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a herb. The rosemary plant is usually erect in growth habit and possess branched woody stems with tufts of leaves. The leaves are opposite and usually bladelike and glossy green. The plant produces clusters of 5–10 blue, purple or pink flowers on short lateral branches and small oval fruit. Rosemary plants can reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in height and can be productive for many years (up to 30 if conditions are favorable for its growth). Rosemary originates from the Mediterranean.
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
146,171,015 (including Crimea) 143,759,445 (excluding Crimea)
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17 million square kilometres, and encompassing more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land area. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations. It has a population of 146.2 million; and is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the nation's second-largest city and cultural centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; they speak Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world; covering over 17,125,191 square kilometres, consisting of more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, extending to eleven time zones, and has bordering sixteen sovereign nations. Russia has a population of 146.7 million; and is the ninth-most populous country, as well as the most populous country in Europe. Moscow, the capital, is the largest city in Europe, while Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city and the country's cultural centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; speaking Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley, where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country. 1 million live in the capital and largest city Kigali.
Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley, where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge. One of the smallest countries on the African mainland, its capital city is Kigali. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country.
Rye, Secale cereale, is an herbaceous annual or biennial in the family Poaceae that is grown primarily for its grain. Rye has an erect slender stem topped with a curved spike which is 7-15 cm (3-6 in) length. The head is made up of individual spikelets each with two florets which produce 1-2 kernels. The spikelets and arranged alternately along the length of the head.The leaves of the plant grow from nodes on the stem and are lance-like blades, blue-green in color. Rye can reach 1-3 m (3.3-10 ft) in height and is either grown as an annual (spring rye) or biennial (winter rye). Modern rye does not occur naturally but is likely derived from wild ancestors found in Afghanistan, Iran and the Middle East.
Rye is ready to harvest when the leaves are dead and the stems have turned yellow-brown in color. Rye is commonly harvested by combine but can also be harvested by hand.
Rye fields should be kept free from weeds through the use of herbicides or by harrowing. Herbicides may be applied while the plants are at the tillering stage of growth. Rye will benefit from the addition of nitrogen which is often the biggest yield limiting factor in rye cultivation. Fertilizer should be applied when the crop begins to grow and the application may be split over two applications.
Rye is propagated directly from seed and can be sown by broadcasting or by drilling. Seeds should be sown to a depth of 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in) allowing 15-18 cm (6-7 in) between rows where seeds are drilled. Seeding If seeds are broadcast, they must be covered to ensure adequate germination. Seeding rates are generally between 100 to 150 kg of seed per hectare for winter rye and 150 to 200 kg per hectare for spring rye to produce a plant stand of 200-300 plants per square meter.
Rye is a cool season annual grass which can be grown in a wide range of soils and climates. Rye grows best when planted in well draining sandy or light loams but can also be grown in clay soils. The optimum pH for rye growth is between 5.6 and 6.5. Rye will germinate when soil temperatures are between 4 and 5oC (39-41oF). Daily temperatures should not exceed an average of 20oC in order for the plant to grow adequately. Winter rye should be planted in fall to mid-winter depending on the variety and be overwintered for a summer harvest, while spring rye is planted in the spring for summer harvest.
Rye grain can be used to make alcoholic drinks such as whiskey, gin and beer or used as a livestock feed. Rye flour can be used to make bread. Rye is extensively grown as a winter cover crop to prevent soil erosion and the mature stems are commonly used as animal bedding.
Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Helena is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It consists of a remote volcanic tropical island lying some 1,950 kilometres west of the coast of southwestern Africa, and 4,000 kilometres east of Rio de Janeiro on the South American coast. It is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territories of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Helena is a British possession located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island lying some 1,950 kilometres west of the coast of southwestern Africa, and 4,000 kilometres east of Rio de Janeiro on the South American coast. It is one of three constituent parts of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
Saint Kitts and Nevis, officially known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis, is an island country in the West Indies. Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population. The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Elizabeth II as Queen and head of state. It is the only federation in the Caribbean.
Saint Lucia is an island country in the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The island was previously called Iyonola, the name given to the island by the native Arawaks and later, Hewanorra, the name given by the native Caribs, two separate Amerindian peoples. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 and reported a population of 165,595 in the 2010 census. Its capital is Castries.
Saint Lucia is an island country in the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The island was previously called Iyonola, the name given to the island by the native Arawaks, and later Hewanorra, the name given by the native Caribs, two separate Amerindian peoples. Part of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km2 and reported a population of 165,595 in the 2010 census. Its capital is Castries. Soufrière was colonized by the French and was the original capital of the island.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the North-western Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the only remaining part of New France in North America to retain French sovereignty, appellate jurisdiction and mineral rights. Its residents are French citizens; the collectivity is a full member of the National Assembly and participates in senatorial and presidential elections. It covers 242 square kilometres of land and shores and has a population of 6,008 as of the March 2016 census.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the only remaining vestige of French sovereignty in North America. Its residents are French citizens; the collectivity is a full member of the National Assembly and participates in senatorial and presidential elections. It covers 242 km2 of land and shores and has a population of 6,008 as of the March 2016 census.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island country in the Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, also often known simply as Saint Vincent, is an island country in the Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)
Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and until 1997 known as Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country consisting of two main islands, two smaller, inhabited islands, and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the Aleipata Islands . The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan Islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a Samoan language and Samoan cultural identity.
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a microstate in Southern Europe completely enclosed by Italy.
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a small state in Southern Europe enclaved by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino covers a land area of just over 61 km2, and has a population of 33,562.
Sand or sandy soil is formed by the smallest or fine particles of weathering rocks. This soil is known as the poorest type of soil for agriculture and growing plants as they have very low nutritional value and poor water holding capacity.
Clay >= 35 and Clay <= 55 Sand >=45 and Sand <= 65 Silt <= 20
Clay >= 20 and Clay <= 35 Sand >=45 and Sand <= 80 Silt <= 28
Clay <= 20 Sand >= 50 and Sand <= 70 Silt <= 50
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, about 140 km apart and about 250 and 225 km off the northwestern coast of Gabon.
Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) is a plant pathogen causing the sheath rot disease of rice. In culture it produces 0.3–0.627 micrograms of helvolic acid and 0.9–4.8 micrograms of cerulenin per milliliter of culture medium.
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia constituting the vast majority of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2, Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia, the second-largest in the Arab world, the fifth-largest in Asia, and the 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south; it is separated from Egypt and Israel in the north-west by the Gulf of Aqaba. Saudi Arabia is the only country with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe and mountains. As of October 2018, the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world. Saudi Arabia also has one of the world's youngest populations, with approximately 50 percent of its population of 34.2 million being under 25 years old.
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a country in Western Asia. It spans the vast majority of the Arabian Peninsula, with a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 . Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East, and the second-largest country in the Arab world. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south; it is separated from Egypt and Israel in the north-west by the Gulf of Aqaba. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe and mountains. Its capital and largest city is Riyadh, with Mecca and Medina serving as important cultural and religious centers.
Pedregosa et al., Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python, JMLR 12, pp. 2825-2830, 2011.
Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant pathogenic fungus and can cause a disease called white mold if conditions are conducive. S. sclerotiorum can also be known as cottony rot, watery soft rot, stem rot, drop, crown rot and blossom blight. A key characteristic of this pathogen is its ability to produce black resting structures known as sclerotia and white fuzzy growths of mycelium on the plant it infects. These sclerotia give rise to a fruiting body in the spring that produces spores in a sac which is why fungi in this class are called sac fungi (Ascomycetes). This pathogen can occur on many continents and has a wide host range of plants. When S. sclerotiorum is onset in the field by favorable environmental conditions, losses can be great and control measures should be considered.
Seedling is a stage of the young sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed. Seedling development starts with germination of the seed.
A semi-arid climate or steppe climate is the climate of a region that receives precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give rise to different biomes.
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar.
Stage 9: Senescence 92 Over-ripe: grain very hard, cannot be dented by thumbnail 93 Grains loosening in day-time 97 Plant dead and collapsing 99 Harvested product
With the objectives of Land and Ocean monitoring, Sentinel-1 will be composed of two polar-orbiting satellites operating day and night, and will perform Radar imaging, enabling them to acquire imagery regardless of the weather. The first Sentinel-1 satellite was launched in April 2014.
The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission comprises a constellation of two polar-orbiting satellites placed in the same sun-synchronous orbit, phased at 180° to each other. It aims at monitoring variability in land surface conditions, and its wide swath width (290 km) and high revisit time (10 days at the equator with one satellite, and 5 days with 2 satellites under cloud-free conditions which results in 2-3 days at mid-latitudes) will support monitoring of Earth's surface changes. The coverage limits are from between latitudes 56° south and 84° north.
The primary objective of Sentinel-3 is marine observation, and it will study sea-surface topography, sea and land surface temperature, ocean and land colour. Composed of three satellites, the mission's primary instrument is a radar altimeter, but the polar-orbiting satellites will carry multiple instruments, including optical imagers.
Sentinel-4 is dedicated to air quality monitoring. The Sentinel-4 UVN instrument is a spectrometer carried aboard Meteosat Third Generation satellites, operated by EUMETSAT. The mission aims to provide continuous monitoring of the composition of the Earth's atmosphere at high temporal and spatial resolution and the data will be used to support monitoring and forecasting over Europe.
Sentinel-5 is dedicated to air quality monitoring. The Sentinel-5 UVNS instrument is a spectrometer carried aboard the MetOp Second Generation satellites. The mission aims to provide continuous monitoring of the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. It provides wide-swath, global coverage data to monitor air quality around the world.
A precursor satellite mission, Sentinel-5P aims to fill in the data gap and provide data continuity between the retirement of the Envisat satellite and NASA's Aura mission and the launch of Sentinel-5. The main objective of the Sentinel-5P mission is to perform atmospheric measurements, with high spatio-temporal resolution, relating to air quality, climate forcing, ozone and UV radiation. The satellite was successfully launched on 13 October 2017 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in Russia.
Septoria Tritici Blotch
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade, a quarter of the total population of Serbia.
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade.
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. It consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, is 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; and Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago to the east. Its estimated population of 98,462 is the smallest population of any sovereign African country.
Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic island country in the Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of the Somali Sea. The country consists of 115 islands. Its capital and largest city, Victoria, lies 1,500 kilometres east of mainland Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the French overseas regions of Mayotte and Réunion to the south; as well as Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago to the east. With a population of roughly 98,462, it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country.
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests, a total area of 71,740 km2 and a population of 7,092,113 as of the 2015 census. The capital and largest city is Freetown. The country is divided into five administrative regions which are subdivided into sixteen districts. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliament and a directly elected president. Sierra Leone is a Muslim majority country at approximately 78%, though with a politically influential Christian minority at about 21%. Muslims and Christians interact very well together and religious violence is extremely rare in the country. All the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially national holidays in the country.
Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests, a total area of 71,740 km2 and a population of 7,092,113 as of the 2015 census. The capital and largest city is Freetown. The country is divided into five administrative regions which are subdivided into sixteen districts. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a unicameral parliament and a directly elected president. Sierra Leone is a Muslim-majority country at approximately 78%, though with an influential Christian minority at about 21%. Muslims and Christians in Sierra Leone are extremely tolerant of each other, and all the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially national holidays in the country.
Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay, whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water (also known as a suspended load) and soil in a body of water such as a river.
Clay >= 40 and Clay <= 60 Sand <= 20 Silt>= 40 and Silt <= 60
Clay >= 27 and Clay <= 40 Sand <= 20 Silt>= 40 and Silt <= 73
Clay <= 27 Sand >= 20 and Sand <= 50 Silt>= 74 and Silt <= 88
Silt soil - are light and moisture retentive soils with a high fertility rating. As silt soils compromise of medium sized particles they are well drained and hold moisture well. As the particles are fine, they can be easily compacted and are prone to washing away with rain. By adding organic matter, the silt particles can be bound into more stable clumps.
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Straits of Malacca to the west, the Riau Islands to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the second greatest population density in the world. The country has almost 5.7 million residents, 61% of whom are Singaporean citizens. There are four official languages of Singapore: English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil. English is the lingua franca. Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution, and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Straits of Malacca to the west, the Riau Islands to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet, the combined area of which has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the second greatest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognizing the need to respect cultural identities, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca. Multiracialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline, is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.
Sisense is a business analytics software company with offices in New York City, San Francisco, Tel Aviv, London, Melbourne, Tokyo, and Scottsdale, Arizona.
Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the southwest, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres, with a population of over 5.4 million. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, while the second largest city is Košice.
Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres, with a population of over 5.4 million. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, and the second-largest city is Košice.
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia is mostly mountainous and forested, covers 20,271 square kilometers, and has a population of 2.1 million, of which 500,000 live in the capital and largest city Ljubljana. Slovenes form the vast majority of the country's population, while Serbs are the largest minority. Slovene, a South Slavic language, is the official language. Slovenia has a predominantly continental climate, with the exception of the Slovene Littoral and the Julian Alps. A sub-mediterranean climate reaches to the northern extensions of the Dinaric Alps that traverse the country in a NW-SE direction. The Julian Alps in the northwest have an alpine climate. Continental climate is increasingly more pronounced towards the Pannonian Plain in the Northwest. The nation's capital and largest city—Ljubljana—is situated at roughly the centre of the country.
Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country located in Central Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. Slovenia covers 20,271 square kilometers and has a population of 2.111 million. One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union, United Nations, and NATO. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.
Sodium nitrate is a white deliquescent solid very soluble in water. It is a readily available source of the nitrate anion (NO3−), which is useful in several reactions carried out on industrial scales for the production of fertilizers, pyrotechnics and smoke bombs, glass and pottery enamels, food preservatives (esp. meats), and solid rocket propellant. It has been mined extensively for these purposes.
For Sorghum plants, the tree reaches the soft dough stage when the grain can be crushed between the thumb and index finger but no longer contains a milky liquid. At this stage, starch is rapidly accumulating, 50 percent of the grain's final weight has been achieved, and the whole plant moisture is approximately 65 to 68 percent. Stress at this time can significantly lower yield. By the end of the stage, the grain has colored, and the sorghum is ready to harvest as silage. The soft dough stage will last seven to 10 days or until the grain can no longer be crushed between the thumb and index finger.
Soil water is the medium from which all plant nutrients are assimilated by plants. Soil water, sometimes referred to as the soil solution, contains dissolved organic and inorganic substances and transports dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, to the plant roots for absorption.
Soil pH meter is used to estimate soil pH
A solar flare is a sudden flash of increased brightness on the Sun, usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group. Powerful flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a coronal mass ejection. Even the most powerful flares are barely detectable in the total solar irradiance (the "solar constant"). Flares are closely associated with the ejection of plasmas and particles through the Sun's corona into outer space; flares also copiously emit radio waves. If the ejection is in the direction of the Earth, particles associated with this disturbance can penetrate into the upper atmosphere (the ionosphere) and cause bright auroras, and may even disrupt long range radio communication. It usually takes days for the solar plasma ejecta to reach Earth.
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu. It has a land area of 28,400 square kilometres, and a population of 652,858. Its capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands, but excludes outlying islands, such as the Santa Cruz Islands and Rennell and Bellona.
The Solomon Islands are a sovereign state consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu. It has a land area of 28,400 square kilometres, and a population of 652,858. Its capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands, but excludes outlying islands, such as the Santa Cruz Islands and Rennell and Bellona.
principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the Northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the Northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Somalia has an estimated population of around 15 million, of which over 2 million live in the capital and largest city Mogadishu, and has been described as Africa's most culturally homogeneous country. Around 85% of its residents are ethnic Somalis, who have historically inhabited the country's north. Ethnic minorities are largely concentrated in the south. The official languages of Somalia are Somali and Arabic. Most people in the country are Muslims, the majority of them Sunni.
Sorghum is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe.
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 59 million people, it is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres . South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of Black African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry.
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 60 million people, it is the world's 23rd-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres . South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of Black African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European, Asian, and Multiracial ancestry.
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of South Georgia Island and a chain of smaller islands known as the South Sandwich Islands. South Georgia is 165 kilometres long and 35 kilometres wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about 700 kilometres southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is 3,903 km2 . The Falkland Islands are about 1,300 kilometres west from its nearest point.
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and sharing a land border with North Korea. 25 million people, around half of the country's population of more than 51 million people, live in the Seoul Capital Area, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the world.
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and sharing a land border with North Korea. About 25 million people, around half of the country's population of 51 million, live in the Seoul Capital Area.
South Sudan, officially known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Ethiopia, to the north by Sudan, to the west by the Central African Republic, to the southwest by Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by Uganda and to the southeast by Kenya.
South Sudan, officially known as the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in east/central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Ethiopia, to the north by Sudan, to the west by the Central African Republic, to the southwest by Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south by Uganda and to the southeast by Kenya. It has a population of 11.06 million, of which 525,953 live in the capital and largest city Juba.
Sowing is the process of planting. An area or object that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed area.
Soybean, Glycine max, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds. The soybean plant is usually an erect bush with woody stems and alternately arranged leaves. The leaves possess three individual leaflets which are oval or lance-like in shape, growing to a length of 3-10 cm (1.2-4.0 in). The soybean plant produces small white or purple flowers and curved seed pods which are 3-15 cm (1.2-6 in) in length and can contain between 1 and 5 seeds. The seeds can be a variety of colors including yellow, green, brown, black or a mottled combination. Soybean is an annual plant, surviving only one growing season and can reach heights of 0.2-1.5 m (0.7-1.4 ft). Soybean may also be referred to as soyabean or soya and originates from Northeast China.
Soybeans are ready to harvest between 70 and 160 days after planting, depending on variety. Plants are ready for harvest when the leaves and stems have turned yellow and the seed pods brown to black. Soybeans for fresh use are cut while still green. Plants may be pulled by hand or cut with the use of a combine. Once cut, the seeds are removed from the pods by threshing.
Weeds are often a problem in soybean fields and can be reduced through good preparation of the seedbed and maintaining a weed-free seedbed for several weeks prior to planting. Weeds may be controlled with appropriate herbicides, where available, or through mechanical cultivation where necessary. Soybeans should be provided with irrigation at flowering and again at seed-set for maximum seed fill and optimal yield. Irrigation should be increased in sandy soils that do not retain as much moisture. Soybeans fix approximately half of the nitrogen they require for growth and the other half must be supplied from the soil or through fertilizer application. Soybean also requires an adequate supply of phosphorus and potassium and application rates should be based on the results of a soil test.
Soybean is propagated directly from seed. If seeds are to planted in a field where soybean has not been been grown in the 3-5 year previous, they should first be inoculated with nitrogen fixing bacteria. The seedbed should be prepared prior to planting by removing any crop residue, weeds and large stones. Tilling the soil helps to break up large clods of earth. Seeds may be sown mechanically or by hand. in tilled soils, seeds are usually planted at a depth 3.2-4.5 cm (1.25 to 1.75 in) in rows spaced 30 cm (11.8 in) apart. Alternatively, no-till planting may be used to plant seeds in the stubble of a previous crop without first cultivating the soil. With this method, seeds are drilled into the soil in rows spaced 17.8 cm (7 in) apart. No-till practices reduce soil erosion and reduces the loss of moisture in the soil.
Soybean is a short-day plant, requiring hot weather for optimum production. It can be grown year round in most parts of the tropics. Plants can be grown at ambient temperatures between 15 and 27oC (60-80oF) although temperature below 21oC (69.8oF) and above 32 (89.6oF) may reduce flowering. Temperatures exceeding 40oC (104oF) are detrimental to seed production. Soybeans are adapted to grow in a wide range of soils and climates but require adequate soil moisture for germination and seedling establishment. Plants are sensitive to waterlogging but are tolerant of drought conditions once established. Soybean grows best on a light, loose, well draining loam with a pH of 6.5.
Soybean seeds can be used to make flour and dairy substitutes such as milk, margarine and yogurt and meat substitutes such as veggie burgers. Oil can be extracted from both the seeds and pods and the by product of the extraction is used as an animal feed. The oil from the plant is used in products such as paint, linoleum and soap. Soybean is also grown as a cover crop and used as animal fodder or hay.
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a member of the plant virus genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae). It infects mainly plants belonging to the family Fabaceae but has also been found infecting other economically important crops. SMV is the cause of soybean mosaic disease that occurs in all the soybean productions areas of the world. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins.
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagos: the Canary Islands off the coast of North Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country . Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean respectively.
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of territory in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and across the Strait of Gibraltar. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula, and its insular territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, several small islands in the Alboran Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish territory also includes the African semi-exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñon de Vélez across the Strait of Gibraltar. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north by France, Andorra and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.
A.K. van den berg, T.D. Perkins, "Non-destructive estimation of anthocyanin content in autumn sugar maple leaves", Hortic. Sci., 40 (2005), pp. 685-686
Carter, Gregory A., William G. Cibula, and Richard L. Miller. "Narrow-band Reflectance Imagery Compared with ThermalImagery for Early Detection of Plant Stress." Journal of plant physiology 148.5 (1996): 515-522.
Anthocyanin Content Index (ACI) estimate Anths content from reflectance from sugar maple leaves.
A. A. Gitelson, M. N. Merzlyak, and O. B. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves," Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 38–45, 2001.
Adjust Green Degree Vegetation Index (AGVI)
AGVI = GVI − (1 + 0.018GVI) YVI − NSI / 2
A.A. Gitelson, M.N. Merzlyak, O.B. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves", Photochemistry and Photobiology, 74 (1) (2001), pp. 38-45
Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) estimate Anths content from reflectance changes in the green region at leaf level
Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 2 (ARI2) estimate Anths content from reflectance changes in the green region at leaf level
Kaufman YJ, Tanre D (1992), "Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) for EOS-MODIS". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30: 261–270.
Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI)
Kaufman, Yoram J., and Didier Tanre. "Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) for EOS-MODIS." IEEE transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30.2 (1992): 261-270.
Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index 2 (ARVI2)
Elmer, Perkin. "FT-IR Spectroscopy Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)." Technical note 27, no. 11 (2005).
Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a sampling technique used in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy which enables samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without further preparation.
Baret, Fred, and Gerard Guyot. "Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment." Remote sensing of environment 35.2-3 (1991): 161-173.
Ajusted Transformed Soil-Ajusted VI (ATSAVI)
Continuous removal features: The area of the absorption feature that is the product of DEP and WID
O. Mutanga, A.K. Skidmore, "Hyperspectral band depth analysis for a better estimation of grass biomass (Cenchrus ciliaris) measured under controlled laboratory conditions", International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5 (2) (2004), pp. 87-96
Band Depth Normalized to Band Area (BNA)
Yang, Chenghai, et al. "Airborne hyperspectral imagery and yield monitor data for mapping cotton yield variability." Precision Agriculture 5.5 (2004): 445-461.
Blue Blue-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (BNDVI)
Blue-Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (BWDRVI)
Xing Xu, Yun Zhao, "A Band Math-ROC operation for early differentiation between Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea in oilseed rape", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 118, October 2015, pages 116-123, Elsevier B.V.
Band operation-Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (Band Math-ROC)
Cellulose absorption index (CAI) as a function of the amount of residue for mixed scenes of varying amounts of each crop residue and tree litter, shown for each of the three soils.
Kim, M.S., Daughtry, C.S.T., Chappelle, E.W., McMurtrey, J.E. 1994. "The use of high spectral resolution bands for estimating absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR)". In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing. France. Val d’Isere. pp. 299-306.
Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (CARI)
Kim, Moon Sung. The Use of Narrow Spectral Bands for Improving Remote Sensing Estimations of Fractionally Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation. Diss. 1994.
Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index 2 (CARI2)
Fitzgerald, G.; Rodriguez, D.; O’Leary, G. Measuring and predicting canopy nitrogen nutrition in wheat using a spectral index—The canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI). Field Crops Res. 2010, 116, 318–324.
Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) is a two-dimensional remote sensing index, derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE). The index employs a Near InfraRed (NIR) spectral band between 670 and 790 nm, which makes it perfect for Nitrogen content monitoring, as it can only be detected in 3 wavelengths: 670, 720, and 790 nm. A large number of studies have proven that CCCI is a robust canopy nutrition control measure that enhances the process of precise fertilizer application.
CCCI = ( (NIR−rededge) / (NIR+rededge)) / ((NIR−Red) / (NIR+Red) )
A A Gitelson, Y Gritz, M N Merzlyak, Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves, Journal of Plant Physiology, 160 (2003), pp. 271-282
Kataoka, T., Kaneko, T., Okamoto, H., Hata, S., 2003. "Crop growth estimation system using machine vision." In: Proceedings of IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM), vol. 2, pp. 1079–1083
Color Index for Vegetation Extraction (CIVE)
Chlorophyll Index RedEdge 710 (CIrededge710)
Gitelson, Anatoly A., et al. "Non-destructive and remote sensing techniques for estimation of vegetation status." Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Precision Agriculture, pp. 205-210, Montpelier, France, 2001.
Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI700) is sufficient to estimate total Cars content in plant leaves
G.A. Carter, W.G. Cibula, T.R. Dell, "Spectral reflectance characteristics and digital imagery of a pine needle blight in the southeastern United States", Can. J. Forest Res., 26 (1996), pp. 402-407
Vincini, M., Frazzi, E., & D’Alessio, P. (2007). Comparison of narrow-band and broad-band vegetation indexes for canopy chlorophyll density estimation in sugar beet. In J. V. Staford (Ed.), Precision agriculture ‘07: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Precision Agriculture (pp. 189–196).
J.J. Read, L. Tarpley, J.M. Mckinion, K.R. Ready, "Narrow-band reflectance ratios for remote estimation of nitrogen status in cotton", J. Environ. Qual., 31 (2002), pp. 1442-1452
D. Zhao, K.R. Reddy, V.G. Kakani, J.J. Read, S. Koti, "Selection of optimum reflectance ratios for estimating leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations of field-grown cotton", Agron J., 97 (2005), pp. 89-98
Chla = (13.95 R665 - 6.80 R649) × V / (W×1000) where V is the volume of the extraction solution (ml) and W is the weight of the leaf sample (g).
Chla = (24.96 R649 - 7.32 R665) × V / (W×1000) where V is the volume of the extraction solution (ml) and W is the weight of the leaf sample (g).
Chen P.F., Haboudane D., Tremblay N., Wang J.H., Vigneault P., Li B.G. New spectral indicator assessing the efficiency of crop nitrogen treatment in corn and wheat. Remote Sens. Environ. 2010;114:1987–1997.
Double-peak Canopy Nitrogen Index (DCNI)
Damage sensitive Spectral Index-2 (DSSI2)
M. Mirik, G.J. Michels, S.K. Mirik, N.C. Elliot, R. Bowling, "Hyperspectral spectrometry as a means to differentiate un-infested and infested winter wheat by Greenbug (Hemiptera: Aphididae)", J. Econ. Entomol., 61 (2006), pp. 319-346
Tucker, C. "Red and Photographic Infrared Linear Combinations for Monitoring Vegetation. Remote Sensing of Environment 8 (1979): 127–150.
Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) distinguishes between soil and vegetation, but it does not account for the difference between reflectance and radiance caused by atmospheric effects or shadows.
Apan, A.; Held, A.; Phinn, S.; Markley, J. Detecting sugarcane ‘orange rust’ disease using EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2004, 25, 489–498.
Derivative features: Maximum value of 1st derivative within blue edge
Blue edge covers 490–530 nm. Db = maximum value of 1st order derivatives within the blue edge of 35 bands
Continuous removal features: The depth of the feature minimum relative to the hull
Derivative features: Maximum value of 1st derivative within red edge
Red edge covers 670–737 nm. Dy = maximum value of 1st order derivatives within the red edge of 61 bands
Derivative features: Maximum value of 1st derivative within yellow edge
Yellow edge covers 550–582 nm. Dy = maximum value of 1st order derivatives within the yellow edge of 28 bands
M.R. Golzarian, R.a. Frick, "Classification of images of wheat, ryegrass and brome grass species at early growth stages using principal component analysis", Plant Meth., 7 (1) (2011), p. 28
Strong, Conor J., Niall G. Burnside, and Dan Llewellyn. "The potential of small-Unmanned Aircraft Systems for the rapid detection of threatened unimproved grassland communities using an Enhanced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index." PloS one 12, no. 10 (2017): e0186193.
Enhanced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ENDVI)
Liu HQ, Huete AR (1995), "A feedback based modification of the NDVI to minimize canopy background and atmospheric noise". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 33: 457–465.
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) is an 'optimized' vegetation index designed to enhance the vegetation signal with improved sensitivity in high biomass regions and improved vegetation monitoring through a de-coupling of the canopy background signal and a reduction in atmosphere influences.
Jiang, Z., Huete, A. R., Didan, K., & Miura, T. (2008). Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(10), 3833–3845.
Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2) improved sensitivity to high biomass while minimising soil and atmosphere infuence
D.M. Woebbecke, G.E. Meyer, K. Von Bargen, D.A. Mortensen, "Plant species identification, size, and enumeration using machine vision techniques on near-binary images", Optics in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 1836, SPIE (1992), pp. 208-219
G.E. Meyer, J.A.C. Neto, "Verification of color vegetation indices for automated crop imaging applications", Comp. Electron. Agricult., 63 (2) (2008), pp. 282-293
G.E. Meyer, T. Mehta, M.F. Kocher, D.A. Mortensen, A. Samal, "Textural imaging and discriminant analysis for distinguishing weeds for spot spraying", Trans. ASAE, 41 (4) (1998), pp. 1189-1197
Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR, sometimes also noted fAPAR or fPAR) is the fraction of the incoming solar radiation in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation spectral region that is absorbed by a photosynthetic organism, typically describing the light absorption across an integrated plant canopy. This biophysical variable is directly related to the primary productivity of photosynthesis and some models use it to estimate the assimilation of carbon dioxide in vegetation. FAPAR can be derived from space measurements in the solar spectral range and a number of state of the art algorithms have been proposed to estimate this important environmental variable. FAPAR can also be used as an indicator of the state and evolution of the vegetation cover; with this function, it advantageously replaces the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), provided it is itself properly estimated. Currently, there are some remote sensing products of FAPAR, such as AVHRR and MODIS.
Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR)
W. Ye, X. Li, X. Chen, G. Zhang, "A Spectral Index for Highlighting Forest Cover From Remotely Sensed Imagery", International Society for Optics and Photonics., Beijing (2014)
Gitelson, Anatoly A., Yoram J. Kaufman, and Mark N. Merzlyak. "Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS." Remote sensing of Environment 58.3 (1996): 289-298.
Green Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (GARI)
GARI = [NIR−(Green−(Blue−Red))] / [NIR−(Green+(Blue−Red))]
GARVI = (NIR - (B3 - B1 - B5)) / (NIR - (B3 + B1 - B5)) which, B1 is the reflectance of the BLUE band (432–453 nm), B3 is the reflectance of the GREEN band (542–578 nm), B5 is the reflectance of the vegetation red edge band at (697–712 nm) .
Green Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (GARVI)
D. Woebbecke, G.E. Meyer, K. Von Bargen, D.A. Mortensen, "Color indices for weed identification under various soil, residue, and lighting conditions", Trans. ASAE, 38 (1) (1995), pp. 259-269
Green Blue Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (GBNDVI)
Gitelson, A., Y. Gritz, and M. Merzlyak. "Relationships Between Leaf Chlorophyll Content and Spectral Reflectance and Algorithms for Non-Destructive Chlorophyll Assessment in Higher Plant Leaves." Journal of Plant Physiology 160 (2003): 271-282.
Gitelson, A.A., Vina, A., Arkebauer, T.J., Rundquist, D.C., Keydan, G., Leavitt, B., 2003. "Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leaf biomass in maize canopies.", Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (5)
Green Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (GCVI)
Sripada, R., et al. "Determining In-Season Nitrogen Requirements for Corn Using Aerial Color-Infrared Photography." Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State University, 2005.
Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI) was originally designed with color-infrared photography to predict nitrogren requirements for corn.
Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI)
Pinty, B., and M. Verstraete, "GEMI: a Non-Linear Index to Monitor Global Vegetation From Satellites". Vegetation 101 (1992): 15-20.
Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI) is a non-linear vegetation index, which is used for global environmental monitoring from satellite imagery and attempts to correct for atmospheric effects. It is similar to NDVI but is less sensitive to atmospheric effects. It is affected by bare soil; therefore, it is not recommended for use in areas of sparse or moderately dense vegetation. To compare observations under varying atmospheric and illumination conditions
Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI)
Gilabert MA, Gonzalez-Piqueras J, Garcia-Haro FJ, Melia J (2002), "A generalized soil-adjusted vegetation index". Remote Sensing of Environment 82: 303–310.
Generalized soil adjusted vegetation index (GESAVI)
GI = ((2.0 x Green) - (Red + Blue)) / ((2.0 x Green) + Red + Blue)
Louhaichi, M., M. Borman, and D. Johnson. "Spatially Located Platform and Aerial Photography for Documentation of Grazing Impacts on Wheat." Geocarto International 16, No. 1 (2001): 65-70.
Green Leaf Index (GLI) was originally designed for use with a digital RGB camera to measure wheat cover, where the red, green, and blue digital numbers (DNs) range from 0 to 255.
GLI = ((Green-Red) + (Green-Blue)) / ((2 * Green) + Red + Blue)
A.A. Gitelson, M.N. Merzlyak, "Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves", Int. J. Remote Sens., 18 (1997), pp. 2691-2697
Gitelson and Merzlyak (GM) is created to measure the chlorophyll content in vegetation leaves
Gitelson, A. & Merzlyak, N. (1996b). Signature analysis of leaf reflectance spectra: algorithm development for remote sensing of chlorophyll. Journal of Plant Physiology, 148, 494–500.
Gitelson, A., & Merzlyak, N. (1997). Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18(12), 2691–2697.
Gitelson and Merzylak 1 (GM1) and GM2 were created to measure the chlorophyll content in vegetation leaves
Gitelson and Merzylak 2 (GM2) and GM1 were created to measure the chlorophyll content in vegetation leaves
A.A. Gitelson, Y. Kaufman, M.N. Merzlyak, "Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS", Remote sensing of Environment, 58 (3) (1996), pp. 289-298
Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) is similar to NDVI except that it measures the green spectrum from 540 to 570 nm instead of the red spectrum. This index is more sensitive to chlorophyll concentration than NDVI.
Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI)
Green Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GOSAVI) was originally designed with color-infrared photography to predict nitrogren requirements for corn. It is similar to OSAVI, but it substitutes the green band for red.
Green Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GOSAVI)
Green Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GRDVI)
Green Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GRNDVI)
Sripada, R., et al. "Aerial Color Infrared Photography for Determining Early In-season Nitrogen Requirements in Corn." Agronomy Journal 98 (2006): 968-977.
Green Ratio Vegetation Index (GRVI) is sensitive to photosynthetic rates in forest canopies, as green and red reflectances are strongly influenced by changes in leaf pigments.
Green Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GSAVI)
GSAVI = [(NIR−Green) / (NIR + Green+L) ] * (1+L)
Kauth, R., and G. Thomas. "The Tasselled Cap-A Graphic Description of the Spectral-Temporal Development of Agricultural Crops as Seen By Landsat" In Proceedings of the LARS 1976 Symposium of Machine Processing of Remotely-Sensed Data, West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, pp. 4B41-4B51.
Green Vegetation Index (GVI) minimizes the effects of background soil while emphasizing green vegetation. It uses global coefficients that weigh the pixel values to generate new transformed bands. It is also known as the Landsat TM Tasseled Cap green vegetation index. Values range from -1 to 1. GVI was originally designed for use with Landsat TM, but it will also work with the corresponding bands of Landsat ETM+ and Landsat 8.
Bareth G, Bolten A, Hollberg J, Aasen H, Burkhart A, Schellberg J, 2015. "Feasibility study of using non-calibrated UAV-based RGB imagery for grassland monitoring: case study at the Rengen Long-term Grassland Experiment (RGE), Germany." Proc. DGPF annual conference’15, Cologne, Germany, 55–62.
Crippen, R. "Calculating the Vegetation Index Faster." Remote Sensing of Environment 34 (1990): 71-73.
Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI) is functionally the same as NDVI, but it is computationally faster. Values range from 0 to 1.
Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI)
Haboudane, D.; Miller, J.R.; Tremblay, N.; Zarco-Tejada, P.J.; Dextraze, L. Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 2002, 81, 416–426.
Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is an important physiological indicator of the actual health status of individual plants. An accurate estimation of LCC can therefore provide valuable information for precision field management.
M. Prabhakar, Y.G. Prasad, M. Thirupathi, G. Sreedevi, B. Dharajothi, B. Venkateswarlu, "Use of ground based hyperspectral remote sensing for detection of stress in cotton caused by leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 79 (2011), pp. 189-198
Xiao, X., Boles, S., Liu, J., Zhuang, D., Liu, M., 2002. "Characterization of forest types in Northeastern China, using multi-temporal SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor data." Remote Sens. Environ. 82 (2), 335–348
Hunt Jr, E. Raymond; Rock, Barrett N. "Detection of changes in leaf water content using Near- and Middle-Infrared reflectances", 1989
LWCI = log(1-(NIR-MIDIR))-log(1-(NIR-MIDIR)).
Derivative features: Lb is wavelength position at Db
Derivative features: Lr is wavelength position at Dr
Derivative features: Ly is wavelength position at Dy
Zhu, Gaolong; Ju, Weimin; Chen, J. M.; Liu, Yibo (2015), "Formulas of several commonly used vegetation indices". PLOS ONE. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102560.t001
Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index (MAVI)
C.S. Daughtry, C.L. Walthall, M.S. Kim, E.B. de Colstoun, J.E. McMurtrey, "Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance", Remote Sensing of Environment, 74 (2) (2000), pp. 229-239
Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCARI)
Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index 1 (MCARI1)
C. Wu, Z. Niu, Q. Tang, W. Huang, "Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: modeling and validation", Agric. For. Meteorol., 148 (2008), pp. 1230-1241
Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index 2 (MCARI2)
MGRVI = (Green^2 - Red^2) / Green^2 + Red^2)
Bendig, J.; Yu, K.; Aasen, H.; Bolten, A.; Bennertz, S.; Broscheit, J.; Gnyp, M.L.; Bareth, G. "Combining uav-based plant height from crop surface models, visible, and near infrared vegetation indices for biomass monitoring in barley." Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 2015, 39, 79–87.
Modified Green Red Vegetation Index (MGRVI)
Modified Green Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MGSAVI)
Yang, Z., P. Willis, and R. Mueller. "Impact of Band-Ratio Enhanced AWIFS Image to Crop Classification Accuracy." Proceedings of the Pecora 17 Remote Sensing Symposium (2008), Denver, CO.
Modified Non-Linear Index (MNLI) is an enhancement to the Non-Linear Index (NLI) that incorporates the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) to account for the soil background. ENVI uses a canopy background adjustment factor (L) value of 0.5.
MNLI = (NIR^2 - Red) * (1+L) / (NIR^2+Red+L)
Qi J, Chehbouni A, Huete AR, Kerr YH, Sorooshian S (1994), "A modified soil adjusted vegetation index". Remote Sensing of Environment 48: 119–126.
Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI)
Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 1 (MSAVI1)
Qi, J., A. Chehbouni, A. Huete, Y. Kerr, and S. Sorooshian. "A Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index." Remote Sensing of Environment 48 (1994): 119-126.
Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2 (MSAVI2) is a simpler version of the MSAVI index proposed by Qi, et al (1994), which improves upon the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). It reduces soil noise and increases the dynamic range of the vegetation signal. MSAVI2 is based on an inductive method that does not use a constant L value (as with SAVI) to highlight healthy vegetation.
Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2 (MSAVI2)
Welikhe P, Quansah JE, Fall S, Elhenney WMc (2017), "Estimation of Soil Moisture Percentage Using LANDSAT-based Moisture Stress Index". J Remote Sensing & GIS 6: 200. doi: 10.4172/2469-4134.1000200
Moisture Stress Index (MSI) is used for canopy stress analysis, productivity prediction and biophysical modeling.
Prabhakar, Mathyam, et al. "Hyperspectral indices for assessing damage by the solenopsis mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in cotton." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 97 (2013): 61-70.
Dash, Jadunandan, and P. J. Curran. "The MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index." International Journal of Remote Sensing, (2004): 5403-5413.
MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI)
Modified Triangular Vegetation Index (MTVI)
Modified Triangular Vegetation Index 1 (MTVI1)
Haboudane D., Miller J.R., Pattey E., Zarco-Tejada P.J., Strachan I.B. Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004;90:337–352.
Modified Triangular Vegetation Index (MTVI2)
Modified Triangular Vegetation Index 3 (MTVI3)
P.S. Thenkabail, R.B. Smith, E. De Pauw, "Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop characteristics", Remote Sensing of Environment, 71 (2) (2000), pp. 158-182
Narrow-Band Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NBNDVI)
A. Rasul, H. Balzter, G. Ibrahim, H. Hameed, J. Wheeler, B. Adamu, et al., "Applying built-up and bare-soil indices from Landsat 8 to cities in dry climates", Land, 7 (2018), p. 81
Y. Zha, J. Gao, S. Ni, "Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery", Int. J. Remote Sens., 24 (2003), pp. 583-594
Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBUI)
A. Marshak, Y. Knyazikhin, A.B. Davis, W.J. Wiscombe, P., P., "Cloud-vegetation interaction: use of normalized difference cloud index for estimation of cloud optical thickness", Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (2000), pp. 1695-1698
Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI)
Romero, M., Luo, Y., Su, B., & Fuentes, S. (2018). "Vineyard water status estimation using multispectral imagery from an UAV platform and machine learning algorithms for irrigation scheduling management." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 147, 109–117.
Normalized Difference Greenness Vgetation Index (NDGI)
Stajnko et al., D. Stajnko, M. Lakota, M. Hocevar, "Estimation of number and diameter of apple fruits in an orchard during the growing season by thermal imaging", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 42 (2004), pp. 31-34
Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII)
Normalized Difference Moisture Index-1 (NDMI-1)
Normalized Difference Moisture Index-2 (NDMI-2)
Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) index which estimates leaf chlorophyll content was most useful in characterizing the leaf area dynamics/senescence patterns of contrasting genotypes.
Normalized Difference Red-edge Index (NDRE)
Normalized Difference Red-edge Index 1 (NDRE1)
E.M. Barnes, T.R. Clarke, S.E. Richards, P.D. Colaizzi, J. Haberland, M. Kostrzewski, P. Waller, C. Choi, E. Riley, T. Thompson, R.J. Lascano, H. Li, M.S. Moran, "Coincident Detection of Crop Water Stress, Nitrogen Status, and Canopy Density Using Ground-Based Multispectral Data", In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Bloomington, MN, USA (Vol. 1619).
Normalized Difference Red-edge Index 2 (NDRE2)
NDRE2 = (Band7 - Band5) / (Band7 + Band5) defined for Sentinel-2 bands
G. Navarro, I. Caballero, G. Silva, P.-C. Parra, Á. Vázquez, R. Caldeira, "Evaluation of forest fire on Madeira Island using sentinel-2A MSI imagery", Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 58 (2017), pp. 97-106
NDRE3 = (Band8A - Band7) / (Band8A + Band7) Definition for Sentinel-2 bands
Normalized Difference Red-edge Index 3 (NDRE3)
Normalized Difference Red-edge Index (NDREI)
L. Vescovo, G. Wohlfahrt, M. Balzarolo, S. Pilloni, M. Sottocornola, M. Rodeghiero, D. Gianelle, "New spectral vegetation indices based on the near-infrared shoulder wavelengths for remote detection of grassland phytomass", Int. J. Remote Sens., 33 (7) (2012), pp. 2178-2195
Normalized Difference Structural Index (NDSI)
Normalized Difference Tillage Index (NDTI)
Rouse et al., J.W. Rouse, R.H. Haas, J.A. Schell, D.W. "Deering Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS", Proc. Third ERTS Symposium, 1 (1973), pp. 48-62
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyze remote sensing measurements, often from a space platform, assessing whether or not the target being observed contains live green vegetation.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Normalized Difference 750/705 Chl NDI (NDVI705)
Gao. "NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space." 1996.
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) is formulated by Gao combining reflectance of NIR and SWIR is more common and has wider range of application. It can be used for exploring water content at single leaf level as well as canopy/satellite level
Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
NDWI = (Green - NIR) / (Green + NIR) NDWI = (NIR - SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)
Normalized Difference Yellowness Index (NDYI)
Normalized Green Red Diference Index (NGRDI)
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm).
N.S. Goel, W. Qi, "Influences of canopy architecture on relationships between various vegetation indices and LAI and FPAR: A computer simulation", Remote Sensing Reviews, 10 (4) (1994), pp. 309-347
Non-linear Vegetation Index (NLI) assumes that the relationship between many vegetation indices and surface biophysical parameters is non-linear. It linearizes relationships with surface parameters that tend to be non-linear.
Aparicio, N., et al. "Effect of sensor view angle on the assessment of agronomic traits by ground level hyper-spectral reflectance measurements in durum wheat under contrasting Mediterranean conditions." International Journal of Remote Sensing 25.6 (2004): 1131-1152.
Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll Index (NPCI)
J. Penuelas, J. Gamon, A. Fredeen, J. Merino, C. Field, "Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen-and water-limited sunflower leaves", Rem. Sens. Environ., 48 (1994), pp. 135-146
Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll Index 2 (NPCI2)
Normalized Phaeophytinization Index (NPQ)
I. Filella, L. Serrano, J. Serra, J. Penuelas, "Evaluating wheat nitrogen status with canopy reflectance indices and discriminant analysis", Crop Science, 35 (5) (1995), pp. 1400-1405
Water Stress and Canopy Temperature (NWI2)
Babar, M. A., Reynolds, M. P., Van Ginkel, M., Klatt, A. R., Raun, W. R., & Stone, M. L. (2006). Spectral refectance to estimate genetic variation for in-season biomass, leaf chlorophyll, and canopy temperature in wheat. Crop Science, 46(3), 1046–1057.
Pimstein, A., Karnieli, A., Bansal, S. K., & Bonfild, D. J. (2011). Exploring remotely sensed technologies for monitoring wheat potassium and phosphorus using field spectroscopy. Field Crops Research, 121, 125–135.
Rondeaux G, Steven M, Baret F (1996), "Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment", 55: 95–107.
Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI)
C. Wu, Z. Niu, Q. Tang, W. Huang, Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: modeling and validation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148 (2008), pp. 1230-1241
Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2 (OSAVI2)
PBI = Band8 / Band 3 defined for Sentinel-2 bands
Metternicht, G. (2003). Vegetation indices derived from high-resolution airborne videography for precision crop management. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(14), 2855–2877
J.A. Gamon, J. Penuelas, C.B. Field, "A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency", Remote Sensing of Environment, 41 (1) (1992), pp. 35-44
Pigment Specific Normalized Difference-a (PSNDa)
Pigment Specific Normalized Difference-b (PSNDb)
Pigment Specific Normalized Difference-c (PSNDc)
M.N. Merzlyak, A.A. Gitelson, O.B. Chivkunova, V.Y. Rakitin, "Non-destructive optical detection of pigment changes during leaf senescence and fruit ripening", Physiologia Plantarum, 106 (1) (1999), pp. 135-141
Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI)
A.A. Gitelson, N.M. Merzlyak, B.O. Chivkunova, "Optical properties and nondestructive estimation of anthocyanin content in plant leaves", Photochemistry and Photobiology, 74 (1) (2001), pp. 38-45
Blackburn, G. A. (1998). Spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations: A test using senescent tree leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19(4), 657–675.
Richardson AJ, Wiegand CL (1977), "Distinguishing vegetation from soil background information". Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 43: 1541–1552.
G. R. Mahajan, R. N. Sahoo, R. N. Pandey, V. K. Gupta, Dinesh Kumar,Using hyperspectral remote sensing techniques to monitor nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and potassium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.),Precision Agriculture, Volume 15, pages 499–522 (2014) , Springer
E.W. Chappelle, M.S. Kim, M.M. Iii, "Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (rars): an algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybean leaves", Remote Sens. Environ., 39 (1992), pp. 239-247
Ratio Analysis of Reflectance Spectra (RARS) estimates carotenoid pigment contents in foliage.
Ratio Analysis of Reflectance Spectra (RARS)
Chappelle, E. W., Kim, M. S., & McMurtrey, J. E. (1992). "Ration analysis of refectance spectra (RARS) - An algorithm for the remote estimation concentration of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoid soybean leaves". Remote Sensing of Environment, 39(3), 239–247.
Ratio Analysis of Refectance Spectral Chlorophyll-a (RARSa)
Ratio Analysis of Refectance Spectral Chlorophyll-b (RARSb)
Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index (RCI) is a narrow band in the vegetation reflectance spectrum between the transition of red to near infra-red. The total chlorophyll content is linearly correlated with the difference between the reciprocal reflectance of green/ red-edge bands and the NIR band.
J.E. Pinder, K.W. McLeod, "Indications of Relative Drought Stress in Longleaf Pine From Thematic Mapper Data", 65 (1999), pp. 495-501
RDI = Band12 / Band8A defined for Sentinel-2 bands
Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RNDVI)
Red-Edge Difference Vegetation Index (REDVI)
Guyot, G., Baret, F., 1988. Utilisation de la haute résolution spectrale pour suivre l’état des 494 couverts végétaux. In: Proceedings of the 4th International colloquium on spectral signatures of 495 objects in remote sensing. ESA SP-287, Assois, France, pp. 279–286.
The red-edge represents the abrupt reflectance change in 680-740 nm range of vegetation spectra, which is caused by the combined effects of strong chlorophyll absorption in the red wavelengths and high reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths due to the leaf internal scattering.
Red-Edge Renormalized Different Vegetation Index (RERDVI)
Red-Edge Renormalized Vegetation Index (RERVI)
Chen, P., Tremblay, N., Wang, J., & Vigneault, P., (2009). "New spectral index for corn greenbiomass estimation." In Q. Tong & D. Li (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes. Sichuan. China. May 25–29 2009. (pp. 507–514).
Red Edge Triangular Vegetation Index (RETVI)
Merton, R., Huntington, J., 1999. "Early simulation of the ARIES-1 satellite sensor for multi-temporal vegetation research derived from AVIRIS". In: Summaries of the Eight JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop. Pasadena, CA: JPL, Publication. pp. 299-307.
Red-Edge Vegetation Stress Index (REVSI)
Red-Edge Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index (REWDRVI)
Normalized Green-Red Difference Index (NGRDI)
RGBVI = (Green^2 - Red*Blue) / Green^2 + Red*Blue)
Escadafal, R. and Huete, A. R. (1991) Étude des propriétés spectrales des sols arides appliquée à l'amélioration des indices de végétation obtenus par télédétection. CR Acad. Sci. Paris 312 (2):1385-1391.
Reciprocal of Moisture Stress Index (RMSI)
J. Roujean, F. Breon, "Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements", Remote Sensing of Environment, 51 (3) (1995), pp. 375-384
Sensitive to photosynthetically active radiation and biophysical parameters
Reflectance of near-infrared band (RNIR)
Brown LJ, Chen JM, Leblanc SG, Cihlar J (2000), "A shortwave infrared correction to the simple ratio: an image and model analysis. Remote Sensing of Environment" 71: 16–25.
RSR = SR×(SWIRmax–SWIR)/(SWIRmax–SWIRmin)
Simple Ratio (SR) or Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) is simply the reflectance in the NIR band divided by the reflectance in the red band.
Kruse, F. A., Lefkoff, A. B., Boardman, J. W., Heidebrecht, K. B., Shapiro, A. T., Barloon, P. J., et al. (1993). The spectral image-processing system (SIPS)-interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 44(2–3), 145–163.
Spectral Angle Mapping (SAM) determines spectral similarity between two spectra by treating them as vectors in a space with dimensionality equal to the number of bands (nb) (Kruse et al. 1993). A simplified explanation of this can be given by considering a reference spectrum and a test spectrum from two-band data represented on a two dimensional plot as two points
Baret, F.; Guyot, G.; Major, D, "TSAVI: a vegetation index which minimizes soil brightness effects on LAI and APAR estimation", Proceedings of 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing and IGARSS, 1989
Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI)
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) empirically derived NDVI products have been shown to be unstable, varying with soil colour, soil moisture, and saturation effects from high density vegetation. In an attempt to improve NDVI, Huete developed a vegetation index that accounted for the differential red and near-infrared extinction through the vegetation canopy. The index is a transformation technique that minimizes soil brightness influences from spectral vegetation indices involving red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. The L-value is based on the amount of green vegetative cover. L is a default of 0.5, which means, generally, areas of moderate green vegetative cover. SAVI is sensitive to biophysical parameters
SAVI = ((NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red + L)) x (1 + L)
SBI = (0.332MSS4 + 0.603MSS5 + O.675MSS6 + 0.262MSS7) The NDVI can be noted as NDVI(MSS6) or NDVI(MSS7) according to the spectral band used (MSS6 or MSS7).
T. Raper, J. Varco, "Canopy-scale wavelength and vegetative index sensitivities to cotton growth parameters and nitrogen status", Precision Agric., 16 (1) (2015), pp. 62-76
Simplified Canopy ChlorophyII Content Index
Derivative features: Defined by sum of 1st order derivative values of 35 bands within the blue edge
Sum of 1st Derivative values within Blue edge (SDb)
SDb = Sum of 1st order derivative values of 35 bands within the blue edge
Derivative features: Defined by sum of 1st order derivative values of 61 bands within the red edge
Sum of 1st Derivative values within Red edge (SDr)
SDr = Sum of 1st order derivative values of 61 bands within the red edge
Derivative features: Defined by sum of 1st order derivative values of 28 bands within the yellow edge
Sum of 1st Derivative values within Yellow edge (SDy)
SDy = Sum of 1st order derivative values of 28 bands within the yellow edge
Vidal, A., F. Pinglo, H. Durand, C. Devaux-Rox, and A. Maillet. 1994. “Evaluation of a Temporal Fire Risk Index in Mediterranean Forests from NOAA Thermal IR.” Remote Sensing of the Environment 49: 296–303.
Mohammed, G.H.; Colombo, R.; Middleton, E.M.; Rascher, U.; van der Tol, C.; Nedbal, L.; Goulas, Y.; Pérez-Priego, O.; Damm, A.; Meroni, M.; et al. "Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in vegetation: 50 years of progress". Remote sens. Environ. 2019, 231, 111177
Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF)
Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI) improved pigment index to avoid structural disturbances
Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI)
Spectral Polygon Vegetation Index (SPVI)
F. Baret, G. Guyot, "Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment", Remote Sensing of Environment, 35 (2-3) (1991), pp. 161-173
Simple Ratio (SR) is a ratio of (1) the wavelength with highest reflectance for vegetation and (2) the wavelength of the deepest chlorophyll absorption. The simple equation is easy to understand and is effective over a wide range of conditions. As with the NDVI, it can saturate in dense vegetation when LAI becomes very high. Structural-related index minimising pigment infuence
Prasad, Bishwajit. Spectral reflectance indices in wheat breeding. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.
Spectral reflectance indices (SRI) are one of the several indirect selection tools that have been reported to be associated with many physiological processes of different crop species.
Penuelas J., Gamon J.A., Fredeen A.L., Merino J., Field C.B. Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in nitrogen- and water-limited sunflower leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 1994;48:135–146.
Zhao, D., Reddy, K. R., Kakani, V. G., Read, J. J., & Koti, S. (2007). "Canopy reflectance in cotton for growth assessment and lint yield prediction". European Journal of Agronomy, 26(3), 335–344.
Rallo, G., Minacapilli, M., Ciraolo, G., & Provenzano, G. (2014). "Detecting crop water status in mature olive groves using vegetation spectral measurements." Biosystems Engineering, 128, 52–68.
Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Rueda, C. A., & Ustin, S. L. (2003). "Water content estimation in vegetation with MODIS reflectance data and model inversion methods." Remote Sensing of Environment, 85(1), 109–124.
Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) is of the band combination meant to monitor drainage and soil patterns, stages of crop growth, and vegetation studies in general.
Y. Inoue, S. Morinaga, M. Shibayama, "Non-destructive estimation of water status of intact crop leaves based on spectral reflectance measurements", Japanese J. Crop Sci., 62 (1993), pp. 462-469
Yuan, Lin, et al. "Detection of anthracnose in tea plants based on hyperspectral imaging." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 167 (2019): 105039.
D. Haboudane, J.R. Miller, E. Pattery, P.J. Zarco-Tejad, I.B. Strachan, "Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture", Remote Sensing Environment, 90 (3) (2004), pp. 337-352
Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption and Reflectance Index (TCARI)
Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption and Reflectance Index 2 (TCARI2)
Hunt Jr, E. Raymond, et al. "Remote sensing leaf chlorophyll content using a visible band index." Agronomy journal 103.4 (2011): 1090-1099.
Bannari, A., Asalhi, H., & Teillet, P. M. 2002. Transformed diference vegetation index (TDVI) for vegetation cover mapping. In IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, (Vol. 5, pp. 3053–3055).
Transformed Diference Vegetation Index (TDVI) is a structural-related index minimising pig- ment infuence
Transformed Diference Vegetation Index (TDVI)
Hunt, E., C. Daughtry, J. Eitel, and D. Long. "Remote Sensing Leaf Chlorophyll Content Using a Visible Band Index." Agronomy Journal 103, No. 4 (2011): 1090-1099.
Triangular Greenness Index (TGI) approximates the area of a triangle bounding a leaf reflectance spectrum, where the vertices are in the red, green, and blue wavelengths. The Lambda (L) terms represent the center wavelengths of the respective bands. The Rho (R) terms represent the pixel values of those bands. The original TGI equation (Hunt et al, 2011) used 670 nm, 550 nm, and 480 nm for the red, green, and blue wavelength centers, with a 10 nm band width. The following figure shows an ENVI spectral profile of a pixel that represents healthy, green vegetation. It shows the triangle bounding the vegetation spectrum.
TGI = ((Lred-Lblue)(Rred-Rgreen) - (Lred-Lgreen)(Rred-Rblue)) / 2
Transformed Normal Difference Vegetation index (TNDVI) is used to transform multi-spectral data into a single image band.
Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI)
Transformed soil adjusted vegetation index (TSAVI)
TSAVI = a(NIR-aR-b)/(R+a(NIR-b)+X(1+a^2))
Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI)
N.H. Broge, E. Leblanc, "Comparing prediction power and stability of broadband and hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimation of green leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll density", Remote Sensing of Environment, 76 (2) (2001), pp. 156-172
Gitelson, A., et al. "Vegetation and Soil Lines in Visible Spectral Space: A Concept and Technique for Remote Estimation of Vegetation Fraction. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23 (2002): 2537−2562.
Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) is based on the ARVI and is used to estimate the fraction of vegetation in a scene with low sensitivity to atmospheric effects.
Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI)
VARI = (Green-Red) / (Green + Red - Blue)
Vertex Component Analysis (VCA) is a linear unmixing method, aiming at estimating the number of reference endmembers, their spectral signatures and their abundance fractions.
Liu, W.T., Kogan, F.N.,: Monitoring regional drought using the Vegetation Condition Index. In: International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1996, Vol. 17, 2761- 2782
VCI = (NDVIj−NDVImin) / (NDVImax−NDVImin) * 100
Gitelson, A. A., R. Stark, U. Grits, D. Rundquist, Y. Kaufman, and D. Derry. 2002a. “Vegetation and Soil Lines in Visible Spectral Space: A Concept and Technique for Remote Estimation of Vegetation Fraction.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 23: 2537–2562.
A Vegetation Index (VI) is a spectral transformation of two or more bands designed to enhance the contribution of vegetation properties and allow reliable spatial and temporal inter-comparisons of terrestrial photosynthetic activity and canopy structural variations.
A.A. Gitelson, Y.J. Kaufman, R. Stark, D. Rundquist, "Novel algorithms for remote estimation of vegetation fraction", Rem. Sens. Environ., 80 (2002), pp. 76-87
Bilgili, A. Volkan, et al. "Visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for assessment of soil properties in a semi-arid area of Turkey." Journal of Arid Environments 74.2 (2010): 229-238.
Visible Near Infrared Reflectance (VNIR) spectroscopy shows promise as a low-cost method that can be used to substitute or complement traditional soil characterization methods.
Visible Near Infrared Reflectance (VNIR)
Pearson, R.L., Miller, L.D., 1972. Remote mapping of standing crop biomass for estimation of the productivity of the shortgrass prairie, Pawnee National Grasslands, Colorado. In: Proc. 8th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, vol. 2, pp. 1355–1379.
Vogelmann JE, Rock BN, Moss DM. 1993. Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14:1563– 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169308953986.
Vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI)
Rapaport, T., Hochberg, U., Shoshany, M., Karnieli, A., & Rachmilevitch, S. (2015). "Combining leaf physiology, hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares-regression (PLS-R) for grapevine water status assessment". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 109, 88–97.
Claudio HC, Cheng YF, Fuentes DA, Gamon JA, Luo HY, Oechel W, Qiu HL, Rahman AF, Sims DA (2006) Monitoring drought effects on vegetation water content and fluxes in chaparral with the 970 nm water band index. Remote Sens Environ 103:304–311
A.A. Gitelson, "Wide dynamic range vegetation index for remote quantification of biophysical characteristics of vegetation", J. Plant Physiol., 161 (2004), pp. 165-173
Wide Dynamic Range VI (WDRVI) is similar to NDVI, but it uses a weighting coefficient (a) to reduce the disparity between the contributions of the near-infrared and red signals to the NDVI. The WDRVI is particularly effective in scenes that have moderate-to-high vegetation density when NDVI exceeds 0.6. NDVI tends to level off when vegetation fraction and leaf area index (LAI) increase, whereas the WDRVI is more sensitive to a wider range of vegetation. The weighting coefficient (alpha) can range from 0.1 to 0.2. ENVI uses a value of 0.2, as recommended by Henebry, Viña, and Gitelson (2004). To apply a different weighting coefficient value, use the Band Math tool. Estimate LAI, vegetation cover, biomass; Better than NDVI
WDRVI = (alpha * NIR - Red) / (alpha * NIR + Red)
Clevers JPW (1989) The applications of a weighted infrared-red vegetation index for estimating leaf area index by correcting for soil moisture. Remote Sensing of Environment 29: 25–37.
Weighted Difference Vegetation Index (WDVI)
R.A. Naidu, E.M. Perry, F.J. Pierce, T. Mekuria, "The potential of spectral reflectance technique for the detection of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 in two red-berried wine grape cultivars", Comput. Electron. Agric., 66 (2009), pp. 38-45
Weighted Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (WNDVI)
Continuous removal features: The full wavelength width at half DEP (nm)
Yellowness Index (YI) is a number calculated from spectrophotometric data that describes the change in color of a test sample from clear or white to yellow. This test is most commonly used to evaluate color changes in a material caused by real or simulated outdoor exposure.
YI = 100(1-Blue/Green) where B and G are respectively amber blue (B) and green (G) colorimeter readings.
Huang W., Guan Q., Luo J., Zhang J., Zhao J., Liang D., Huang L., Zhang D. New Optimized Spectral Indices for Identifying and Monitoring Winter Wheat Diseases. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 2014;7:2516–2524. doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2294961.
YVI = (-0.899MSS4 + 0.428MSS5 + 0.076MSS6 - 0.041MSS7) The NDVI can be noted as NDVI(MSS6) or NDVI(MSS7) according to the spectral band used (MSS6 or MSS7).
Zarco-Tejada, P. J., Miller, J. R., Mohammed, G. H., Noland, T. L., & Sampson, P. H. (2001). Scaling-up and model inversion methods with narrow-band optical indices for chlorophyll content estimation in closed forest canopies with hyper-spectral data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(7), 1491–1507.
Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Integral (MCAI)
D.A. Sims, J.A. Gamon, "Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages", Rem. Sens. Environ., 81 (2002), pp. 337-354
modified Normalized Difference index (mND)
Nemani R, Pierce L, Running S, Band L (1993), "Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: sensitivity to remotely sensed leaf area index estimates". International Journal of Remote Sensing 14: 2519–2534.
Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MNDVI)
MNDVI = NDVI×(SWIRmax–SWIR)/(SWIRmax–SWIRmin)
J.M. Chen, "Evaluation of vegetation indices and a modified simple ratio for boreal applications", Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 22 (3) (1996), pp. 229-242
mWDRVI = NDVI if NDVI ≤0.6 else WDRVI
Spinach leaves can be harvested as soon as they are large enough to use and may be harvested by hand or machine. Individual leaves may be harvested as required in the home garden or the whole plant can be cut. In commercial production, bunched fresh spinach is usually cut by hand. SPinach for processing may be cut by machine.
Spinach requires high levels of moisture, and if rainfall is inadequate, 2.5 cm (1 in) of water should be applied every 7–10 days. Spinach also has high requirements for nitrogen and potassium which should be provided by applying fertilizer based on the results of a soil test. Potassium poses little environmental risk and may be applied based on the results of a soil test. Timing of nitrogen applications vary by location as there is a risk of leaching during heavy rainfall. In the home garden, fertilizer is often not required as long as spinach is planted in a fertile soil.
Spinach is propagated from seed with round seeded spinach usually being sown in early spring for a summer harvest and the prickly seeded type which is usually sown in fall for harvest in winter and spring. Seeds should be planted at a depth of 1–2 cm (0.5–1 in) leaving 33–38 cm (13-15 in) between rows. When seedlings reach about 5 cm (2 in) in height they should be thinned out to a spacing of 8–10 cm (3–4 in) between plants.
Spinach grows well in cool areas and can survive the first frost of temperate climates. It will germinates and grows optimally at temperatures between 4 and 16°C (40–60°F) but can withstand temperatures as low as -7C (20°F). Spinach grows best in a well draining loamy soil with a pH between 6.4 and 6.8. It is sensitive to acidic soil and if the pH is too high, adding lime is recommended. The soil temperature should not exceed 21°C (70°F).
Spinach is eaten cooked as a vegetable and contains both large amounts iron, calcium, and other essential vitamins and minerals.
Squash is ready to harvest when the rind is hard and cannot be punctured with a fingernail. The skin of mature fruits is dull and dry in appearance, especially when compared with the shiny skin of an immature fruit.
Squash vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence. Squash also require a continuous supply of water and where drip irrigation is not being used, plants should be watered deeply once per week, providing at least an inch of water. Shallow watering or watering less frequently encourages a shallow root system. Mulches can be used to conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene mulch has the advantage of warming the soil. All squash varieties produce both male and female flowers (monoecious) and are pollinated by insects such as bees.
Squash is propagated from seed and can be direct seeded or sown indoors and transplanted. If direct seeding,seeds should be sown after the last frosts and when the soil has warmed to at least 15.6°C (60°F). Sow 1–2 seeds 1.3–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) deep, at least 90 cm (~3 ft) apart if growing bush varieties and 120–150 cm (4–5 ft) apart if growing vining varieties. Allow a further 1–3 m (6–10 ft) between rows depending on the variety. If transplanting, seeds should be sown 3–4 weeks before the last frost date in your area and transplanted before the plants develop their second set of true leaves. Seeds in sown both indoors and out require lightly moist soil for germination, care should be taken to avoid overwatering. Seeds should germinate in 5–10 days depending on the soil temperature.
Squash is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 25°C (65–75°F). Squash will yield best if grown in a fertile, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Squash should be planted in full sun and provided with ample soil moisture due to their shallow root system. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space. Smaller bush varieties are available for more modest spaces.
Squash fruit can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Some varieties are grown as ornamentals.
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and southeast of the Arabian Sea; it is separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, but shares a maritime border with India. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and financial centre.
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean southwest of the Bay of Bengal and southeast of the Arabian Sea. Sri Lanka has been called “the pearl of the Indian ocean” because of its shape and location. It is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is its legislative capital, and Colombo is its largest city and centre of commerce.
Stage 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development
Stage 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development 30 Beginning of stem elongation: pseudostem and tillers erect, first internode begins to elongate, top of inflorescence at least 1 cm above tillering node 31 First node at least 1 cm above tillering node 32 Node 2 at least 2 cm above node 1 33 Node 3 at least 2 cm above node 2 3 . Stages continuous till . . . 37 Flag leaf just visible, still rolled 39 Flag leaf stage: flag leaf fully unrolled, ligule just visible
Fruit should be harvested regularly (every other day) when it is being produced by picking the berry along with the cap and 0.5 in of stem. remove the berries by pinching the stem. Harvest only fully ripe strawberries as they will not ripen further after harvest.
Begin preparing the strawberry bed as early as possible in the Spring when the soil becomes workable. Prepare the soil for planting by adding organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure. Plant the strawberry transplants 38-60 cm (15-24 in) apart depending on variety and allow 90-120 cm (36-48 in) between rows. Be careful to plant so that the crown of the plant (the point from which the leaves emerge) is at the soil surface. If planted too deep, the plants may rot and if planted too shallow the plants may not take root. After planting, water the plants thoroughly. In the first growing season after planting, the plants should not be allowed to produce fruit in order for the plants to concentrate their energy of vegetative growth. Pinch off any flowers as they are produced. Fruit can be harvested in the year after planting. When the desired density of plants is reached cut off any runners or cultivate with a hoe. Weeds should also be removed from the strawberry bed regularly. Strawberry plants also require adequate moisture and should receive 2.5-3.8 cm (1-1.5 in) of water per week either from rainfall or irrigation if needed. Strawberries will benefit from the addition of mulch which helps to conserve soil moisture and protects the plants from late frosts in Spring. If frost is forecast after planting the plants should be protected with row covers or other suitable material. Plants can also be protected with sprinkler irrigation. Row covers can also be used to protect the fruit from birds when fruiting.
It is generally considered to be more difficult to start strawberry plants from seed than it is to work with young plants. Depending on the variety of strawberry you have chosen, it may be necessary to cold treat your seeds before germination. This can be achieved by simply placing them in the freezer for 2-4 weeks before sowing. Strawberry seeds should be sown in trays containing a good quality, sterile seed starting mix. Sow the seeds to a depth of 6 mm (0.25 in) and keep the soil moist (but not wet) while the seeds germinate. Seeds should germinate in 2-3 weeks. When the seedlings reach 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in) in height, thin the seedlings if they are too close together and repot or transplant to the garden when they have 3 leaves. If planting outside be sure to harden the seedlings off before you put them in the ground. Runners Strawberries produce offspring on a sideshoot known as a “runnerâ€. Runners can be removed from the mother plant and relocated. Simply plant the runners to the desired final spacing in a bed prepared similarly to planting seeds.
Strawberries grow very well in cool temperate climates, at temperatures below 30oC (86oF)and require at least 8 hours of sunlight per day. They can be grown successfully in a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to silty clay but will grow best in a deep, well draining loam rich in organic matter. The optimum pH for their growth is between 5.5 and 6.5. If drainage is poor then it is recommended to plant strawberry on beds raised by a minimum of 15-20 cm (6-8 in).
Strawberries are consumed as a fresh fruit or can be used to produce jams, jellies or preserves.
Strawberry is the name given to several plant species in the genus Fragaria, including Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Fragaria grandiflora, Fragaria magna, Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria ananassa (or Fragaria x ananassa) which are grown for their edible fruit. Strawberry is an herbaceous perennial in the family Rosaceae. The plant has a short stem and trifoliate leaves which form a crown. close to the ground. The leaves display a variety of characteristic depending on the species, some are evergreen whereas some have leaves that will die and fall off in winter. The plant produces flower stalks from the crown and the the flowers are white in color. The fruit of the plant is red and fleshy with small seeds on the outside. Strawberry can grow 20-25 cm (8-10 in) in height and has an economic life of 2-4 years before the plants are replaced. Strawberry may also be referred to as garden strawberry and the plant is grown in most northern temperate regions of the world. The first domestic hybrids were created in Europe.
Canillo is one of the parishes of Andorra. Canillo is also the name of the main town of the parish. The parish is considered the religious center of Andorra with the Sanctuary and Chapel of Our Lady of Meritxell, patron saint of Andorra, and contains one of the best-preserved romanesque churches in the Pyrenees, Sant Joan de Caselles. It has a population of 4,826, as of 2011. Despite having a tourist vocation, the parish of Canillo still retains many livestock and agricultural traits.
Encamp is one of the parishes of Andorra, located on the Valira d'Orient river. It is also the name of the main town in the parish. Other settlements include Vila, El Pas de la Casa, Grau Roig, el Tremat, la Mosquera and Les Bons. As of 2004, it has about 11,800 inhabitants. The centre of the municipality lies 1,300 metres above sea level. The highest mountain in the parish is Pic dels Pessons .
La Massana is one of the seven parishes of the Principality of Andorra. It is located in the northwest of the country. La Massana is also the name of the main town of the parish. The name Massana derives from the Latin name mattianam for a variety of apple. Other settlements in the parish are Pal, Arinsal, Erts, Sispony, Anyós, L'Aldosa de la Massana, Puiol del Pui, Escàs, Els Plans, Mas de Ribafeta, Xixerella and Pui.
Ordino is the most northerly parish in the Principality of Andorra. It's mostly the main area of Valira del Nord or Valira d'Ordino river valley. Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish. Other settlements in the parish are El Serrat, Ansalonga, Sornàs, La Cortinada, Llorts, Segudet, Arans, Les Salines and Arcalís. It is home to the Sorteny National Park, the largest nature area of Andorra. It has a population of 4,858, as of 2017. The town preserves a vast medieval center, mainly linked to the culture of the country.
Sant Julià de Lòria is one of the parishes of Andorra, in the far south of that country. It is also the name of the main town of the parish, which at 908 m is the lowest settlement in Andorra. Other settlements in the parish include Bixessarri, Aixàs, Aixovall, Certers, Llumeneres, Nagol, Aixirivall, Auvinyà, Juberri, Fontaneda, and Canòlic. It is bordered by Andorra la Vella in the north, Escaldes-Engordany in the northeast and Catalonia, Spain in the south, east, west, northwest, southwest and southeast.
Andorra la Vella is the capital of the Principality of Andorra. It is located high in the east Pyrenees, between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital.
Escaldes-Engordany is one of the 7 parishes of Andorra. The Escaldes-Engordany parish was founded on 14 June 1978 and has the second largest population after Andorra la Vella. The parish is composed of the areas of les Escaldes, Engordany, Els Vilars d'Engordany, Engolasters, and El Fener. As of 2014 it has a population of 13,634. Notable events include the town's annual jazz festival. It borders four parishes: Encamp to the north and northeast, Sant Julià de Lòria in the southwest, Andorra la Vella in the west, La Massana in the northwest. Also borders Catalonia, Spain in the east, south and southeast.
The Emirate of Ajman is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. It became an emirate of the UAE on December 2, 1971. It has an area of 259 square kilometers, which makes it the smallest of the emirates in terms of area, while its population of approximately 504,846 according to the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Center in 2017 that makes it the fourth most populous emirate in the country. It is named after the city of Ajman, which is its seat of government. The main landmass of the emirate is bordered on the north, east, and south by the Emirate of Sharjah.
The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is one of seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates . It is by far the largest emirate by area, accounting for approximately 87 percent of the total land area of the federation. Abu Dhabi also has the second-largest population of the seven emirates. In June 2011 this was estimated to be 2,120,700 people, of which 439,100 people were Emirati citizens. The city of Abu Dhabi, after which the emirate is named, is both the capital of the emirate and federation.
The Emirate of Dubai is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.
The Emirate of Fujairah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. The only of the seven with a coastline solely on the Gulf of Oman and none on the Persian Gulf, its capital is Fujairah.
Ras Al Khaimah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates . The city of Ras Al Khaimah, sometimes simply abbreviated to RAK or RAK City, is the capital of the emirate and home to most of the emirate's residents. It is linked to the Islamic trading port of Julfar.
The Emirate of Sharjah is one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates, which covers 2,590 square kilometres and has a population of over 1,400,000 . It comprises the capital city of Sharjah, after which it is named, and other minor towns and exclaves such as Kalba', Al Dhaid, Dibba Al-Hisn and Khor Fakkan.
Umm Al Quwain is the capital and largest city of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain in the United Arab Emirates.
Balkh is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country. It is divided into 15 districts and has a population of about 1,509,183, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a Persian-speaking society. The city of Mazar-i-Sharif serves as the capital of the province. The Mazar-e Sharif International Airport and Camp Marmal sit on the eastern edge of Mazar-i-Sharif.
Bamyan Province is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central highlands of the country. Its terrain is mountainous or semi-mountainous, at the western end of the Hindu Kush mountains concurrent with the Himalayas. The province is divided into eight districts, with the town of Bamyan serving as its capital. The province has a population of about 495,557 and borders Samangan to the north, Baghlan, Parwan and Wardak to the east, Ghazni and Daykundi to the south, and Ghor and Sar-e Pol to the west. It is the largest province in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan, and is the cultural capital of the Hazara ethnic group that predominates in the area.
Bādghīs is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northwest of the country, on the border with Turkmenistan. It is considered to be one of the country's most underdeveloped provinces. The capital is Qala i Naw, while the most populous city and district is Bala Murghab. The ruins of the medieval city of Marw al-Rudh, the historical capital of the medieval region of Gharjistan, are located in the province near the modern city of Bala Murghab.
Badakhshan Province is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the farthest north-eastern part of the country between Tajikistan and Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan region. It shares a 91-kilometer border with China.
Baghlan is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the north of the country. As of 2020, the province has a population of about 1,014,634.
Daykundi, also spelled as Daikundi, Daikondi or Dai Kundi, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central part of the country. It has a population of about 516,504, which is a Hazara Province.
Farah is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country next to Iran. It is a spacious and sparsely populated province, divided into eleven districts and contains hundreds of villages. It has a population of about 563,026, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural tribal society. The Farah Airport is located near the city of Farah, which serves as the capital of the province. Farah is linked with Iran via the Iranian border town of Mahirud.
Faryab is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, which is located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. It has a population of about 1,109,223, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. The province encompasses 15 districts and over 1,000 villages. The capital of Faryab province is Maymana. It also borders Jowzjan Province, Sar-e Pol Province, Ghor Province and Badghis Province.
Ghazni is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in southeastern Afghanistan. The province contains 19 districts, encompassing over a thousand villages and roughly 1.3 million people, making it the 5th most populous province. The city of Ghazni serves as the capital. It lies on the important Kabul–Kandahar Highway, and has historically functioned as an important trade center. The Ghazni Airport is located next to the city of Ghazni and provides limited domestic flights to Afghanistan's capital, Kabul.
Ghōr, also spelled Ghowr or Ghur, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is located in Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan, towards the north-west. The province contains eleven districts, encompassing hundreds of villages, and approximately 764,472 settled people. Firuzkoh, serves as the capital of the province.
Helmand, also known as Hillmand, in ancient times, as Hermand and Hethumand, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, in the south of the country. It is the largest province by area, covering 58,584 square kilometres area. The province contains 13 districts, encompassing over 1,000 villages, and roughly 1,446,230 settled people. Lashkargah serves as the provincial capital.
Herat is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north-western part of the country. Together with Badghis, Farah, and Ghor provinces, it makes up the north-western region of Afghanistan. Its primary city and administrative capital is Herat City. The province of Herat is divided into about 17 districts and contains over 1,000 villages. It has a population of about 2,187,169, making it the second most populated province in Afghanistan behind Kabul Province. The population is multi-ethnic but largely Persian-speaking.
Jowzjan, sometimes spelled as Jawzjan or Jozjan, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country bordering neighboring Turkmenistan. The province is divided into 11 districts and contains hundreds of villages. It has a population of about 613,481, which is multi-ethnic and mostly agriculturalists. Sheberghan is the capital of Jozjan province.
Kabul, situated in the east of the country, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital of the province is Kabul city, which is also Afghanistan's capital and largest city. The population of the Kabul Province is over 5 million people as of 2020, of which over 85 percent live in urban areas. The current governor of the province is Muhammad Yaqub Haidari.
Kandahār is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country, sharing a border with Balochistan, Pakistan to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city, which is located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar.
Kapisa is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Located in the north-east of the country. The population of Kapisa is estimated to be 496,840, although there has never been an official estimate. The province covers an area of 1,842 km2 making it the smallest province in the country, however it is the most densely populated province apart from Kabul Province. It borders Panjshir Province to the north, Laghman Province to the east, Kabul Province to the south and Parwan Province to the west. Mahmud-i-Raqi is the provincial capital, while the most populous city and district of Kapisa is Nijrab.
Kunduz or Qunduz is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northern part of the country next to Tajikistan. The population of the province is around 1,136,677, which is mostly a tribal society; it is one of Afghanistan's most ethnically diverse provinces with many different ethnicities in large numbers living there. The city of Kunduz serves as the capital of the province. It borders the provinces of Takhar, Baghlan, Samangan and Balkh, as well as the Khatlon Region of Tajikistan. The Kunduz Airport is located next to the provincial capital.
Khost is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. To the east, Khost Province is bordered by North Waziristan and Kurram in Pakistan. Khost Province used to be part of Paktia Province in the past, and the larger region surrounding Khost is still called Loya Paktia .
Kunar is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital is Asadabad. Its population is estimated to be 508,224.
Laghman is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. It has a population of about 502,148, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The city of Mihtarlam serves as the capital of the province. In some historical texts the name is written as "Lamghan" or as "Lamghanat".
Logar is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan located in the eastern section of the country. It is divided into seven districts and contains hundreds of villages. Puli Alam is the capital of the province.
Nangarhār also called Nangrahar or Ningrahar, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country and bordering Logar, Kabul, Laghman and Kunar provinces as well as an international border with Pakistan. It is divided into twenty-two districts and has a population of about 1,735,531, the third highest of the country's 34 provinces. The city of Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province.
Nimruz or Nimroz is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country. It lies to the east of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and north of Balochistan, Pakistan, also bordering the Afghan provinces of Farah and Helmand. It has a population of about 186,963 people. The province is divided into five districts, encompassing about 649 villages.
Nuristan also spelled Nurestan or Nooristan, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. It is divided into seven districts and is Afghanistan's least populous province, with a population of about 167,000, Parun serves as the provincial capital. Nuristan is bordered on the south by Laghman and Kunar provinces, on the north by Badakhshan province, on the west by Panjshir province.
Uruzgan, also spelled as Urozgan or Oruzgan, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Uruzgan is located in the center of the country. The population is 443,804, and the province is mostly a tribal society. Tarinkot serves as the capital of the province.
Panjshir is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. The province is divided into eightdistricts and contains 512 villages. As of 2021, the population of Panjshir province was about 173,000. Bazarak serves as the provincial capital.
Parwān, also spelled Parvān, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 751,000. The province is multi-ethnic and mostly a rural society. The province is divided into ten districts. The town of Charikar serves as the provincial capital. The province is located north of Kabul Province and south of Baghlan Province, west of Panjshir Province and Kapisa Province, and east of Wardak Province and Bamyan Province.
Paktia is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the east of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktia Province is divided into 15 districts and has a population of roughly 623,000, which is mostly a tribal society living in rural areas. Pashtuns make up the majority of the population but smaller number of Tajiks are also found. Gardez is the provincial capital.
Paktika is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. Forming part of the larger Loya Paktia region, Paktika has a population of about 789,000, mostly ethnic Pashtuns. The town of Sharana serves as the provincial capital, while the most populous city is Urgun.
Samangan is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located north of the Hindu Kush mountains in the central part of the country. The province covers 11,218 square kilometres and is surrounded by Sar-e Pol Province in the west, Balkh in the north, Baghlan in the east, and Bamyan in the south.
Sar-e Pol, also spelled Sari Pul, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the north of the country. It borders Jowzjan and Balkh to the west and north, Ghor to the south, and Samangan to the east. The province is divided into 7 districts and contains 896 villages. It has a population of about 632,000, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society. The province was created in 1988, with the support of northern Afghan politician Sayed Nasim Mihanparast. The city of Sar-e Pol serves as the provincial capital.
Takhar is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeast of the country next to Tajikistan. It is surrounded by Badakhshan in the east, Panjshir in the south, and Baghlan and Kunduz in the west. The city of Taloqan serves as its capital.
Maidan Wardak Province, also called Maidan Wardag or Wardak, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the central region of Afghanistan. It is divided into eight districts and has a population of approximately 671,817. The capital of the province is Maidan Shar, while the most populous district in the province is Saydabad District.
Zabul is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the south of the country. It has a mostly rural population of about 391,000. Zabul became an independent province from neighbouring Kandahar in 1963. Historically, it was part of the Zabulistan region. Qalat serves as the capital of the province.
Saint George is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located on the island of Antigua. It had a population of 8,055 in 2011.
Saint John is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located on the island of Antigua. It had a population of 51,737 in 2011.
Saint Mary is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. It had a population of 7,341 in 2011.
Saint Paul is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located in the central−southern area of Antigua island. It had a population of 9,004 in 2018.
Saint Peter is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, located on northeastern Antigua island. It had a population of 5,325 in 2011.
Saint Philip is a civil parish of Antigua and Barbuda, on northeastern Antigua island. It had a population of 3,347 in 2011.
Barbuda is a small island located in the eastern Caribbean forming part of the sovereign Commonwealth nation of Antigua and Barbuda. It is located north of the island of Antigua and is part of the Leeward Islands of the West Indies. Antigua and Barbuda gained full independence on 1 November 1981 as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations. The island is a popular tourist destination because of its moderate climate and coastline.
Redonda is an uninhabited Caribbean island that is a part of Antigua and Barbuda, in the Leeward Islands, West Indies. The island is about 1.6 kilometres long, 0.5 kilometres wide, and is 296 metres high at its highest point.
Anguillita is a small, uninhabited rocky island off the western tip of, and part of the country of Anguilla, located in the Caribbean. It's the dependency's southernmost point, located at coordinates 18°9' N, 63°11' W. Its average elevation is inverted compared to most, at -89 feet below sea level.
Dog Island is an uninhabitated small island of 207 ha located approximately 13 km to the north-west of Anguilla. It is low and rocky, with three small cays off the west and north coasts. The coastline is characterised by low cliffs alternating with sandy beaches. Large ponds lie inside two of the beaches. Dog Island lies west of the Prickley Pear Cays.
The Prickly Pear Cays, sometimes spelt as Prickley Pear Cays, are a small pair of uninhabited islands about six miles from Road Bay, Anguilla, in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean. They are divided by a narrow boat channel between Prickly Pear East and Prickly Pear West. Prickly Pear Cays were classified as 'wildlands' by the "Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Programme" . In addition, Prickly Pear Cays are one of six marine protected areas of Anguilla.
Scrub Island is an 8 km2 island lying off the eastern tip of the main island of Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is easily reached by boat. Privately owned, the remains of an abandoned air field still exist. There are several abandoned houses on the island, mainly due to damage from hurricanes. There is no electricity or plumbing.
Seal Island is a small island off the northwest coast of Anguilla. It is located some two kilometres to the east of the Prickly Pear Cays at 18° 16' N, 63° 9' W, and lies at the centre of the Seal island Reef System Marine Park.
Sombrero, also known as Hat Island, is part of the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla and is the northernmost island of the Lesser Antilles. It lies 54 km north-west of Anguilla across the Dog and Prickly Pear Passage. The distance to Dog Island, the next nearest island of Anguilla, is 38 kilometres .
Sandy Island is an island in Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory, and is part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea.
Berat District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 128,410 in 2001, and an area of 915 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the city of Berat. Another large population centre in this district was Ura Vajgurore. Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipalities of Berat, Dimal, Poliçan and Kuçovë .
Bulqizë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 42,985 in 2001, and an area of 718 km2 . Located in the east of the country, its capital was the town of Bulqizë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Bulqizë, which is part of Dibër County.
Dibër District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 86,144 in 2001, and an area of 761 km2 . It is in the northeast of the country, and its capital was Peshkopi. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Dibër, which is part of Dibër County.
Delvinë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 10,859 in 2001, and an area of 367 km2 . Its population included a substantial Greek community. The district is in the south of the country, and its capital was the town of Delvinë. Its territory is now part of Vlorë County: the municipalities of Delvinë and Finiq .
Durrës District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 182,988 in 2001, and an area of 455 km2 . The district seat was the city of Durrës. Its territory is now part of Durrës County: the municipalities of Durrës and Shijak.
Devoll is a municipality in Korçë County, southeastern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Bilisht, Hoçisht, Miras, Progër and Qendër Bilisht. The seat of the municipality is the town of Bilisht. The total population is 26,716, in a total area of 458 km2 . It derives its name from the Devoll river flowing through the valley. The busy border point Kapshticë/Krystallopigi connects Devoll with the Greek regional units of Florina and Kastoria to the east and southeast. Devoll borders the municipalities of Kolonjë to the southwest, Korçë to the west, Maliq to the northwest and Pustec to the north.
Elbasan District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 224,974 in 2001, and an area of 1,290 km2 It was in the centre of the country, and its capital was the city of Elbasan. Its territory is now part of Elbasan County: the municipalities of Elbasan, Belsh and Cërrik.
Kolonjë is a municipality in Korçë County, southeastern Albania. It was created in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Barmash, Çlirim, Ersekë, Leskovik, Mollas, Novoselë, Qendër Ersekë and Qendër Leskovik. The seat of the municipality is the town Ersekë. The total population is 11,070, in a total area of 865 km2 . It is an ethnographic region.
Fier District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 200,154 in 2001, and an area of 850 km2 . It is in the south-west of the country, and its capital was the city of Fier. Its territory is now part of Fier County: the municipalities of Fier, Patos and Roskovec.
Gjirokastër District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 55,991 in 2001, and an area of 1,137 km2 . It contained a large Greek ethnic minority. It is in the south of the country, and its capital was the city of Gjirokastër. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Gjirokastër, Dropull and Libohovë.
Gramsh District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 35,723 in 2001, and an area of 695 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Gramsh. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Gramsh, which is part of Elbasan County.
Has District was one of the was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 19,842 in 2001, and an area of 374 km2 . It is in the north-east of the country, and its capital was Krumë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Has, which is part of Kukës County.
The District of Kavajë was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. Centrally located in the Western Lowlands region of Albania, it covered an area of 401 km2 . In consisted of 2 municipalities and 8 communes, with the communes containing a total of 64 villages. Its population at the 2001 census was 78,179 inhabitants.
Kurbin District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 54,519 in 2001, and an area of 235 km2 . It is in the west of the country, and its capital was the town of Laç. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Kurbin, which is part of Lezhë County.
Kuçovë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 35,571 in 2001, and an area of 112 km2, making it the smallest district of Albania. It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the former municipality of Kuçovë . Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipality of Kuçovë .
Korçë District, was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 143,499 in 2001, and an area of 1,752 km2 . Its capital was the city of Korçë. Its territory is now part of Korçë County: the municipalities of Korçë, Maliq and Pustec.
Krujë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 64,357 in 2001, and an area of 372 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Krujë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Krujë, which is part of Durrës County.
Kukës District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 64,054 in 2001, and an area of 956 km2 . The town of Kukës was where the district's administrative headquarters were located. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Kukës, which is part of Kukës County.
Librazhd District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 72,520 in 2001, and an area of 1,102 km2 . It was formed as an administrative unit in 1958. It is in the east of the country, and its capital and administrative center was the town of Librazhd. The area of the former district includes most of the regions of the ethnographic region. Its territory is now part of Elbasan County: the municipalities of Librazhd and Prrenjas.
Lezhë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 68,218 in 2001, and an area of 479 km2 . It is in the north-west of the country, and its capital was the city of Lezhë. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Lezhë, which is part of Lezhë County.
Lushnjë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 144,351 in 2001, and an area of 712 km2 . It was in the west of the country and 80 km south of Tirana, and its capital was the city of Lushnjë. Its territory is now part of Fier County: the municipalities of Lushnjë and Divjakë.
Mallakastër District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 39,881 in 2001, and an area of 325 km2 . It is in the south of the country, and its capital was the town of Ballsh. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Mallakastër, which is part of Fier County.
Malësi e Madhe District, commonly known as Malësia, was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 36,770 in 2001, and an area of 897 km2 . It is in the north of the country, and its capital was the town of Koplik. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Malësi e Madhe, which is part of Shkodër County.
Mirditë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 37,055 in 2001, and an area of 867 km2 . It is in the north of the country, and its capital was the town of Rrëshen. The district was located within the wider region of Mirdita, whose territory is synonymous with the historic Albanian tribe of the same name. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Mirditë, which is part of Lezhë County.
Mat District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 61,906 in 2001, and an area of 1,028 km2 . It was named after the river Mat, which flows through the district. Its capital was the town of Burrel. Its territory is now part of Dibër County: the municipalities of Mat and Klos.
Pogradec District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 70,900 in 2001, and an area of 725 km2 . It is in the east of the country, and its capital was the city of Pogradec. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Pogradec, which is part of Korçë County.
Peqin District' was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 32,920 in 2001, and an area of 191 km2 . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Peqin. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Peqin, which is part of Elbasan County.
Përmet District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 25,837 in 2001, and an area of 929 km2 . Its area has an Aromanian minority. It is in the south-east of the country, and its capital was the town of Përmet. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Përmet and Këlcyrë.
Pukë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 34,454 in 2001, and an area of 1,034 km2 . It is located in the north of the country and its capital was the town of Pukë. Its territory is now part of Shkodër County: the municipalities of Fushë-Arrëz and Pukë.
Shkodër District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 185,794 in 2001, and an area of 1,631 km2 . It is in the north of the country, and its capital was the city of Shkodër. Its territory is now part of Shkodër County: the municipalities of Shkodër and Vau i Dejës.
Skrapar District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 29,874 in 2001, and an area of 775 km2 . It was in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Çorovodë. Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipalities of Skrapar and Poliçan .
Sarandë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 35,235 in 2001, and an area of 730 km2 . The centre of the district was the city of Sarandë. Other places included Konispol, Ksamil, Çukë, Vrinë and Butrint . Its territory is now part of Vlorë County: the municipalities of Sarandë, Konispol, Finiq and Himara .
Tepelenë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 32,465 in 2001, and an area of 817 km2 . It was in the south of Albania, and its capital was the city of Tepelenë. Its territory is now part of Gjirokastër County: the municipalities of Tepelenë and Memaliaj.
Tropojë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 28,154 in 2001, and an area of 1,043 km2 . It was in the north of the country, and its capital was the town of Bajram Curri. The area of the former district is coextensive with the present municipality of Tropojë, which is part of Kukës County. The area is known for its massive chestnuts forests and the river Valbonë, as well a rich folk culture.
Tirana District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 523,150 in 2001, and an area of 1,193 km2 . Its territory is now part of Tirana County: the municipalities of Tirana, Kamëz and Vorë.
Vlorë District was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 newly created counties. It had a population of 147,267 in 2001, and an area of 1,609 km2 . It is in the south-west of the country, and its capital was the city of Vlorë. Its territory is now part of Vlorë County: the municipalities of Vlorë, Selenicë and Himara . Its population included a Greek minority.
Aragatsotn is a province of Armenia. It is located in the western part of the country. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Ashtarak. The National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia reported its population was 132,925 in the 2011 census.
Ararat, is a province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is the town of Artashat.
Armavir, is a province in the western part of Armenia. Located in the Ararat plain dominated by Mount Ararat from the south and Mount Aragats from the north, the province's capital is the town of Armavir while the largest city is Vagharshapat . The province shares a 72 km -long border with Turkey to the south and west.
Gegharkunik, is a province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is the town of Gavar.
Kotayk, is a province of Armenia. It is located at the central part of the country. Its capital is Hrazdan and the largest city is Abovyan. It is named after the Kotayk canton of the historic Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia.
Lori, is a province of Armenia. It is located in the north of the country, bordering Georgia. Vanadzor is the capital and largest city of the province. Other important towns include Stepanavan, Alaverdi, and Spitak. It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries and the well-preserved Akhtala monastery, where Armenians, Georgians, and Greeks make an annual pilgrimage on September 20–21.
Shirak, is a province of Armenia. It is located in the north-west of the country, bordering Turkey in the west and Georgia in the north. Its capital and largest city is Gyumri. It is as much semi-desert as it is mountain meadow or high alpine. In the south, the high steppes merge into mountain terrain, being verdant green in the spring, with hues of reddish brown in the summer. The province is served by the Shirak International Airport of Gyumri.
Syunik is the southernmost province of Armenia. It is bordered by the Vayots Dzor Province to the north, Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic exclave to the west, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran to the south. Its capital and largest city is the town of Kapan. The Statistical Committee of Armenia reported its population was 141,771 in the 2011 census, down from 152,684 at the 2001 census.
Tavush, is a province of Armenia. It is located at the northeast of Armenia and bordered by Georgia from the north and Azerbaijan from the east. It is domestically bordered by the Gegharkunik Province from the south, Kotayk Province from the southwest and Lori Province from west. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Ijevan.
Vayots Dzor is a province of Armenia. It lies at the southeastern end of the country, bordering the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan to the west and the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan to the east. It covers an area of 2,308 km2 . With a population of only 53,230, it is the most sparsely populated province in the country. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Yeghegnadzor.
Yerevan is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the fourteenth in the history of Armenia and the seventh located in or around the Ararat plain. The city also serves as the seat of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese; the largest diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church and one of the oldest dioceses in the world.
Bengo is a province of Angola. Its capital is Caxito. It has an area of 31,371 square kilometres, and its population at the 2014 Census was 356,641. The province had been created in 1980 by dividing the original province Luanda into Bengo and the then smaller province Luanda.
Benguela is a province of Angola, situated in the west of the country. It lies on the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the provinces of Cuanza Sul, Namibe, Huila, and Huambo. The province has an area of 39,826 square kilometres and its capital is Benguela. According to the 2014 census, there were 2,231,385 inhabitants in the province. The current governor of Benguela is Isaac dos Anjos.
Bié is a province of Angola located on the Bié Plateau in central part of country. Its capital is Kuito, which was called Silva Porto until independence from Portugal in 1975. The province has an area of 70,314 square kilometres and a population of 1,455,255 in 2014. The current governor of Bié is José Amaro Tati.
Cabinda is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by several political organizations in the territory. The capital city is also called Cabinda, known locally as Tchiowa. The province is divided into four municipalities—Belize, Buco-Zau, Cabinda and Cacongo.
Cuando Cubango is a province of Angola and it has an area of 199,049 km2 and a population of 534,002 in 2014. Menongue is the capital of the province. The governor of the province is Júlio Marcelino Vieira Bessa since July 2019.
Cunene is a province of Angola. It has an area of 87,342 km² and a population of 990,087 in 2014.
Coordinates: 9°1′S 15°4′E﻿ / ﻿9.017°S 15.067°E﻿ / -9.017; 15.067 The Cuanza Norte Province is province of Angola. N'dalatando is the capital and the province has an area of 24,110 km² and a population of 443,386. Manuel Pedro Pacavira was born here and is a former provincial governor. The 1,400 meter long Capanda Dam is located in this province. Cuanza Norte lies on the northern bank of the Cuanza River. It had been a territory of Ngola Kingdom. In 1914, Norton de Matos created District of Cuanza which was divided into Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul Provinces in 1917.
Cuanza Sul Province is a province of Angola. It has an area of 55,660 square kilometres and a population of 1,881,873. Sumbe is the capital of the province. Don Francisco Inocêncio de Sousa Coutinho founded the province in 1769 as Novo Redondo.
Huambo is a province of Angola. With an area of 34,270 km2, it is one of the geographically smaller provinces, situated in the Central Region approximately 450 km south east of the capital, Luanda.
Huíla is a province of Angola. It has an area of 79,023 square kilometres and a population of 2,497,422 . Lubango is the capital of the province. Basket-making is a significant industry in the province; many make baskets out of reeds.
Lunda Norte is a province of Angola. It has an area of 103,760 km² and a population of 862,566. Angola's first President, Agostino Neto, made Lucapa the provincial capital after independence, but the capital was later moved to Dundo. The province borders the Democratic Republic of Congo in the northeast and Lunda Sul in the south. The province is rich in gold and diamonds, but remains vastly underdeveloped and impoverished. UNITA used the money generated from the sale of diamonds to fund war efforts. Cuango River valley, the richest diamond area of Angola is located in the province. Mining is done by notable companies like DeBeers and Endiama. The Lunda province whose capital was Saurimo was created by the Portuguese colonial empire on July 13, 1895. It was divided into Lunda-Sul and Lunda-Norte subdivisions through a constitution act in 1978 by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola government. Iron and manganese mining are also important economic activities. It is well known for its sculptures. The most notable one is The Thinker, a sculpture of a man holding his head. It is rich in terms of flora and fauna.
Lunda Sul is a province of Angola. It has an area of 77,637 km² and a 2014 census population of 537,587. Saurimo is the capital of the province.
Luanda is a province of Angola. It covers an area of 18,835 sq.km, and had a population of 6,945,386 at the Census of 16 May 2014. The latest official estimate is 8,247,688.
Malanje is a province of Angola. It has an area of 97,602 km² and a 2014 census population of 986,363. Malanje is the capital of the province.
Moxico or Moshiko is the largest province of Angola. It has an area of 223,023 square kilometres, and covers 18% of the landmass of Angola. The province has a population of 758,568 and a population density of approximately 3.4 residents per km², making it one of the most sparsely populated areas of Angola. The population of the province is in flux; displaced residents have slowly returned to Moxico since the end of the Angolan Civil War in 2002. The war left Moxico as one of the most landmine-contaminated places in the world. The governor of the province is Gonçalves Manuel Muandumba.
Namibe Province is a province of Angola. Under Portuguese rule it was the Moçâmedes District. It has an area of 57,091 km² and had a 2014 census population of 495,326. The port and city of Moçâmedes is the capital of the province with a population of 250,000 in 2014. Iona National Park lies within the province.
Uíge, one of the eighteen Provinces of Angola, is located in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is of the same name.
Zaire is one of the 18 provinces of Angola. It occupies 40,130 square kilometres in the north west of the country and had a population of 594,428 inhabitants in 2014. It is bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Democratic Republic of Congo, on the east by the Uíge Province, and on the south by the Bengo Province.
Salta is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Catamarca. It also surrounds Jujuy. To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile.
Buenos Aires, officially the Buenos Aires Province, is the largest and most populous Argentine province. It takes its name from the city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the country, which used to be part of the province and the province's capital until it was federalized in 1880. Since then, in spite of bearing the same name, the province does not include Buenos Aires proper, though it does include all other parts of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. The capital of the province is the city of La Plata, founded in 1882.
Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and largest city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South America's southeastern coast. "Buenos Aires" can be translated as "fair winds" or "good airs", but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century, by the use of the original name "Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre", named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia, Italy.
San Luis is a province of Argentina located near the geographical center of the country . Neighboring provinces are, from the north clockwise, La Rioja, Córdoba, La Pampa, Mendoza and San Juan.
Entre Ríos is a central province of Argentina, located in the Mesopotamia region. It borders the provinces of Buenos Aires, Corrientes and Santa Fe, and Uruguay in the east.
La Rioja is a province of Argentina located in the west of the country. The landscape of the province consist of a series of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges and agricultural valleys in between. It is in one of these valleys that the capital of the province, the city of la La Rioja, lies. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis and San Juan. The dinosaur Riojasaurus is named after the province.
Santiago del Estero, also known simply as Santiago, is a province in the north of Argentina. Neighbouring provinces, clockwise from the north, are Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán.
Chaco, officially the Province of Chaco, is one of the 23 provinces in Argentina. Its capital and largest city, is Resistencia. It is located in the north-east of the country.
San Juan Province is a province of Argentina, located in the western part of the country. Neighbouring provinces are, moving clockwise from the north, La Rioja, San Luis and Mendoza. It borders with Chile to the west.
Catamarca is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. The province had a population of 334,568 as per the 2001 census, and covers an area of 102,602 km2. Its literacy rate is 95.5%. Neighbouring provinces are : Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and La Rioja. To the west it borders the country of Chile.
La Pampa is a sparsely populated province of Argentina, located in the Pampas in the center of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén and Mendoza.
Mendoza, officially Province of Mendoza, is a province of Argentina, in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders San Juan to the north, La Pampa and Neuquén to the south, San Luis to the east, and the republic of Chile to the west; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range. Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza.
Misiones is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina, located in the northeastern corner of the country in the Mesopotamia region. It is surrounded by Paraguay to the northwest, Brazil to the north, east and south, and Corrientes Province of Argentina to the southwest.
Formosa Province is a province in northeastern Argentina, part of the Gran Chaco Region. Formosa's northeast end touches Asunción, Paraguay, and the province borders the provinces of Chaco and Salta to its south and west, respectively. The capital is Formosa.
Neuquén is a province of Argentina, located in the west of the country, at the northern end of Patagonia. It borders Mendoza Province to the north, Rio Negro Province to the southeast, and Chile to the west. It also meets La Pampa Province at its northeast corner.
Río Negro is a province of Argentina, located at the northern edge of Patagonia. Neighboring provinces are from the south clockwise Chubut, Neuquén, Mendoza, La Pampa and Buenos Aires. To the east lies the Atlantic Ocean.
The Province of Santa Fe is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santiago del Estero. Together with Córdoba and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economico-political association known as the Center Region.
Tucumán is the most densely populated, and the second-smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina.
Chubut Spanish: Provincia del Chubut; is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south, the 46th parallel south, the Andes range to the west, and the Atlantic ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning "transparent," their description of the Chubut River.
Tierra del Fuego is the southernmost, smallest, and least populous Argentine province.
Corrientes, officially the Province of Corrientes is a province in northeast Argentina, in the Mesopotamia region. It is surrounded by : Paraguay, the province of Misiones, Brazil, Uruguay, and the provinces of Entre Rios, Santa Fe and Chaco.
Córdoba is a province of Argentina, located in the center of the country. Its neighboring provinces are Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, San Luis, La Rioja, and Catamarca. Together with Santa Fe and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economic and political association known as the Center Region.
Jujuy is a province of Argentina, located in the extreme northwest of the country, at the borders with Chile and Bolivia. The only neighbouring Argentine province is Salta to the east and south.
Santa Cruz Province is a province of Argentina, located in the southern part of the country, in Patagonia. It borders Chubut Province to the north, and Chile to the west and south, with an Atlantic coast on its east. Santa Cruz is the second-largest province of the country, and the least densely populated in mainland Argentina.
Lealataua County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.
Leasina County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.
Tuālā-tai County is one of the five counties that make up the Western District of American Samoa.
Tuālāuta County is a county in the Western District in American Samoa. It is the largest and also the most populated county in American Samoa. The county is represented by two seats in the Senate and two seats in House of Representatives in the American Samoa Legislature. 'Ili'ili is the principal place in Tualauta County, a county which consists of 'Ili'ili, Vaitogi, Saleauau, Tafuna, Pavaia'i, and Faleniu.
Itūʻau County is a county in the Eastern District in American Samoa. The official name is Itūʻau ma Nofo, however, it is commonly known as just Itūʻau. It is divided into northern and southern parts by the highest part of the Tutuila's central mountain range. It is peculiar in that it had no county chief. In Nu'uuli in the south, power was divided between village high chief Savusa and the Four Chiefly Houses of the Soliai, Tago, Levu, and Alega. In Fagasā in the north, leadership was shared by the Tupuola and the Alo. The physical division of the county by mountains combined with the lack of a high chief made the county a battleground in ancient times.
Maʻopūtasi County is located in the Eastern District of Tutuila Island in American Samoa. Maʻopūtasi County comprises the capital of Pago Pago and its harbor, as well as surrounding villages. It was home to 11,695 residents as of 2000. Maʻopūtasi County is 6.69 square miles The county has a 7.42-mile shoreline which includes Pago Pago Bay.
Vaifanua and Sua counties are both ruled by the Le’iato family, one branch of which lives in Fagaitua, the principal place of Sua County. Another lives in Sa'ilele near Aoa, which is the principal place of Vaifanua County. These two Le’iato family branches, along with two orators from each, conduct the affairs of government for the two counties.
Suʻa County is a county in the Eastern District in American Samoa. Su'a County contains the villages of Afono, Fagaitua, Falefa, Lauli'i, Masefau, Masausi and Sailele. The county had a population of 3,323 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. According to the Constitution of American Samoa, Sua County is represented by two senatorial seats in the American Samoa Senate.
Saʻole County is a county in the Eastern District in American Samoa. The county consists of Aunu'u Island together with its foothold upon Tutuila Island, Ālōfau and Āmouli.
Ofu County is a county in the Manu'a District in American Samoa. It was the result of the subdivision of the prior Luanuu County in two, with the other newly created county being Olosega, first reported on the 1930 U.S. Census. It is now contiguous with its only village, Ofu.
Olosega County is a county in the Manu'a District in American Samoa. It was the result of the subdivision of the prior Luanuu County in two, with the other newly created county being Ofu, first reported on the 1930 U.S. Census. It contains the two villages of Olosega and Sili.
Ta'u County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920. Its population zenith was in 1950, with 771 residents. It has since declined to its lowest point since the census began recording, just 358 residents. Manu'a District as a whole has similarly declined in population since that time.
Faleāsao County is a county in the Manu'a District in American Samoa. The county is contiguous with its only village, also named Faleasao.
Fiti'uta County was first recorded beginning with the 1912 special census. Regular decennial censuses were taken beginning in 1920.
Burgenland is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria. It consists of two statutory cities and seven rural districts, with a total of 171 municipalities. It is 166 km long from north to south but much narrower from west to east . The region is part of the Centrope Project.
Carinthia is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Situated within the Eastern Alps, it is noted for its mountains and lakes. The main language is German. Its regional dialects belong to the Southern Bavarian group. Carinthian Slovene dialects, forms of a South Slavic language that predominated in the southeastern part of the region up to the first half of the 20th century, are now spoken by a small minority in the area.
Lower Austria is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Since 1986, the capital of Lower Austria has been Sankt Pölten, replacing Vienna which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km2 and a population of 1.685 million people, Lower Austria is the second most populous federal state . Other large cities are Amstetten, Krems an der Donau and Wiener Neustadt.
Upper Austria is one of the nine states or Länder of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,982 km2 and 1.49 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and the third-largest by population.
Salzburg is a state of Austria. It is officially named Land Salzburg, colloquially Salzburgerland, to distinguish it from its eponymous capital Salzburg city and as such is the only state to be named after its capital . By its centuries-long history as an independent Prince-Bishopric, Salzburg's tradition differs from the other Austrian lands.
Styria is a state in the southeast of Austria. With an area of 16,401 km2, Styria is the second largest state of Austria, after Lower Austria. Styria is bordered to the south by Slovenia, and clockwise, from the southwest, by the Austrian states of Carinthia, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, and Burgenland. The state capital is Graz.
Tyrol is a state in western Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical Princely County of Tyrol. It is a constituent part of the present-day Euroregion Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino . The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck.
Vorarlberg is the westernmost state of Austria. It has the second-smallest geographical area after Vienna and, although it has the second-smallest population, it also has the second-highest population density . It borders on three countries: Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. The only Austrian state that shares a border with Vorarlberg is Tyrol, to the east.
Vienna is the national capital, largest city, and one of nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants, and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union.
The Australian Capital Territory, known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938, is a landlocked federal territory of Australia containing the national capital Canberra and some surrounding townships. It is located in southeastern Australian mainland as an enclave completely within the state of New South Wales. Founded after Federation as the seat of government for the new nation, all important institutions of the Australian Government are headquartered in the territory.
New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In June 2020, the population of New South Wales was over 8.1 million, making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.3 million, live in the Greater Sydney area. The demonym for inhabitants of New South Wales is New South Welshmen.
The Northern Territory is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, and Queensland to the east . To the north, the territory looks out to the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria, including Western New Guinea and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago.
Queensland is a state situated in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous Australian state. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean. To its north is the Torres Strait, separating the Australian mainland from Papua New Guinea. With an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres, Queensland is the world's sixth-largest sub-national entity, and is larger than all but 15 countries. Due to its size, Queensland's geographical features and climates are diverse, including tropical rainforests, rivers, coral reefs, mountain ranges and sandy beaches in its tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, as well as deserts and savanna in the semi-arid and desert climatic regions of its interior.
South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and fifth largest by population. It has a total of 1.77 million people, and its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia, after Western Australia, with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital, Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the second largest centre, has a population of 28,684.
Tasmania, abbreviated as Tas, is an island state of Australia. It is located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, separated from it by the Bass Strait. The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 1000 islands. The state had about 541,000 residents as of September 2020. The state capital and largest city is Hobart, with around 40 percent of the population living in the Greater Hobart area.
Victoria is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state with a land area of 227,444 km2 and the most densely populated state in Australia . Victoria is bordered with New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south, the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the north-east and the semi-arid north-west.
Western Australia is a state occupying the western 32.9 percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres, and the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. As of 2017, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants – around 11 percent of the national total – of whom the vast majority live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
Shirvan is a city in Azerbaijan, located on the Kura River. It was called Zubovka until 1938 and Alibayramli until 2008. From 1938 to 1954, Shirvan possessed the status of a village. It obtained the status of a city of Republican level on January 4, 1963. The territory of the Shirvan is 72.7 km2, and the population is 87,400 according to the 2020 census. Population density is 1226 persons per 1 km2. The city also includes the settlement of Hajigarahmanly and Bairamly. 98.5% of the population are Azerbaijani, while others - Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Turks, and other natives.
Absheron District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Absheron Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khizi, Gobustan, Baku, Hajigabul, Salyan, and the city of Sumgait. Its capital and largest city is Khirdalan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 214,100. Although the district shares the same name as the Absheron Peninsula, the area covered by the district is not conterminous, being further west and mostly inland.
Agstafa District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qazakh, Tovuz, as well as the Kakheti and Kvemo Kartli regions of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Agstafa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 88,500.
Aghjabadi District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Agdam, Barda, Zardab, Beylagan, and Fuzuli. Its capital and largest city is Aghjabadi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 136,800.
Agdam District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Kalbajar, Tartar, Khojavend, Aghjabadi, and Barda. Its capital is Agdam, however since the city is completely ruined following its Armenian occupation, the current de facto capital is Quzanlı until Agdam is rebuilt. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 204,000.
Agdash District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Yevlakh, Shaki, Oghuz, Qabala, Goychay, Ujar, Zardab, and Barda. Its capital and largest city is Agdash. As of 2020, the district had a population of 111,100.
Agsu District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Ismayilli, Shamakhi, Kurdamir, and Hajigabul. Its capital and largest city is Agsu. As of 2020, the district had a population of 81,00.
Astara District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lankaran, Lerik, as well as the Ardabil and Gilan provinces of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Astara. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,700.
Baku is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located 28 metres below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Baku lies on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, alongside the Bay of Baku. At the beginning of 2009, Baku's urban population was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25% of all inhabitants of the country live in Baku's metropolitan area. Baku is the sole metropolis in Azerbaijan.
Babek District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Shahbuz, Kangarli, Nakhchivan city, as well as the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Babek. As of 2020, the district had a population of 76,200.
Balakan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the district of Zagatala, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Balakan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 99,100.
Barda District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the center of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Tartar, Agdam, Aghjabadi, Zardab, Agdash, and Yevlakh. Its capital and largest city is Barda. As of 2020, the district had a population of 157,500.
Beylagan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Fuzuli, Aghjabadi, Zardab, Imishli, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Beylagan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 99,500.
Bilasuvar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Imishli, Saatly, Sabirabad, Salyan, Neftchala, Jalilabad, and Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Bilasuvar. As of 2020, the district had a population of 105,100.
Jabrayil District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Fuzuli, Qubadli, Zangilan, and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Jalilabad District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Masally, Yardimli, Bilasuvar, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Jalilabad. As of 2020, the district had a population of 225,300.
Julfa District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Ordubad, Babek, Shahbuz, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Julfa. As of 2020, the district had a population of 47,000.
Dashkasan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goygol, Kalbajar, Gadabay, Shamkir, Goygol, and the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Dashkasan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 35,400.
Known as Davachi until 2010, Shabran received city status in 1961. The name of Shabran comes from an historic medieval town of the same name that was a port some 15km further north.
Fuzuli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojavend, Aghjabadi, Beylagan, Jabrayil, and the Ardabil Province of Iran.
Ganja is Azerbaijan's third largest city, with a population of around 335,600.
Gadabay District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Dashkasan, Shamkir, Tovuz, and the Gegharkunik and Tavush provinces of Armenia. The Artsvashen exclave of Armenia is surrounded by the Gadabay District and is de facto controlled by Azerbaijan, administrated as part of Goranboy District. Its capital and largest city is Gadabay. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,900.
Goranboy District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Tartar, Yevlakh, Samukh, and Goygol. Its capital and largest city is Goranboy. As of 2020, the district had a population of 105,000.
Goychay District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Agdash, Qabala, Ismayilli, Kurdamir, and Ujar. Its capital and largest city is Goychay. As of 2020, the district had a population of 121,700. It is famous for its pomegranate growing industry, and for its pomegranate festival.
Hajigabul District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kurdamir, Agsu, Shamakhi, Gobustan, Absheron, Baku, Salyan, Sabirabad and the city of Shirvan. Its capital and largest city is Hajigabul. As of 2020, the district had a population of 76,600.
Imishli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Beylagan, Zardab, Kurdamir, Sabirabad, Saatly, Bilasuvar, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Imishli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 131,400.
Ismayilli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qabala, Quba, Goychay, Kurdamir, Agsu, Shamakhi, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Ismayilli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 87,400. It is believed that this district was named after a highly respected elder and philanthropist in the community, Ismayil Baghiyev.
Kalbajar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojaly, Agdam, Tartar, Goranboy, Goygol, Dashkasan, as well as the Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Kalbajar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 94,100.
Kurdamir district is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Zardab, Ujar, Goychay, Ismayilli, Agsu, Hajigabul, Sabirabad, and Imishli. Its capital and largest city is Kurdamir. As of 2020, the district had a population of 117,900.
Lankaran District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Astara, Lerik, Masally, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Lankaran, although the city is technically not part of the district and is subordinate to the Republic. As of 2020, the district had a population of 230,200.
Lachin District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Khojaly, Shusha, Khojavend, Qubadli, and the Syunik Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Lachin. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 78,600.
Lerik District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Yardimli, Masally, Lankaran, Astara and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Lerik. As of 2020, the district had a population of 85,800. It is located between the Talysh Mountains and the agricultural plain of the Lankaran Lowland.
Masally District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lankaran, Lerik, Yardimli, Jalilabad, and Neftchala. Its capital and largest city is Masally. As of 2020, the district had a population of 227,700.
Mingachevir is the fourth-largest city in Azerbaijan with a population of about 106,000. It's often called the "city of lights" because of its hydroelectric power station on the Kur River, which splits the city in half.
Naftalan is a city in Azerbaijan, surrounded by the district of Goranboy. It's located on an agricultural plain near the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The word naftalan also means a petroleum product that can be obtained there. It is the centre of a unique petroleum industry, with a grade of oil referred to as "Naftalan".
Neftchala District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Jalilabad, Bilasuvar, Salyan, Lankaran, and Masally. Its capital and largest city is Neftchala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 88,900.
Oghuz District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shaki, Qabala, Agdash, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Oghuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 44,700.
Ordubad District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Julfa, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Ordubad. As of 2020, the district had a population of 50,200.
Qabala District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Oghuz, Shaki, Agdash, Goychay, Ismayilli, Quba, Qusar, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Qabala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 107,800.
Qakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Zagatala, Shaki, Samukh, Yevlakh, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Qakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 57,200.
Qazakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the district of Agstafa, and the Tavush Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Qazakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 98,400.
Quba District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qusar, Qabala, Ismayilli, Shamakhi, Shabran, and Khachmaz. Its capital and largest city is Quba. As of 2020, the district had a population of 173,400.
Qubadli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojavend, Jabrayil, Zangilan, and the Syunik Province of Armenia.
Gobustan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shamakhi, Khizi, Absheron, and Hajigabul. Its capital and largest city is Gobustan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 47,400.
Qusar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Quba, Qabala, Khachmaz, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Qusar. As of 2020, the district had a population of 99,00.
Shaki is a city in northwestern Azerbaijan, surrounded by the district of the same name. It is located on the southern part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, 240 km from Baku. As of 2020, it has a population of 68,400. The center of the city and the Palace of Shaki Khans were inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019 because of its unique architecture and its history as an important trading center along the Silk Road.
Sabirabad District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Saatly, Imishli, Kurdamir, Hajigabul, Salyan, Bilasuvar, and the city of Shirvan. Its capital and largest city is Sabirabad. As of 2020, the district had a population of 178,800.
Sadarak District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Sharur, as well as the Iğdır Province of Turkey, Ararat Province of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital is Heydarabad and largest settlement is Sadarak. As of 2020, the district had a population of 16,100.
Shahbuz District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Babek, and the Syunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Shahbuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 25,300.
Shaki District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qakh, Oghuz, Agdash, Yevlakh, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Shaki, even though the city is subordinate to the Republic. As of 2020, the district had a population of 188,100.
Salyan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Bilasuvar, Sabirabad, Hajigabul, Baku, Neftchala, and the city of Shirvan. Its capital and largest city is Salyan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 139,900.
Sharur District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Kangarli, Sadarak, as well as the Vayots Dzor and Ararat provinces of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Sharur. As of 2020, the district had a population of 117,600.
Saatly District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Imishli, Sabirabad, and Bilasuvar. Its capital and largest city is Saatly. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,100.
Siyazan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shabran, Khizi, and the exclaves of Quba. Its capital and largest city is Siyazan. As of 2020, the district had a population of 42,600.
Shamkir District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Gadabay, Tovuz, Samukh, Goygol, and Dashkasan. Its capital and largest city is Shamkir. As of 2020, the district had a population of 219,500.
Sumgait is the second-largest city in Azerbaijan, located near the Caspian Sea, about 31 kilometres away from the capital, Baku. The city has a population of around 345,300, making it the second-largest city in Azerbaijan after the capital Baku.
Shamakhi District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Mountainous Shirvan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Quba, Khizi, Gobustan, Hajigabul, Agsu, and Ismayilli. Its capital and largest city is Shamakhi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 106,400.
Samukh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goranboy, Goygol, Shamkir, Tovuz, Qakh, Yevlakh, city of Ganja and the Kakheti region of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Samukh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 58,800.
Shusha District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Lachin, and Khojavend. Its capital and largest city is Shusha. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 34,700.
Tartar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Goranboy, Yevlakh, Barda, and Agdam. Its capital and largest city is Tartar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 104,700.
Tovuz District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Gadabay, Shamkir, Samukh, Agstafa, as well as the Tavush Province of Armenia and Kakheti region of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Tovuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 177,200. A major train line runs through the center, stopping at Tovuz Station.
Ujar District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Agdash, Goychay, Kurdamir, and Zardab. Its capital and largest city is Ujar. As of 2020, the district had a population of 89,500.
Stepanakert, or Khankendi, is the de facto capital and the largest city of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, though internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.
Khachmaz District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qusar, Quba, Shabran, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Khachmaz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 179,800.
Goygol is a city, municipality and the capital of the Goygol District in northwestern Azerbaijan. It's around 10 km south of Azerbaijan's second-largest city, Ganja. The city of Goygol has a population of 37,200 . The municipality includes the city of Goygol and the village of Qızılqaya.
Khojaly District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Lachin, Shusha, Agdam and Khojavend. Its capital and largest city is Khojaly. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 28,800.
Khizi District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the east of the country and belongs to the Absheron Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Siyazan, Shabran, Quba, Shamakhi, Gobustan, and Absheron. Its capital and largest city is Khizi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 17,100, making it the least populated district of Azerbaijan.
Khojavend District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Upper Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Shusha, Khojaly, Agdam, Aghjabadi, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, and Qubadli. Its capital and largest city is Khojavend, however since the city is under Russian peacekeeping control, the current de facto capital is the town of Hadrut. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 44,100.
Yardimli District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Jalilabad, Masally, Lerik, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Yardimli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 68,000.
Yevlakh District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qakh, Shaki, Agdash, Barda, Tartar, Goranboy, and Samukh. Its capital and largest city is Yevlakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,700.
Zangilan District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the Eastern Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qubadli, Jabrayil and the Syunik Province of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Zangilan. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 45,200.
Zagatala District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Balakan, Qakh, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Zagatala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,800.
Zardab District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Agdash, Ujar, Kurdamir, Imishli, Beylagan, Aghjabadi, and Barda. Its capital and largest city is Zardab. As of 2020, the district had a population of 59,300.
Nakhchivan is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, located 450 km west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m above sea level.
Goygol District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Qazakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goranboy, Kalbajar, Dashkasan, Shamkir, Samukh, and the city of Ganja. Its capital and largest city is Goygol. As of 2020, the district had a population of 64,600.
Kangarli District is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Babek, Sharur, Nakhchivan city, as well as the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital is Givrag, while the largest settlement is Khok. As of 2020, the district had a population of 32,700.
Shabran District is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-east of the country and belongs to the Quba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khachmaz, Quba, Khizi and Siyazan. Its capital and largest city is Shabran. As of 2020, the district had a population of 59,900.
The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two entities that compose the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of 10 autonomous cantons with their own governments and legislatures.
Republika Srpska is one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the north and east of the country. Its largest city and administrative centre is Banja Luka, lying on the Vrbas river.
Brčko District officially the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a self-governing administrative unit in north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Saint Andrew is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It is situated in the northern area in the country.
The parish of Christ Church is one of eleven historic political divisions of Barbados. It has a land area of 57 km2 and is found at the southern end of the island. Christ Church has survived by name as one of the original six parishes created in 1629 by Governor Sir William Tufton.
The Parish of Saint Peter is one of eleven parishes in the Caribbean island country of Barbados. It is named after the Christian Apostle and patron saint, Saint Peter. It is located in the north of Barbados, and is the only parish besides Saint Lucy that extends from the east coast to the west.
The parish of Saint George is located in the interior of Barbados. It is one of two land-locked parishes, the other being Saint Thomas to the north. A prominent landmark in the parish is Gun Hill Signal Station – one of the few remaining signal stations, dating back to 1818.
The parish of Saint John is a parish of Barbados on the eastern side of the island. It is home to one of its secondary schools, The Lodge School. The parish is the home of many districts such as Ashford and Kendal. It is home to the St. John's Parish Church, which has a scenic view of the Atlantic Ocean from its perch near Hackleton's Cliff, which overlooks the East Coast of the island. In its southeastern corner, the shoreline turns northward, forming the small Conset Bay.
The parish of Saint Lucy is the northernmost area in the country of Barbados. Saint Lucy is the only parish of Barbados out of the eleven to be named after a female patron saint, Saint Lucy of Syracuse. Saint Lucy's shape also resembles a peninsula, surrounded on three sides by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, east and west. The Harrison Point Lighthouse is located in Harrisons, Saint Lucy between Great Head and Norse's Bay, also in Saint Lucy. To the south lies the neighbouring Parish of Saint Peter.
The parish of St. Michael is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It has a land area of 39 km2 and is found at the southwest portion of the island. Saint Michael has survived by name as one of the original six parishes created in 1629 by Governor Sir William Tufton.
The parish of Saint Joseph is a parish of Barbados on the eastern side of the island. The parish is home to two of the more notable botanic gardens in the country - Flower Forest and Andromeda Gardens. Parts of St. Joseph are also referred to as the Scotland District, a reference to the appearance of the landscape.
Saint Philip is a parish of Barbados at the easternmost end of the island. Saint Philip’s Parish Church was built as the Anglican parish church in 1640.
The parish of Saint James is an area located in the western central part of the country of Barbados. Increasingly St. James is becoming known as the playground of the rich and famous, and a haven for sun-starved tourists.
The parish of Saint Thomas is found in the centre of Barbados. It is one of only two landlocked parishes in the island, the other being Saint George to the south.
Bandarban, is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division. It is one of the three hill districts of Bangladesh and a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the others being Rangamati District and Khagrachhari District. Bandarban city is the headquarters of the Bandarban district. Bandarban district is not only the most remote district of the country, but also the least populous . There is an army contingent at Bandarban Cantonment.
Barguna is a district in the division of Barisal, Bangladesh. It is situated in the southern part of Bangladesh. Barguna subdivision was established in 1969 and promoted to district on 28 February 1984.
Bogra District, officially known as Bogura District, is a northern district of Bangladesh, in the Rajshahi Division. It is called the gateway to North Bengal. Bogra is an industrial city where many small and mid-sized industries are sited. Bogra district was a part of the ancient Pundravardhana territory and the ruins of Mahasthangarh, the ancient capital of Pundravardhana, are located north of Bogra.
Brahmanbaria is a district in eastern Bangladesh located in the Chittagong Division. Geographically, it is mostly farmland and is topographically part of the Gangetic Plain. It is bounded by the districts of Kishoreganj and Habiganj to the north, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj to the west, Comilla to the south, and the Indian state of Tripura to its east.
Bagerhat District is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.
Barisal District, officially spelled Barishal District from April 2018, is a district in south-central Bangladesh, formerly called Bakerganj district, established in 1797. Its headquarters are in the city of Barisal, which is also the headquarters of Barisal Division.
Bhola District is an administrative district in south-central Bangladesh, which includes Bhola Island, the largest island of Bangladesh. It is located in the Barisal Division and has an area of 3737.21 km2. It is bounded by Lakshmipur and Barisal District to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the south, by Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts, the Meghna river and Shahbazpur Channel to the east, and by Patuakhali District and the Tetulia river to the west. About 400 million cubic feet natural gas has been found at Kachia in Bhola which is being used to run a power station.
Comilla District, officially known as Cumilla District, is a district of Bangladesh located about 100 kilometres south east of Dhaka. Comilla is bordered by Brahmanbaria and Narayanganj districts to the north, Noakhali and Feni districts to the south, Tripura of India to the east and Munshiganj and Chandpur districts to the west. Comilla district is located in the southeastern part of Bangladesh.
Chandpur is a district located in Bangladesh's Chittagong Division. It was a part of Comilla District until 1984.
Chittagong District, officially known as Chattogram District, is a district located in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The port city of Chittagong, second largest city in Bangladesh, is located in this district.
Cox's Bazar is a district in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh. It is named after Cox's Bazar town. It is located 150 kilometres south of Chittagong. Cox's Bazar is also known by the name Panowa . Another old name was Palongkee. The modern Cox's Bazar derives its name from Captain Hiram Cox, an army officer who served in British India. It is one of the fishing ports of Bangladesh. At Cox's Bazar is one of the world's longest natural sea beaches .
Chuadanga, is a district of the western Khulna Division of Bangladesh. This was the first capital of Bangladesh .
Dhaka District is a district in central Bangladesh, and is the densest district in the nation. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and rests on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River which flows from the Turag to the southern part of the district. While Dhaka occupies only about a fifth of the area of Dhaka district, it is the economic, political and cultural centre of the district and the country as a whole. Dhaka District consists with Dhaka, Keraniganj, Nababganj, Dohar, Savar and Dhamrai upazila. Dhaka District is an administrative entity, and like many other cities it does not cover the modern conurbation which is Greater Dhaka, which has spilled into neighbouring districts, nor does the conurbation cover the whole district, as there are rural areas within the district.
Dinajpur district is a district in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Dinajpur is the largest district among all sixteen northern districts of Bangladesh.
Faridpur is a district in south-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. It is bounded by the Padma River to its northeast. The district is named after the municipality of Faridpur. Historically, the town was known as Fatehabad. It was also called Haveli Mahal Fatehabad.
Feni is a district located in the South-Eastern part of Bangladesh. It was a part of the Greater Noakhali. It is an Administrative division of Chittagong . As of 2015, the district's estimated population stood at 1,437,371, making it the ninth-most populous district in Chittagong Division. Feni was the part of Greater Noakhali. The administrative hub of the district is in Feni City, which also serves as the headquarters of Feni Sadar Upazila in the central section of the district. The original name of the district was Shamshernagar, which served as a mahakuma under the district of Noakhali until 15 February 1984. The district consists of six sub-districts: Sonagazi, Fulgazi, Parshuram, Daganbhuiyan, Chhagalnaiya and Feni Sadar.
Gopalganj is a district in the Dhaka Division of Bangladesh. The district has about 1,172,415 civilians and its surface area is 1,490 km2. The main city of the district is also called Gopalganj. It stands on the bank of the Madhumati river and located at 23°00’47.67" N 89°49’21.41". It is bounded by Faridpur district on the North, Pirojpur and Bagerhat district on the South, Madaripur & Barisal district on the East and Narail district on the West.
Gazipur is a district in central Bangladesh, part of the Dhaka Division. It has an area of 1741.53 km2. It is the home district of Tajuddin Ahmad, the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh and has been a prominent centre of battles and movements throughout history. Gazipur is home to the Bishwa Ijtema, the second-largest annual Muslim gathering in the world with over 5 million attendees. There are many facilities available in this district as it contains numerous universities, colleges, the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Bhawal National Park as well as the country's only business park - the Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City.
Gaibandha is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. Gaibandha subdivision was established in 1875. Gaibandha was previously known as Bhabanigonj. The name was changed from Bhabanigonj to Gaibandha in 1875. Gaibandha was established as a district on 15 February 1984. Gaibandha is the administrative headquarter and largest urban centre of this district.
Habiganj, formerly known as Habibganj, is a district in north-eastern Bangladesh, located in the Sylhet Division. It was established as a district in 1984 as a successor to its subdivision status since 1867. It is named after its headquarters, the town of Habiganj.
Jamalpur is a district in Bangladesh, part of the Mymensingh Division. It was established in 1978.
Jessore District, officially spelled Jashore District from April 2018, is a district in the southwestern region of Bangladesh. It is bordered by India to the west, Khulna District and Satkhira District to the south, Khulna and Narail to the east, and Jhenaidah District and Magura District to the north. Jessore is the capital of the district.
Jhenaidah is a district in southwestern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division. It has an area of 1,964.77 km2 . It is bordered by Kushtia District to the north, Jessore District and West Bengal, India to the south, Rajbari District and Magura District to the east, and Chuadanga District and West Bengal, India to the west. The largest city and headquarter of this district is Jhenaidah. At the beginning of the British rule Jhenaidah was a police outpost and was turned into a thana in 1793. The Jhenaidah Sub division was established in 1862 and was turned into a district in 1984.
Joypurhat is a district in the northern part of Bangladesh. It is part of Rajshahi Division.
Jhalokati, widely written as Jhalokathi is a district in southern Bangladesh. It is located in the Barisal Division and covers an area of 758.06 km2 It is bounded by Barisal district to the north and east, Barguna district and the Bishkhali river in the south, Lohagara Upazila and Pirojpur district to the west. Annual average temperatures: maximum 33.3 °C, minimum 12.1 °C; annual rainfall 2506 mm. The main rivers in this district are Bishkhali, Dhanshiri, Gabkhan, Sugandha, Jangalia, Bamanda and Bajitpur. "পেয়ারা আর শীতলপাটি, এই নিয়ে ঝালকাঠি" "" is the official moto of the district.
Kishoreganj is a district in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh. Earlier it was a Mohkuma under the Mymensingh district. Greater Mymensingh, the largest district on the Indian subcontinent, was separated by 6 Mohkuma as Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Tangail, Sherpur, Jamalpur, and Netrokona . The district Kishoreganj consists of 8 municipalities, 13 upazilas, 105 union parishads, 39 wards, 145 mahallas, 946 mouzas and 1775 villages.
Khulna District is a district of Bangladesh. It is located in the Khulna Division. It is bordered on the north by the Jessore District and the Narail District, on the south by the Bay of Bengal, on the east by the Bagerhat District, and on the west by the Satkhira District.
Kurigram District is a district of Bangladesh in the Rangpur Division. The district is locted in northern Bangladesh along the country's border with India. Under Indian rule, the area was organized as a mahakuma and was not established as a district until 1984.
Khagrachari is a district in Chittagong Division, South eastern Bangladesh. It included under Chittagong Hill Tracts region.
Kushtia is a district in the Khulna administrative division of western Bangladesh. Kushtia has existed as a separate district since the partition of India. Prior to that, Kushtia was a part of Nadia District under Bengal Province of British India. Kushtia is the birthplace of many historical figures including Mir Mosharraf Hossain, Bagha Jatin and Lalon Fakir . Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore lived his early life at Shelaidaha.
Lakshmipur (Bengali: লক্ষ্মীপুর, romanized: Lokkhipur, also spelt Laxmipur, with an area of 1455.96 km2, is a district of Bangladesh. It is bordered by Chandpur to the north, Bhola and Noakhali districts to the south, Noakhali to the east, and Barisal and Bhola districts to the west.
Lalmonirhat is a district, situated at the northern border of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. Lalmonirhat mahakuma was established as a district on 1 February 1984. It is bordered to the north by Kochbihar and Jalpaiguri of West Bengal, to the south by Rangpur, to the east by Kurigram and to the west by Nilphamari. The international border line of Lalmonirhat district is 281.6 km long.
Manikganj is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.
Mymensingh is a district in Mymensingh Division, Bangladesh, and is bordered on the north by Meghalaya, a state of India and the Garo Hills, on the south by Gazipur District, on the east by the districts of Netrokona and Kishoreganj, and on the west by the districts of Sherpur, Jamalpur and Tangail. Mymensingh town is the district headquarters.
Munshiganj, also historically known as Bikrampur, is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division and borders Dhaka District.
Madaripur, being a part of the Dhaka Division, is a district in central Bangladesh.
Magura is a district in south-western Bangladesh, situated 176 kilometers from Dhaka. It is a part of the Khulna Division. The main mode of transportation is by bus, and no train transport is available.
Moulvibazar also spelled Maulvibazar, Moulavibazar, and Maulavibazar, is the southeastern district of Sylhet Division in northeastern Bangladesh, named after the town of Moulvibazar. It is bordered by the Indian states of Tripura and Assam to the south and east, respectively; and by the Bangladeshi districts of Habiganj to the west and Sylhet to the north.
Meherpur is the northwestern district of Khulna Division in southwestern Bangladesh. It is bordered by the Indian state of West Bengal to the west, and by the Bangladeshi districts of Kushtia and Chuadanga to the east. The district has an area of 716.08 square kilometres .
Narayanganj District is a district in central Bangladesh which is a part of the Dhaka Division. It is home to the ancient city of Sonargaon and is one of the oldest industrial districts in the country. The district lies on the banks of the Shitalakshya River and the Meghna River. It is an industrial hub and plays an important part in the country's jute trade, plant processing and sector. It is nicknamed the "Dundee of Bangladesh" due to the presence of many jute mills.
The headquarters of Netrokona District was located at the bend of the Mogra River and was called Natorkona. Many people believe that over a period of time Natorkona became Netrakona.
Narsingdi District is a district in central Bangladesh. It is located 50 km north-east of Dhaka, capital city of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. The district is famous for its textile craft industry. Narsingdi is bordered by Kishoreganj in the north and north-east, Brahmanbaria in the east and south-east, Comilla in the south and south-east, Narayanganj in the south and south-west and Gazipur in the west.
Narail is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Khulna Division.
Natore is a district of Rajshahi Division located in northern Bangladesh. It borders the metropolitan city of Rajshahi, and used to be part of Rajshahi district.
Chapainawabganj is located on the north-western part of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division and known for its special tone of local dialect. Initially, it was a sub-division of Malda district. In 1947, it was severed from Malda and was given to East Pakistan as a sub-division of Rajshahi district. It became a separate district of Bangladesh in 1984. The north and west part of Chapai Nawabganj is bounded by Malda and Murshidabad district of India, east is by Naogaon District, and south-east is by Rajshahi District.
Nilphamari is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. It is about 400 kilometres to the northwest of the capital Dhaka. It has an area of 1,547 square kilometres . Nilphamari is bounded by Rangpur and Lalmonirhat in east, Rangpur and Dinajpur in south, Dinajpur and Panchagarh in west, Cooch Behar of India in north. There are many rivers in Nilphamari including the Tista, Buritista, Isamoti, Jamuneshwari, Dhum, Kumlai, Charalkata, Sorbomongola, Salki, Chikli and Deonai.
Noakhali, historically known as Bhulua, is a district in southeastern Bangladesh, located in the Chittagong Division. It was established as district in 1821, and officially named Noakhali in 1868. Its headquarters lie in the town of Maijdee, making Noakhali the only district of Bangladesh that isn't named after its town name.
Naogaon is a district in northern Bangladesh, part of the Rajshahi Division. It is named after its headquarters, the city of Naogaon in Naogaon Sadar Upazila.
Pabna District is a district in central Bangladesh. It is an economically important district in Bangladesh. Its administrative capital is the eponymous Pabna town.
Pirojpur is a district in southern-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Barisal Division.
Patuakhali is a district in South-central Bangladesh in the Barisal Division. This district is the main entrance for the beach of Kuakata.
Panchagarh is a district of the Rangpur division in Northern Bangladesh. Panchagarh is the northernmost district of Bangladesh. It lies between 26º00' and 26º38' north latitudes and between 88º19' and 88º49' east longitudes. It was established as a district on 1 February 1984.
Rajbari is a district in central Bangladesh, located in the Dhaka Division. It is a part of the Greater Faridpur subregion of Bengal due to the historical, linguistic and cultural identities of its inhabitants.
Rajshahi District is a district in mid-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division. The metropolitan city of Rajshahi is in Rajshahi District.
Rangpur is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division.
Rangamati Hill District, is a district in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division and the town of Rangamati serves as the headquarters of the district. By area, Rangamati is the largest district of the country.
Sherpur is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of Mymensingh Division. Sherpur district was a sub-division of Jamalpur District before 1984. It was upgraded to a district on February 22, 1984. Sherpur City is located about 197–199 kilometres north of Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh.
Satkhira is a district in southwestern Bangladesh and is part of Khulna Division. It lies along the border with West Bengal, India. It is on the bank of the Arpangachhia River. The largest city and headquarter of this district is Satkhira.
Sirajganj is a district in north-central Bangladesh, located in the Rajshahi Division.
Sylhet, located in north-east Bangladesh, is the divisional capital and one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.
Sunamganj is a district located in north-eastern Bangladesh within the Sylhet Division.
Shariatpur is a district in the Dhaka Division of central Bangladesh. It is bounded by Munshiganj district on the north, Barisal district on the south, Chandpur district on the east, Madaripur district on the west. Water bodies Main rivers: Padma, Meghna, Palong and Jayanti. Of the six upazilas of the district Bhedarganj Upazila is the largest and Damudya Upazila is the smallest .
Tangail formerly Tangail Upzilla of Greater Mymensingh district is a district in the central region of Bangladesh. It is the largest district of Dhaka division by area and second largest by population . The population of Tangail zila is about 3.8 million and its area is 3,414.28 square kilometres . The main city of the district is Tangail. It is surrounded by Jamalpur District on the north, the Dhaka and Manikganj Districts on the south, the Mymensingh and Gazipur on the east, and the Sirajganj on the west.
Thakurgaon is a district in the north-western side of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division and borders India to the west. It was established as a mahakuma in 1860 consisting of 6 thanas named Thakurgaon sadar, Baliadangi, Pirganj, Ranishankail, Haripur and Ruhia. In 1947, it was re-established as a mahakuma including 3 thanas of Jalpaiguri and a thana of kochbihar of India. In 1981, Atoari was included in the new Panchagarh district and the area was shrunk in just 5 thanas. It was then established as a district on 1 February 1984.
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region. Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita. It covers 162 km2, a relatively small area compared to the two other regions, and has a population of over 1.2 million. The five times larger metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium. It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent, Antwerp, Leuven and Walloon Brabant, home to over 5 million people.
Antwerp Province is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium. It borders on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands to the north and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders. Its capital is Antwerp, which includes the Port of Antwerp, the second-largest seaport in Europe. It has an area of 2,876 km2, and with over 1.85 million inhabitants as of January 2019, is the country's most populous province. The province consists of three arrondissements: Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout. The eastern part of the province comprises the main part of the Campine region.
Flemish Brabant is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders. Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region. Its capital is Leuven. It has an area of 2,118 km2 which is divided into two administrative districts containing 65 municipalities. As of January 2019, Flemish Brabant has a population of 1,146,175.
Limburg is a province in Belgium. It is the easternmost of the five Dutch-speaking provinces that together form the Region of Flanders, one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium.
East Flanders is a province of Belgium. It borders the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders. It has an area of 3,007 km2, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 as of January 2019. The capital is Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent.
West Flanders is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, in Belgium. It is the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest. It has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west. Its capital is Bruges . Other important cities are Kortrijk in the south and Ostend on the coast, Roeselare and Ypres . The province has an area of 3,197 km2 which is divided into eight administrative districts containing 64 municipalities. As of January 2019, West Flanders has a population of 1,195,796.
Walloon Brabant is a province of Wallonia and Belgium. It borders on the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut . Its capital and largest city is Wavre.
Hainaut, historically also known as Heynowes in English, is a province of Wallonia and Belgium.
Liège is the easternmost province of Wallonia and Belgium.
Luxembourg, also called Belgian Luxembourg, is the southernmost province of Wallonia and of Belgium. It borders on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north. Its capital and largest city is Arlon, in the south-east of the province.
Namur is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes. Its capital and largest city is the city of Namur. As of January 2019, the province of Namur has population of 494,325.
Boucle du Mouhoun is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had a population of 1,898,133 in 2019. It is the 4th most populous region in Burkina Faso, and contains 9.26% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Dédougou. Six provinces make up the Boucle du Mouhoun region—Balé, Banwa, Kossi, Mouhoun, Nayala, and Sourou.
Cascades is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The population of Cascades was 812,062 in 2019. It is the second least populous region in Burkina Faso and contains 3.96% of all Burkinabé. The region's capital is Banfora. Two provinces, Comoé and Léraba, make up the region. The Cascades de Karfiguéla give the region its name.
Centre is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre was 1,523,980 in 2006 and increased by 40.2% in 5 years to 2,136,581 in 2011 . It is the most populous and urbanised region in Burkina Faso; in 2006 11.1% of Burkina's population lived in Centre. The region's capital is Ouagadougou, which also serves as the national capital. Centre region consists of only one province, Kadiogo.
Centre-Est is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Est was 1,578,075 in 2019. The region's capital is Tenkodogo. Three provinces—Boulgou, Koulpélogo, and Kouritenga, make up the region.
Centre-Nord is one of thirteen administrative regions of Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in Africa. The population of Centre-Nord in 2019 was 1,872,126. The region's capital is Kaya. Three provinces—Bam, Namentenga, and Sanmatenga, make up the region.
Centre-Ouest is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Ouest was 1,659,339 in 2019. The region's capital is Koudougou. Four provinces make up the region.
Centre-Sud is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. The population of Centre-Sud was 638,379 in 2006 and was estimated at 722,631 in 2011. The region's capital is Manga. Three provinces-Bazèga, Nahouri, and Zoundwéogo, make up the region.
Est is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Fada N'gourma. Five provinces make up the region—Gnagna, Gourma, Komondjari, Kompienga, and Tapoa.
Hauts-Bassins is one of Burkina Faso's thirteen administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Bobo Dioulasso. Three provinces make up the region—Houet, Kénédougou, and Tuy.
Nord is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The population of Nord was 1,720,908 in 2019. The region's capital is Ouahigouya. Four provinces make up the region—Loroum, Passoré, Yatenga, and Zondoma.
Plateau-Central is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had an population of 977,510 in 2019. The region's capital is Ziniaré. Three provinces make up the region—Ganzourgou, Kourwéogo, and Oubritenga.
Sahel is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001. The region's capital is Dori. Four provinces make up the region—Oudalan, Séno, Soum, and Yagha.
Sud-Ouest is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on July 2, 2001 and had a population of 874,030 in 2019. It covers an area of 16,153 km2. The region's capital is Gaoua. Four provinces make up the region—Bougouriba, Ioba, Noumbiel, and Poni.
Balé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Boucle du Mouhoun Region with Boromo as capital. Its area is 4,596 km2, and had a population of 297,367 in 2019. The province is known for its Deux Balé Forest, populated by savannah elephant herds. Boromo, the provincial capital, is located on the main road from Ouagadougou to Bobo-Dioulasso. In June 2007, the Canadian mining company, Semafo, open the third gold mine in the country in Mana in the province, with an investment of about $116 million.
Bam is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso. It is located in Centre-Nord Region and the capital of Bam is Kongoussi. In 2019 it has a population of 473,955. It is a rural province with 420,314 of its residents living in the countryside; only 53,641 live in urban areas. There are 229,786 men living in Bam Province and 244,169 women.
Banwa is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Banwa is Solenzo. In 2019 it had a population of 345,749.
Bazèga is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Sud Region. The capital of Bazèga is Kombissiri. Bazèga had a population of 238,202 in 2006 and in 2011 it was estimated to be 263,603.
Bougouriba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Sud-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population of Bougouriba was 153,606. The capital of Bougouriba is Diébougou. The 127 km2 Bontioli Reserve is located in the province.
Boulgou is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Est Region. The capital of Boulgou is Tenkodogo. The population of Boulgou in 2019 was 736,559.
Boulkiemdé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Centre-Ouest Region. The capital of Boulkiemdé is Koudougou. The population of Boulkiemdé was 498,008 in 2006 and 567,680 in 2011.
Comoé is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Cascades Region. The capital of Comoé is Banfora. The population of Comoé was 632,695 in 2019.
Ganzourgou is a province of Burkina Faso and is in Plateau-Central Region. The capital of Ganzourgou is Zorgho, which is along the road between Ouagadougou and Niamey, Niger. Other important localities in the province are Mogtédo and Méguet. The population of Ganzourgou in 2019 was 481,794.
Gnagna is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, and is in Est Region. The capital of Gnagna is Bogandé. The population of Gnagna in 2019 was 675,897.
Gourma is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Est Region. The capital of Gourma is Fada N'gourma. The population of Gourma was 437,242 in 2019.
Houet is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. The capital of Houet is Bobo-Dioulasso. In 2019 the province has a population of 1,509,377
Ioba is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sud-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population was 265,876. The capital of Ioba is Dano.
Kadiogo is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre Region. Its area is of 2,805 km², containing six departments and a population of 3,032,668 . Its capital is also the State capital, Ouagadougou. It features the central plateau of the country. It is highly urbanized and is the most densely populated province.
Kénédougou is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. The 2019 census reported a population of 399,836.
Komondjari is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Est Region. Its capital is Gayéri.
The capital of Kompienga is Pama. The province also borders the country of Togo. The Kompienga Dam located in the province is the country's first hydro-electric dam and is responsible for much of Ouagadougou's electricity supply.
The Province de la Kossi lies in the western part of Burkina Faso and stretches to the border with Mali. It is in the Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Kossi is the town of Nouna, which has a mayor and high commissioner. The next largest town in Kossi is Djibasso, the last major town on the road from Nouna that heads west into Mali.
Koulpélogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Est Region. The population in 2019 was 361,586.
Kouritenga is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Est Region. In 2019 the province had a population of 479,930. Its capital is Koupéla.
Kourwéogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Plateau-Central Region. It has a population of 181,202 .
Its capital is Sindou. Its highest point is Mount Tenakourou with an elevation of 747 metres .
Loroum is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. Its capital is Titao.
Mouhoun is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso and is in Boucle du Mouhoun Region. The capital of Mouhoun is Dédougou.
Nahouri is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in the Centre-Sud administrative region. In 2019 the population was 195,608. Its capital is Pô.
In 2011 the province had 20 health and social promotion centers, 3 doctors and 72 nurses.
Oudalan is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sahel Region. Its capital is Gorom-Gorom. The 2019 census reported 158,146 people living in the province.
Passoré is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. Its capital is Yako.
Poni Province is home to Burkina Faso's first UNESCO World Heritage site, the Ruins of Loropéni, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2009.
Sanguié is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. In 2019 the population was 391,520. Its capital is Réo.
Séno is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Sahel Region. The name of the province comes from the Fulfulde seeno, for "sandy plain."
Sissili is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. In 2006 the population was 212,628 and in 2011 the population was 240,830, an increase of 13.3%.
In 2011 the province had 27 health and social promotion centers, 5 doctors and 89 nurses.
Tapoa is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso. It is located in the Est Region. Its capital is Diapaga.
Tuy is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Hauts-Bassins Region. Its capital is Houndé.
In February 2020, 24 civilians were killed and three were kidnapped near a Protestant church in Pansi, Yagha Province.
Yatenga is one of the provinces of Burkina Faso, located in the Nord Region of the country. In modern Yatenga, the most prominent city is Ouahigouya . This city served as the capital of the kingdom of Yatenga, a powerful kingdom out of the many Mossi kingdoms, but its influence decreased in the century following French colonisation. The city is famed today for being home to the Naba's compound and the tomb of Naba Kango.
Ziro is a province of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Ouest Region. It has an area of 5,139 square kilometres . The provincial capital is the town of Sapouy.
Zondoma is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Nord Region. In 2019 the population was 239,955. Its capital is Gourcy.
Zoundwéogo is one of the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso, located in its Centre-Sud Region. In 2019 the population of Zoundwéogo was 311,940. Its capital is Manga.
Blagoevgrad Province, also known as Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia, is a province of southwestern Bulgaria. It borders four other Bulgarian provinces to the north and east, the Greek region of Macedonia to the south, and North Macedonia to the west. The province has 14 municipalities with 12 towns. Its principal city is Blagoevgrad, while other significant towns include Bansko, Gotse Delchev, Melnik, Petrich, Razlog, Sandanski, and Simitli.
Burgas Province is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, including southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. The province is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Burgas - the fourth biggest town in the country. It is the largest province by area, embracing a territory of 7,748.1 km2 that is divided into 13 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 422,319 inhabitants.
Varna Province, formerly known as Varna okrug, is a province in eastern Bulgaria, one of the 28 Bulgarian provinces. It comprises 12 municipalities with a population of 494,216 inhabitants as of April 2016. The province is named after its administrative centre, Varna.
Veliko Tarnovo is a province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. Its capital city, Veliko Tarnovo, is of historical significance as it is known as the capital of the Bulgarian Empire. The province is divided into 10 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 275,395 inhabitants.
Vidin Province is the northwesternmost province of Bulgaria. It borders Serbia to the west and Romania to the northeast. Its administrative centre is the city of Vidin on the Danube river. The area is divided into 11 municipalities. As of December 2009, the province has a population of 108,067 inhabitants.
Vratsa Province is a Bulgarian province located in the northwestern part of the country, between Danube river in the north and Stara Planina mountain in the south. It is named after its main town - Vratsa. As of 2016, the province has a population of 170 367 inhabitants, on territory of 3,619.7 km2 .
Gabrovo Province is a small province lying at the geographical centre of Bulgaria. It is named after its main town - Gabrovo. In 2009 the total population of the area is 130,001.
Dobrich Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Southern Dobruja geographical region. It is bounded on east by the Black Sea, on south by Varna Province, on west by Šumen and Silistra provinces, on the north by Romania. It is divided into 8 municipalities. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 186,016. The province was part of Romania between 1913 and 1940.
Kardzhali District is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3209.1 km2 in area. Its main city is Kardzhali.
Kyustendil Province is a province in southwestern Bulgaria, extending over an area of 3,084.3 km2, and with a population of 163,889. It borders on the provinces of Sofia, Pernik, and Blagoevgrad; to the west, its limits coincide with the state borders between Bulgaria and North Macedonia, and between Bulgaria and the Republic of Serbia. The administrative center of the Province is Kyustendil.
Lovech Province is one of the 28 provinces of Bulgaria, lying at the northern centre of the country. It is named after its main city - Lovech. As of December 2009, the population of the area is 151,153.
Montana Province is a province in northwestern Bulgaria, bordering Serbia in the southwest and Romania in the north. It spreads its area between the Danube river and the Balkan Mountains. As of February 2011, the province has a population of 148,098 inhabitants, on territory of 3,635.5 km2 . It was named after its administrative centre the city of Montana.
Pazardzhik Province is a province in Southern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Pazardzhik. The territory is 4,456.9 km2 that is divided into 12 municipalities with a total population of 275,548 inhabitants, as of February 2011.
Pernik Province is a province in western Bulgaria, neighbouring Serbia. Its main city is Pernik, and other municipalities are Breznik, Kovachevtsi, Radomir, Tran, and Zemen.
Pleven Province is a province located in central northern Bulgaria, bordering the Danube river, Romania and the Bulgarian provinces of Vratsa, Veliko Tarnovo and Lovech. It is divided into 11 subdivisions, called municipalities, that embrace a territory of 4,653.32 km2 with a population, as of February 2011, of 269 752 inhabitants. The province's capital is the city of Pleven.
Plovdiv Province is a province in central southern Bulgaria. It comprises 18 municipalities on a territory of 5,972.9 km2 with a population, as of February 2011, of 683,027 inhabitants. The province is named after its administrative and industrial centre — the city of Plovdiv.
Razgrad Province is a province in Northeastern Bulgaria, geographically part of the Ludogorie region. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the town of Razgrad. As of December 2009, the Province has a total population of 132,740 inhabitants on a territory of 2,639.7 km2 that is divided into 7 municipalities.
Ruse Province is a province in northern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Ruse, neighbouring Romania via the Danube. It is divided into 8 municipalities with a total population, as of February 2011, of 235,252 inhabitants.
Silistra Province is a province of Bulgaria, named after its main city - Silistra. It is divided into seven municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 127,659. The province is part of Southern Dobrudja, which was part of Romania until 1940.
Sliven Province is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, named after its administrative and industrial centre — the city of Sliven. It embraces a territory of 3,544.1 km2 that is divided into four municipalities, with a total population, as of December 2009, of 204,887.
Smolyan Province is a province in Southern-central Bulgaria, located in the Rhodope Mountains, neighbouring Greece to the south. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre—the city of Smolyan. The province embraces a territory of 3,192.8 km2 . that is divided into 10 municipalities with a total population of 124,795 inhabitants, as of December 2009.
Sofia City Province is a province of Bulgaria. Its administrative center is the city of Sofia, the capital of the country.
Sofia Province is a province of Bulgaria. The province does not include Sofia in its territories, but Sofia remains its administrative center. The province borders on the provinces of Pernik, Kyustendil, Blagoevgrad, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv, Lovech, Vratsa, Montana and "Sofia City Province", and borders with Serbia to the northwest.
Stara Zagora, formerly known as the Stara Zagora okrug, is a province of south-central Bulgaria. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre—the city of Stara Zagora—the sixth-biggest town in the country. The province embraces a territory of 5,151.1 km2 that is divided into 11 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 350,925 inhabitants.
Targovishte Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Targovishte. As of December 2009, it has a population of 129,675 inhabitants.
Haskovo Province is a province in southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece and Turkey to the southeast, comprising parts of the Thracian valley along the river Maritsa. It is named after its administrative and industrial centre - the city of Haskovo. The province embraces a territory of 5,533.3 km2 that is divided into 11 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 256,408 inhabitants.
Shumen Province is a province in northeastern Bulgaria named after its main city Shumen. It is divided into 10 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 194,090 inhabitants.
Yambol is a province in southeastern Bulgaria, neighbouring Turkey to the south. It is named after its main city Yambol, while other towns include Straldzha, Bolyarovo and Elhovo. The province embraces a territory of 3,355.5 km2 that is divided into 5 municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 138,429 inhabitants.
The Capital Governorate is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. The governorate includes Manama, the capital of Bahrain. It is the most populous administrative region in the country, with a population of over half million people in 2020.
The Southern Governorate has the largest area of the four governorates of Bahrain, and the smallest population . It includes parts of Bahrain's old municipalities – Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, and Juzur Hawar . It is the least populated of the regions on Bahrain.
The Muharraq Governorate is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. It is now co-extensive with the municipality of Al Muharraq and with Muharraq Island together with outlying islets. It includes the former municipality of Al Hadd at the southern end of that island.
The Northern Governorate is one of the four governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah, Jidd Haffs and Madinat Hamad.
Bujumbura Rural Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Former President of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira was born here.
Bururi Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It was formerly Burundi's largest province until the communes of Burambi, Buyengero and Rumonge were transferred to the province of Rumonge when it was created in 2015.
Cankuzo Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Located in the eastern part of the country, the province covers an area of 1,965 km2. The provincial capital is Cankuzo.
Gitega is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Its capital is Gitega, which is also the national capital. It has a population of 725,223 as of 2008 and an area of 1,979 square kilometres .
Kirundo Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. Kirundo has three big lakes: Cohoha, Rweru, and Rwihinda. Lakes Cohoha and Rweru are located in commune Busone, and Lake Rwihinda is in commune Kirundo. Kirundo is the capital city of province Kirundo.
Six mass graves with 6,032 bodies were found by Burundi's Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Karuzi Province in January and February 2020. Some of the victims were identified by clothes and rosaries.
Kayanza Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. Its capital city is also called Kayanza centre.
Makamba Province is the southernmost province of Burundi. The province has a population of 430,899 and covers an area of 1,960 km2. The provincial capital is Makamba. Makamba has six communes, many refugees have returned from Tanzania to this province, especially to the communes of Kayogoro, Nyanza lac, Mabanda and Vugizo. This causes a big problem, because there is not enough land for everybody. It is the most fertile province of Burundi.
Muramvya Province is one of the 18 provinces of Burundi. The capital city is Muramvya. In 2007 the province was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.
Mwaro Province one of two provinces that were created in 1999 as a result of splitting the Muramvya Province; the other province retained the name of Muramvya.
Bujumbura Mairie Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It consists entirely of the city of Bujumbura, Burundi's former capital.
Rumonge Province is one of the eighteen provinces of Burundi. It was created on 26 March 2015 by combining the communes of Burambi, Buyengero and Rumonge, previously part of Bururi Province, with the Bugarama and Muhuta communes previously belonging to Bujumbura Rural Province.
Atakora is the northwesternmost department of Benin. Externally it borders Togo to the west and Burkina Faso to the north; internally it borders the departments of Alibori, Borgou and Donga. Major towns in the Atakora include Natitingou and Tanguiéta, and the major tourist areas include the Tata Somba houses, Pendjari National Park, and various waterfalls. The department of Atakora was bifurcated in 1999, with its southern territory removed to form the newly created Donga Department. The capital of Atakora Department is Natitingou; it is after the Atakora Mountains.
Alibori is the largest and northernmost department of Benin. Externally the department borders the countries of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria, and internally the departments of Atakora and Borgou. The department of Alibori was created in 1999 when it was split off from Borgou Department and is named after the Alibori River.
Atlantique is one of the twelve departments in Benin. The department is located in south-central Benin along the Atlantic coast, between Mono and Kouffo Department in the west, Zou in the north, and Ouémé in the east. The department of Atlantique was bifurcated in 1999 when some of its territories was transferred to the newly formed Littoral Department.
Borgou is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria and the departments of Alibori, Atakora, Collines and Donga. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The department of Borgou was bifurcated in 1999, with its northern territory transferred to the newly created Alibori Department.
Collines is one of the twelve departments of Benin, located in the centre of the country; its name means "hills" in French. The department of Collines was created in 1999 when it was split off from Zou Department. In 2016, the city of Dassa-Zoumé became the department's capital .
Donga is one of the twelve departments of Benin; its capital is Djougou, the fourth largest city in the country. The department of Donga was created in 1999 when it was split off from Atakora Department. Donga is subdivided into five communes, each centered at one of the principal towns: Bassila, Copargo, Djougou Rural, Djougou Urban and Ouaké.
Kouffo or Couffo is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Kouffo borders the country of Togo and the departments of Mono, Zou and Atlantique. Since 2008, the department's capital has been Aplahoué. The department of Kouffo was created in 1999 when it was split off from Mono Department.
Littoral is one of the twelve departments of Benin. At 79 km2, Littoral is the smallest department in the country. Its capital is Cotonou, Benin's largest city. The department was created in 1999 with the splitting up of territories of Atlantique Department.
Mono is one of the twelve departments of Benin, with its capital at Lokossa. It is named for the Mono River which forms much of the border with Togo. The northern areas of the department were split off to create the newly formed Kouffo Department in 1999. Mono is subdivided into six communes, each centred at one of the principal towns, namely, Athiémè, Bopa, Comè, Grand-Popo, Houéyogbé and Lokossa. It has an area of 1,396 square kilometres .
Ouémé is one of the twelve departments of Benin, containing the capital of the country Porto Novo. It is subdivided into nine communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Adjarra, Adjohoun, Aguégués, Akpro-Missérété, Avrankou, Bonou, Dangbo, Porto-Novo and Sèmè-Kpodji. In 1999, the northern section of Ouémé was split off to form the department of Plateau.
Plateau is one of the twelve departments of Benin. The department of Plateau was created in 1999 with an area of 2,835 square kilometres when it was split off from Ouémé Department. Plateau is subdivided into five communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Adja-Ouèrè, Ifangni, Kétou, Pobè and Sakété.
Zou is one of the twelve departments of Benin, named for the Zou River which travels through the department before emptying into the Atlantic in the south of the country. The department of Zou was split in two in 1999, with the northern territory transferred to the newly created Collines Department. The capital of Zou is Abomey. Zou is subdivided into nine communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Abomey, Agbangnizoun, Bohicon, Cové, Djidja, Ouinhi, Za-Kpota, Zangnanado and Zogbodomey.
Belait District, or simply Belait, is the largest as well as the westernmost district in Brunei. It has an area of 2,727 square kilometres and the population of 69,062 as of 2016. The administrative town is Kuala Belait, located at the mouth of the Belait River. The district is commonly associated with the oil and gas industry of the country, mainly concentrated near the town of Seria.
Brunei-Muara District or simply Brunei-Muara is one of the four districts of Brunei. It has the smallest area among the four districts, with 571 square kilometres, yet is the most populous, with 289,630 people as of 2016. Bandar Seri Begawan, the country's capital, is located in this district, which is also de facto the district's capital. It is also home Brunei International Airport, the country's only international airport, as well as Muara Port, the main and only deep-water port in the country. The Brunei River flows within this district and is home to Kampong Ayer, the traditional historic settlement on stilts above the river.
Temburong District or simply Temburong is the easternmost district in Brunei. It is an exclave — the land is separated from the rest of the country by Malaysia and Brunei Bay, and accessible from the mainland via the Temburong Bridge. It has a total area of 1,306 km2 . The population was 10,251 in 2016; it the least populous district in the country. Bangar is the district town and administrative centre.
Tutong District or simply Tutong is one of the four districts of Brunei. It has an area of 1,166 square kilometres ; the population was 48,313 in 2016. The administrative town is Pekan Tutong. It is home to Tasek Merimbun, the country's largest natural lake.
Beni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second-largest department in the country, covering 213,564 square kilometers, and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842 during the administration of General José Ballivián. Its capital is Trinidad.
Cochabamba, from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the "granary" of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2012 census was 1,758,143. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.
Chuquisaca is a department of Bolivia located in the center south. It borders on the departments of Cochabamba, Tarija, Potosí, and Santa Cruz. The departmental capital is Sucre, which is also the constitutional capital of Bolivia.
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres with a 2012 census population of 2,706,359 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with adjacent Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers . Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Pando is a department in the North of Bolivia, with an area of 63,827 square kilometres, in the Amazon Rainforest, adjoining the border with Brazil and Perú. Pando has a population 110,436 . Its capital is the city of Cobija.
Oruro is a department in Bolivia, with an area of 53,588 km2 . Its capital is the city of Oruro. According to the 2012 census, the Oruro department had a population of 494,178.
Potosí is a department in southwestern Bolivia. It comprises 118,218 km2 with 823,517 inhabitants . The capital is the city of Potosí. It is mostly a barren, mountainous region with one large plateau to the west, where the largest salt flat in the world, Salar de Uyuni, is located.
Santa Cruz is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia, occupying about one-third of the country's territory. With an area of 370,621 km2, it is slightly smaller than Japan or the US state of Montana. It is located in the eastern part of the country, sharing borders in the north and east with Brazil and with Paraguay in the south.
Tarija is a department in Bolivia. It is located in south-eastern Bolivia bordering with Argentina to the south and Paraguay to the east. According to the 2012 census, it has a population of 482,196 inhabitants. It has an area of 37,623 km2 . The city of Tarija is the capital of the department.
Acre is a state located in the west of the North Region of Brazil and the Amazonia Legal. Located in the westernmost part of the country, at a two-hour time difference from Brasília, Acre is bordered clockwise by the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia to the north and northeast, the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast, and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios, Ucayali and Loreto to the south and west.
Alagoas is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region. It borders: Pernambuco ; Sergipe ; Bahia ; and the Atlantic Ocean . Its capital is the city of Maceió. It has 1.6% of the Brazilian population and produces only 0.1% of the Brazilian GDP. It is made up of 102 municipalities and its most populous cities are Maceió, Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Índios, Rio Largo, Penedo, União dos Palmares, São Miguel dos Campos, Santana do Ipanema, Delmiro Gouveia, Coruripe, Marechal Deodoro, and Campo Alegre.
Amazonas is a state of Brazil, located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country. It is the largest Brazilian state by area and the 9th largest country subdivision in the world, and the largest in South America, being greater than the areas of Uruguay, Paraguay, and Chile combined. Mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the third largest country subdivision in the Southern Hemisphere after the Australian states of Western Australia and Queensland. Entirely in the Western Hemisphere it is the fourth largest in the Western Hemisphere after Greenland, Nunavut and Alaska, being slightly larger than Quebec. It would be the sixteenth largest country in land area, slightly larger than Mongolia. Neighbouring states are Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. It also borders the nations of Peru, Colombia and Venezuela. This includes the Departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Guainía in Colombia, as well as the Amazonas state in Venezuela, and the Loreto Region in Peru.
Amapá is a state located in the northern region of Brazil. It is the second least populous state and the eighteenth largest by area. Located in the far northern part of the country, Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Pará to the south and west, and Suriname to the northwest. The capital and largest city is Macapá. The state has 0.4% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian GDP.
Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil and in the northeast of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador, on a spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a monarchial stronghold dominated by agricultural, slaving, and ranching interests, Bahia is now still predominantly a working-class industrial and agricultural state. The state is home to 7% of the Brazilian population and produces 4.2% of the country's GDP.
Ceará, is one of the 27 states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the eighth-largest Brazilian State by population and the 17th by area. It is also one of the main tourist destinations in Brazil. The state capital is the city of Fortaleza, the country's fourth most populous city. The state has 4,3% of the Brazilian population and produces only 2,1% of the Brazilian GDP.
The Federal District is one of 27 federative units of Brazil. Located in the Center-West Region, it is the smallest Brazilian federal unit and the only one that has no municipalities, being divided into 31 administrative regions. The federal capital of Brazil, Brasília, which is also the seat of government of the Federal District, is located in its territory.
Espírito Santo is a state in southeastern Brazil. Its capital is Vitória, and its largest city is Serra. With an extensive coastline, the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions.
Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the Center-West region of the country. The name Goiás comes from the name of an indigenous community. The original word seems to have been guaiá, a compound of gua e iá, meaning "the same person" or "people of the same origin." It borders the Federal District and the states of Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The state has 3.3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 2.7% of the Brazilian GDP.
Maranhão is a state in Brazil. Located in the country's Northeast Region, it has a population of about 7 million and an area of 332,000 km2 . Going clockwise from the north, it borders on the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent inside the common Northeastern Brazilian dialect. Maranhão is described in books such as The Land of the Palm Trees by Gonçalves Dias and Casa de Pensão by Aluísio Azevedo. The state has 3.4% of the Brazilian population and produces only 1.3% of the Brazilian GDP.
Minas Gerais is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product, and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte, is a major urban and finance center in Latin America, and the sixth largest municipality in Brazil, after the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasília and Fortaleza, but its metropolitan area is the third largest in Brazil with just over 5,800,000 inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Nine Brazilian presidents were born in Minas Gerais, the most of any state. The state has 10.1% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 8.7% of the Brazilian GDP.
Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil. Neighboring Brazilian states are Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay, to the southwest, and Bolivia, to the west. The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising. Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm, sometimes hot, and humid climate, and is crossed by numerous tributaries of the Paraná River. The state has 1,3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1,5% of the Brazilian GDP.
Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP.
Pará is a State of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname, to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city is Belém, which is located at the mouth of the Amazon. The state, which is home to 4.1% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for just 2.2% of the Brazilian GDP.
Paraíba is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Paraíba is the third most densely populated state of the Northeast; João Pessoa, the sea-bordered state capital, and Campina Grande, in the interior, rank among the fifteen-largest municipalities in the Northeast of Brazil. The state is home to 1.9% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.9% of the Brazilian GDP.
Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 9.6 million people as of 2020, it is the seventh-most populous state of Brazil, the sixth-most densely populated and the 19th-largest in area among federative units of the country. Its capital and largest city, Recife, is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. Based on 2019 estimates, the Recife Metropolitan Region is seventh-most populous in the country, and the second-largest in northeastern Brazil. In 2015, the state had 4.6% of the national population and produced 2.8% of the national gross domestic product .
Piaui is one of the states of Brazil, located in the country's Northeast Region. The state has 1.6% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.7% of the Brazilian GDP.
Paraná is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones, Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line. It is subdivided into 399 municipalities, and its capital is the city of Curitiba. Other major cities are Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, Cascavel, São José dos Pinhais and Foz do Iguaçu. The state is home to 5,4% of the Brazilian population and has 6,2% of the Brazilian GDP.
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil. It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo. The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of the Brazilian GDP.
Rio Grande do Norte is one of the states of Brazil, located in the northeastern region of the country, occupying the northeasternmost tip of the South American continent. Because of its geographic position, Rio Grande do Norte has a strategic importance. The capital and largest city is Natal. It is the land of the folklorist Luís da Câmara Cascudo. Its 410 km of sand, much sun, coconut palms and lagoons are responsible for the fame of beaches. Rocas Atoll, the only such feature in the Atlantic Ocean, is part of the state. The main economic activity is tourism, followed by the extraction of petroleum, agriculture, fruit growing and extraction of minerals, including considerable production of seasalt, among other economic activities.
Rondônia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country . To the west is a short border with the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south and southwest is Bolivia. Rondônia has a population of 1,755,000 as of 2014. It is the fifth least populated state. Its capital and largest city is Porto Velho. The state was named after Cândido Rondon, who explored the north of the country during the 1910s. The state, which is home to 0.8% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP.
Roraima is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Located in the country's North Region, it is the northernmost and most geographically and logistically isolated state in Brazil. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast, Amazonas to the south and west, Venezuela to the north and northwest, and Guyana to the east.
Rio Grande do Sul is a state in the southern region of Brazil. It is the fifth-most-populous state and the ninth largest by area. Located in the southernmost part of the country, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered clockwise by Santa Catarina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Uruguayan departments of Rocha, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo, Rivera and Artigas to the south and southwest, and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Misiones to the west and northwest. The capital and largest city is Porto Alegre. The state has the highest life expectancy in Brazil, and the crime rate is relatively low compared to the Brazilian national average. Despite the high standard of living, unemployment is still high in the state, as of 2017. The state has 5.4% of the Brazilian population and it is responsible for 6.6% of the Brazilian GDP.
Santa Catarina is a state in the South Region of Brazil. It is the 7th smallest state in total area and the 11th most populous. Additionally, it is the 9th largest settlement, with 295 municipalities. The state, which has 3.4% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 3.8% of the Brazilian GDP.
Sergipe, officially State of Sergipe, is a state of Brazil. Located in the Northeast Region along the Atlantic coast of the country, Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil by geographical area at 21,910 km2, larger only than the Federal District. Sergipe borders Bahia to the south and west and Alagoas to the north. Aracaju is the capital and the largest city in the state. The state has 1,1% of the Brazilian population and produces only 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP.
São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus. A major industrial complex, the state has 21.9% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 33.9% of Brazil's GDP. São Paulo also has the second-highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita, the fourth-lowest infant mortality rate, the third-highest life expectancy, and the third-lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil. São Paulo alone is wealthier than Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia combined. São Paulo is also the world's twenty-eighth-most populous sub-national entity and the most populous sub-national entity in the Americas.
Tocantins is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is the newest state, formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás. Tocantins covers 277,620.91 square kilometres and had an estimated population of 1,496,880 in 2014. Construction of its capital, Palmas, began in 1989; most of the other cities in the state date to the Portuguese colonial period. With the exception of Araguaína there are few other cities with a significant population in the state. The government has invested in a new capital, a major hydropower dam, railroads and related infrastructure to develop this primarily agricultural area. The state has 0.75% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 0.5% of the Brazilian GDP.
Bonaire is an island in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. Its capital is Kralendijk, near the ocean on the lee side of the island. Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao form the ABC islands, 80 km off the coast of Venezuela. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, the ABC islands lie outside Hurricane Alley. The islands have an arid climate that attracts visitors seeking warm, sunny weather all year round. Bonaire is a popular snorkeling and scuba diving destination because of its multiple shore diving sites and easy access to the island's fringing reefs.
Saba is a Caribbean island which is the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery, which at 887 metres is the highest point of the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands. Together with Bonaire and Sint Eustatius it forms the BES islands.
Sint Eustatius, also known locally as Statia, is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality of the Netherlands.
It is one of a group of islands arranged along a large, shallow lagoon called the Bight of Acklins, of which the largest are Crooked Island in the north and Acklins in the southeast, and the smaller are Long Cay in the northwest, and Castle Island in the south.
The Berry Islands are a chain of islands and a district of the Bahamas, covering about thirty square miles of the northwestern part of the Out Islands.
Bimini /ˈbɪmɪniː/ is the westernmost district of the Bahamas and comprises a chain of islands located about 80 kilometres due east of Miami. Bimini is the closest point in the Bahamas to the mainland United States and approximately 210 km west-northwest of Nassau. The population is 1,988 as of the 2010 census.
Black Point is one of the districts of the Bahamas. As of 2010, it has a population of 414 and an area of 12.1 km2.
Cat Island is located in central Bahamas, and is one of its districts. Cat Island also has the nation's highest point, Mount Alvernia . It rises to 206 feet and is topped by a monastery called The Hermitage. This assembly of buildings was erected by the Franciscan "Brother Jerome" .
Central Abaco is one of the districts of the Bahamas, in the Abaco Islands. The district contains the largest town in the Abacos, Marsh Harbour, which is the commerce centre for the islands. Some of the more noticeable settlements are:
Central Andros is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on Andros Island. Its current Chief Councillor is Mr. Deon Sweeting. The Member of Parliament for this District is Minister Picewell Forbes.
Freeport is a city, district and free trade zone on the island of Grand Bahama of the northwest Bahamas. In 1955, Wallace Groves, a Virginian financier with lumber interests in Grand Bahama, was granted 20,000 hectares of pineyard with substantial areas of swamp and scrubland by the Bahamian government with a mandate to economically develop the area. Freeport has grown to become the second most populous city in the Bahamas.
Crooked Island is an island and district, part of a group of Bahamian islands defining a large, shallow lagoon called the Bight of Acklins, of which the largest are Crooked Island in the north and Acklins in the south-east, and the smaller are Long Cay in the north-west, and Castle Island in the south.
East Grand Bahama is a district of the Bahamas, situated on the eastern part of the island of Grand Bahama.
The largest of the cays is Great Exuma, which is 37 mi in length and joined to another island, Little Exuma, by a small bridge. The capital and largest town in the district is George Town . It was founded 1793 and located on Great Exuma. Near the town, but on Little Exuma, the Tropic of Cancer runs across Pelican Beach lending it another name: Tropic of Cancer Beach. Its white sand and turquoise waters make it a world-famous destination. The entire island chain is 130 mi long and 72 sq mi in area. Great Exuma island has an area of 61 sq mi while Little Exuma has an area of 11 sq mi .
Grand Cay is one of the districts of the Bahamas. It is geographically located in the Abaco Islands.
Harbour Island is an island and administrative district in the Bahamas and is located off the northeast coast of Eleuthera Island. It has a population of 1,762 .
Hope Town is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on the Abaco islands as well as a small village on Elbow Cay, located in Abaco. The area had a population of 458 in 2010.
Inagua is the southernmost district of the Bahamas, comprising the islands of Great Inagua and Little Inagua. The headquarters for the district council are in Matthew Town.
Long Island is an island in the Bahamas that is split by the Tropic of Cancer. It is one of the Districts of the Bahamas and is known as the most scenic island in the Bahamas. Its capital is Clarence Town. The population of Long Island is 3,094 inhabitants.
Mangrove Cay is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on Andros Island. Its capital is Moxey Town in the north east corner of the island.
Mayaguana is the easternmost island and district of the Bahamas. Its population was 277 in the 2010 census. It has an area of about 280 km2 .
Moore's Island is a cay, 28 miles to the west of the main island of Abaco. It is approximately 7 miles long and 3.5 miles wide. It has two settlements, Hard Bargain, which is the capital, and the other settlement is the Bight. The population has been reported as 950.
North Abaco is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on the Abaco Islands. It has a population of 9,578 according to the 2010 census.
North Andros is one of the 31 districts of the Bahamas. It is also the largest district in the country. It has some of the largest settlements on Andros Island and many churches as well. The population is 3,898.
North Eleuthera is one of the districts of the Bahamas, on the island of Eleuthera. It has a population of 3,247.
Ragged Island is a small island 23 km2 and district in the southern Bahamas. Ragged Island is part of the Jumentos Cays and Ragged Island Chain. The crescent-shaped chain measures over 180 km in length and includes cays known as Raccoon Cay, Hog Cay and Double-Breasted Cay. On 8 September 2017, Duncan Town took a direct hit from Hurricane Irma.
Rum Cay is an island and district of the Bahamas. It measures 30 square miles in area, it is located at Lat.: N23 42' 30" - Long.: W 74 50' 00". It has many rolling hills that rise to about 120 feet .
San Salvador Island is an island and district of the Bahamas. It is widely believed that during Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New World, this island was the first land he sighted and visited on 12 October 1492. He named it San Salvador after Christ the Saviour. Columbus's records indicate that the native Lucayan inhabitants of the territory, who called their island Guanahani, were "sweet and gentle".
Geographically, South Andros is the southernmost third of the land mass colloquially called Andros, which includes the districts of North Andros, Central Andros, Mangrove Cay and South Andros. In 2010, the district had 3,592 inhabitants.
The district had a population of 4,955 in 2010. Tarpum Bay and Rock Sound are the largest settlements.
Spanish Wells is a small town on the island of St. George's Cay 610 m wide by 2,860 m long, located approximately 500 m off the northern tip of Eleuthera island. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 1,551 residents. Spanish Wells is extended, however, by a bridge that links it to neighboring Russell Island, which is 5.8 km long and has become an integral part of the community. Spanish Wells is so small that many residents get around the island using golf carts instead of full-sized cars. Spanish Wells is known for its white powdery beaches, tropical breezes, laid back atmospheres and friendly people.
West Grand Bahama is one of 31 districts of The Bahamas. The district covers the entire western portion of Grand Bahama island, excluding the city of Freeport, which forms its own district. Communities within West Grand Bahama include the settlements of Mack Town, Hunters, Lewis Yard, Pinder's Point, Eight Mile Rock, Hepburn Town, Bartlett Hill, Hanna Hill, Pine Dale, Martin Town, Russell Town, Jones Town, Sea Grape, Holmes Rock, Bootle Bay and the westernmost settlement of West End.
New Providence is the most populous island in The Bahamas, containing more than 70% of the total population. It is the location of the national capital city of Nassau, whose boundaries are coincident with the island; it had a population of 246,329 at the 2010 Census; the latest estimate is 274,400. The island was originally under Spanish control following Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World, but the Spanish government showed little interest in developing the island . Nassau, the island's largest city, was formerly known as Charles-town, but it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684. It was laid out and renamed Nassau in 1695 by Nicholas Trott, the most successful Lord Proprietor, in honour of the Prince of Orange-Nassau who became William III of England. The three branches of Bahamian Government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary, are all headquartered on New Providence. New Providence functions as the main commercial hub of The Bahamas. It is also home to more than 400 banks and trust companies, and its hotels and port account for more than two-thirds of the four million-plus tourists who visit The Bahamas annually. Other settlements on New Providence include Grants Town, Bain Town, Fox Hill, Adelaide, Yamacraw, South Beach, Coral Harbour, Lyford Cay, Paradise Island, Sea Breeze, Centreville, The Grove and The Grove, Cable Beach, Delaporte, Gambier, Old Fort Bay, Carmichael Road, and Love Beach.
Bumthang District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. It is the most historic dzongkhag if the number of ancient temples and sacred sites is counted. Bumthang consists of the four mountain valleys of Ura, Chumey, Tang and Choekhor, although occasionally the entire district is referred to as Bumthang Valley.
Chukha District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. The major town is Phuentsholing which is the gateway city along the sole road which connects India to western Bhutan . Chukha is the commercial and the financial capital of Bhutan. With Bhutan's oldest hydropower plant, Chukha hydel, and Tala Hydroelectricity Project, the country's largest power plant, Chukha is the dzongkhag which contributes the most to the GDP of the country. Also located in Chukha district are some of the country's oldest industrial companies like the Bhutan Carbide Chemical Limited and the Bhutan Boards Products Limited .
Dagana District is a district located in Bhutan. Most of the district is populated by Dzongkha speakers. However, in the southwest part near the Sarpang District, Nepali is also spoken as a native language.
Gasa District or Gasa Dzongkhag is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. The capital of Gasa District is Gasa Dzong near Gasa. It is located in the far north of the county and spans the Middle and High regions of the Tibetan Himalayas. The dominant language of the district is Dzongkha, which is the national language. Related languages, Layakha and Lunanakha, are spoken by semi-nomadic communities in the north of the district. The People's Republic of China claims the northern part of Gasa District.
Haa District is one of the 20 dzongkhag or districts comprising Bhutan. Per the 2017 census, the population of Haa dzongkhag was 13,655 in 2,952 households making it the second least populated dzongkhag in Bhutan after Gasa. The dominant language of the district is Dzongkha, the national language.
Lhuntse District is one of the 20 dzongkhag comprising Bhutan. It consists of 2506 households. Located in the northeast, Lhuntse is one of the least developed dzhongkhags of Bhutan. There are few roads, the first gas station was opened in September 2005, electricity is not well distributed, and the difficult terrain makes distribution of social welfare problematic. Despite its favourable climate, farming is hindered by the lack of infrastructure.
Mongar District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. Mongar is the fastest-developing dzongkhag in eastern Bhutan. A regional hospital has been constructed and the region is bustling with many economic activities. Mongar is noted for its lemon grass, a plant that can be used to produce an essential oil. It also has a hydroelectric power-plant on the Kuri Chhu river.
Paro District is a district, valley, river and town in Bhutan. It is one of the most historic valleys in Bhutan. Both trade goods and invading Tibetans came over the pass at the head of the valley, giving Paro the closest cultural connection with Tibet of any Bhutanese district. The dominant language in Paro is Dzongkha, the national language.
Pemagatshel District is one of the 20 dzongkhags constituting Bhutan.
Punakha District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It is bordered by Thimphu, Gasa, and Wangdue Phodrang Districts. The dominant language in the district is Dzongkha, the national language.
Samdrup Jongkhar District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. The dominant languages of the district are Tshangla in the north and west, and Nepali in the east.
Samtse District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.
Sarpang District is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan.
Thimphu District is a dzongkhag of Bhutan. Thimphu is also the capital of Bhutan and the largest city in the whole kingdom.
Trashigang District is Bhutan's easternmost dzongkhag .
Trashiyangtse District is one of the twenty dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It was created in 1992 when Trashiyangtse district was split off from Trashigang District. Trashiyangtse covers an area of 1,437.9 square kilometres . At an elevation of 1750–1880 m, Trashi yangtse dzongkhag is rich of culture filled with sacred places blessed by Guru Rimpoche and dwelled by Yangtseps, Tshanglas, Bramis from Tawang, Khengpas from Zhemgang and Kurtoeps from Lhuentse.
Trongsa District is one of the districts of Bhutan. It is the most central district of Bhutan and the geographic centre of Bhutan is located within it at Trongsa Dzong.
Tsirang District of Bhutan. The administrative center of the district is Damphu.
Wangdue Phodrang District is a dzongkhag of central Bhutan. This is also the name of the dzong which dominates the district, and the name of the small market town outside the gates of the dzong—it is the capital of Wangdue Phodrang District). The name is said to have been given by the Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal who was searching for the best location for a dzong to prevent incursions from the south. The word "wangdue" means unification of Country, and "Phodrang" means Palace in Dzongkha.
Zhemgang District, is one of the 20 dzongkhags comprising Bhutan. It is bordered by Sarpang, Trongsa, Bumthang, Mongar and Samdrup Jongkhar Districts, and borders Assam in India to the south. Administrative center of the district is Zhemgang.
Central is the largest of Botswana's districts in terms of area and population. It encompasses the traditional homeland of the Bamangwato people. Some of the most politically connected Batswana have come from the Central District, including former President Sir Seretse Khama, former President Festus Mogae, and former President Lt. General Seretse Ian Khama. The district borders the Botswanan districts of Chobe in the north, North-West in the northwest, Ghanzi in the west, Kweneng in southwest, Kgatleng in the south and North-East in the northeast, as well as Zimbabwe also in the northeast and South Africa in the southeast .
Ghanzi is a district in western Botswana, bordering Namibia in the west and extending east into much of the interior of the country. The district's administrative centre is the town of Ghanzi. Most of the eastern half of Ghanzi makes up the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. The human population at the 2001 census was 43,370, less populous than that of any other district in Botswana. Ghanzi's area is 117,910 km².
Kgalagadi is a district in southwest Botswana, lying along the country's border with Namibia and South Africa. The administrative center is Tsabong. The district of Kgalagadi covers a large part of the Kalahari Desert. It has a total area of 105,200 km² and has a population of 42,000 . More than one-third of the district is covered by the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, which extends into South Africa, and which is a major tourist attraction.
Kgatleng is one of the districts of Botswana, coterminous with the homeland of the Bakgatla people. Its capital is Mochudi, the hometown of protagonist Precious Ramotswe in Alexander McCall Smith's popular The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series. According to the 2001 Census, Kgatleng had a population of 73,507 people.
Kweneng is one of the districts of Botswana and is the recent historical homeland of the Bakwena people, the first group in Botswana converted to Christianity by famed missionary David Livingstone. Various landmarks, including Livingstone's Cave, allude to this history. The seat of the district's government is Molepolole, Botswana's most populous village .
The North-East District is one of the administrative districts of Botswana. Its capital is Francistown. In 2011, North-East had a population of 60,264 people. The district is predominantly occupied by Kalanga-speaking people, the BaKalanga. The district is administered by a district administration and district council, which are responsible for local administration.
The North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana. For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta . It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council. The administrative centre is Maun.
South-East is one of the districts of Botswana. The capital city of Botswana, Gaborone, is surrounded by this district. The administrative capital for the South-East district is the village of Ramotswa. In the southeast, South-East borders the North West Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders Kgatleng in northeast, Kweneng in northwest, Southern in southwest.
Southern is one of the districts of Botswana. The capital of Southern district is Kanye, home to the Bangwaketse and Barolong in Botswana. The Southern district is home to Botswana's second largest beef farmers where there are large privately owned ranges, and several government run beef ranges which provide agricultural support to the local farmers. Maize and sorghum, Botswana's staple crop, are also raised in the area. Southern district is where the third diamond mine of Botswana was found, which buoys Botswana's economic state of prosperity. It was the first district to house the capital city before being moved to Gaborone after independence.
Chobe District is an administrative district in the northern part of Botswana, with the headquarters in Kasane. In 2001 it was merged with Ngamiland, and until 2006 it shared with Ngamiland the North-West District Council as local government. Chobe National Park is in the Chobe District. As of 2011, the total population of the district was 23,347 compared to 18,258 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.49. The total number of workers constituted 12,059 with 6,113 males and 5,947 females, with majority of them working in public administration.
Francistown is the second largest city in Botswana, with a population of about 100,079 and 150,800 inhabitants for its agglomeration at the 2011 census. and often described as the "Capital of the North". It is located in eastern Botswana, about 400 kilometres north-northeast from the capital, Gaborone. Francistown is located at the confluence of the Tati and Inchwe rivers, and near the Shashe River and 90 kilometres from the international border with Zimbabwe. Francistown was the centre of southern Africa's first gold rush and is still surrounded by old and abandoned mines. The City of Francistown is an administrative district, separated from North-East District. It is administered by Francistown City Council.
Gaborone is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census, about 10% of the total population of Botswana. Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census.
Jwaneng is a town located in the Southern District of Botswana, but it is not part of this, being a separate district, with its own Town Council.
Lobatse is a town in south-eastern Botswana, 70 kilometres south of the capital Gaborone, situated in a valley running north towards Gaborone. Lobatse has a population of 29,800 . The town is an administrative district, with a town council.
Selebi-Phikwe is a mining town located in the Central District of Botswana. It had a population of 49,724 in 2011 which is now estimated to have risen to c.52,000. The town is an administrative district, separate from the surrounding Central District.
Sowa is a town which lies in the Central District of Botswana, but constitutes a separate administrative district. The Sowa Township was established in 1991 by an act of Parliament, Statutory Instrument No.26 of 1991 and governed by Sowa Township Regulations, 1991 under the Township Act . The population was of 2,879 inhabitants, according to 2001 Census, and had grown to 3,598 according to the 2011 census.
Brest Region or Brest Oblast or Brest Voblasts ) is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Brest.
Gomel Region or Gomel Oblast or Homyel Voblasts is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel.
Grodno Region or Grodno Oblast or Hrodna Voblasts is one of the regions of Belarus. It is located in the northwestern part of the country.
Mogilev Region or Mogilev Oblast or Mahilyow Voblasts, is a region of Belarus with its administrative center at Mogilev .
Minsk Region or Minsk Oblast or Minsk Voblasts is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. As of 2011, the region's population is 1,411,500.
Vitebsk Region or Vitebsk Oblast or Vitsebsk Voblasts is a region of Belarus with its administrative center being Vitebsk. It is located near the border with Russia.
Minsk is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislač and the Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region and Minsk District . As of January 2018, its population was 1,982,444,, making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe. Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States and seat of its Executive Secretary.
Most of the Belize District is in the east central mainland of Belize; the Belize District also includes various offshore islands, including Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, St. George's Caye, Caye Chapel, English Caye, Goff's Caye, and Turneffe Atoll. Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker are considered two of the country's primary tourism areas. The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast. The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.
Cayo District is a district located in the west part of Belize. It is the most extensive, second-most populous and third-most densely populated of the six districts of Belize. The district's capital is the town of San Ignacio.
Corozal District is the northernmost district of the nation of Belize. The population was 33,894 in 2000. The district capital is Corozal Town.
Orange Walk District is a district in the northwest of the nation of Belize, with its district capital in Orange Walk Town.
Stann Creek District is a district in the south east region of Belize. According to the 2010 census, the district had a population of 32,166 people. Its capital is the town of Dangriga, formerly known as "Stann Creek Town." Stann comes from "stanns," or safe havens used by colonialists coming from the "old world" to the "new world."
Toledo District is the southernmost district in Belize, and Punta Gorda is the District capital. It is the least developed region in the country, and it features some of the most pristine rainforests, extensive cave networks, coastal lowland plains, and offshore cays. Toledo is home to a wide range of cultures: Mopan and Kekchi Maya, Creole, the Garifuna, East Indians, Mennonites, Mestizos, and descendants of US Confederate settlers.
Alberta is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. English is the official language of the province. In 2016, 76.0% of Albertans were anglophone, 1.8% were francophone and 22.2% were allophone.
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2021, it is Canada's third-most populous province. The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for Queen Victoria, who reigned over the British Empire at the time of Confederation. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest. In October 2013, Greater Vancouver had an estimated population of approximately 2.5 million. Since 2017, the province has been governed by the New Democratic Party, led by John Horgan, first with a minority government elected in 2017 and subsequently with a majority government elected in 2020.
Manitoba is a province of Canada at the longitudinal centre of the country. It is Canada's fifth-most populous province, with a population of 1,278,365 as of 2016. The easternmost of the three prairie provinces, Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres of widely varied landscape, from arctic tundra and the Hudson Bay coastline in the north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grasslands in the central and southern regions.
New Brunswick is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both French and English as its official languages.
Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. It is composed of the island of Newfoundland and the continental region of Labrador to the northwest, with a combined area of 405,212 square kilometres . In 2018, the province's population was estimated at 525,073. About 94% of the province's population lives on the island of Newfoundland, of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula.
Nova Scotia is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native English-speakers.
The Northwest Territories is a federal territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and a 2016 census population of 41,790, it is the second-largest and the most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada. Its estimated population as of 2020 is 45,161. Yellowknife is the capital, most populous community, and only city in the territory; its population was 19,569 as of the 2016 census. It became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.
Nunavut /ˈnʊnəˌvʊt, ˈnuːnəˌvuːt/ is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, which provided this territory to the Inuit for independent government. The boundaries had been drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the province of Newfoundland was incorporated in 1949.
Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Located in Central Canada, it is Canada's most populous province, with 38.3 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province by total area . Ontario is Canada's fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto, which is also Ontario's provincial capital.
Prince Edward Island, commonly abbreviated as PEI, is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is the smallest province in terms of land area and population, but the most densely populated. The island has several nicknames: "Garden of the Gulf", "Birthplace of Confederation" and "Cradle of Confederation". Its capital and largest city is Charlottetown. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces.
Quebec is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Quebec is the largest province by area, at 1,542,056 km2, and the second-largest by population, with 8,164,361 people. Much of the population live in urban areas along the St. Lawrence River, between the most populous city, Montreal, and the province's capital city, Quebec City. Quebec is the home of the Québécois, recognized as a nation by both the provincial and federal governments. Located in Central Canada, the province shares land borders with Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, New Brunswick to the southeast, and a coastal border with Nunavut; it also borders the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York to the south.
Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in Western Canada, the middle of the three prairie provinces. Nearly 10% of Saskatchewan’s total area of 651,900 square kilometres is fresh water, which is composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs, and the province's 100,000 lakes. English is the primary language of the province, with 82.4% of Saskatchewanians speaking English as their first language.
Yukon is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 35,874 people as of the 2016 Census. Whitehorse, the territorial capital, is the largest settlement in any of the three territories.
Kongo Central, formerly Bas-Congo is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Matadi.
Bandundu is one of eleven former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It bordered the provinces of Kinshasa and Bas-Congo to the west, Équateur to the north, and Kasai-Occidental to the east. The provincial capital is also called Bandundu .
Équateur is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Équateur, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshuapa provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province. The new province was formed from the Équateur district and the independently administered city of Mbandaka which retained its status as a provincial capital.
Kasaï-Oriental is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï-Oriental, Lomami, and Sankuru provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province. Kasaï-Oriental was formed from the Tshilenge district and the independently administered city of Mbuji-Mayi which retained its status as a provincial capital.
Kinshasa, formerly Léopoldville, is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With a total population of 15 million as of 2021, it is the most populous city in Africa.
Kasaï-Occidental was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Kasaï-Central and the Kasaï provinces.
Maniema borders the provinces of Sankuru to the west, Tshopo to the north, North Kivu and South Kivu to the east, and Lomami and Tanganyika to the south.
North Kivu is a province bordering Lake Kivu in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Goma.
Orientale Province is one of the former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its predecessors the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo. It went through a series of boundary changes between 1898 and 2015, when it was divided into smaller units.
South Kivu is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Bukavu.
Bas-Uélé is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Bas-Uélé, Haut-Uélé, Ituri, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale Province. Bas-Uélé was formed from the Bas-Uele District whose town of Buta was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Haut-Katanga is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Haut-Katanga was formed from the Haut-Katanga district and the independently administered cities of Likasi and Lubumbashi. Lubumbashi retained its status as a provincial capital.
Haut-Lomami is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Haut-Lomami, Haut-Katanga, Lualaba, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Haut-Lomami was formed from the Haut-Lomami district whose town of Kamina was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Haut-Uélé is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Haut-Uélé, Bas-Uélé, Ituri, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale province. Haut-Uélé was formed from the Haut-Uélé district whose town of Isiro was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Ituri is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Ituri, Bas-Uele, Haut-Uele, and Tshopo provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Orientale province. Ituri was formed from the Ituri district whose town of Bunia was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Kasaï-Central is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï-Central and Kasaï provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Occidental province. Kasaï-Central was formed from the Lulua district and the independently administered city of Kananga which retained its status as a provincial capital.
Kwango is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kwango, Kwilu, and Mai-Ndombe provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Bandundu province. Kwango was formed from the Kwango district whose town of Kenge was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Kwilu is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kwilu, Kwango, and Mai-Ndombe provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Bandundu province. Kwilu was formed from the Kwilu district and the independently administered cities of Bandundu and Kikwit. Bandundu retained its status as a provincial capital.
Kasaï is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï and Kasaï-Central provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Occidental province. Kasaï was formed from the Kasaï district and the independently administered city of Tshikapa which became the capital of the new province.
Lomami is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Lomami, Kasaï-Oriental, and Sankuru provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province. Lomami was formed from the Kabinda district and the independently administered city of Mwene-Ditu. The town of Kabinda was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Lualaba is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Lualaba, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Lualaba was formed from the Lualaba and Kolwezi districts. Kolwezi was a hybrid city/district which was separated from its two territories and the city proper became the capital of the new province.
Mai-Ndombe is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Mai-Ndombe, Kwango, and Kwilu provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Bandundu province. Mai-Ndombe was formed from the Plateaux and Mai-Ndombe districts. The town of Inongo was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Mongala is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Mongala, Équateur, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshuapa provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province. Mongala was formed from the Mongala District whose town of Lisala was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Nord-Ubangi is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Nord-Ubangi, Équateur, Mongala, Sud-Ubangi, and Tshuapa provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province.
Sankuru is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Sankuru, Kasaï-Oriental, and Lomami provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province. Sankuru was formed from the Sankuru District whose town of Lusambo was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Sud-Ubangi is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. It lies in the northwest of the country on the Ubangi River.
Tanganyika is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Tanganyika, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami and Lualaba provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province. Tanganyika was formed from the Tanganyika district whose town of Kalemie was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Tshopo is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. It is situated in the north central part of the country on the Tshopo River, for which it is named.
Tshuapa is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Tshuapa, Équateur, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, and Sud-Ubangi provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Équateur province. Tshuapa was formed from the Tshuapa District whose town of Boende was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Bamingui-Bangoran is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 58,200 km² and had a population of 38,437 as of the 2003 census. The population density of 0.66/km² is the lowest in the country. The capital is Ndélé.
Bangui is the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic. As of 2020 it had an estimated population of 889,231. It was established as a French outpost in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi River ; the Ubangi itself was named from the Bobangi word for the "rapids" located beside the settlement, which marked the end of navigable water north from Brazzaville. The majority of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, in Bangui and the surrounding area.
Basse-Kotto is one of the 16 and the least populated prefecture of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Mobaye.
Nana-Grébizi is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 19,996 km2 and has a population of 87,341 . The capital is Kaga Bandoro.
Haute-Kotto is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bria. It is the largest prefecture in the Central African Republic.
Mambéré-Kadéï is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. The prefecture covers 30,203 km2 and had a population of 289,688 as of the 2003 census, giving a population density of less than 10 inhabitants/km2. Its capital is Berbérati.
Haut-Mbomou is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Obo. The African Pole of Inaccessibility is located here.
Lobaye is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Mbaïki. Emperor Duy Tân of Vietnam died here on December 26, 1945 in a plane crash. David Dacko, the first and third president of the Central African Republic from 1960-1965 and 1979–1981, was from Lobaye.
Mbomou is one of the sixteen prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 61,150 square kilometres and has a population of 132,740, giving a population density of only 2.2 inhabitants per square kilometre. The capital is Bangassou. Nearby are the Kembe Falls on the River Kotto. The prefecture is governed by Pierrette Benguere.
Nana-Mambéré is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 26,600 km2 and has a population of 233,666 . The capital is Bouar. It was part of Kamerun when it was a German colony between 1884 and 1916.
Ombella-M'Poko is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bimbo. One important tourist attraction is the Falls of Baoli; however, due to the Baoli dam, the falls only carry water on the weekends.
Ouaka is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. It borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo, covers an area of 49,900 km2, and has a population of 224,076, giving a population density of under 5 inhabitants/km2. The capital is Bambari.
Ouham is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bossangoa.
Ouham-Pendé is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Bozoum. The region contains several ghost towns such as Goroumo, Beogombo Deux and Paoua due to government forces ransacking them and armed bandits killing all the male inhabitants over the years from 2005 to 2008.
Vakaga is one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. Its capital is Birao. It covers an area of 46,500 km2 and has a population of 37,595 . The extremely low population density, less than 1 person/km2, is a result of the capture of the majority of the region's inhabitants by slave-traders from the Sudan in the second half of the nineteenth century. Vakaga is known for its oil reserves.
Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo . Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
Bouenza is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southern part of the country. It borders the departments of Lékoumou, Niari, and Pool, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The regional capital is Madingou. Towns and cities include Loudima, Mouyondzi, Loutété and Nkayi.
Cuvette is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the central part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette-Ouest, Likouala, Plateaux, and Sangha, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital is Owando. Cities and towns include Boundji, Makoua and Okoyo.
Cuvette-Ouest is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the western part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette and Sangha, and Gabon. The capital is Ewo. Principal cities and towns include Kelle.
Kouilou is a department of the Republic of the Congo. Covering the country's coastline, it has an area of 13,650 square kilometres and at the start of 2007 it was home to about 91,955 people. The department borders Niari Department, the commune of Pointe-Noire, and internationally, Gabon and the Cabinda area of Angola. The regional capital was Hinda. Principal cities and towns include Madingo-Kayes and Mvouti.
Lékoumou is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, and the nation of Gabon. The regional capital is Sibiti. Principal cities and towns include Komono and Zanaga.
Likouala is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the northern part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette and Sangha, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. The region has an area of 66,044 km² and an estimated population of almost 90,000. The chief town is Impfondo. Principal cities and towns include Epena and Dongou.
Niari is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the western part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Kouilou, and Lékoumou, and internationally, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Cabinda portion of Angola. The regional capital is Dolisie.
Plateaux is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the central part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette, Lékoumou, and Pool, and internationally, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the east and Gabon on the west. The regional capital is Djambala. Principal cities and towns include Gamboma and Lekana.
Pointe-Noire is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department since 2004. Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region . It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and has a population of 715,334, expanding to well over 1 million when the entire metropolitan area is taken into account.
Pool is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southeastern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Lékoumou, and Plateaux. Internationally, it borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It also surrounds the commune district of the national capital, Brazzaville.
Sangha is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the northern part of the country. It borders the departments of Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, and Likouala, and internationally, Cameroon, Gabon and the Central African Republic. The regional capital is Ouésso. Principal towns include Sembé and Souanké.
Aargau, more formally the Canton of Aargau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eleven districts and its capital is Aarau.
Appenzell Innerrhoden is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of six districts. The seat of the government and parliament is Appenzell. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
Appenzell Ausserrhoden is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of twenty municipalities. The seat of the government and parliament is Herisau, and the seat of judicial authorities are in Trogen. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Appenzell Innerrhoden.
The canton of Bern or Berne is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of ten districts and its capital city is Bern which is also the federal city of Switzerland. The bear is the heraldic symbol of the canton, displayed on a red-yellow background.
Basel-Landschaft or Basle-Country, informally known as Baselland or Baselbiet, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts and its capital city is Liestal. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Basel-Stadt, its urban counterpart.
Basel-Stadt or Basle-City Bâle-Ville; Italian: Basilea Città; Romansh: Basilea-Citad) is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of three municipalities and its capital city is Basel. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Basel-Landschaft, its rural counterpart.
The canton of Fribourg, also canton of Freiburg is located in western Switzerland. The canton is bilingual, with French spoken by two thirds of the citizens and German by about one third. Both are official languages in the canton. The canton takes its name from its capital city of Fribourg.
The Canton of Geneva, officially the Republic and Canton of Geneva, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of forty-five municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in the City of Geneva.
The canton of Glarus is a canton in east central Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. The population speaks a variety of Alemannic German. The majority of the population identifies as Christian, about evenly split between the Protestant and Catholic denominations.
The Grisons or Graubünden, more formally the canton of the Grisons or the canton of Graubünden, is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It has eleven regions, and its capital is Chur. The German name of the canton, Graubünden, translates as the "Grey Leagues", referring to the canton's origin in three local alliances, the Three Leagues. The other native names also refer to the Grey League. The Alpine ibex is the canton's heraldic symbol.
The Republic and Canton of Jura, less formally the Canton of Jura or Canton Jura, is the newest of the 26 Swiss cantons, located in the northwestern part of Switzerland. The capital is Delémont. It shares borders with the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the canton of Bern, the canton of Neuchatel, the canton of Solothurn, and the French régions of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and Grand Est.
The canton of Lucerne is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population of the canton is 413,120. As of 2007, the population included 57,268 foreigners, or about 15.8% of the total population. The cantonal capital is Lucerne.
The Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel is a French-speaking canton in western Switzerland. In 2007, its population was 169,782, of whom 39,654 were foreigners. The capital is Neuchâtel.
Nidwalden, also Nidwald is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eleven municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in Stans. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Obwalden.
Obwalden, also Obwald, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of seven municipalities and the seat of the government and parliament is in Sarnen. It is traditionally considered a "half-canton", the other half being Nidwalden.
The canton of St. Gallen, also canton of St Gall, is a canton of Switzerland. The capital is St. Gallen.
The canton of Schaffhausen, also canton of Schaffouse is the northernmost canton of Switzerland. The principal city and capital of the canton is Schaffhausen. The canton's territory is divided into three non-contiguous segments, where German territory reaches the Rhine. The large central part, which includes the capital, in turn separates the German exclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein from the rest of Germany.
The canton of Solothurn or canton of Soleure is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.
The canton of Schwyz is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zürich in the north, centered on and named after the town of Schwyz.
Thurgau, anglicized as Thurgovia, more formally the Canton of Thurgau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts and its capital is Frauenfeld.
Ticino, sometimes Tessin, officially the Republic and Canton of Ticino or less formally the Canton of Ticino, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of eight districts and its capital city is Bellinzona. It is also traditionally divided into the Sopraceneri and the Sottoceneri, respectively north and south of Monte Ceneri. Red and blue are the colours of its flag.
The canton of Uri is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland and a founding member of the Swiss Confederation. It is located in Central Switzerland. The canton's territory covers the valley of the Reuss between the St. Gotthard Pass and Lake Lucerne.
Vaud Waadt, pronounced or ), more formally the canton of Vaud, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of ten districts and its capital city is Lausanne. Its flag bears the motto "Liberté et patrie" on a white-green background.
Valais, or Wallis, more formally the Canton of Valais, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of thirteen districts and its capital and largest city is Sion. The flag of the canton is made of thirteen stars representing the districts, on a white-red background.
The canton of Zug, also Zoug ; German pronunciation: ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. At 239 km2 (92 sq mi) the canton is one of the smallest of the Swiss cantons in terms of area. It is not subdivided into districts, but eleven municipalities.
The canton of Zürich is a Swiss canton in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of 1,539,275, it is the most populous canton in the country. Its capital is the city of Zürich. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called Züritüütsch, is commonly spoken. In English the name of the canton and its capital is often written without an umlaut.
Abidjan is the economic capital of the Ivory Coast and one of the most populous French-speaking cities in Africa. According to the 2014 census, Abidjan's population was 4.7 million, which is 20 percent of the overall population of the country, and this also makes it the sixth most populous city proper in Africa, after Lagos, Cairo, Kinshasa, Dar es Salaam, and Johannesburg. A cultural crossroads of West Africa, Abidjan is characterised by a high level of industrialisation and urbanisation.
Bas-Sassandra District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southwest part of the country. The capital of the district is San-Pédro.
Comoé District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southeast corner of the country, bordering Ghana to the east, Zanzan District to the north, Lacs District and Lagunes District to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The capital of the district is Abengourou.
Denguélé District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northwest corner of the country. The capital of the district is Odienné.
Gôh-Djiboua District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southwest corner of the country. The capital of the district is Gagnoa.
Lacs District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Dimbokro.
Lagunes District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the southern part of the country. The capital of the district is Dabou.
Montagnes District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the western part of the country, bordering Liberia and Guinea to the west, Woroba District to the north, Sassandra-Marahoué District to the east, and Bas-Sassandra District to the south. The capital of the district is Man.
Sassandra-Marahoué District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the central part of the country. The capital of the district is Daloa.
Savanes District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northernmost part of the country. The capital of the district is Korhogo.
Vallée du Bandama District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the north-central part of the country. The capital of the district is Bouaké.
Woroba District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northeast part of the country. The capital of the district is Séguéla.
Yamoussoukro is the de jure capital of Ivory Coast and an autonomous district. As of the 2014 census, Yamoussoukro is the fifth most populous city in Ivory Coast with a population of 355,573 inhabitants. Located 240 kilometers north-west of Abidjan, Yamoussoukro covers 3,500 square kilometers among rolling hills and plains.
Zanzan District is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northeast of the country. The capital of the district is Bondoukou.
The Aysén Region, often shortened to Aysén Region or Aisén, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Although the third largest in area, the region is Chile's most sparsely populated region with a population of 102,317 as of 2017. The capital of the region is Coihaique, the region's former namesake.
The Antofagasta Region is one of Chile's sixteen first-order administrative divisions. The second-largest region of Chile in area, it comprises three provinces, Antofagasta, El Loa and Tocopilla. It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá, by Atacama to the south, and to the east by Bolivia and Argentina. The region's capital is the port city of Antofagasta; another one of its important cities is Calama. The region's main economic activity is copper mining in its giant inland porphyry copper systems.
The Araucanía, Araucanía Region is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions, and comprises two provinces: Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south. Its capital and largest city is Temuco; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica.
The Atacama Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It comprises three provinces: Chañaral, Copiapó and Huasco. It is bordered to the north by Antofagasta, to the south by Coquimbo, to east with Provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan of Argentina, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. The regional capital Copiapó is located at 806 km north of the country's capital of Santiago. The region occupies the southern portion of the Atacama Desert, the rest of the desert is mainly distributed among the other regions of Norte Grande.
The Biobío Region, is one of Chile's sixteen regions . With a population of 1.5 million, thus being the third most populated region in Chile, it is divided into three provinces: Arauco, Biobío and Concepción. The latter contains its capital and largest city, Concepción, a major city and metro area in the country. Los Ángeles, capital of the Biobío Province, is another important city in the region.
The Coquimbo Region is one of Chile's 16 regions . It is bordered by Atacama to the north, Valparaíso to the south, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is approximately 400 kilometres north of the national capital, Santiago.
The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region, often shortened to O'Higgins Region, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It is subdivided into three provinces. It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, one of Chile's founding fathers.
Los Lagos Region is one of Chile's 16 regions, which are first order administrative divisions, and comprises four provinces: Chiloé, Llanquihue, Osorno and Palena. The region contains the country's second largest island, Chiloé, and the second largest lake, Llanquihue. Its capital is Puerto Montt; other important cities include Osorno, Castro, Ancud, and Puerto Varas. The mainland portion of Los Lagos Region south of Reloncaví Sound is considered part of Patagonia.
The Magallanes Region, officially the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region, is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It is the southernmost, largest, and second least populated region of Chile. It comprises four provinces: Última Esperanza, Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, and Antártica Chilena.
The Maule Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Talca. The region derives its name from the Maule River which, running westward from the Andes, bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2. The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because, among other reasons, it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire.
Santiago Metropolitan Region is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.
The Tarapacá Region is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It comprises two provinces, Iquique and Tamarugal. It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north, Bolivia's Oruro Department and Potosí Department on the east, Chile's Antofagasta Region to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The port city of Iquique is the region's capital.
The Valparaíso Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. With the country's second highest population of 1,790,219 in 2017, and fourth smallest area of 16,396.1 km2, the region is Chile's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast.
The Arica y Parinacota Region is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. It comprises two provinces, Arica and Parinacota. It borders Peru's Department of Tacna to the north, Bolivia's La Paz and Oruro departments to the east and Chile's Tarapacá Region to the south. Arica y Parinacota is the 5th smallest, the 3rd least populous and the 6th least densely populated of the regions of Chile. Arica is the region's capital and largest city.
The Los Ríos Region is one of Chile's 16 regions, the country's first-order administrative divisions. Its capital is Valdivia. It began to operate as a region on October 2, 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province, which was formerly part of Valdivia Province.
The Ñuble Region, officially the Region of Ñuble, is — since 5 September 2018 – one of Chile's sixteen regions. It spans an area of 13,178.5 km2, making it the smallest region in Chile in terms of area, and is administratively constituted by 21 communes. It has a population of 480,609 inhabitants. Its capital is the city of Chillán.
The Adamawa Region is a constituent region of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Centre and East regions to the south, the Northwest and West regions to the southwest, Nigeria to the west, the Central African Republic to the east, and the North Region to the north.
The Centre Region occupies 69,000 km² of the central plains of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the north by the Adamawa Region, to the south by the South Region, to the east by the East Region, and to the West by the Littoral and West Regions. It is the second largest of Cameroon's regions in land area. Major ethnic groups include the Bassa, Ewondo, and Vute.
The East Region occupies the southeastern portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the east by the Central African Republic, to the south by Congo, to the north by the Adamawa Region, and to the west by the Centre and South Regions. With 109,002 km² of territory, it is the largest region in the nation as well as the most sparsely populated. Historically, the peoples of the East have been settled in Cameroonian territory for longer than any other of the country's many ethnic groups, the first inhabitants being the Baka pygmies.
The Far North Region, also known as the Extreme North Region, is the northernmost constituent province of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the North Region to the south, Chad to the east, and Nigeria to the west. The capital is Maroua.
The Littoral Region is a region of Cameroon. Its capital is Douala. As of 2004, its population was 3,174,437. Its name is due to the region being largely littoral, and associated with the sea coast.
The North Region makes up 66,090 km² of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon. Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north, the Adamawa Region to the south, Nigeria to the west, Chad to the east, and Central African Republic to the southeast. The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital. Garoua is Cameroon's third largest port, despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year.
The Northwest Region, or North-West Region is one of ten regions in Cameroon. Its regional capitol is Bamenda. The Northwest Region is part of the Southern Cameroons, found in the western highlands of Cameroon. It is bordered to the southwest by the Southwest Region, to the south by the West Region, to the east by the Adamawa Region, and to the north by the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Various Ambazonian nationalist and separatist factions regard the region as being distinct as a polity from Cameroon.
The South Region is located in the southwestern and south-central portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the east by the East Region, to the north by the Centre Region, to the northwest by the Littoral Region, to the west by the Gulf of Guinea, and to the south by the countries of Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Congo. The South occupies 47,720 km2 of territory, making it the fourth largest region in the nation. The major ethnic groups are the various Beti-Pahuin peoples, such as the Ewondo, Fang, and Bulu.
The Southwest Region or South-West Region is a region in Cameroon. Its capital is Buea. As of 2015, its population was 1,553,320. Along with the Northwest Region, it is one of the two anglophone regions of Cameroon. Various Ambazonian nationalist and separatist factions regard the Sud-Ouest region as being distinct as a polity from Cameroon.
The West Region is 14,000 km² of territory located in the central-western portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Northwest Region to the northwest, the Adamawa Region to the northeast, the Centre Region to the southeast, the Littoral Region to the southwest, and the Southwest Region to the west. The West Region is the smallest of Cameroon's ten regions in area, yet it has the highest population density.
Beijing, alternatively romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 million residents within an administrative area of 16,410.5 km2 . It is located in Northern China, and is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the State Council with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is mostly surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jingjinji megalopolis and the national capital region of China.
Tianjin /tjɛnˈtʃiːn/, alternately romanized as Tientsin, is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016. Its built-up area, made up of 12 central districts, was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration and 11th-most populous city proper.
Hebei /həˈbeɪ/ is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the North China region. The modern province was established in 1911 as Chihli Province . Its capital and largest city is Shijiazhuang. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀", named after Ji Province, a Han dynasty province that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei literally means "north of the river", referring to its location entirely to the north of the Yellow River.
Shanxi is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi and Datong. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋", after the state of Jin that existed there during the Spring and Autumn period.
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is a landlocked autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a small section of China's border with Russia . Its capital is Hohhot; other major cities include Baotou, Chifeng, Tongliao and Ordos.
Liaoning /ljaʊˈnɪŋ/, is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost coastal province of the People's Republic of China.
Jilin /dʒiːˈlɪn/ is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale.
Heilongjiang, formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country. The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin. Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions, Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area and the 15th-most populous.
Shanghai /ʃæŋˈhaɪ/ is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China, governed by the State Council. The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. With a population of 24.87 million as of 2020, it is the most populous urban area in China, the most populous city proper in the world and the only city in East Asia with GDP greater than its corresponding capital's. Shanghai is a global center for finance, business and economics, research, education, science and technology, manufacturing, tourism, culture and transportation, and the Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port.
Jiangsu is an eastern-central coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous and the most densely populated of the 23 provinces of the People's Republic of China. Jiangsu has the highest GDP per capita of Chinese provinces and second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometres along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province.
Zhejiang is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north, Anhui to the northwest, Jiangxi to the west and Fujian to the south. To the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lies the Ryukyu Islands. The population of Zhejiang stands at 64.6 million, the 8th highest among China. Other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. It has been called 'the backbone of China' due to being a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable persons, including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma. Zhejiang consists of 90 counties .
Anhui /ænˈhweɪ/ is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, bordering Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a short section in the north.
Fujian /ˌfuːdʒiˈæn/ is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou, while its largest city by population is Quanzhou, both located near the coast of the Taiwan Strait in the east of the province.
Jiangxi is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Nanchang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest.
Shandong /ʃænˈdʊŋ/ is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Henan is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou, which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is a birthplace of Chinese civilization, with over 3,000 years of recorded history and remained China's cultural, economic and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago.
Hubei is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital, Wuhan, serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic hub of central China.
Hunan is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, Guizhou to the west and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha, which also abuts the Xiang River. With a population of just over 67 million as of 2014 residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km2, it is China's 7th most populous province and the 10th most extensive province by area. Its 2018 nominal GDP was more than US$500 billion, which is among the top 30 largest sub-national economies in the world with its PPP GDP being over US$1 trillion.
Guangdong, alternately romanized as Canton Province or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million across a total area of about 179,800 km2, Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area. Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the 4th largest sub-national economy in the world with GDP of 1.66 trillion USD in 2019. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a Chinese megalopolis, is a core for high technology, manufacturing and foreign trade. Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP; Guangzhou, the capital of the province, and Shenzhen, the first special economic zone in the country. These two are among the most populous and important cities in China, and have now become two of the world's most populous megacities.
Guangxi /ɡwæŋˈʃiː/, officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam and the Gulf of Tonkin. Formerly a province, Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning.
Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China, consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. Hainan Island, the largest and most populous island under PRC administration, makes up the vast majority of the province. "Hainan", the name of the island and the province, literally means "south of the sea", reflecting its position south of the Qiongzhou Strait, which separates it from Guangdong's Leizhou Peninsula and the rest of the Chinese mainland. In the Chinese language, Hainan is officially known as Hainan Dao.
Chongqing, or Chungking, is a municipality in southwest China.
Sichuan is a landlocked province in Southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north and the Yungui Plateau to the south. Sichuan's capital city is Chengdu. The population of Sichuan stands at 83 million.
Guizhou /ɡweɪˈdʒoʊ/ is a landlocked province in the southwest region of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among the provinces in China.
Yunnan /juːˈnæn/ is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres and has a population of 48.3 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi, and Tibet as well as Southeast Asian countries: Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.
The Tibet Autonomous Region or Xizang Autonomous Region, called Tibet or Xizang for short, is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in Southwest China. It was overlayed on the traditional Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Kham.
Shaanxi is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia .
Gansu is a landlocked province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province.
Qinghai /tʃɪŋˈhaɪ/, also called Kokonur, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. As one of the largest province-level administrative divisions of China by area, the province is ranked fourth largest in area and has the third smallest population. Its capital and largest city is Xining.
Ningxia /nɪŋˈʃɑː/, officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is a landlocked autonomous region in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was separated from Gansu in 1958 and was reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people, one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.
Xinjiang /ʃɪnˈdʒæŋ/, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country close to Central Asia. Being the largest province-level division of China and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1.6 million square kilometres and has about 25 million inhabitants. Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The rugged Karakoram, Kunlun and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. The Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract regions, both administered by China, are claimed by India. Xinjiang also borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and the provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. The most well-known route of the historic Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border.
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a country in East Asia. It shares maritime borders with the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres, with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital is Taipei, which, along with New Taipei and Keelung, forms the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.57 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries in the world.
The Amazonas Department is a department of Southern Colombia in the south of the country. It is the largest department in area while also having the 3rd smallest population. Its capital is Leticia and its name comes from the Amazon River, which drains the department.
The Department of Antioquia is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the central Northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea. Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys, much of which is part of the Andes mountain range. Antioquia has been part of many territorial divisions of former countries created within the present-day territory of Colombia. Prior to adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886, Antioquia State had its own sovereign government.
Arauca Department is a department of Eastern Colombia located in the extreme north of the Orinoco Basin of Colombia, bordering Venezuela. The southern boundary of Arauca is formed by the Casanare and Meta Rivers, separating Arauca from the departments of Casanare and Vichada. To the west, Arauca borders the department of Boyacá. The Caño Limón oil fields located within Arauca account for almost a third of the Colombian oil output. Its capital is the town of Arauca.
Atlántico is a department of Colombia, located in northern Colombia with the Caribbean Sea to its north, the Bolívar Department to its west and south separated by the Canal del Dique, and the Magdalena Department to its east separated by the Magdalena River. It is the third-smallest of the country's departments but its population of 2,535,517 makes it one of the most densely populated.
Bolívar is a department of Colombia. It was named after one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. It is located to the north of the country, extending roughly north–south from the Caribbean coast at Cartagena near the mouth of the Magdalena River, then south along the river to a border with Antioquia Department. The departments of Sucre and Córdoba are located to the west, and Atlántico Department is to the north and east . Across the Magdalena River to the east is Magdalena Department. The flag of the department bears a resemblance to the flag of Lithuania.
Boyacá is one of the thirty-two departments of Colombia, and the remnant of Boyacá State, one of the original nine states of the "United States of Colombia".
Caldas is a department of Colombia named after Colombian patriotic figure Francisco José de Caldas. It is part of the Paisa Region and its capital is Manizales. The population of Caldas is 998,255, and its area is 7,291 km². Caldas is also part of the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis region along with the Risaralda and Quindio departments.
Caquetá Department is a department of Colombia. Located in the Amazonas region, Caquetá borders with the departments of Cauca and Huila to the west, the department of Meta to the north, the department of Guaviare to the northeast, the department of Vaupés to the east, the departments of Amazonas and Putumayo to the south covering a total area of 88,965 km², the third largest in the country. Its capital is the city of Florencia.
Casanare Department is a department in the central eastern region of Colombia.
Cauca Department is a Department of Southwestern Colombia. Located in the southwestern part of the country, facing the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Valle del Cauca Department to the north, Tolima Department to the northeast, Huila Department to the east, and Nariño Department to the south. Putumayo and Caqueta Departments border the southeast portion of Cauca Department as well. It covers a total area of 29,308 km2, the 13th largest in Colombia. Its capital is the city of Popayán. The offshore island of Malpelo belongs to the department. It is located in the southwest of the country, mainly in the Andean and Pacific regions plus a tiny part in the Amazonian region. The area includes 2.56% of the country.
Cesar Department or simply Cesar is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the east with the Department of North Santander, and further to the east with the country of Venezuela . The department capital city is Valledupar.
Chocó Department is a department of Western Colombia known for its large Afro-Colombian population. It is in the west of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. It contains all of Colombia's border with Panama. Its capital is Quibdó.
Córdoba Department is a Department of the Republic of Colombia located to the north of this country in the Colombian Caribbean Region. Córdoba faces to the north with the Caribbean Sea, to the northeast with the Sucre Department, east with the Bolívar Department and south with the Antioquia Department. Its capital is the city of Montería.
Department of Cundinamarca is one of the departments of Colombia. Its area covers 22,623 square kilometres and it has a population of 2,919,060 as of 2018. It was created on August 5, 1886 under the constitutional terms presented on the same year. Cundinamarca is located in the center of Colombia.
Bogotá, officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, as well as the capital of, though not part of, the surrounding department of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative and industrial center of the country.
Guainía is a department of Eastern Colombia. It is in the east of the country, bordering Venezuela and Brazil. Its capital is Inírida. In 1963 Guainía was split off from Vaupés department. The northern part and the Inírida River are included in the Orinoco basin; the rest is part of the Amazon basin. The Guaviare River is the main area of colonization; many colonos come from the Colombian Andean zone, most of them from Boyacá. They are followed by the llaneros, people from the Eastern plains . The population is mainly composed of Amerindians, and the largest ethnic groups are the Puinaves and the curripacos . There are a total of 24 ethnic groups in the department; many of them speak four Indigenous languages besides Spanish and Portuguese.
Guaviare is a department of Colombia. It is in the southern central region of the country. Its capital is San José del Guaviare. Guaviare was created on July 4, 1991 by the new Political Constitution of Colombia. Up until that point, it was a national territory that operated as a Commissariat, segregated from territory of the then Commissariat of Vaupés on December 23, 1977.
Huila is one of the departments of Colombia. It is located in the southwest of the country, and its capital is Neiva.
La Guajira is a department of Colombia. It occupies most of the Guajira Peninsula in the northeast region of the country, on the Caribbean Sea and bordering Venezuela, at the northernmost tip of South America. The capital city of the department is Riohacha.
Magdalena is a department of Colombia with more than 1.3 million people, located to the north of the country by the Caribbean Sea. The capital of the Magdalena Department is Santa Marta and was named after the Magdalena River. It inherited the name of one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia that its current territory integrated.
Meta is a department of Colombia. It is close to the geographic center of the country, to the east of the Andean mountains. A large portion of the department, which is also crossed by the Meta River, is covered by a grassland plain known as the Llanos. Its capital is Villavicencio. The department has a monument placed in the very geographic centre of Colombia, at a place known as Alto de Menegua, a few kilometers from Puerto López.
Nariño is a department of Colombia named after independence leader Antonio Nariño. Its capital is Pasto. It is in the west of the country, bordering Ecuador and the Pacific Ocean.
North Santander is a department of Northeastern Colombia. It is in the north of the country, bordering Venezuela. Its capital is Cúcuta, one of the country's major cities.
Putumayo is a department of Southern Colombia. It is in the south-west of the country, bordering Ecuador and Peru. Its capital is Mocoa.
Quindío is a department of Colombia. It is in the western central region of the country, crossed by the Andes mountains. Its capital is Armenia. It is famous for the quality of the coffee plantations, colorful architecture, benign weather, variety of hotel accommodations and tourist landmarks. This department is located in a strategic area, in the center of the triangle formed by the three main cities of the country: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. Quindío is the second-smallest Colombian department with 12 municipalities. Ethnographically and culturally it belongs to the Paisa region.
Risaralda is a department of Colombia. It is located in the western central region of the country and part of the Paisa Region. Its capital is Pereira.
Santander is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, and the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to the west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga.
The Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, or, in everyday language, San Andrés and Providencia, is one of the departments of Colombia. It consists of two island groups in the Caribbean Sea about 775 km northwest of mainland Colombia, and eight outlying banks and reefs. The largest island of the archipelago is called San Andrés and its capital is San Andrés. The other large islands are Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands which lie to the north-east of San Andrés; their capital is Santa Isabel.
Sucre is a department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. The department ranks 27th by area, 10,670 km2 and it has a population of 904,863, ranking 20th of all the 32 departments of Colombia. Sucre is bordered by the Caribbean on the northwest; by Bolívar Department on the east and by Córdoba Department on the west.
Tolima is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region, in the center-west of the country. It is bordered on the north and the west by the department of Caldas; on the east by the department of Cundinamarca; on the south by the department of Huila, and on the west by the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda. Tolima has a surface area of 23,562 km2, and its capital is Ibagué. The department of Tolima was created in 1861 from a part of what was previously Cundinamarca.
Valle del Cauca, or Cauca Valley, is a department of Western Colombia. It is on the western side of the country, abutting the Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Santiago de Cali. Such other cities as Buenaventura, Buga, Valle del Cauca, Cartago, Palmira, Valle del Cauca and Tuluá have great economical, political, social and cultural influence on the department's life. Valle del Cauca has the largest number of independent towns with over 100,000 inhabitants in the country, counting six within its borders. Buenaventura has the largest and busiest seaport in Colombia, moving about 8,500,000 tons of merchandise annually.
Vaupés is a department of Southeastern Colombia in the jungle covered Amazonas Region. It is located in the southeast part of the country, bordering Brazil to the east, the department of Amazonas to the south, Caquetá to the west, and Guaviare, and Guainía to the north; covering a total area of 54,135 km². Its capital is the town of Mitú.
Vichada Department is a department of the Republic of Colombia in South America. Vichada is located in the eastern plains of Colombia, in the Orinoquía Region within the Orinoco river basin bordering the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the north and east. To the north the department also borders with Arauca Department, to the northwest with Casanare Department, to the west with Meta Department, to the southwest narrowly bordering with Guaviare Department and to the south with Guainía Department. The department is the second largest in Colombia and scarcely populated in comparison to other departments.
Alajuela is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the north-central part of the country, bordering Nicaragua to the north. It also borders the provinces of Heredia to the east, San José to the south, Puntarenas to the southwest and Guanacaste to the west. As of 2011, the province had a population of 885,571. Alajuela is composed of 16 cantons, which are divided into 111 districts. It covers an area of 9,757.53 square kilometers.
Cartago, which means Carthage in Spanish, is a province of central Costa Rica. It is one of the smallest provinces, however probably the richest of the Spanish Colonial era sites and traditions.
Guanacaste is a province of Costa Rica located in the northwestern region of the country, along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Alajuela Province to the east, and Puntarenas Province to the southeast. It is the most sparsely populated of all the provinces of Costa Rica. The province covers an area of 10,141 km2 and as of 2010, had a population of 354,154, with annual revenue of $2 million.
Heredia is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the north-central part of the country. As a result, the province covers areas as diverse as the agriculture-rich Northern plains to the more metropolitan areas such as the city of Heredia in the Central Valley. It contains several major environmentally important areas such as the Braulio Carrillo National Park and the Sarapiqui River. The capital is the city of Heredia.
Limón is one of seven provinces in Costa Rica. The province covers an area of 9,189 km², and has a population of 386,862.
Puntarenas is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the western part of the country, covering most of Costa Rica's Pacific Ocean coast, and it is the largest province in Costa Rica. Clockwise from the northwest it borders on the provinces Guanacaste, Alajuela, San José and Limón, and the neighbouring country of Panama.
San José is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the central part of the country, and borders the provinces of Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Cartago and Puntarenas. The provincial and national capital is San José. The province covers an area of 4,965.9 km². and has a population of 1,404,242.
The Pinar del Río province is Cuba's westernmost province and contains one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico, divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Órganos. These form a landscape characterised by steep sided limestone hills and flat, fertile valleys. One such topographic feature, the Viñales Valley, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
La Habana Province, formerly known as Ciudad de La Habana Province, is a province of Cuba that includes the territory of the city of Havana, the Republic's capital. Between 1878 and 2010, the name referred to another province that covered a much larger area, which in 2010 was subdivided into the present-day provinces of Artemisa and Mayabeque.
Matanzas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Colón, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.
Villa Clara is one of the provinces of Cuba. It is located in the central region of the island bordering with the Atlantic at north, Matanzas Province by west, Sancti Spiritus Province by east, and Cienfuegos Province on the South. Villa Clara shares with Cienfuegos and Sancti Spiritus on the south the Escambray Mountain Range. Its main cities are Santa Clara, Remedios, Sagua La Grande, Camajuani, Caibarién, Ranchuelo, Placetas, and Manicaragua.
Cienfuegos is one of the provinces of Cuba. The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819.
Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.
Ciego de Ávila is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camagüey Province. Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central, and the second city is Morón, further north.
Camagüey is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas.
Las Tunas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Major towns include Puerto Padre, Amancio, and the capital city, Las Tunas .
Holguín is one of the provinces of Cuba, the third most populous after Havana and Santiago de Cuba. It lies in the southeast of the country. Its major cities include Holguín, Banes, Antilla, Mayarí, and Moa.
Granma is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Bayamo. Other towns include Manzanillo and Pilón.
Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. The largest city Santiago de Cuba is the main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano, Contramaestre, San Luis and Songo-la Maya.
Guantánamo is the easternmost province of Cuba. Its capital is also called Guantánamo. Other towns include Baracoa. The province has the only land border of the U.S. Navy base at Guantánamo Bay.
Isla de la Juventud is the second-largest Cuban island and the seventh-largest island in the West Indies . The island was called the Isle of Pines until 1978. It has an area 2,200 km2 and is 50 km south of the island of Cuba, across the Gulf of Batabanó. The island lies almost directly south of Havana and Pinar del Río and is a Special Municipality, not part of any province and is therefore administered directly by the central government of Cuba. The island has only one municipality, also named Isla de la Juventud.
Artemisa Province is one of the two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province, whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1, 2010, the other being Mayabeque Province. The new provinces came into existence on January 1, 2011.
Mayabeque Province is one of two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province, whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1, 2010, the other being Artemisa Province. The new provinces came in to existence on January 1, 2011.
Boa Vista, also written as Boavista, is a desert-like island that belongs to the Cape Verde Islands. At 631.1 km2, it is the third largest island of the Cape Verde archipelago.
Santa Catarina is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the western part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city of Assomada. Its population was 45,920 in 2017 . Its area is 242.6 km2 .
Santa Catarina do Fogo is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the southeastern part of the island of Fogo, it covers 32% of the island area, and is home to 14% of its population . Its seat is the city Cova Figueira. The Municipality of Santa Catarina do Fogo was created in 2005; before 2005, it was a parish of the Municipality of São Filipe.
Santa Cruz is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the eastern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Pedra Badejo. Its population was 26,617 at the 2010 census, and its area is 112.2 km2.
Calheta de São Miguel is a city in the northern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 3,175. It is on the east coast, 31 km north of the capital Praia. It is the seat of São Miguel municipality.
Maio is the easternmost of the Sotavento islands of Cape Verde. Maio is located south of the island of Boa Vista and east of Santiago. Administratively, the island forms one concelho : Maio.
Mosteiros is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the northeastern part of the island of Fogo, it covers 19% of the island area, and is home to 26% of its population. Its seat is the city Mosteiros . Its population was 9,524 at the 2010 census, and its area is 89.45 km2.
Paul is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão, it covers 7% of the island area, and is home to 16% of its population . Its seat is the town Pombas.
Porto Novo is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the southern part of the island of Santo Antão, it covers 72% of the island area, and is home to 41% of its population. Its population at the 2010 census was 18,028. Its capital is the town Porto Novo. Its highest point, which is also the highest point of the entire island, is Tope de Coroa, elevation 1,979 metres . The municipality of Porto Novo was created in 1962 when the parishes of São João Baptista and Santo André were separated from the older Municipality of Paul.
Praia is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the southern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Praia, the capital of Cape Verde. Its area is 120.6 km2, and its population was 131,719 at the 2010 census. The municipality consists of one freguesia, Nossa Senhora da Graça. The city hall is located in the Platô part of the city.
Ribeira Brava is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the eastern part of the island of São Nicolau, it covers 65% of the island area, and is home to 59% of its population . Its seat is the city Ribeira Brava.
Ribeira Grande is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the northern part of the island of Santo Antão, it covers one fifth of the island area, and is home to nearly half of its population . Its seat is the city Ponta do Sol.
Ribeira Grande de Santiago is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the southwestern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Cidade Velha. Its population was 8,325 at the 2010 census, and its area is 137.3 km2.
São Domingos is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the southeastern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city São Domingos . Its population was 13,699 at the 2010 census, and its area is 147.5 km2.
São Filipe is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the western part of the island of Fogo, it covers 49% of the island area, and is home to 60% of its population . Its seat is the city São Filipe. Agriculture is the main employment of the municipality, followed by tourism.
Sal is an island in Cape Verde. Sal is a tourist destination with white sandy beaches and over 350 days of sunshine a year. It is one of the three sandy eastern islands of the Cape Verde archipelago in the central Atlantic Ocean, 350 mi off the west coast of Africa. Cabo Verde is known for year-round kiteboarding, for the large reserve of Caretta turtles which hatch from July to September, and the music of Cesaria Evora.
São Miguel is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the northeastern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Calheta de São Miguel. Its population was 15,648 at the 2010 census, and its area is 77.4 km2. The municipality was created in 1996, when a parish of the older Municipality of Tarrafal was separated to become the Municipality of São Miguel.
São Nicolau is one of the Barlavento islands of Cape Verde. It is located between the islands of Santa Luzia and Sal. Its population is 12,424 ,:36 with an area of 343 km2 .:25 The main towns are Ribeira Brava and Tarrafal de São Nicolau.
São Lourenço dos Órgãos is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the mountainous central part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city João Teves. Its population was 7,388 at the 2010 census, and its area is 36.9 km2. The municipality is bordered by Santa Cruz to the northeast, São Domingos to the south, Ribeira Grande de Santiago to the southwest and São Salvador do Mundo to the northwest. Pico de Antónia, the island's highest mountain, straddles the borders of São Lourenço dos Órgãos, São Salvador do Mundo and Ribeira Grande de Santiago.
São Salvador do Mundo is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the central part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the city Picos. Its population was 8,677 at the 2010 census, and its area is 26.5 km2, making it the smallest municipality of Cape Verde. The municipality borders Santa Cruz to the northeast, São Lourenço dos Órgãos to the southeast, Ribeira Grande de Santiago to the southwest and Santa Catarina to the northwest.
São Vicente is one of the Barlavento Islands, the northern group within the Cape Verde archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, off the west African coast. It is located between the islands of Santo Antão and Santa Luzia, with the Canal de São Vicente separating it from Santo Antão.
Tarrafal is a concelho of Cape Verde. It is situated in the northern part of the island of Santiago. Its seat is the town Tarrafal. Its population was 18,565 at the 2010 census, and its area is 120.8 km2.
Tarrafal de São Nicolau is a concelho of Cape Verde. Situated in the western part of the island of São Nicolau, it covers 35% of the island area, and is home to 41% of its population . Its seat is the town Tarrafal de São Nicolau.
Brava is an island in Cape Verde, in the Sotavento group. At 62.5 km2, it is the smallest inhabited island of the Cape Verde archipelago, but at the same time the greenest. First settled in the early 16th century, its population grew after Mount Fogo on neighbouring Fogo erupted in 1680. For more than a century, its main industry was whaling, but the island economy is now primarily agricultural.
Kyrenia District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is Kyrenia . It is the smallest of Cyprus' districts, and is the only one controlled in its entirety by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, where the same territory is administered as the de facto Girne District, a distinct entity.
Nicosia District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is the island country's capital city, Nicosia. The TRNC-controlled northern part of the district is the Lefkoşa District of the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Famagusta District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its main town is the island's most important port, Famagusta.
Larnaca District is one of the six districts of Cyprus. Its capital is Larnaca. It is bordered on the east by Famagusta District, on the north by Nicosia District and on the west by Limassol District.
Limassol District or Lemesos is one of the six districts of Cyprus. As of 2011, it had a population of 239.842, 77% of which was urban. Its main city is Limassol. Part of the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia forms an enclave on the Akrotiri Peninsula, under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.
Paphos District is one of the six districts of Cyprus and it is situated in the western part of Cyprus. Its main town and capital is Paphos. The entire district is controlled by the internationally recognized government of Cyprus. There are four municipalities in Paphos District: Paphos, Yeroskipou, Peyia, and Polis Chrysochous.
South Bohemian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mostly in the southern part of its historical land of Bohemia, with a small part in southwestern Moravia. The western part of the South Bohemian Region is former Prachens, a huge archaic region with distinctive features with its capital, Písek. In 2011, there were 624 municipalities in the region, whereof 54 had a status of a town.
The South Moravian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia . The region's capital is Brno, the nation's 2nd largest city. South Moravia is bordered by the South Bohemian Region, Vysočina Region, Pardubice Region, Olomouc Region, Zlín Region, Trenčín and Trnava Regions, Slovakia and Lower Austria, Austria .
The Karlovy Vary Region or Carlsbad Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the westernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Karlovy Vary. The region is world-famous for its spas, including Karlovy Vary and Mariánské Lázně.
Hradec Králové Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic located in the north-eastern part of the historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Hradec Králové. The region neighbours the Pardubice Region in the south, the Central Bohemian Region in the south-west, and the Liberec Region in the west. It also shares a 208 km long international border with Polish Lower Silesian Voivodship in the north and the east.
Liberec Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the northernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Liberec. The region shares international borders with Germany and Poland. Domestically the region borders the Ústí nad Labem Region to the west, the Central Bohemian Region to the south and the Hradec Králové Region to the east.
The Moravian-Silesian Region, is one of the 14 administrative regions of the Czech Republic. Before May 2001, it was called the Ostrava Region . The region is located in the north-eastern part of its historical region of Moravia and in most of the Czech part of the historical region of Silesia. The region borders the Olomouc Region to the west and the Zlín Region to the south. It also borders two other countries – Poland to the north and Slovakia to the east.
Olomouc Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western and central part of its historical region of Moravia and in a small part of the historical region of Czech Silesia . It is named for its capital Olomouc.
Pardubice Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice. As an administrative unit, Pardubice Region has existed three times in the course of history. It was established for the first time in 1850, and extended from Český Brod to the Bohemian-Moravian border. In its second existence, it was one of 19 regions as they were set between 1949 and 1960. After 1960, Pardubice became the capital of Pardubice district, which was part of the Eastern Bohemian Region . The Pardubice Region, as it is now, was reestablished in 2000.
Plzeň Region is an administrative unit in the western part of Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It is named after its capital Plzeň . In terms of area, Plzeň Region is 7,561 km2, the third largest region in the Czech Republic. However, the population of about 585,000 inhabitants it is the ninth most populous region. After the South Bohemian Region it is the second least densely populated region. The region can be roughly divided into two parts: a highly industrialized north-eastern part with a strong engineering tradition around Pilsen and a more hilly and rural south-western part with smaller-sized manufacturing companies processing natural resources.
Prague is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated on the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.7 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters.
The Central Bohemian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the central part of its historical region of Bohemia. Its administrative centre is in the Czech capital Prague, which lies in the centre of the region. However, the city is not part of it but is a region of its own.
Ústí nad Labem Region or Ústecký Region, is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western part of the historical land of Bohemia, and named after the capital, Ústí nad Labem. It covers the majority of the former North Bohemia province and is part of the broader area of North Bohemia.
The Vysočina Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located partly in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Bohemia and partly in the south-west of the historical region of Moravia. Its capital is Jihlava.
Zlín Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Moravia. It is named after its capital Zlín. Together with the Olomouc Region it forms a cohesion area of Central Moravia. It is located in the eastern part of the Czech Republic, where the borders with Slovakia are formed by its eastern edge. It borders the South Moravian Region in the southwest, the Olomouc Region in the northwest and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the north. Culturally, the region is composed of parts of three traditional Moravian regions: Hanakia, the Moravian Slovakia and the Moravian Wallachia, as the city of Zlín lies roughly at their tripoint.
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.8 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the second most populous urban area in Germany after the Ruhr. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has over six million inhabitants and is Germany's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions.
Brandenburg is a state in the northeast of Germany. With an area of 29,478 square kilometres and a population of 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth-largest German state by area and the tenth-most populous. Potsdam is the state capital and largest city, while other major towns include Cottbus, Brandenburg an der Havel and Frankfurt .
Baden-Württemberg, commonly shortened to BW or BaWü, is a German state in Southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the southern part of Germany's western border with France. With more than 11 million inhabitants as of 2017 across a total area of nearly 35,752 km2, it is the third-largest German state by both area and population . As a federated state, Baden-Württemberg is a partly-sovereign parliamentary republic. The largest city in Baden-Württemberg is the state capital of Stuttgart, followed by Mannheim and Karlsruhe. Other major cities are Freiburg im Breisgau, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Pforzheim, Reutlingen, Tübingen, and Ulm.
Bavaria, officially the Free State of Bavaria, is a landlocked state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of 70,550.19 square kilometres, Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany. With over 13 million inhabitants, it is second in population only to North Rhine-Westphalia, but due to its large size it is one of the least densely populated states. Bavaria's main cities are Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg.
Bremen, officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called Land Bremen, although this is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany.
Hesse or Hessia, officially the State of Hesse, is a state in Germany. Its capital city is Wiesbaden, and the largest urban area is Frankfurt. With an area of 21,000 square kilometers and a population of just over six million it ranks seventh and fifth respectively among the sixteen German states. Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Germany's second-largest metropolitan area, is mainly located in Hesse.
Hamburg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin, as well as the overall 7th largest city and largest non-capital city in the European Union with a population of over 1.84 million. Hamburg's urban area has a population of around 2.5 million and its metropolitan area is home to more than five million people. The city lies on the River Elbe and two of its tributaries, the River Alster and the River Bille. One of Germany's 16 federated states, Hamburg is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south.
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, is a state in the north-east of Germany. Of the country's sixteen states, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ranks 14th in population, 6th in area, and 16th in population density. Schwerin is the state capital and Rostock is the largest city. Other major cities include Neubrandenburg, Stralsund, Greifswald, Wismar and Güstrow.
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, being larger than Denmark with 47,624 km2, and fourth-largest in population among the 16 Länder federated as the Federal Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon and Saterland Frisian are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.
North Rhine-Westphalia, commonly shortened to NRW is a German state in Western Germany. With more than 17.9 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state of Germany. Covering an area of 34,084 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest German state by size. Apart from the city-states, it is also the most densely populated state in Germany.
North Rhine-Westphalia Nordrhein-Westfalen
Rhineland-Palatinate is a western state of Germany. It covers 19,846 km2 and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the sixteen states. Mainz is the capital and largest city. Other cities are Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Koblenz, Trier, Kaiserslautern and Worms. It is bordered by North Rhine-Westphalia, Saarland, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse and by the countries France, Luxembourg and Belgium.
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg.
Saarland, officially The Saarland in German, is a state of Germany in the west of the country. With an area of 2,570 km2 and population of 995,600 in 2015, it is the smallest German state in both area and population apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg. Saarbrücken is the state capital and largest city; other cities include Neunkirchen and Saarlouis. Saarland is mainly surrounded by the department of Moselle in France to the west and south and the neighboring state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany to the north and east; it also shares a small border about 8 kilometres long with the canton of Remich in Luxembourg to the northwest.
Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. Its capital is Dresden, and its largest city is Leipzig. Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres, and the sixth most populous, with more than 4 million inhabitants.
Saxony-Anhalt is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres and has a population of 2.19 million inhabitants, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle .
Thuringia, officially the Free State of Thuringia, is a state of Germany. Located in central Germany, it covers 16,171 square kilometres, being the sixth smallest of the sixteen German States . It has a population of about 2.1 million.
Arta Region is one of the six regions of Djibouti. It was officially created in 2003 by the regrouping of districts of the regions of Dikhil and Djibouti. It is situated in the south-central of the country, bordering the Tadjoura Region to the north, and the Djibouti Region to the north-east, and Dikhil Region the Ali Sabieh Region to the south, the country of Somaliland lies to the east.
Ali Sabieh Region is a region in southern Djibouti. With a mainland area of 2,400 square kilometres, it lies along the national border with Somaliland and Ethiopia, bordering also the Dikhil Region to the west and the Arta Region to the north. Its capital is Ali Sabieh. The Arrei Mountains are the highest point in the region.
The Dikhil Region is a region in southern Djibouti. It is bordered by the Regions of Tadjoura to the north, Arta to the northeast, Ali Sabieh to the east. To the west and south, it has a long line with the Djibouti-Ethiopia border adjacent to the Ethiopia Regions of Afar Region and Somali Region. Dikhil Region is the largest Region in Djibouti by area, with a mainland area of 7,200 square kilometres, it is about the same size as Sikkim. The Dikhil Region's capital is the town of Dikhil.
Djibouti is the eponymous capital and largest city of Djibouti. It is located in the coastal Djibouti Region on the Gulf of Tadjoura.
The Obock Region is a region in northern Djibouti. It has a land area of 4,700 square kilometres, and had a population of 37,856 in 2009. It lies along the Red Sea, Bab-el-Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Tadjoura and includes the Seven Brothers, Doumeira Islands and the coastal city of Obock. It lies along a portion of the national border with Eritrea. In total area, it is larger than Cape Verde and smaller than Trinidad and Tobago. The topography of the region has highland and coastal plains.
The Tadjourah Region is a region in north-central Djibouti, the largest of its six regions. With its capital at Tadjourah, it has an area of 7,100 square kilometres . It lies along the Gulf of Tadjoura, and the coastal city of Tadjoura. The region has active salt and fisheries industries, and is served by the Tadjoura Airport. In total area, it is larger than Brunei and smaller than Cyprus.
Københavns Amt is a former county on the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. It covered the municipalities in the metropolitan Copenhagen area, with the exception of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg. Effective January 1, 2007, the county was abolished and merged into Region Hovedstaden .
Frederiksborg Amt is a former county in the north of the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. Effective January 1, 2007, the county was abolished and merged into Region Hovedstaden .
Roskilde Amt is a former county on the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland .
West Zealand County is a former county in the west-central part of the island of Zealand in eastern Denmark. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising a few former counties. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland .
Storstrøms Amt is a former county on the islands of Zealand, Møn, Falster, Lolland and some minor islands in southeast Denmark. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising the former counties of Maribo and Præstø. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Sjælland .
Bornholm is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of Poland. Occupying an area of 588.36 square kilometres, the island had a total population of 39,439 on 1 April 2020.
Fyns Amt is a former county in central Denmark, comprising the islands of Funen, Langeland, Tåsinge, Ærø, and approximately 90 other islands, of which only 25 are inhabited. The county was formed on 1 April 1970, comprising the former counties of Odense and Svendborg. The county was abolished from 1 January 2007, when it merged into Region Syddanmark .
South Jutland County is a former county on the south-central portion of the Jutland Peninsula in southern Denmark.
Ribe Amt is a former county on the Jutland peninsula of southwest Denmark. It included Denmark's fifth largest city, Esbjerg. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region of Southern Denmark . It was often considered coterminous with South West Jutland .
Vejle Amt is a former county on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in southern Denmark. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it was divided between Region Midtjylland and Region of Southern Denmark. Vejle became the seat of the latter region.
Ringkjøbing Amt is a former county on the Jutland peninsula in western Denmark. It had the lowest population density of all the Danish counties. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into Region Midtjylland .
Aarhus County or Århus County is a former county of Denmark on the Jutland peninsula. It was created in 1970 by a merger of three counties: Århus, Randers and Skanderborg. The county was abolished effective 1 January 2007, when almost all of it merged into Region Midtjylland . A very small portion was merged into Region Nordjylland . At the time of its abolishment, more than 20,000 people worked for the county.
Viborg Amt is a former county in the north-central part of the Jutland peninsula in western Denmark. The county was abolished on 1 January 2007, when most of it merged into Region Midtjylland . A smaller portion merged into Region Nordjylland .
North Jutland County is a former county in northern Denmark. It was located on the eastern half of Vendsyssel-Thy and the northernmost part of the Jutland peninsula. It was the largest county in Denmark, but with a relatively low population. The county seat was Aalborg, Denmark's fourth largest city. The county was abolished effective January 1, 2007, when it merged into North Denmark Region .
Copenhagen is the capital and most populous city of Denmark. As of 1 January 2021, the city had a population of 799,033 . It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen and the Copenhagen metropolitan area . Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand; another portion of the city is located on Amager, and it is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.
Frederiksberg is a part of the Capital Region of Denmark. It is formally an independent municipality, Frederiksberg Municipality, separate from Copenhagen Municipality, but both are a part of the City of Copenhagen. It occupies an area of less than 9 km2 and had a population of 103,192 in 2015.
Saint Andrew is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. John and St. Peter, St. Joseph, and St. David .
Saint David is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes, located on the eastern side of the island. It is bordered by St. Andrew to the north; St. Joseph, St. Paul and St. George to the west; and St. Patrick to the south. It has an area of 131.6 km², and has a population of 6,789.
Saint George is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by Saint Paul and part of the Boeri River, Saint David and Saint Patrick, Saint Luke .
Saint John is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Andrew to the east, and St. Peter and the Espagnole River to the south. It has an area of 59 km² .
Saint Joseph is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Peter to the north, St. Andrew to the northeast, St. David to the east, and St. Paul to the south. It has an area of 120.1 km², and a population of 5,765.
Saint Luke is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. George, St. Mark, and St. Patrick .
Saint Mark is one of Dominica's ten administrative parishes . It is bordered by St. Luke and St. Patrick . With an area of 9.9 km², it is the smallest in the island. It had a population of 1,834 people at the Population Census of 2011.
Saint Patrick is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. George, St. Luke and St. Mark to the west, and St. David to the north. It has an area of 84.4 km², and has a population of 8,383.
Saint Paul is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. Joseph to the north, St. David to the east, and St. George to the south. It has an area of 67.4 km², and a population of 8,397.
Saint Peter is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. John to the north, St. Joseph to the south, and St. Andrew to the east. It has an area of 27.7 km², and has a population of 1,452. Colihaut, Dublanc and Bioche are its only settlements.
The Distrito Nacional is a subdivision of the Dominican Republic enclosing the capital Santo Domingo. It is not in any of the provinces, but in practice, it acts as a province on its own. Before October 16, 2001, the Distrito Nacional was much larger, including what is now known as Santo Domingo Province. Published statistics and maps generally show the former, larger, Distrito Nacional. The Distrito Nacional has no rural or undeveloped areas.
Azua is a province which is collectively one of the thirty-two provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 10 municipalities and its capital city is Azua de Compostela. It is bordered by the provinces of La Vega to the north-east, San José de Ocoa and Peravia to the east, Barahona and Baoruco to the west and San Juan to the north-west. To the south, Azua has a significant coastline of the Caribbean Sea.
Baoruco, alternatively spelt Bahoruco, is a province of the Dominican Republic located in the southwest of the country, part of the Enriquillo Region, along with the provinces of Barahona, Independencia and Pedernales. Before 1952 it included what is now Independencia Province.
Barahona is a province of the Dominican Republic. The Barahona Coast is located on the southwestern part of the Dominican Republic approximately three hours drive from Santo Domingo the capital of the Dominican Republic. In 2019, volunteers from Amigos de las Americas visited to facilitate projects within the various municipalities of Barahona.
Dajabón is a northwesternmost province which currently comprising one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 5 municipalities and its capital city with the same name. It is bordered by the provinces of Monte Cristi to the north, Santiago Rodríguez to the south, Elías Piña to the south and the Nord-Est department of Haiti to the west.
Duarte is a northeastern province which comprises one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 7 municipalities and its capital city is San Francisco de Macorís. It is bordered by the provinces of María Trinidad Sánchez and Samaná to the east, Monte Plata and Sánchez Ramírez to the south, La Vega and Hermanas Mirabal to the west and Espaillat to the north. It is named after Juan Pablo Duarte, the founder of the Dominican Republic.
Elías Piña is a westernmost province which composing one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 6 municipalities and its capital city is Comendador. It is bordered by the provinces of Dajabón to the north-west, Santiago Rodríguez to the north-east, San Juan to the east, Independencia to the south and the Nord-Est department of Haiti to the west.
El Seibo, alternatively spelt El Seybo, is a province of the Dominican Republic. Before 1992 it included what is now Hato Mayor province.
Espaillat is one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 5 municipalities and its capital city is Moca. Located in north-central Dominican Republic, it is bordered by the provinces of La Vega to the south, Santiago and Puerto Plata to the west, and María Trinidad Sánchez to the north-east. The province has a coastline to the north with the Atlantic Ocean. It is named for Ulises Francisco Espaillat, the 19th-century author who was briefly President of the Republic in 1876.
Independencia is a province of the Dominican Republic, located in the west, on the border with Haiti. Its capital is Jimani. The province was created in 1948 but was made official in 1950. Before its creation, it was part of the Baoruco Province. The name was given in remembrance of the National Independence of February 27, 1844.
La Altagracia is the easternmost province of the Dominican Republic. Punta Cana is located on the eastern shores of this province. The province was part of the old La Altagracia Province, which split into 2, La Altagracia Province and La Romana Province on February 27, 1961.
La Romana is a province of the Dominican Republic. The capital is also named La Romana, and is the third-largest city in the country. La Romana was elevated to the category of province in 1944. File:Catalina Island, La Romana, Dominican Republic. A cruise liner in coast waters of Catalina Isl, approaching the rocky shore. .jpg La Romana is also home to Casa de Campo, one of the world's largest resorts and top golfing destinations, including the Teeth of the Dog golf course. Many international and local artists perform at "Altos de Chavón", an artistic community and university.
La Vega is a province of the Dominican Republic. Until 1992 it included what is now Monseñor Nouel province.
María Trinidad Sánchez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Samaná Province in September 1959 as Julia Molina Province; in November 1961, it got its current name. The name commemorates a distinguished female soldier in the wars of independence. María Trinidad Sánchez was the first woman incarcerated and executed by Pedro Santana, a Dominican annexionist president.
Monte Cristi is a province in the northwest of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is San Fernando de Monte Cristi . The spelling Montecristi is also seen. The Montecristi province is located in the Cibao frontier region, on the north coast of the country and borders the nation of Haiti. The land area of the Montecristi province is 1,924.35 km2. It is divided into six municipalities and four municipal districts.
Pedernales is the southernmost province of the Dominican Republic, including the offshore island of Isla Beata. It was split from Barahona in 1957. Of its 2,074.53 km², 1374 km² belong to the Jaragua National Park.
Peravia is a province in the southern region of the Dominican Republic. Before January 1, 2002 it was included in what is the new San José de Ocoa province, and published statistics and maps generally relate it to the old, larger, Peravia.
Puerto Plata is one of the northern provinces of the Dominican Republic. The area has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction since the late 1990s mainly due to its fine beaches. It borders the Septentrional mountain range to the north .
Hermanas Mirabal is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Espaillat Province in 1952 and was originally called Salcedo, the name of its capital city; it is still referred to by this name sometimes. The name change came on November 21, 2007. It commemorates the Mirabal sisters, who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country by giving up a privileged life to fight against the powerful Dominican leader, Rafael Trujillo. The Mirabal sisters came from Salcedo and were buried there after they were murdered.
Samaná is a province of the Dominican Republic in the Samaná Peninsula located in the eastern region. Its capital is Santa Bárbara de Samaná, usually known as Samaná.
San Cristóbal is a province in the southern region of Dominican Republic, located west of the capital Santo Domingo. With approximately 642,000 inhabitants, it is the fourth most populated province in the country, only behind Santo Domingo, Santiago and the National District. It borders the provinces Monseñor Nouel, Monte Plata, Santo Domingo, Peravia and San José de Ocoa . The Caribbean Sea borders the province to the south. The provincial capital is the city of San Cristóbal.
San Juan is a province of the Dominican Republic. Before 1961 it was known as Benefactor. San Juan is the Republic's largest province, bearing a size of 3,569 square kilometers, and it is landlocked.
San Pedro de Macorís is a province of the Dominican Republic, also the name of its capital city. The city is fairly active due to its proximity to the national capital of Santo Domingo and also its role in the sugar industry. The province is informally known as San Pedro, SPM or Serie 23 for the first two numbers of their Dominican identification or Cedula.
Sánchez Ramírez is a province which constituting one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 4 municipalities and its capital city is Cotuí. Located in the Cibao Sur region in central Dominican Republic, it is bordered by the provinces of Duarte to the north, Monte Plata to the east and south, Monseñor Nouel to the south-west and west and La Vega to the north-west. It was formerly part of Duarte in 1952, and is named after Brigadier Juan Sánchez Ramírez, hero of the Battle of Palo Hincado at which Spanish rebels defeated the French occupying forces.
Santiago is a province which currently comprises one of the 32 provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 10 municipalities and its capital city is Santiago de los Caballeros. Located in north-central Dominican Republic, in the Cibao region, it is bordered by the provinces of Valverde to the north-west, Puerto Plata to the north, Espaillat and La Vega to the east, San Juan to the south and Santiago Rodríguez to the west.
Santiago Rodríguez is a province in the northwest region of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Monte Cristi in 1948. The Santiago Rodríguez province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.
Valverde is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Santiago Province in 1959. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Santa Cruz de Mao.
Monseñor Nouel is a province in the central region of the Dominican Republic. It was split from La Vega province in 1982.
Monte Plata is an eastern province of the Dominican Republic, and also the name of its capital city. It was split from San Cristóbal in 1992.
Hato Mayor is a province of the Dominican Republic. The province was split from El Seibo in 1984.
San José de Ocoa is a province in the southern region of the Dominican Republic, and also the name of the province's capital city. It was split from Peravia on January 1, 2000. Published statistics and maps generally include this province in the old, larger, Peravia.
Santo Domingo is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from the Distrito Nacional on October 16, 2001.
Adrar is a province in southwestern Algeria, named after its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province, with an area of 424,948 km², roughly the size of the US state of California. It had 402,197 inhabitants at the 2008 population census.
Chlef is a province in Algeria formerly known as El Asnam, and has about 1 million inhabitants. Its capital is Chlef. Another locality is Ténès, on the Mediterranean Sea.
Laghouat is one of the forty-eight provinces of Algeria. It is located in the north central part of Algeria. The province borders Tiaret Province to the north, El Bayadh Province to the west, Ghardaia Province to the south and Djelfa Province to the east. The capital of the province is Laghouat City. The province is famous for palm trees and livestock.
Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi is a province of Algeria in the Aures region. The capital is Oum el-Bouaghi, which was named Can Robert, Sidi R'Ghis a few years later, and Oum El Bouaghi before independence.
Batna is a wilaya of Algeria in the Aures region. The capital is Batna. Localities in this province include N'Gaous, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is in the Belezma Range area of the province.
The Bejaia province, stylized Béjaïa in French, is a province of Algeria in the Kabylie region. The province's capital city is Béjaïa, the terminus of the Béni Mansour-Bejaïa line.
Biskra is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra. Tolga is one of the famous daïras of this wilaya. Other localities include Lichoua, Sidi Okba, Sidi Khaled, El-Kantara and Ouled Djellal.
Béchar is the second least-densely populated province in Algeria, named after its capital Béchar.
Blida is a province in Algeria. Its capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is situated here.
Bouïra is a province in the Kabylie region in Algeria.
Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset in Algeria. It was named after its province seat, Tamanrasset. The province has two national parks, more than any other in Algeria. They are Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province is the largest in Algeria as it is 667,667 km² large, comparable to Texas or Finland or Malaysia ekip.
Tébessa is a province of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital, which in ancient times it was known as Theveste. Another important city is El Ouenza. Tébessa is located only 20 kilometers west of the Tunisian border.
Tlemcen is a province in northwestern Algeria. The Tlemcen National Park is located there.
The province is divided into 14 districts, which are further divided into 42 communes or municipalities.
Tizi Ouzou is a province of Algeria in the Kabylia region. Its capital is Tizi Ouzou.
Algiers Province is a province in Algeria, named after its capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital. It is adopted from the old French department of Algiers and has a population of about 3 million. It is the most densely populated province of Algeria, and also the smallest by area.
Djelfa is a province of Algeria. Its capital is Djelfa. It was first established by the administrative reorganization of 1974, and is home to over 1.2 million inhabitants. Localities in this province include,, .
Jijel is a province in Algeria, on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The capital is Jijel . Taza National Park is located in this province.
Sétif Province is a province in north-eastern Algeria. Its capital and largest city is Sétif; the next largest city is El Eulma. There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there.
The province was created from parts of Oran department, Saïda province and Saoura province in 1974.
Skikda is a province of Algeria, on its eastern Mediterranean coastline.
Sidi Bel Abbès is one of the provinces of Algeria. Its name is derived from the name of its capital, the city of Sidi Bel Abbès. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country.
Annaba is a province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Its capital, Annaba, is Algeria's main port for mineral exports.
Guelma Province is a province in eastern Algeria. Its namesake is its seat and most populous municipality: Guelma.
Constantine is one of the 58 provinces of Algeria, whose capital is the city of the same name.
Médéa is a province of Algeria. The capital is Médéa.
The land relief in Mostaganem Province can be divided into four regions: the Dahra Range to the east, the Mostaganem Plateau to the south, the Chelif River valley which separates the two highland regions, and the plains on the province's southern border which lie next to the marshes of the Macta.
M'Sila is a province of northern Algeria. It has a population of 1 million people and an area of 18,718 km², while its capital, also called M'sila, home to M'Sila University, has a population of about 100,000. Some localities in this wilaya are Bou Saada and Maadid. Chott El Hodna, a salt lake, crosses into M'Sila. However, most of the region is semi-arid and undeveloped.
Mascara is a province in Algeria. It was named after its capital, whose name is Arabic for "military garrison", and which is unrelated to "mascara", the cosmetic. Another important locality is the town of Sig.
Ouargla or Warqla is a province in eastern Algeria. Its capital is Ouargla. Other localities include Hassi Ben Abdellah and Hassi Messaoud. It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.
Oran Province is a province in Algeria whose seat is the city of the same name.
El Bayadh is a province in Algeria, named after its capital El Bayadh. It is surrounded by mountains from the South, North, and Northeast of the state.
Illizi is a large province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria named after its eponymous seat. It borders Ouargla Province to the north, Tunisia to the extreme northeast, Libya to the east, Niger to the southeast and Tamanrasset Province to the south and west. As of the 2008 census, the province had a population of 52,333 and an annual growth rate of 4.5%.
Bordj Bou Arréridj is a province in northern Algeria around 200 km from the capital Algiers. It is considered as a crossroads between the east and west, the north and south.
Boumerdès is a province of northern Algeria in the Kabylia region, between Algiers and Tizi-Ouzou, with its capital at the coastal city of Boumerdès just east of Algiers.
El Taref is a province of Algeria. El Kala is a port town in this province. El Taref is the capital city. El Kala, a port town in this province, is home to El Kala National Park.
Tindouf, also written Tinduf, is the westernmost province of Algeria, having a population of 58,193 as of the 2008 census . Its population in reality could be as high as 160,000 because of the Sahrawi refugee camps. Despite the barren landscape, Tindouf is a resource-rich province, with important quantities of iron ore located in the Gara Djebilet area close to the border with Mauritania. Prior to Algerian independence, the area served as a strongpoint of several tribes of the nomadic Reguibat confederation.
Tissemsilt is the 38th province of Algeria with the capital being Tissemsilt. Théniet El Haâd National Park is located there.
El Oued is a Saharan province of Algeria dominated by Oued Souf. It was named after its eponymous capital. Notable towns include El Oued itself and El M'Ghair, Djamaa and Guemar.
The province is divided into 8 districts, which are further divided into 21 communes or municipalities.
Souk Ahras is a province in the Aures region in Algeria, named after its capital, Souk Ahras. It stands on the border between Algeria and Tunisia.
Tipaza or Tipasa is a province on the coast of Algeria, Its capital is Tipaza, 50 km west of the capital of Algeria.
Mila is a province of Algeria, whose capital is Mila. Other localities include Teleghma, Grarem Gouga, Hamala and Rouached.
Aïn Defla in northern Algeria. It is located to the southwest of Algiers, the capital. Localities in Ain Delfa include Khemis Miliana, Miliana, Hammam Righa, Oued Zebboudj and Aïn Torki.
Naâma Province is a province of Algeria named after its provincial seat, the town of Naâma. The region is dominated by a large sabkha. There is an airport in Mécheria.
Aïn Témouchent is a province in northwestern Algeria, named after its capital: Aïn Témouchent.
Ghardaïa is located in the north of the Algerian desert, and the headquarters of the state is the city of Ghardaia 600 km south of the capital Algiers, its total area is estimated at 24711 km2, its extension from north to south is 138 km, and from east to west it rises from 200 to 250 km, above sea level With 486 m.
Relizane is a province of Algeria. Relizane is the capital. Other localities include Bendaoud, Bouzegza, Hamri, Kalaa, Mazouna and Zemmoura. The Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 4 January 1998 happened in Relizane.
Azuay, Province of Azuay is a province of Ecuador, created on 25 June 1824. It encompasses an area of 8,309.58 square kilometres . Its capital is Cuenca. It is located in the south center of Ecuador in the highlands. Its mountains reach 4,500 m above sea level in the national park of El Cajas.
Bolívar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Guaranda. Much of the province has a cool, 'sierra' climate, as it is located in the Andes Mountains. The area in the lower foothills has a cold, tundra-like climate.
Carchi is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River rises on the slopes of Chiles volcano and forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador near Tulcan. Rumichaca Bridge is the most important land route between Colombia and Ecuador.
Orellana is an inland province of Ecuador. The capital is Puerto Francisco de Orellana . It was created on July 30, 1998, from part of Napo Province.
Esmeraldas is a province in northwestern Ecuador. The capital is Esmeraldas.
Cañar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Azogues. At the time of census 2010 the province had a population of 225,184. It contains the 16th-century ruins of Ingapirca, the best-known Inca settlement in Ecuador and a product of their conquest of the indigenous Cañari.
Guayas is a coastal province in Ecuador. It is bordered to the west by Manabí, Santa Elena, and the Pacific Ocean ; to the east by Los Ríos, Bolívar, Chimborazo, Cañar, and Azuay; to the north by Los Ríos and Bolívar; and to the south by El Oro and the Pacific Ocean.
Chimborazo is a province in the central Ecuadorian Andes. It is a home to a section of Sangay National Park. The capital is Riobamba. The province contains Chimborazo, Ecuador's highest mountain.
Imbabura is a province located in the Andes of northern Ecuador. The capital is Ibarra. The people of the province speak Spanish and the Imbaburan Quechua language.
Loja Province is one of 24 provinces in Ecuador and shares its southern border on the west with El Oro Province, on the north with El Azuay, and on the east with Zamora-Chinchipe. Founded on its present site in 1548 by Captain Alonso de Mercadillo, the site had been previously moved and rebuilt from La Toma due to earthquakes. It also is named as "Cuxibamba Valley", from the Quichua language, which means the "Smiley Valley".
Manabí is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Portoviejo. The province is named after the Manabí people.
Napo is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province contains the Napo River. The province is low developed without much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descendants of those who fled the Spanish invasion in the Andes, and the Incas years before. In 2000, the province was the sole remaining majority-indigenous province of Ecuador, with 56.3% of the province either claiming indigenous identity or speaking an indigenous language.
El Oro is the southernmost of Ecuador's coastal provinces. It was named for its historically important gold production. Today it is one of the world's major exporters of bananas. The capital is Machala.
Pichincha is a province of Ecuador located in the northern sierra region; its capital and largest city is Quito. It is bordered by Imbabura and Esmeraldas to the north, Cotopaxi and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas to the south, Napo and Sucumbíos to the east, and Esmeraldas and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas to the west.
Los Ríos is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Babahoyo. The province was founded on October 6, 1860. Under legislative decree. Babahoyo was made its capital on September 30, 1948.
Morona Santiago is a province in Ecuador. The province was established on February 24, 1954. The capital is Macas.
Tungurahua is one of the twenty-four provinces of Ecuador. Its capital is Ambato. The province takes its name from the Tungurahua volcano, which is located within the boundaries of the provinces.
Sucumbíos is a province in northeast Ecuador. The capital and largest city is Nueva Loja . It is the fifth largest province in the country, with an area of 18,084 km². In 2010, it had a population of 176,472 inhabitants.
Galápagos is a province of Ecuador in the country's Insular region, located approximately 1,000 km off the western coast of the mainland. The capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno.
Cotopaxi is one of the provinces of Ecuador. The capital is Latacunga. The province contains the Cotopaxi Volcano, an intermittent volcano with a height of 19,347 feet .
Pastaza is a province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded on May 12, 1899 and which has 36,700 inhabitants. The city is now accessible by paved roads, a recent development; the main road from Baños follows the Pastaza river into the province.
Zamora Chinchipe, Province of Zamora Chinchipe is a province of the Republic of Ecuador, located at the southeastern end of the Amazon Basin, which shares borders with the Ecuadorian provinces of Azuay and Morona Santiago to the north, Loja and Azuay to the west, and with Peru to the east and south. The province comprises an area of approximately 10,456 km² and is covered with a uniquely mountainous topography which markedly distinguishes it from the surrounding Amazonian provinces. Zamora-Chinchipe is characterized and largely identified by its mining industry; indigenous ethnic groups with a rich archaeological legacy; its biodiversity; and its niche and tourist attractions, which include a number of waterfalls well-noted for their beauty. The province takes its name from the bureaucratic fusion of the Zamora and Chinchipe cantons. The provincial capital is the city of Zamora.
Harju County, is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in Northern Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Järva County to the southeast, Rapla County to the south, and Lääne County to the southwest. The capital and largest city of Estonia, Tallinn, is situated in Harju County. Harju County is the largest county in Estonia in terms of population, as almost half of the Estonia's population lives in Harju County.
Hiiumaa is one of 15 counties of Estonia, being the smallest county both in terms of area and population. It consists of Hiiumaa, the second largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it. The county borders Lääne County to the east and Saare County to the south.
Ida-Viru County, or Ida-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is the most north-eastern part of the country. The county contains large deposits of oil shale - the main mineral mined in Estonia. Oil shale is used in the production of shale oil and in thermal power plants. The capital of the county is the town of Jõhvi which is administratively united with the Jõhvi Parish; nevertheless, Narva is the largest town in the county in terms of population and at the same time the third largest city in Estonia after Tallinn and Tartu. In January 2019 Ida-Viru County had a population of 136,240 – constituting 10.3% of the total population in Estonia. It borders Lääne-Viru County in the west, Jõgeva County in the southwest and Russia in the east.
Jõgeva County, or Jõgevamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in eastern part of the country and borders Ida-Viru County to the north-east, Lake Peipus to the east, Tartu County to the south, Viljandi County to the south-west, Järva County to the north-west and Lääne-Viru County to the north.
Järva County, or Järvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in the central part of the country and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south-east, Viljandi County to the south, Pärnu County to the south-west, Rapla County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2009, Järva County had a population of 29,940 – constituting 2.7% of the total population in Estonia.
Lääne County, or Läänemaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in western Estonia and borders the Baltic Sea to the north, Harju County to the north-east, Rapla County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, and the island counties of Saare and Hiiu to the west. In January 2009 Lääne County had a population of 23,810 – constituting 2.0% of the total population in Estonia.
Lääne-Viru County, or Lääne-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is in northern Estonia, on the south coast of the Gulf of Finland. In Estonian, lääne means western and ida means east or eastern. Lääne-Viru borders Ida-Viru County to the east, Jõgeva County to the south, and Järva and Harju counties to the west. In January 2013, Lääne-Viru County had a population of 58,806: 4.5% of the population in Estonia.
Põlva County, or Põlvamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-eastern part of the country and borders Tartu, Valga and Võru counties. 28,507 people live in Põlva County – constituting 2.3% of the total population in Estonia .
Pärnu County, or Pärnumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in south-western part of the country, on the coast of Gulf of Riga, and borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to the east, and Latvia to the south. In January 2013 Pärnu County had a population of 81,428 – constituting 6.3% of the total population of Estonia.
Rapla County, or Raplamaa, is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is situated in the western part of the country and borders Järva County to the east, Pärnu County to the south, Lääne County to the west, and Harju County to the north. In January 2021 Rapla County had a population of 33,116 – constituting 2.5% of the total population of Estonia.
Saare County, or Saaremaa; is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It consists of Saaremaa, the largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it, most notably Muhu, Ruhnu, Abruka and Vilsandi. The county borders Lääne County to the east, Hiiu County to the north, and Latvia to the south. In January 2013 Saare County had a population of 30,966, which was 2.4% of the population of Estonia.
It is located in eastern Estonia bordering Põlva County, Valga County, Viljandi County and Jõgeva County.
Valga County, or Valgamaa is a first-level administrative unit and one of 15 counties of Estonia. It comprises the former area of Valga District. The present-day county was created on 1 January 1990. The capital and largest town of Valga County is Valga, followed by Tõrva and Otepää. It is situated in the southern part of the country and borders Põlva and Võru County to the east, Latvia to the south and west, and Viljandi and Tartu County to the north. 29,944 people live in Valga County .
Viljandi County or Viljandimaa;, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in southern Estonia bordering Pärnu, Järva, Jõgeva, Tartu and Valga counties.
Võru County, or Võrumaa; officially, is a county in Southern Estonia. It is bordered by Valga County and Põlva County and is the only Estonian county bordering two countries - Latvia in the south and Russian Federation in the east.
Alexandria Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. The city of Alexandria was historically the capital of Egypt until the foundation of Fustat, which was later absorbed into Cairo. Today the Alexandria governorate is considered second in importance after the Cairo Governorate. It is located in the northern part of the country, directly on the Mediterranean Sea, making it one of the most important harbours in Egypt.
Aswan Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. The southernmost governorate in Upper Egypt, its capital is Aswan.
Asyut Governorate is one of the many governorates of Egypt. It stretches across a section of the Nile River. The capital of the governorate is the city of Asyut.
Beheira Governorate is a coastal governorate in Egypt. Located in the northern part of the country in the Nile Delta, its capital is Damanhur. قبيلة الرميلات
Beni Suef is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is situated in the center of the country.
Cairo Governorate is the most populated of the governorates of Egypt. Its capital, the city of Cairo, is the national capital of Egypt, and is part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area. Because it is completely urbanized, the governorate is considered a city proper, and functions as a municipality. However, there are uninhabited desert areas.
Dakahlia Governorate is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo. Its area is approximately 3,500 km². Its capital is Mansoura.
Damietta Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, and has a population of over 1 million. Its capital is the city of Damietta.
Faiyum Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt in the middle of the country. Its capital is the city of Faiyum, located about 81 mi south west of Cairo. It has a population of 3,848,708 .
Gharbia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north of the country, south of Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, and north of Monufia Governorate. Its capital is Tanta, which is 90 km north of Cairo, and 120 km south east of Alexandria. The largest city in Gharbia is El Mahalla El Kubra. The total area of Gharbia governorate is 1,942 km2.
Giza Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the center of the country, situated on the west bank of the Nile River opposite Cairo. Its capital is the city of Giza. It includes a stretch of the left bank of the Nile Valley around Giza, and acquired a large stretch of Egypt's Western Desert, including Bahariya Oasis when the 6th of October Governorate was merged into it on 14 April 2011. The Giza Governorate is also home to the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza.
Ismailia Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. Located in the northeastern part of the country, its capital is the city of Ismailia. It was named after Ismail Pasha, who as Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, oversaw the country during the building of the Suez Canal. It is located between the other two Canal governorates; Port Said Governorate, in the Northern part of Egypt and Suez Governorate.
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It lies in the northern part of the country, along the western branch of the Nile in the Nile Delta. Its capital is the city of Kafr El Sheikh.
Luxor Governorate has been one of Egypt's governorates since 7 December 2009, when former president Hosni Mubarak announced its separation from the Qena Governorate. It is located 635 km south of Cairo. It is currently the smallest governorate in Egypt, spanning approximately 5 km from north to south, and 1.5 km from east to west, and lies in Upper Egypt along the Nile. The city of Luxor is the capital of the Luxor governorate. The government is studying the possibility of extending the boundaries of the governorate to include the neighboring towns of Armant and Esna.
Matrouh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the north-western part of the country, it borders Libya. Its capital is Mersa Matruh.
Minya Governorate is one of the governorates of Upper Egypt. Its capital city, Minya, is located on the left bank of the Nile River.
Monufia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northern part of the country in the Nile Delta, to the south of Gharbia Governorate and to the north of Cairo. The governorate is named after Menouf, an ancient city which was the capital of the governorate until 1826. The current governor is Said Mohammed Mohammed Abbas.
New Valley Governorate or El Wadi El Gedid Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the southwestern part of the country, in the south of Egypt Western Desert, between the Nile, northern Sudan, and southeastern Libya.
North Sinai Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country, and encompasses the northern half of the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, in the south by South Sinai Governorate, in the west by Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez Governorates, and in the east by the Gaza Strip and Israel . Its capital is the city of El Arish. A governorate is administered by a governor, who is appointed by the President of Egypt and serves at the president's discretion.
Port Said Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal, making it the second most important harbor in Egypt. Its capital is the city of Port Said, and it is the home of the Suez Canal Authority historical administrative building and the Lighthouse of Port Said.
Qalyubia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in Lower Egypt. It is situated north of Cairo in the Nile Delta region. Its capital is Banha.
Qena Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the southern part of the country, it covers a stretch of the Nile valley. Its capital is the city of Qena.
Red Sea Governorate is one of the 27 governorates of Egypt. Located between the Nile and the Red Sea in the southeast of the country, its southern border forms part of Egypt's border with Sudan. Its capital and largest city is Hurghada.
Sohag Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the southern part of the country, and covers a stretch of the Nile Valley. Since 1960, its capital has been the city of Sohag. Prior to that, the capital was the city of Girga and the name of the governorate was Girga Governorate.
South Sinai Governorate is the least populated governorate of Egypt. It is located in the east of the country, encompassing the southern half of the Sinai Peninsula. Saint Catherine's Monastery, an Eastern Orthodox Church monastery and UNESCO World Heritage site of world renown, is located in the central part of the governorate. Part of Egypt
Suez Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country and is coterminous with the city of Suez. It is situated north of the Gulf of Suez.
Sharqia Governorate is the 3rd most populous of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the northern part of the country, its capital is the city of Zagazig.
Anseba Region is one of the six administrative regions, located in northern Eritrea. The capital and the most populous city in the region is Keren. The region is named after Anseba River, which passed through most parts of the region. The average elevation in the region is around 1,800 m to 2,100 m . The hottest month is May recording temperatures up to 30 °C, while the coldest month is December to February when it reaches freezing temperature. The region received around 508 mm of rainfall and the soil is conducive for agriculture.
The Southern Red Sea Region is a region of Eritrea. It lies along the southern half of the Red Sea, and contains the coastal city of Assab. It borders the Northern Red Sea Region, and has an area of around 27,600 km2 .
Debub Region, also known as the South Region, is a region of Eritrea. The region was formed on 15 April 1996, from the historical provinces of Serae and Akele Guzai. It lies along a portion of the national border with Ethiopia. As of 2005, the region had a population of 952,100 compared to a population of 839,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.81 per cent. The total area of the province was 8000.00 km2 and the density was 119.01 persons per km2. The highest point in Eritrea, is Mount Soira 3,018 m, is located in the region, situated east of Senafe. It shares borders with Central Region in the north, Zoba Northern Red Sea in the east, Gash Barka in the west and Ethiopia in the south. It is the largest region in the country by population. The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice, an single party government, supports the country and the region. The regional and local elections are conducted on a periodic basis. All men and women of any ethnic or religious background are eligible to vote. Since the arms struggle the citizens of Eritrea have trusted Isaias Afwerki who has led the country since 1971, Eritrean nationalists have donated millions of dollars toward the PFDJ party in 2020.
Gash-Barka is one of the six regions of Eritrea. It is situated in the south-west of the country, bordering the Anseba region to the north, and the Maekel and Debub regions to the east; the country of Sudan lies to the west and Ethiopia to the south.
Central Region, also known as the Ma'ekel or Maakel Region, is an administrative region in central Eritrea. The region was formed on 15 April 1996, from the historical province of Hamasien. The region is located on the central plateau, and sits at an average of about 2,250 metres above sea level. It contains Asmara, the capital and largest city of Eritrea.
The Northern Red Sea Region of Eritrea is one of the country's six regions. It lies along the northern three quarters of the Red Sea, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and the coastal city of Massawa.
Alicante is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is the second most populated Valencian province. Likewise, the second and third biggest cities in the Valencian Community are located in this province.
Albacete is a province of central Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. As of 2012, Albacete had a population of 402,837 people. Its capital city, also called Albacete, is 262 kilometres by road southeast of Madrid.
Almería is a province of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is the homonymous city of Almería.
Ávila is a province of central-western Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered on the south by the provinces of Toledo and Cáceres, on the west by Salamanca, on the north by Valladolid, and on the east by Segovia and Madrid. Ávila has a population of 158,265 and is ranked 47th out of 50 of Spanish provinces in population. Its capital is Ávila.
Barcelona is a province of eastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The province is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is 7,726 km2 . 5,609,350 people live in the province, of whom about 30% live within the administrative limits of the city of Barcelona, which itself is contained in the Barcelona metropolitan area.
The province of Badajoz is a province of western Spain located in the autonomous community of Extremadura. It was formed in 1833. It is bordered by the provinces of Cáceres in the north, Toledo, Ciudad Real in the east, Córdoba in the south-east, Seville, and Huelva in the south and Portugal in the west.
Biscay is a province of Spain, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The name also refers to a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay. Its capital city is Bilbao. It is one of the most prosperous and important provinces of Spain as a result of the massive industrialization in the last years of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. Since the deep deindustrialization of the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.
The Province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Its capital is the city of Burgos.
The province of A Coruña is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east.
Cádiz is a province of southern Spain, in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is the southernmost part of mainland Spain, as well as the southernmost part of continental Europe.
The province of Cáceres is a province of western Spain, and makes up the northern half of the autonomous community of Extremadura. Its capital is the city of Cáceres. Other cities in the province include Plasencia, Coria, Navalmoral de la Mata and Trujillo, the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro González. As of 2014, the province had 408,703 inhabitants, of whom a quarter lived in the capital. The Tagus river runs through the province.
Ceuta is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.
Córdoba, also called Cordova in English, is one of the 50 provinces of Spain, in the north-central part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Seville, Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Jaén, and Granada. Its area is 13,769 km2.
The province of Ciudad Real is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete, Jaén, Córdoba, Badajoz, and Toledo. It is partly located in the old natural region of La Mancha. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain, after Cáceres and Badajoz. The historic comarca Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province.
Castellón, officially Castelló, is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community. It is bordered by the provinces of València to the south, Teruel to the west, Tarragona to the north, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The western side of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area.
Cuenca is one of the five provinces of the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha. It is located in the eastern part of this autonomous community and covers 17,141 square km. It has a population of 203,841 inhabitants -- the least populated of the five provinces. Its capital city is also called Cuenca.
The Province of Las Palmas is a province of Spain, consisting of the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, capital city of this province and of the island of Gran Canaria, is the largest city in the Canary Islands.
Girona is a province of Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. It is bordered on the northwest by the province of Lleida, on the southwest by the province of Barcelona, on the north by France, and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea.
Granada is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Albacete, Murcia, Almería, Jaén, Córdoba, Málaga, and the Mediterranean Sea . Its capital city is also called Granada.
Guadalajara is a province of Spain, belonging to the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. As of 2013 it had a population of 257,723 people. The population of the province has grown in the last 10 years. It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.
Huelva is a province of southern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by Portugal, the provinces of Badajoz, Seville, and Cádiz, and the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Huelva.
Huesca, officially Huesca/Uesca, is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. The capital is Huesca.
Jaén is a province of southern Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ciudad Real, Albacete, Granada and Córdoba. Its capital is Jaén city.
The Province of Lleida is one of the four provinces of Catalonia. It lies in north-eastern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and is bordered by the Provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Zaragoza and Huesca and the countries of France and Andorra. It is often popularly referred to as Ponent .
León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
La Rioja is an autonomous community and province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra, Arnedo, Alfaro, Haro, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, and Nájera. It has an estimated population of 315,675 inhabitants, making it the least populated region of Spain.
Lugo is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, Pontevedra, and A Coruña, the principality of Asturias, the State of León, and in the north by the Cantabrian Sea .
The Community of Madrid is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and of the Central Plateau . Its capital is the city of Madrid, which is also the capital of the country. The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla–La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León. It was formally created in 1983, based on the limits of the province of Madrid, which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile.
The province of Málaga is located on the southern mediterranean coast of Spain, in Andalusia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and by the provinces of Cádiz, Seville, Córdoba, and Granada .
Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the northwest coast of Africa, sharing a border with Morocco. It has an area of 12.3 km2 . One of two Spanish autonomous cities in mainland Africa together with Ceuta, it was part of the Province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.
The Region of Murcia, is an autonomous community of Spain located in the southeast part of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Mediterranean coast. The region is centered on a historical region of the same name in what is now southeastern Spain. It is heir to the ancient Kingdom of Murcia, which traditionally included, as a bi-provincial region, the provinces of Albacete and Murcia. During the transition to democracy, Albacete became part of Castilla–La Mancha. The region is 11,313 km2 in area and had a population of 1,511,251 as at the start of 2020. About one-third of its population lives in the capital, Murcia. At 2,014 m, the region's highest point is Los Obispos Peak in the Massif of Revolcadores .
Navarre, officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona . The present-day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre, a long-standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost part, Lower Navarre, located in the southwest corner of France.
Asturias, officially the Principality of Asturias, is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.
Ourense is a Spanish province, in the southeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Pontevedra to the west, Lugo to the north, León and Zamora, to the east, and by Portugal to the south. With an area of 7,278 square km., it is the only landlocked province in Galicia. The provincial capital, Ourense, is the largest population centre, with the rest of the province being predominantly rural.
Palencia is a province of northern Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It is bordered by the provinces of León, Cantabria, Burgos, and Valladolid.
The Balearic Islands are a Spanish archipelago in the Balearic Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
Pontevedra is a province of Spain along the country's Atlantic coast in southwestern Europe. The province forms the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, and Ourense, the country of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. The official languages of the Pontevedra province are Spanish and Galician. There is a public institution called the Diputación Provincial of Pontevedra, whose head office is in Pontevedra city, that provides direct services to citizens such as technical, financial and technological support to the councils of the 62 municipalities of the province of Pontevedra.
Cantabria is an autonomous community in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city. It is called a comunidad histórica, a historic community, in its current Statute of Autonomy. It's bordered on the east by the Basque autonomous community, on the south by Castile and León, on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea .
Salamanca is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is bordered by the provinces of Zamora, Valladolid, Ávila, and Cáceres; it is bordered on the west by Portugal. It has an area of 12,349 km ² and in 2018 had a population of 331,473 people. It is divided into 362 municipalities, 11 comarcas, 32 mancomunidades and five judicial districts. Of the 362 municipalities, more than half are villages with fewer than 300 people.
The Province of Seville is a province of southern Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Cádiz in the south, Huelva in the west, Badajoz in the north and Córdoba in the east. Seville is the province's as well as the Andalusian autonomous community's capital.
Segovia is a province of central/northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the province of Burgos in the north, Soria in the northeast, Guadalajara in the east, Madrid in the south, Ávila in the west and southwest, and Valladolid in the northwest. The average temperature ranges from 10 °C to 20 °C.
Soria is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Most of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area.
Gipuzkoa is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. Gipuzkoa shares borders with the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques at the northeast, with the province and autonomous community of Navarre at east, Biscay at west, Álava at southwest and the Bay of Biscay to its north. It is located at the easternmost extreme of the Cantabric Sea, in the Bay of Biscay. It has 66 kilometres of coast land.
Tarragona is a province of the southern part of Catalonia. It is bordered by the provinces of Castelló, Teruel, Zaragoza, Lleida and Barcelona and by the Mediterranean Sea.
Teruel is a province of Aragon, in the northeast of Spain. The capital is Teruel.
Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, also Province of Santa Cruz, is a province of Spain, consisting of the western part of the autonomous community of the Canary Islands. It consists of about half of the Atlantic archipelago: the islands of Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro, and La Palma. It occupies an area of 3,381 km2 . It also includes a series of adjacent roques .
Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. It is bordered by the provinces of Madrid, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Cáceres, and Ávila. Its capital is the city of Toledo.
Valencia or València is a province of Spain, in the central part of the autonomous Valencian Community. Of the province's over 2.5 million people, one-third live in the capital, Valencia, which is also the capital of the autonomous community and the 3rd biggest city in Spain, with a metropolitan area of 2,522,383 people it is also one of the most populated cities of Southern Europe. There are 265 municipalities in the province.
Valladolid is a province of northwest Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It has a population of 520,716 people in a total of 225 municipalities, an area of 8,110 km2 and a population density of 64.19 people per km2.
Álava or Araba, officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.
Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is a province of northern Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Aragon. Its capital is Zaragoza, which is also the capital of the autonomous community. Other towns in Zaragoza include Calatayud, Borja, La Almunia de Doña Godina, Ejea de los Caballeros and Tarazona.
Zamora is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, León, Valladolid, and Salamanca, and by Portugal.
Addis Ababa, also known as Finfinne and Sheger, is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa is a chartered city, and is the capital of Oromia. Addis Ababa is the largest city in Ethiopia, with, according to the 2007 census, a population of 2,739,551 inhabitants.
Afar Region, formerly known as Region 2, is a regional state in northeastern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Afar people. Its capital is the planned city of Semera, which lies on the paved Awash–Assab highway.
Amhara Region, previously known as "Region 3," is a regional state in northern Ethiopia, and the homeland of the Amhara people. Its capital is Bahir Dar. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana, and of Semien Mountains National Park . Amhara is bordered by the state of Sudan to the west and northwest, and by other regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to the west and southwest, and Oromia to the south.
Benishangul-Gumuz is a regional state in western Ethiopia to the border of Sudan. It was previously known as Region 6. The region's capital is Assosa. Following the adoption of the 1995 constitution, the region was created from the westernmost portion of the Gojjam province, and the northwestern portion of the Welega Province . The name of the region comes from two peoples – Berta and Gumuz.
Dire Dawa is a city in eastern Ethiopia near the Somali border and one of two chartered cities in Ethiopia . It is divided administratively into two woredas, the city proper and the non-urban woreda of Gurgura.
Gambela or Gambella, also officially known as Gambela Peoples' Region, is a regional state in western Ethiopia, bordering South Sudan. Previously known as "Region 12", its capital is Gambela. The Region is situated between the Baro and Akobo Rivers, with its western part including the Baro River or Openo in the local language of the Anyuak or Anywaa people.
Harari, officially Harari People's National Regional State, is one of the ten ethnically-based regional states of Ethiopia, covering the homeland of the Harari people. Formerly named Region 13, its capital is Harar. It has the smallest land area and population of the Ethiopian regional states. Harari and Oromo are the two official languages of the regional authorities.
Oromia is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. The capital city of the State of Oromia is Finfinne, also known as Addis Ababa. Currently the state consists of 21 administrative zones. Towns in the region include Adama, Ambo, Asella, Badessa, Bale Robe, Bedele, Bishoftu, Begi, Bule Hora, Burayu, Chiro, Dembidolo, Fiche, Gimbi, Goba, Haramaya, Holeta, Jimma, Metu, Negele Arsi, Nekemte, Sebeta, Shashamane and Waliso, among many others. It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to the north; Dire Dawa to the northeast; the South Sudanese state of Upper Nile, Gambela Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region and Sidama Region to the west; the Eastern Province of Kenya to the south; as well as Addis Ababa as an enclave surrounded by Special Zone in its center and the Harari Region as an enclave surrounded by East Hararghe in its east. The Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency projected the 2017 population of Oromia as 35,467,001; this makes it the largest regional state by population. It is also the largest regional state covering 353,690 square kilometers. Oromia is the world's 42nd most populous subnational entity, and the most populous subnational entity in Africa.
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region is a multinational regional state of Ethiopia. It was formed from the merger of five kililoch, called Regions 7 to 11, following the regional council elections on 21 June 1992. Its government is based in Awasa.
The Somali Region, also known as Soomaali Galbeed is a regional state in eastern Ethiopia. Its territory is the largest after Oromia Region. The regional state borders the Ethiopian states of Afar and Oromia and the chartered city Dire Dawa to the west, as well as Djibouti and Somalia to north the east and south; and Kenya to the southwest.
Tigray Region is the northernmost regional state in Ethiopia. Tigray Region is the homeland of the Tigrayan, Irob and Kunama peoples. Tigray is also known as region 1 according to the federal constitution. Its capital and largest city is Mekelle. Tigray is the fifth-largest by area, the fifth-most populous, and the fifth-most densely populated of the 10 Regional States.
The Åland Islands, or simply Åland, is an archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. It is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 by a decision of the League of Nations, and its only official language is Swedish. It is the smallest region of Finland, constituting 0.51% of its land area and 0.54% of its population. Mariehamn is the capital city of Åland.
Southern Finland was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Western Finland and Eastern Finland. It also bordered the Gulf of Finland and Russia.
Eastern Finland was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Western Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered Russia to the east.
Lapland is the largest and northernmost region of Finland. The municipalities in the region cooperate in a Regional Council. There are 21 municipalities in Lapland region. Lapland borders the region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Troms and Finnmark County in Norway, and Murmansk Oblast and the Republic of Karelia in Russia. Topography varies from vast mires and forests of the South to fells in the North. The Arctic circle crosses Lapland, so polar phenomena such as the midnight sun and polar night can be seen in Lapland.
Western Finland was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Eastern Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered the Gulf of Bothnia towards Åland. Tampere was the largest city of the province.
The Province of Oulu was a province of Finland from 1775 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Lapland, Western Finland and Eastern Finland and also the Gulf of Bothnia and Russia.
South Karelia is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Kymenlaakso, South Savo and North Karelia, as well as Russia .
South Ostrobothnia is one of the 19 regions of Finland. It borders the regions of Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Pirkanmaa, and Satakunta. Among the Finnish regions, South Ostrobothnia is the ninth largest in terms of population. Seinäjoki is the regional centre and by far the largest city in the area.
Southern Savonia or, officially, South Savo is a region in the south-east of Finland. It borders the regions of Northern Savonia, North Karelia, South Karelia, Kymenlaakso, Päijät-Häme, and Central Finland. The total area of Southern Savonia is 18,768.33 km2, with a population of 153,738 .
Kainuu is one of the 19 regions of Finland . Kainuu borders the regions of North Ostrobothnia, North Savo and North Karelia. In the east, it also borders Russia .
Kanta-Häme, sometimes referred to by the obsolete Tavastia Proper or as the Häme region, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, Päijät-Häme, and Uusimaa.
Central Ostrobothnia is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and South Ostrobothnia.
Central Finland is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Päijät-Häme, Pirkanmaa, South Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, North Savo, and South Savo.
Kymenlaakso is a region in Finland. It borders the regions of Uusimaa, Päijät-Häme, South Savo and South Karelia and Russia . Its name means literally The Valley of River Kymi. Kymijoki is one of the biggest rivers in Finland with a drainage basin with 11% of the area of Finland. The city of Kotka with 51,000 inhabitants is located at the delta of River Kymi and has the most important import harbour in Finland. Other cities are Kouvola further in the inland which has after a municipal merger 81,000 inhabitants and the old bastion town Hamina.
Pirkanmaa, also known as Tampere Region in government documents, is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, South Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Päijät-Häme, Kanta-Häme and Southwest Finland. Most of the water area in the Kokemäki River watershed is located in the Pirkanmaa region, although Lake Vanajavesi is partly in the Kanta-Häme region. The region got its name from Pirkkala, which in the Middle Ages comprised most of present-day Pirkanmaa. Tampere is the regional center and capital of Pirkanmaa, and at the same time the largest city in the region.
Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. It borders the regions of Central Ostrobothnia, South Ostrobothnia, and Satakunta and is one of the four modern regions making up the historical province of Ostrobothnia. It is also referred to as Coastal Ostrobothnia to avoid confusion.
North Karelia is a region in eastern Finland. It borders the regions of Kainuu, North Savo, South Savo and South Karelia, as well as Russia . The city of Joensuu is the capital of the region. North Karelia is also known as the home of the world-famous Koli National Park.
North Ostrobothnia is a region of Finland. It borders the Finnish regions of Lapland, Kainuu, North Savo, Central Finland and Central Ostrobothnia, as well as the Russian Republic of Karelia.
Northern Savonia or, officially, North Savo is a region in eastern Finland. It borders the regions of Southern Savonia, Central Finland, North Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, and North Karelia. Kuopio is the largest city in the region and Lake Kallavesi is the largest lake in the region.
Päijänne Tavastia or, officially, Päijät-Häme is a region in Southern Finland south of the lake Päijänne. It borders the regions of Uusimaa, Tavastia Proper, Pirkanmaa, Central Finland, South Savo and Kymenlaakso. The biggest city in the region is Lahti.
Satakunta is a region of Finland, part of the former Western Finland Province. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, South Ostrobothnia and Ostrobothnia. The capital city of the region is Pori. The name of the region literally means Hundred. The historical province of the same name was a larger area within Finland, covering modern Satakunta as well as much of Pirkanmaa.
Uusimaa is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Tavastia Proper, Päijänne Tavastia, and Kymenlaakso. Finland's capital and largest city, Helsinki, along with the surrounding Greater Helsinki area, are both contained in the region, and Uusimaa is Finland's most populous region. The population of Uusimaa is 1,703,649.
Southwest Finland, calqued as Finland Proper, is a region in the southwest of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, Pirkanmaa, Tavastia Proper, Uusimaa, and Åland. The region's capital and most populous city is medieval Turku, which was known as the former capital city of Finland before Helsinki.
Ba is a province of Fiji, occupying the north-western sector of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. It is one of fourteen provinces in the nation of Fiji, and one of eight based in Viti Levu. It is Fiji's most populous province, with a population of 247,708 - more than a quarter of the nation's total - at the 2017 census. It covers a land area of 2,634 km2, the second largest of any province.
Bua is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji. Located in the west of the northern island of Vanua Levu, it is one of three northern provinces, and has a land area of 1,379 square kilometers. Its population at the 2017 census was 15,466, making it the fifth least-populous Province.
Cakaudrove is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji, and one of three based principally on the northern island of Vanua Levu, occupying the south-eastern third of the island and including the nearby islands of Taveuni, Rabi, Kioa, and numerous other islands in the Vanua Levu Group. It has a total land area of 2,816 square kilometers, with a population of 50,469 at the most recent census in 2017, making it the seventh most populous province. The only major town is Savusavu, with a population of 3,372 in 2007.
Kadavu Province is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji, and forms part of the Eastern Division, which also includes the provinces of Lau, Lomaiviti and Rotuma. Kadavu also belongs to the Burebasaga Confederacy, a hierarchy of chiefs from southern and western Fiji with Roko Tui Dreketi of Rewa as the paramount chief.
Lau Province is one of fourteen provinces of Fiji. Its capital is at Tubou, at the southern end of the island of Lakeba. The province forms part of the country's Eastern Division, and of the Tovata Confederacy, a traditional hierarchy of chiefs from northern and eastern Fiji.
Lomaiviti Province is one of the 14 provinces of Fiji. Administratively, it forms part of Fiji's Eastern Division and of the Kubuna Confederacy, one of three traditional chiefly hierarchies in Fiji.
Macuata is one of Fiji's fourteen Provinces, and one of three based principally on the northern island of Vanua Levu, occupying the north-eastern 40 percent of the island. It has a land area of 2004 square kilometers.
Nadroga-Navosa is one of the fourteen provinces of Fiji and one of eight based in Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. It is about 2,385 square kilometers and occupies the South-West and Central areas of Viti Levu, Fiji's principal island. The province includes the Mamanuca Archipelago, off the west coast of Viti Levu, Vatulele, as well as the remote Conway Reef in the southwest. The population at the 2017 census was 58,931, being the fifth largest province. The main town in Nadroga-Navosa is Sigatoka, with a population of 9622 .
Naitasiri is one of the 14 provinces of Fiji and one of eight located on Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island.
Namosi is one of Fiji's fourteen provinces and one of eight based in Viti Levu, the largest island. Located to the west of Suva, the province covers 570 square kilometers. Its population of 7,871 at the 2017 census was the second smallest of any Fijian province.
Ra is one of the fourteen provinces of Fiji. Occupying the northern area of Viti Levu, the largest island, it is one of eight Viti Levu-based Provinces. With a land area of 1341 square kilometers, it had a population of 30,432 at the 2017 census. The main urban centre is at Vaileka, with a population of 3,361 in 1996.
Rewa is a province of Fiji. With a land area of 272 square kilometers, it includes the capital city of Suva and is in two parts — one including part of Suva's hinterland to the west and a noncontiguous area to the east, separated from the rest of Rewa by Naitasiri Province. The province had a population of 108,016 at the 2017 census, making it Fiji's third most populous.
Serua is one of Fiji's fourteen Provinces. Its 830 square kilometers occupy the southernmost areas of Viti Levu, being one of 8 provinces based on Fiji's largest island. It had a population of 15,461 at the 2007 census.
Tailevu is one of the 14 provinces of Fiji. One of eight provinces based in Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island, its 755 square kilometers occupy the south-eastern fringe of the island, along with some central areas. At the 2017 census, it had a population of 64,552, the fifth largest among the Provinces. The main urban area of Tailevu is Nausori with a population of 21,645 in 1996.
Chuuk State is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Yap State. It consists of several island groups:
Kosrae, formerly known as Kusaie or Strong's Island, is an island in Federated States of Micronesia. The State of Kosrae is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia, and includes the main island of Kosrae and a few nearby islands and islets, the most significant of which is inhabited by 1,500 people.
Pohnpei State is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The other states are, from east to west, Kosrae State, Chuuk State, and Yap State. The state's main island is Pohnpei.
The State of Yap also known in the Yapese language as "Fare Nam nu Wa'ab" or simply as Wa'ab, is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Chuuk State.
Ain is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Eastern France. Named after the Ain river, it is bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône. Ain is located on the country's eastern edge, on the Swiss border, where it neighbours the cantons of Geneva and Vaud. In 2016, it had a population of 638,425.
Aisne is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. It is named after the river Aisne.
Allier is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. Named after the river Allier, it had a population of 339,384 in 2016. Moulins is the prefecture; Montluçon and Vichy are the subprefectures. Its INSEE and post code is 03.
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Formerly part of the province of Provence, it had a population of 161,588 in 2016. Its main cities are Digne-les-Bains, Manosque, Sisteron, Barcelonnette, Castellane and Forcalquier. Inhabitants of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are called the Bas-Alpins or Bas-Alpines referring to the department of Basses-Alpes which was the former name of the department until 1970.
Hautes-Alpes is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Located in and named after the Alps, it had a population of 141,107 in 2016, which makes it the third least populated French department. Its prefecture is Gap; its only subprefecture is Briançon.
Alpes-Maritimes is a department of France located in the country's southeast corner, on the Italian border and on the Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it had a population of 1,083,310 in 2017.
Ardèche is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It is named after the Ardèche River and had a population of 320,379 as of 2013. Its largest cities are Aubenas, Annonay, Guilherand-Granges, Tournon-sur-Rhône and Privas .
Ardennes is a department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France named after the broader Ardennes.
Aube is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 305,606 inhabitants, Aube is 76th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aubois or Auboises
Aude is a department in Southern France, located in the Occitanie region and named after the river Aude. The departmental council also calls it "Cathar Country" after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th century.
Aveyron is a department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Aveyron River, it had a population of 278,697 in 2016. Its inhabitants are known as Aveyronnais or Aveyronnaises in French. The inhabitants of Aveyron's prefecture, Rodez, are called Ruthénois, based upon the first Celtic settlers in the area, the Ruteni.
Bouches-du-Rhône is a department in Southern France named after the mouth of the river Rhône. It is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, with 2,019,717 inhabitants as of 2016. It has an area of 5,087 km2 . Its INSEE and postal code is 13. Marseille is Bouches-du-Rhône's largest city and prefecture.
Calvados often nicknamed Calva, is a brandy from Normandy in France, typically made from apples.
Cantal is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France, with its prefecture in Aurillac. Its other principal towns are Saint-Flour and Mauriac and its residents are known as Cantalians . Cantal borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère and Corrèze, in the Massif Central natural region.
Charente is a department in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France. It is named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited. The Charente River is the longest in the Charente.
Charente-Maritime is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region on the southwestern coast of France. Named after the river Charente, its prefecture is La Rochelle. As of 2016, it had a population of 642,191 with an area of 6,864 square kilometres .
Cher is a department in the administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is named after the Cher River.
Corrèze is a department in France, named after the river Corrèze which runs through it. Its capital is Tulle, and its most populated town is Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Côte-d'Or is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of Northeastern France. In 2016, it had a population of 533,213. Its prefecture is Dijon and subprefectures are Beaune and Montbard.
The Côtes-d'Armor, formerly known as Côtes-du-Nord, are a department in the north of Brittany, in northwestern France.
Creuse is a department in central France named after the river Creuse.
Dordogne is a department in Southwestern France, with its prefecture in Périgueux. Located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region between the Loire Valley and the Pyrenees, it is named after the river Dordogne, which runs through it. It corresponds roughly to the ancient county of Périgord. In 2016, Dordogne had a population of 414,789.
Doubs is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the Doubs River, it had a population of 538,549 in 2016. Its prefecture is Besançon and subprefectures are Montbéliard and Pontarlier.
Drôme is the southernmost department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. Named after the river Drôme, it had a population of 508,006 as of 2016. Drôme's prefecture is Valence.
Eure is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers. It is located in the region of Centre-Val de Loire.
Finistère is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany.
Corse-du-Sud is an administrative department of France, consisting of the southern part of the island of Corsica. The corresponding departmental territorial collectivity merged with that of Haute-Corse on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica, with territorial elections coinciding with the dissolution of the separate council. However, even though its administrative powers were ceded to the new territorial collectivity, it continues to remain an administrative department in its own right. The people living in Corse-du-Sud are called Suttanacci.
Haute-Corse is an administrative department of France, consisting of the northern part of the island of Corsica. The corresponding departmental territorial collectivity merged with that of Corse-du-Sud on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica, with territorial elections coinciding with the dissolution of the separate councils. However, even though its administrative powers were ceded to the new territorial collectivity, it continues to remain an administrative department in its own right. The people living in the department are called Supranacci.
Gard is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 742,006 as of 2016; its prefecture is Nîmes. The department is named after the Gardon River; the Occitan name of the river, Gard, has been replacing the French name in recent decades, both administratively and among French speakers.
Haute-Garonne is a department in the Occitanie region of Southwestern France. Named after the Garonne River, which is flows over the department. its prefecture and main city is Toulouse, the country's fourth-largest. In 2016, it had a population of 1,348,183.
Gers is a department in the Occitanie region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gers River, its inhabitants are called the Gersois and Gersoises in French. In 2016, it had a population of 190,664.
Gironde is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2016, it had a population of 1,566,679. The famous Bordeaux wine region is in Gironde. It has 6 arondissements, Making it was the Department with Most arrondissements.
Hérault is a department of the Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Hérault River, its prefecture is Montpellier. It had a population of 1,132,481 in 2016.
Ille-et-Vilaine is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. It is named after the two rivers of the Ille and the Vilaine.
Indre is a department in central France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are known as the Indriens and Indriennes . Indre is part of the current administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne. The préfecture is Châteauroux and there are three subpréfectures at Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun.
Indre-et-Loire is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2016, it had a population of 606,223. Sometimes referred to as Touraine, the name of the historic region, it nowadays is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its prefecture is Tours and subprefectures are Chinon and Loches. Indre-et-Loire is a touristic destination for its numerous monuments that are part of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley.
Isère is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,252,912 in 2016. Its prefecture is Grenoble.
Jura is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the Jura Mountains, its prefecture is Lons-le-Saunier. Its subprefectures are Dole and Saint-Claude. In 2016, Jura had a population of 260,517. Its INSEE code is 39.
Landes, or Lanas in Gascon, means moorland or heath. Landes and Lanas come from the Latin plānus meaning “‘flat, even, level, plain’”. They are therefore cognate with the English plain, the Spanish word llanos and the Italian word piano.
Loir-et-Cher is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France. Its name is originated from two rivers which cross it, the Loir in its northern part and the Cher in its southern part. Its prefecture is Blois. The INSEE and La Poste gave it the number 41.
The Loire is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of 1,006 kilometres, it drains 117,054 km2, more than a fifth of France's land while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône.
Haute-Loire is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Named after the Loire River, it is surrounded by the departments of Loire, Ardèche, Lozère, Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme. In 2016, it had a population of 227,339; its inhabitants are called Altiligériens in French .
Loire-Atlantique is a department in Pays de la Loire on the west coast of France, named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean.
Loiret is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France.
Lot is a department in the Occitanie region of France. Named after the Lot River, it lies in the southwestern part of the country and had a population of 173,758 in 2013. Its prefecture is Cahors; its subprefectures are Figeac and Gourdon.
Lot-et-Garonne is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Lot River and Garonne River, it had a population of 332,833 in 2016. Its prefecture and largest city is Agen.
Lozère is a department in the region of Occitanie in Southern France, located near the Massif Central. It is named after Mont Lozère. With 76,422 inhabitants in 2016, Making it was the least populous French department.
Maine-et-Loire is a department in the Loire Valley in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France. It is named after the two rivers, Maine and the Loire. Its prefecture is Angers; its subprefectures are Cholet, Saumur and Segré-en-Anjou Bleu. Maine-et-Loire had a population of 810,934 in 2016.
Manche is a coastal French department in Normandy, on the English Channel, which is known as La Manche, literally "the sleeve", in French.
Haute-Marne is a department in the Grand Est region of Northeastern France. Named after the Marne River, its prefecture is Chaumont. In 2016, it had a population of 178,084.
Mayenne is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River. Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
Meurthe-et-Moselle is a department in the Grand Est region of France, named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers.
The Meuse or Maas is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. It has a total length of 925 km .
Morbihan is a department in the administrative region of Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan, the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is noted for its Carnac stones, which predate and are more extensive than the Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England.
The Moselle is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France, Luxembourg, and western Germany. It is a left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it joins at Koblenz. A small part of Belgium is in its basin as it includes the Sauer and the Our.
Nièvre is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the centre of France named after the River Nièvre.
Nord, officially département du Nord, is a department in the Hauts-de-France region of France bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.
Oise is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called Oisiens or Isariens, after the Latin name for the river, Isara.
Orne is a department in the northwest of France, named after the River Orne.
Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has 890 communes, more than any other department of France.
Puy-de-Dôme is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. In 2016, it had a population of 650,700. Its prefecture is Clermont-Ferrand and subprefectures are Ambert, Issoire, Riom and Thiers.
Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a department in the southwest corner of France and of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean, it covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn. Its prefecture is Pau. In 2017, it had a population of 677,309.
Hautes-Pyrénées is a department in the region of Occitanie, southwestern France. In 2016, its population was 227,829; its prefecture is Tarbes. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
Pyrénées-Orientales, also known as Northern Catalonia, are a department of the region of Occitanie, Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain. In 2016, it had a population of 474,369. Some parts of the Pyrénées-Orientales are part of the Iberian Peninsula. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
Bas-Rhin is a department in Alsace which is a part of the Grand Est super-region of France. The name means 'Lower Rhine', referring to its lower altitude among both French Rhine departments: it is downstream of the Haut Rhin department. Note that both belong to the European Upper Rhine region. It is, with the Haut Rhin, one of the two departments of the traditional Alsace region. The more populous and densely populated of the pair, it had 1,125,559 inhabitants in 2017. The prefecture is based in Strasbourg. The INSEE and Post Code is 67.
Haut-Rhin is a department in the Grand Est region of France, bordering both Germany and Switzerland. It is named after the river Rhine. Its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less populated of the two departments of the former administrative Alsace region, the other being the Bas-Rhin . Especially after the 1871 cession of the southern territory known since 1922 as Territoire de Belfort, although it is still densely populated compared to the rest of metropolitan France.
Rhône is a department of east-central France, located in the central-southeastern region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is named after the river Rhône.
Haute-Saône is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of northeastern France. Named after the Saône River, it had a population of 237,242 in 2016. Its prefecture is Vesoul; its sole subprefecture is Lure.
Saône-et-Loire is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France. Named after the Saône and Loire between which it lies, it had a population of 555,023 in 2016. Its prefecture is Mâcon and subprefectures are Autun, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charolles and Louhans.
Sarthe is a department of the French region of Pays de la Loire, and the province of Maine, situated in the Grand-Ouest of the country. It is named after the River Sarthe, which flows from east of Le Mans to just north of Angers.
Savoie is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. Located in the French Alps, its prefecture is Chambéry. In 2017, Savoie had a population of 431,174.
Haute-Savoie is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its prefecture is Annecy. To the north is Lake Geneva; to the south and southeast are Mont Blanc and the Aravis mountain range.
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,175,601 residents as of 2018, in an area of more than 105 square kilometres . Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science, and arts. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the region and province of Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated population of 12,174,880, or about 18 percent of the population of France as of 2017. The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second most expensive city in the world, after Singapore and ahead of Zürich, Hong Kong, Oslo, and Geneva. Another source ranked Paris as most expensive, on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018.
Seine-Maritime is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure.
Seine-et-Marne is a department in the Île-de-France region in Northern France. Named after the rivers Seine and Marne, it is the region's largest department with an area of 5,915 square kilometres ; it roughly covers its eastern half. In 2016, it had a population of 1,397,665. Its prefecture is Melun, although both Meaux and Chelles have larger populations.
Yvelines is a department in the western part of the Île-de-France region in Northern France. In 2016, it had a population of 1,431,808. Its prefecture is Versailles, home to the Palace of Versailles, the principal residence of the King of France from 1682 until 1789, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. Yvelines's subprefectures are Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mantes-la-Jolie and Rambouillet.
Deux-Sèvres are a French department. Deux-Sèvres literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department.
Tarn-et-Garonne is a department Southwestern France. It is traversed by the rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name. This area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 by Napoleon, with territory being taken from the departments of Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron.
Var is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. It takes its name from the river Var, which flowed along its eastern boundary, until the boundary was moved in 1860 and the department is no longer associated with the river. The Var department is bordered on the east by the department of Alpes-Maritimes, to the west by Bouches-du-Rhône, to the north of the river Verdon by the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea.
Vaucluse ) is a department in the southeastern French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It had a population of 559,016 as of 2016. The department's prefecture is Avignon.
Vendée is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast. In 2016, it had a population of 670,597. Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon.
Vienne is a department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the river Vienne.
Haute-Vienne is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwest-central France. Named after the Vienne River, it is one of the twelve departments that together constitute Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The neighbouring departments are Creuse, Corrèze, Dordogne, Charente, Vienne and Indre.
The Vosges are a range of low mountains in Eastern France, near its border with Germany. Together with the Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single geomorphological unit and low mountain range of around 8,000 km2 in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the Burgundian Gate to the Börrstadt Basin, and forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain.
Yonne is a French department named after the river Yonne. It is one of the eight constituent departments of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and is located in the northwest of the region, bordering Île-de-France. It was created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Its prefecture is Auxerre and its postcode number is 89.
The Territoire de Belfort is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.
Essonne is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
Hauts-de-Seine is a department in the Île-de-France region of Northern France. It covers Paris's western inner suburbs. With a population of 1,603,268 and a total area of 176 square kilometres, it is the second most highly densely populated department of France after Paris. Its prefecture is Nanterre although Boulogne-Billancourt, one of its two subprefectures alongside Antony, has a larger population.
Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region and in the Grand Paris. Locally, it is often referred to colloquially as quatre-vingt treize or neuf trois, after its official administrative number, 93.
Val-de-Marne is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region. The department is situated to the southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris.
Val-d'Oise is a French department, created in 1968 after the split of the Seine-et-Oise department and located in the Île-de-France region. It gets its name from the Oise River, a major tributary of the Seine, which crosses the region after having started in Belgium and flowed through north-eastern France. Charles de Gaulle Airport, France's main international airport is partially located in Roissy-en-France, a commune of Val d'Oise.
Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands is a French island collectivity in the South Pacific, situated between Tuvalu to the northwest, Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, and Tokelau to the northeast.
Estuaire is the most populous of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 20,740 km2. The provincial capital is Libreville, which is also Gabon's national capital. The province is named for the Gabon Estuary, which lies at the heart of the province.
Haut-Ogooué is the southeasternmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It is named after the Ogooué River. It covers an area of 36,547 km2. The provincial capital is Franceville. One of its primary industries is mining, with manganese, gold and uranium being found in the region. The uranium-bearing mineral Francevillite takes its name from the primary city. It is the historical home of three cultures, the Obamba, Ndzebi and Téké. Like many regions in Africa, more traditional uses of the land have given way to rural migration to the larger cities. In August 2006, its soccer club won the Gabon Independence Cup.
Moyen-Ogooué is one of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 18,535 km2 . The provincial capital is Lambaréné. As of 2013, 69,287 people lived there.
Ngounié is a province of south-central Gabon covering an area of 3,775 kilometres . Its capital is Mouila. At the 2013 census it had 100,838 inhabitants. In 2016, its governor was Benjamin Nzigou.
Nyanga is the southernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. The provincial capital is Tchibanga, which had a total of 31294 inhabitants in 2013 . Nyanga is the least populated province of the nine and the other least developed, besides Ogooué-Ivindo. It is bordered by Ogooué-Maritime in the northwest, Ngounié in the north, and the Congo to the south and east . The Atlantic Ocean—the lowest point in both Gabon and Nyanga Province—borders it in the west.
Ogooué-Ivindo Province is the northeasternmost of Gabon's nine provinces, though its Lopé Department is in the very center of the country. It gets its name from two rivers, the Ogooué and the Ivindo. This province, containing thousands of square kilometres of rainforest, is the largest and most sparsely populated and much less developed than the rest of the country. As of 2013 it had a population of 63,293 people. The principal town is Makokou.
The Ogooué-Lolo Province is one of the nine provinces of Gabon, slightly southeast of central Gabon. The regional capital is Koulamoutou, a city of approximately 16,000 people. It is the ninth largest city in Gabon and the home of slightly more than one-third of the provincial population.
Ogooué-Maritime is the westernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 22,890 km2. The provincial capital is Port-Gentil. It has a 2013 census population of 157,562.
Woleu-Ntem is the northernmost of Gabon's nine provinces. It covers an area of 38,465 km2 and named after Woleu and Ntem rivers that cross it. The provincial capital is Oyem, which had a total of 60,685 inhabitants in 2013.
Aberdeenshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.
Aberdeen is a city in North East Scotland. It is the third most populous city in Scotland, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area, with an official 2018 population estimate of 200,680 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area.
Argyll and Bute is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area. The current Lord-Lieutenant for Argyll and Bute is Jane Margaret MacLeod . The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead at Kilmory Castle, a 19th-century Gothic Revival building and estate. The current Council leader is Councillor Robin Currie, a councillor for Kintyre and the Islands.
Anglesey, an island off the north-west coast of Wales, forms a principal area and historic county. It includes Holy Island across the narrow Cymyran Strait, and also some islets and skerries. Anglesey island, at 260 square miles, is the largest in Wales, the seventh largest in the British Isles, largest in the Irish Sea and second most populous there after the Isle of Man. The area run by Isle of Anglesey County Council measures 276 square miles, with a 2011 census population of 69,751, including 13,659 on Holy Island. The Menai Strait between Anglesey and mainland Wales is spanned by the Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge, built in 1850 and replaced in 1980. The largest town is Holyhead on Holy Island, whose port handles over 2 million passengers a year to and from Ireland. The next largest is Llangefni, the county council seat. From 1974 to 1996 Anglesey was part of Gwynedd. Most inhabitants are habitual Welsh speakers. The name Ynys Môn is used for the UK Parliament and Senedd constituencies. The island postcodes are LL58–LL78.
Angus is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, a registration county and a lieutenancy area. The council area borders Aberdeenshire, Dundee City and Perth and Kinross. Main industries include agriculture and fishing. Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has a significant presence in Montrose in the north of the county.
County Antrim is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 3,086 square kilometres and has a population of about 618,000. County Antrim has a population density of 203 people per square kilometre or 526 people per square mile. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, as well as part of the historic province of Ulster.
Ards Borough Council was the local authority of Ards in Northern Ireland. It merged with North Down Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become North Down and Ards District Council.
Armagh is the county town of County Armagh and a city in Northern Ireland, as well as a civil parish. It is the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland – the seat of the Archbishops of Armagh, the Primates of All Ireland for both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Ireland. In ancient times, nearby Navan Fort was a pagan ceremonial site and one of the great royal capitals of Gaelic Ireland. Today, Armagh is home to two cathedrals and the Armagh Observatory, and is known for its Georgian architecture.
Bath and North East Somerset is the district of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset Council that was created on 1 April 1996 following the abolition of the county of Avon. It is part of the ceremonial county of Somerset.
Blackburn with Darwen is a unitary authority area in Lancashire, North West England. It consists of the town of Blackburn and the market town of Darwen including other villages around the two towns.
The Borough of Bedford is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. Its council is based in Bedford, its namesake and principal settlement, which is the county town of Bedfordshire. The borough contains one large urban area, the 71st largest in the United Kingdom that comprises Bedford and the adjacent town of Kempston, surrounded by a rural area with many villages. 75% of the borough's population live in the Bedford Urban Area and the five large villages which surround it, which makes up slightly less than 6% of the total land area of the Borough.
The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is a London borough in East London. It lies around 9 miles east of Central London. It is an Outer London borough and the south is within the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway; an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. At the 2011 census it had a population of 187,000, the majority of which are within the Becontree estate. The borough's three main towns are Barking, Chadwell Heath and Dagenham. The local authority is Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council. Barking and Dagenham was one of six London boroughs to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.
The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north-west London. It borders the boroughs of Harrow to the north-west, Barnet to the north-east, Camden to the east, the City of Westminster to the south-east, as well as the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham and Ealing to the south. Most of the eastern border is formed by the Roman road Watling Street, which is now the modern A5.
The London Borough of Bexley is a London borough in south-east London, forming part of Outer London. It has a population of 248,287. The main settlements are Sidcup, Erith, Bexleyheath, Crayford, Welling and Old Bexley. The London Borough of Bexley is within the Thames Gateway, an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. The local authority is Bexley London Borough Council.
Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest in Ireland. It had a population of 343,542 as of 2019. Belfast suffered greatly during the violence that accompanied the partition of Ireland, and especially during the more recent conflict known as the Troubles.
Bridgend is a county borough in southern Wales, UK. The county borough has a total population of 139,200 people, and contains the town of Bridgend, after which it is named. Its members of the Senedd are Carwyn Jones MS, the former First Minister of Wales and Huw Irranca-Davies MS representing the Ogmore Constituency, and its members of UK parliament are Jamie Wallis and Chris Elmore.
Blaenau Gwent is a county borough in Wales, sharing its name with a parliamentary constituency. It borders the unitary authority areas of Monmouthshire and Torfaen to the east, Caerphilly to the west and Powys to the north. Its main towns are Abertillery, Brynmawr, Ebbw Vale and Tredegar. Its highest point is Coity Mountain at 1,896 feet .
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is the second-largest city, urban area and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom, with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area, 2.9 million inhabitants within the urban area and 4.3 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area. The city proper is the most populated English local government district. Birmingham is commonly referred to as the Second city of the United Kingdom.
Buckinghamshire, abbreviated Bucks, is a ceremonial county in South East England that borders Greater London to the south-east, Berkshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the west, Northamptonshire to the north, Bedfordshire to the north-east and Hertfordshire to the east.
Ballymena is a town in County Antrim, and the eighth largest in Northern Ireland. It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim. It had a population of 29,551 people at the 2011 Census.
Ballymoney is a small town and civil parish in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is within the Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council area. The civil parish of Ballymoney is situated in the historic baronies of Dunluce Upper and Kilconway in County Antrim, and the barony of North East Liberties of Coleraine in County Londonderry. It had a population of 10,402 people in the 2011 Census.
Bournemouth is a coastal resort town on the south coast of England. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 183,491. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth is part of the South East Dorset conurbation, which has a population of 465,000.
Banbridge is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the River Bann and the A1 road and is named after a bridge built over the River Bann in 1712. It is situated in the civil parish of Seapatrick and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half. The town began as a coaching stop on the road from Belfast to Dublin and thrived from Irish linen manufacturing. The town was home to the headquarters of the former Banbridge District Council. Following a reform of local government in Northern Ireland in 2015, Banbridge became part of Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council. It had a population of 16,637 in the 2011 Census.
The London Borough of Barnet is a suburban London borough in North London. The borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the ceremonial counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It forms part of Outer London and is the largest London borough by population with 384,774 inhabitants, also making it the 13th largest district in England. The borough covers an area of 86.74 square kilometres, the fourth highest of the 32 London boroughs, and has a population density of 45.8 people per hectare, which ranks it 25th.
Brighton and Hove is a city and unitary authority in East Sussex, England. It consists primarily of the settlements of Brighton and Hove, alongside neighbouring villages.
The Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley is a metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England; its main town is Barnsley.
The Metropolitan Borough of Bolton /ˈboʊltən/ is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, named after its largest town, Bolton, but covering a far larger area which includes Blackrod, Farnworth, Horwich, Kearsley, Westhoughton, and part of the West Pennine Moors. It has a population of 276,800.
Blackpool is a large seaside resort and main settlement in the Borough of Blackpool in the ceremonial county of Lancashire on the north west coast of England. The town is by the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries, 15 miles west of Preston, 27 miles north of Liverpool, 28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. At the 2011 Census, the unitary authority of Blackpool had an estimated population of 139,720, while the wider built-up area, which also includes areas outside the unitary authority, had a population of 239,409. This is the 2nd largest in Lancashire, as well as the fifth most populous urban area in the larger North West England region, after Manchester, Liverpool, Preston and Birkenhead.
Bracknell Forest is one of six unitary authority areas within Berkshire in southern England. It covers the two towns of Bracknell and Sandhurst and the village of Crowthorne and also includes the areas of North Ascot, Warfield and Winkfield. Parts of the borough border neighbouring boroughs such as Wokingham Borough Council and the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead. The south of the borough also borders parts of Surrey and Hampshire.
The City of Bradford is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. It is named after its largest settlement, Bradford, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns and villages of Keighley, Shipley, Bingley, Ilkley, Haworth, Silsden, Queensbury, Thornton and Denholme. Bradford has a population of 528,155, making it the fourth-most populous metropolitan district and the sixth-most populous local authority district in England. It forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2011 had a population of 1,777,934, and the city is part of the Leeds-Bradford Larger Urban Zone, which, with a population of 2,393,300, is the fourth largest in the United Kingdom after London, Birmingham and Manchester.
The London Borough of Bromley is the southeasternmost of the 32 London boroughs that make up Greater London, bordering the ceremonial county of Kent, which most of Bromley was part of before 1965. The borough's population is an estimated 332,336. It is named after Bromley, its principal town; other major towns are Penge, Hayes, West Wickham, Chislehurst, Beckenham and Orpington. The local authority is Bromley London Borough Council.
Bristol is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire, to the north; and Somerset, to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in South West England. The wider Bristol Built-up Area is the eleventh most populous urban area in the United Kingdom.
The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England, just north of Manchester, which consists of six towns: Bury, Ramsbottom, Tottington, Radcliffe, Whitefield and Prestwich. Bury bounds the Lancashire districts of Rossendale and Blackburn with Darwen to the north.
Cambridgeshire is a county in the East of England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the north-east, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The city of Cambridge is the county town. Following the Local Government Act 1972 restructuring, modern Cambridgeshire was formed in 1974 through the amalgamation of two administrative counties: Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, comprising the historic county of Cambridgeshire ; and Huntingdon and Peterborough, comprising the historic county of Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough, historically part of Northamptonshire. Cambridgeshire contains most of the region known as Silicon Fen.
Caerphilly County Borough is a county borough in southern Wales, straddling the ancient county boundary between Glamorgan and Monmouthshire. It is governed by Caerphilly County Borough Council.
Ceredigion is a principal area of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire. During the second half of the first millennium Ceredigion was a minor kingdom. It has been administered as a county since 1282. Ceredigion is considered a centre of Welsh culture and more than half the population can speak Welsh. The county is mainly rural with over 50 miles of coastline and a mountainous hinterland. The numerous sandy beaches and the long-distance Ceredigion Coast Path provide excellent views of Cardigan Bay.
Cheshire, archaically the County Palatine of Chester, is a county in northwest England. It is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and the Welsh local authorities of Flintshire and Wrexham to the west. Cheshire's county town is Chester, while its largest town by population is Warrington. Other major towns include Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford.
Carrickfergus is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It sits on the north shore of Belfast Lough, 11 miles from Belfast. The town had a population of 27,998 at the 2011 Census. It is County Antrim's oldest town and one of the oldest towns in Ireland as a whole. Carrickfergus was the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council, before this was amalgamated into the Mid and East Antrim District Council in 2015, and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It is also a townland of 65 acres, a civil parish and a barony.
Cookstown is a small town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the fourth largest town in the county and had a population of 11,599 in the 2011 census. It, along with Magherafelt and Dungannon, is one of the main towns in the Mid-Ulster council area. It was founded around 1620 when the townlands in the area were leased by an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. Alan Cooke, from the Archbishop of Armagh, who had been granted the lands after the Flight of the Earls during the Plantation of Ulster. It was one of the main centres of the linen industry west of the River Bann, and until 1956, the processes of flax spinning, weaving, bleaching and beetling were carried out in the town.
The Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale is a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 203,826. It takes its name from the River Calder, and dale, a word for valley. The name Calderdale usually refers to the borough through which the upper river flows, while the actual landform is known as the Calder Valley. Several small valleys contain tributaries of the River Calder.
Clackmannanshire is a historic county, council area, registration county and Lieutenancy area in Scotland, bordering the council areas of Stirling, Fife, and Perth & Kinross and the historic counties of Perthshire, Stirlingshire and Fife.
Coleraine is a town and civil parish near the mouth of the River Bann in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is 55 miles northwest of Belfast and 30 miles east of Derry, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district.
Cumbria is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county. The only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county.
The London Borough of Camden is a London borough in Inner London, and historically a part of Middlesex. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies 1.4 mi north of Charing Cross.
Carmarthenshire is a unitary authority in southwest Wales, and one of the historic counties of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as the "Garden of Wales" and is also home to the National Botanic Garden of Wales.
Cornwall is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, with the River Tamar forming the border between them. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain. The southwesternmost point is Land's End and the southernmost Lizard Point. Cornwall has a population of 568,210 and an area of 3,563 km2 . The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority, Cornwall Council. The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly, which are administered separately. The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro, its only city.
Coventry is a city in the West Midlands, England. It is on the River Sherbourne, which is largely hidden by infrastructure, although it can be seen by the canal. Coventry has been a large settlement for centuries, although it was not founded and given its city status until the Middle Ages. The conurbation consists of the Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area, the 20th largest in the country; the city is governed by Coventry City Council.
Cardiff is the capital city and one of the principal areas of Wales. It is Wales' largest city and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom. Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan and in 1974–1996 of South Glamorgan. It belongs to the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for coal when mining began in the region helped its expansion. In 1905 it was ranked as a city and in 1955 proclaimed capital of Wales. Cardiff Built-up Area covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.
The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in south London, part of Outer London. It covers an area of 87 km2 . It is the southernmost borough of London. At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name; while other urban centres include Coulsdon, Purley, South Norwood, Norbury, New Addington and Thornton Heath. Croydon is mentioned in Domesday Book, and from a small market town has expanded into one of the most populous areas on the fringe of London. The borough is now one of London's leading business, financial and cultural centres, and its influence in entertainment and the arts contribute to its status as a major metropolitan centre. Its population is 386,710, making it the second largest London borough and fifteenth largest English district.
Castlereagh was a local government district with the status of borough in Northern Ireland. It merged with Lisburn City Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council, with a small amount being transferred to Belfast City Council.
Containing the major settlements of Llandudno, Llandudno Junction, Llanrwst, Betws-y-Coed, Conwy, Colwyn Bay, Abergele, Penmaenmawr and Llanfairfechan, it borders the counties of Gwynedd and Denbighshire.
The Borough of Darlington is a unitary authority area in the lieutenancy area of County Durham and a part of the Tees Valley region, Northern England. The borough town is Darlington and, in 2011, had a resident population of 106,000.
Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. It includes much of the Peak District National Park, containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills, which extend into the north of the county. It covers part of the National Forest and borders on Greater Manchester to the north-west, West Yorkshire to the north, South Yorkshire to the north-east, Nottinghamshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south-east, Staffordshire to the west and south-west and Cheshire to the west. Kinder Scout, at 636 metres, is the highest point, while Trent Meadows, where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire, is its lowest at 27 metres .:1 The River Derwent is its longest river at 66 mi, running north to south through the county. In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms as the farthest point from the sea in Great Britain. The city of Derby is a unitary authority area, but remains part of the ceremonial county. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with 10,000–100,000 inhabitants, but much sparsely populated farming upland.
Denbighshire is a county in north-east Wales. Its borders differ from the eponymous historic county. This part of Wales contains the country's oldest known evidence of habitation – Pontnewydd Palaeolithic site has Neanderthal remains from some 225,000 years ago. Castles include Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Ruthin, Castell Dinas Bran and Bodelwyddan. St Asaph, one of Britain's smallest cities, has one of its smallest Anglican cathedrals. Denbighshire is bounded by coastline to the north and hills to the east, south and west. The River Clwyd dominates a broad valley with little industry: crops appear in the Vale of Clwyd and cattle and sheep in the uplands. The coast attracts summer visitors, while hikers frequent the Clwydian Range, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with the upper Dee Valley. Llangollen hosts the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod each July.
Derby is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, of which it was traditionally the county town. Derby gained city status in 1977, and by the 2011 census its population was 248,700.
Devon is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the north-east and Dorset to the east. The city of Exeter is the county town. The county includes the districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, Torridge and West Devon. Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon, but are administered as unitary authorities. Combined as a ceremonial county, Devon's area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million.
Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council was a local council in Northern Ireland from 1973 until 2015. It was originally named Dungannon District Council, gaining borough status and adding "South Tyrone" to its name on 25 November 1999, after petitioning the Secretary of State for the Environment. In May 2015, under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland it merged with Cookstown District Council and Magherafelt District Council to become Mid-Ulster District Council.
Dumfries and Galloway is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands. It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire, the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway. The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries.
The Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster is a metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire in Yorkshire and the Humber Region of England.
Dundee is Scotland's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2016 was 148,280, giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi, the second-highest in Scotland. It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland.
Dorset is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the unitary authority areas of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole and Dorset. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east. The county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of local government in 1974, the county's border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch. Around half of the population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation, while the rest of the county is largely rural with a low population density.
Derry, officially Londonderry, is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name Daire meaning "oak grove". The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle, which is spanned by two road bridges and one footbridge. The city now covers both banks .
The Metropolitan Borough of Dudley is a metropolitan borough of West Midlands in England. It was created in 1974 following the Local Government Act 1972, through a merger of the existing Dudley County Borough with the municipal boroughs of Stourbridge and Halesowen. The borough borders Sandwell to the east, the city of Birmingham to the south east, Bromsgrove to the south in Worcestershire, South Staffordshire District to the west, and the city of Wolverhampton to the north.
County Durham is a ceremonial county in North East England. The county town is Durham, a cathedral city. During the Middle Ages, the county was an ecclesiastical centre, due largely to the presence, of St Cuthbert's shrine in Durham Cathedral, and the extensive powers granted to the Bishop of Durham as ruler of the County Palatine of Durham.
The London Borough of Ealing is a London borough in West London. It comprises seven major towns: Acton, Ealing, Greenford, Hanwell, Northolt, Perivale and Southall . With a population of 341,806 inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous London borough.
East Ayrshire is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland. It shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Renfrewshire, North Ayrshire, South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire. The headquarters of the council are located on London Road, Kilmarnock. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the former county of Ayrshire.
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian, it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh is Scotland's second-most populous city and the seventh-most populous city in the United Kingdom.
East Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the north-west of Glasgow and contains many of the affluent areas to the north of the city, including Bearsden, Milngavie, Balmore and Torrance, as well as many of the city's commuter towns and villages. East Dunbartonshire also shares borders with North Lanarkshire, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire. The council area covers parts of the historic counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire.
East Lothian is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, as well as a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area. The county was also known as Haddingtonshire.
The Outer Hebrides or Western Isles, sometimes known as Na h-Innse Gall or the Long Isle/Long Island, is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland. The islands are geographically coextensive with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. They form part of the archipelago of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch, the Little Minch, and the Sea of the Hebrides. Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language, although in a few areas English speakers form a majority.
The London Borough of Enfield is a London borough in North London. It borders the London boroughs of Barnet to the west, Haringey to the south, and Waltham Forest to the southeast. To the north are the districts of Hertsmere, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne, and to the east Epping Forest . The local authority is Enfield London Borough Council. Enfield's population is estimated to be 333,794; the main towns in the borough are Edmonton, Enfield, Southgate and Palmers Green. Enfield is the northernmost London borough.
East Renfrewshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. Until 1975, it formed part of the county of Renfrewshire for local government purposes along with the modern council areas of Renfrewshire and Inverclyde. Although no longer a local authority area, Renfrewshire still remains the registration county and lieutenancy area of East Renfrewshire.
The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Riding or East Yorkshire, is a county in Northern England. At the 2011 United Kingdom census, its population was 334,179.
Essex is a county in the East of England, north-east of London. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south and the London boroughs of Enfield, Waltham Forest, Redbridge and Havering to the south and south-west. The county town is Chelmsford, the only city in the county. For the purposes of government statistics, Essex is placed in the East of England region.
East Sussex is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east, West Sussex to the west, and Surrey for a short distance to the north-west.
Falkirk is one of 32 unitary authority council areas of Scotland. It was formed on 1 April 1996 by way of the Local Government etc. Act 1994 from the exact boundaries of Falkirk District, one of three parts of the Central region created in 1975, which was abolished at that time. Prior to the 1975 reorganisation, the majority of the council area was part of the historic county of Stirlingshire, and a small part, namely Bo'ness and Blackness, was part of the former county of West Lothian.
Fermanagh District Council was a local council in Northern Ireland. It was created out of Fermanagh County Council and later merged with Omagh District Council in April 2015 under local government reorganisation to become Fermanagh and Omagh District Council.
Fife is a council area, historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries with Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. By custom it is widely held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib, and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland. A person from Fife is known as a Fifer. In older documents the county was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire.
Flintshire is a county in north-east Wales and home to King Dion and Lady Sinead of Wales. bordering the English county of Cheshire to the east, Denbighshire to the west and Wrexham County Borough to the south. It is named after the historic county of Flintshire which has notably different borders. Flintshire is considered part of the Welsh Marches and formed part of the historic Earldom of Chester and Flint. The county is governed by Flintshire County Council which has its main offices in County Hall, Mold.
The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, North East England. It is named after its largest town, Gateshead, but the metropolitan borough incorporates the surrounding area including Rowlands Gill, Whickham, Blaydon, Ryton, Felling, Pelaw, Dunston and Low Fell. The borough forms part of the Tyneside conurbation, centred on Newcastle upon Tyne.
Glasgow City Council is the local government authority for the City of Glasgow, Scotland. It was created in 1996 under the Local Government etc. Act 1994, largely with the boundaries of the post-1975 City of Glasgow district of the Strathclyde region.
Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.
The Royal Borough of Greenwich is a London borough in southeast Greater London. The London Borough of Greenwich was formed in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. The new borough covered the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich and part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich to the east. The local council is Greenwich London Borough Council which meets in Woolwich Town Hall. The council's offices are also based in Woolwich, the main urban centre in the borough.
Gwynedd is a county in Wales, sharing borders with Powys, Conwy, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, and Ceredigion over the River Dyfi. The scenic Llŷn Peninsula and most of Snowdonia National Park are in Gwynedd. Bangor is the home of Bangor University.
Halton is a local government district in the ceremonial county of Cheshire in North West England, with borough status and administered by a unitary authority. It was created in 1974 as a district of the non-metropolitan county of Cheshire, and became a unitary authority area on 1 April 1998 under Halton Borough Council. Since 2014 it has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The borough consists of the towns of Runcorn and Widnes and the civil parishes of Daresbury, Hale, Halebank, Moore, Preston Brook, and Sandymoor. The district borders Merseyside, Warrington and Cheshire West and Chester.
Hampshire is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. The county town is Winchester, England's former capital city. Its two largest cities, Southampton and Portsmouth, are administered separately as unitary authorities and the rest of the county is governed by a combination of Hampshire County Council and non-metropolitan borough councils.
The London Borough of Havering in East London, England, forms part of Outer London. It has a population of 259,552 inhabitants; the principal town is Romford, while other communities are Hornchurch, Upminster, Collier Row and Rainham. The borough is mainly suburban, with large areas of protected open space. Romford is a major retail and night time entertainment centre, and to the south the borough extends into the London Riverside redevelopment area of the Thames Gateway. The name Havering is a reference to the Royal Liberty of Havering which occupied the area for several centuries. The local authority is Havering London Borough Council. It is the easternmost London borough.
The London Borough of Hackney is a London borough in Inner London. The historical and administrative heart of Hackney is Mare Street, which lies 5 miles north-east of Charing Cross. The borough is named after Hackney, its principal district. Southern and eastern parts of the borough are popularly regarded as being part of east London, with the northwest belonging to north London. Its population is 281,120 inhabitants.
Herefordshire is a county in the West Midlands of England, governed by Herefordshire Council. It is bordered by Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh counties of Monmouthshire and Powys to the west.
The London Borough of Hillingdon is a large borough in West London, England. It was formed from the districts of Hayes and Harlington, Ruislip-Northwood, Uxbridge, and Yiewsley and West Drayton in the ceremonial county of Middlesex. Today, Hillingdon is home to Heathrow Airport and Brunel University, and is the second largest of the 32 London boroughs by area.
Highland is a council area in the Scottish Highlands and is the largest local government area in the United Kingdom. It was the 7th most populous council area in Scotland at the 2011 census. It shares borders with the council areas of Aberdeenshire, Argyll and Bute, Moray and Perth and Kinross. Their councils, and those of Angus and Stirling, also have areas of the Scottish Highlands within their administrative boundaries.
The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough in West London and which also forms part of Inner London. The borough was formed in 1965 from the merger of the former Metropolitan Boroughs of Hammersmith and Fulham. The borough borders Brent to the north, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea to the east, Wandsworth to the south, Richmond upon Thames to the south west, and Hounslow and Ealing to the west.
The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in West London, England, forming part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 when three smaller Middlesex council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. It is governed by Hounslow London Borough Council.
The Borough of Hartlepool is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of County Durham, in north-east England. It is centred on, and named after, the town of Hartlepool.
Hertfordshire is one of the home counties in southern England. It is bordered by Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north, Essex to the east, Greater London to the south, and Buckinghamshire to the west. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region. It covers 634 square miles . It derives its name from a hart and a ford, used as the components of the county's coat of arms and of the flag. Hertfordshire County Council is based in Hertford, once the main market town.
The London Borough of Harrow /ˈhæroʊ/ is a London borough in north-west London, England, and forms part of Outer London. It borders four other London boroughs – Barnet to the east of ancient Watling Street, Brent to the south-east, Ealing to the south and Hillingdon to the west – plus the Hertfordshire districts of Three Rivers and Hertsmere to the north. The local authority is Harrow London Borough Council. The London borough was formed in 1965, based on boundaries that had been established in 1934. The borough is made up of three towns: Harrow proper, Pinner, and Stanmore, but also includes western parts of Edgware; it is of suburban character and includes some countryside in the northern outskirts.
The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by others as part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 by the amalgamation of three former boroughs. It shares borders with six other London boroughs. Clockwise from the north, they are: Enfield, Waltham Forest, Hackney, Islington, Camden, and Barnet.
The Isles of Scilly is an archipelago off the southwestern tip of Cornwall. One of the islands, St Agnes, is the most southerly point in Britain, being over 4 miles further south than the most southerly point of the British mainland at Lizard Point.
The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between two and five miles off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island is part of the historic county of Hampshire. It is designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.
The London Borough of Islington is a London borough in Inner London. The borough includes a significant area to the south which forms part of central London. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, which simultaneously abolished the metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury.
Inverclyde is one of 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Together with the East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire council areas, Inverclyde forms part of the historic county of Renfrewshire, which currently exists as a registration county and lieutenancy area – located in the west central Lowlands. It borders the North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire council areas, and is otherwise surrounded by the Firth of Clyde.
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is an Inner London borough with royal status. It is the smallest borough in London and the second smallest district in England; it is one of the most densely populated administrative regions in the United Kingdom. It includes affluent areas such as Notting Hill, Kensington, South Kensington, Chelsea, and Knightsbridge.
Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west. The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames, and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. The county town is Maidstone.
Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary, 25 miles inland from the North Sea, 50 miles east of Leeds, 34 miles south-east of York and 54 miles north-east of Sheffield. With a population of 259,778, Hull is the fourth-largest city in the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Kirklees is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Kirklees Council with the status of a metropolitan borough. The largest town and administrative centre of Kirklees is Huddersfield, and the district also includes Batley, Birstall, Cleckheaton, Denby Dale, Dewsbury, Heckmondwike, Holmfirth, Kirkburton, Marsden, Meltham, Mirfield and Slaithwaite. Kirklees had a population of 422,500 in 2011; it is also the third largest metropolitan district in England by area size, behind Doncaster and Leeds.
The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames is a borough in southwest London. The main town is Kingston upon Thames and it includes Surbiton, Chessington, Malden Rushett, New Malden and Tolworth. It is the oldest of the four royal boroughs in England. The others are Kensington and Chelsea and Greenwich also in London, and Windsor and Maidenhead. The local authority is Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council.
The Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England. It comprises the towns and districts of Kirkby, Prescot, Huyton, Whiston, Halewood, Cronton and Stockbridge Village; Kirkby, Huyton, and Prescot being the major commercial centres. It takes its name from the village of Knowsley, though its headquarters are in Huyton. It forms part of the wider Liverpool City Region.
Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county and a ceremonial county in North West England. The county's administrative centre is Preston, while Lancaster is the county town. The borders of the county were created by the Local Government Act 1972 and enclose a population of 1,449,300 and an area of 1,189 square miles .
Lambeth is a London borough in South London, England, which forms part of Inner London. Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha and in 1255 as Lambeth. The geographical centre of London is at Frazier Street near Lambeth North tube station, though nearby Charing Cross on the other side of the Thames in the City of Westminster is traditionally considered the centre of London.
Leicester /ˈlɛstər/ is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest. It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry, south of Nottingham, and west of Peterborough.
The City of Leeds is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough includes the administrative centre of Leeds and the towns of Farsley, Garforth, Guiseley, Horsforth, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, Rothwell, Wetherby and Yeadon. It has a population of 793,139, making it technically the second largest city in England by population behind Birmingham. It is governed by Leeds City Council.
Leicestershire is a landlocked county in the English Midlands, being within the East Midlands. The county borders Nottinghamshire to the north, Lincolnshire to the north-east, Rutland to the east, Northamptonshire to the south-east, Warwickshire to the south-west, Staffordshire to the west, and Derbyshire to the north-west. The border with most of Warwickshire is Watling Street, the modern A5 road.
Lewisham is a London borough in South London; it forms part of Inner London. The principal settlement of the borough is Lewisham. The local authority is Lewisham London Borough Council, based in Catford. Lewisham is well known for its high school exclusion rates: it had the third highest school exclusion rates in the United Kingdom in 2018. The Prime Meridian passes through Lewisham. Blackheath, Goldsmiths, University of London and Millwall F.C. are located within the borough.
Lincolnshire is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the north-west, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, England's shortest county boundary. The county town is the city of Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England, with a population in 2019 of 498,042, making it the tenth-largest English district by population. Liverpool's metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2.24 million.
Limavady is a market town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, with Binevenagh as a backdrop. Lying 17 miles east of Derry and 14 miles southwest of Coleraine, Limavady had a population of 12,032 people at the 2011 Census. In the 40 years between 1971 and 2011, Limavady's population nearly doubled. Limavady is within Causeway Coast and Glens Borough.
The City of London is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the historic centre and the primary central business district of London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the modern city named London has since grown far beyond the City of London boundary. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of London; however, the City of London is not a London borough, a status reserved for the other 32 districts . It is also a separate ceremonial county, being an enclave surrounded by Greater London, and is the smallest ceremonial county in the United Kingdom.
Larne is a town on the east coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland, with a population of 18,755 at the 2011 Census. It is a major passenger and freight roll-on roll-off port. Larne is administered by Mid and East Antrim Borough Council. Together with parts of the neighbouring districts of Antrim and Newtownabbey and Causeway Coast and Glens, it forms the East Antrim constituency for elections to the Westminster Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly. The civil parish is in the historic barony of Glenarm Upper.
Lisburn is a city in Northern Ireland. It is 8 mi southwest of Belfast city centre, on the River Lagan, which forms the boundary between County Antrim and County Down. Lisburn is part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It had a population of 45,370 people in the 2011 Census.
Luton is a large town, borough and unitary authority situated in Bedfordshire, south east England, but in the East of England region for administrative purposes. It has a population of 213,052 and is one of the most populous towns without city status in the United Kingdom. It is also the most populous town in Bedfordshire. The town is situated on the River Lea, about 29 miles northwest of London. The town's foundation dates to the sixth century as a Saxon outpost on the River Lea, from which Luton derives its name. Luton is recorded in the Domesday Book as Loitone and Lintone and one of the largest churches in Bedfordshire, St Mary's Church, was built in the 12th century. There are local museums which explore Luton's history in Wardown Park and Stockwood Park.
Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. The city has the country's fifth-largest population at 547,627 and lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.7 million, third most-populous county, at around 2.8 million, and third-most populous metropolitan area, with a population of 3.3 million. It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council.
The Borough of Middlesbrough is a borough and unitary authority in North Yorkshire, Northern England, based on the town of Middlesbrough. The borough had a population of 140,980, in the mid-2019 est.
Medway is a conurbation and unitary authority in Kent in the region of South East England. It is a county for the purposes of the Lieutenancies. It had a population in 2019 of 278,016. The unitary authority was formed in 1998 when the City of Rochester-upon-Medway amalgamated with Gillingham Borough Council and part of Kent County Council to form Medway Council, a unitary authority independent of Kent County Council.
Magherafelt is a small town and civil parish in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 8,805 at the 2011 Census. It is the biggest town in the south of the county and is the social, economic and political hub of the area. It is part of Mid-Ulster District.
The Borough of Milton Keynes is a unitary authority and borough of the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire. It is the northernmost district of the South East England Region. It was originally one of five non-metropolitan districts of Buckinghamshire, but on 1 April 1997, under a recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England, it became a self-governing non-metropolitan county, independent from Buckinghamshire County Council.
Midlothian is a historic county, registration county, lieutenancy area and one of 32 council areas of Scotland used for local government. Midlothian lies in the east-central Lowlands, bordering the City of Edinburgh, East Lothian and the Scottish Borders.
Monmouthshire is a principal area in Wales. The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern three-fifths. The largest town is Abergavenny. Other towns and large villages are Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth, Magor and Usk. It borders Torfaen, Newport and Blaenau Gwent to the west; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east; and Powys to the north.
The borough was formed under the London Government Act 1963 in 1965 by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Mitcham, the Municipal Borough of Wimbledon and the Merton and Morden Urban District, all formerly within Surrey. The main commercial centres in Merton are Mitcham, Morden and Wimbledon, of which Wimbledon is the largest. Other smaller centres include Raynes Park, Colliers Wood, South Wimbledon, Wimbledon Park and Pollards Hill. The borough is the host of the Wimbledon tournament, one of tennis's Grand Slam competitions.
Moray is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland. It lies in the north-east of the country, with coastline on the Moray Firth, and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland.
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough has been one of the 22 unitary authorities in Wales since 1 April 1996 . Merthyr Tydfil County Borough today has a population of 60,183 . It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and takes its name from Merthyr Tydfil town. The County Borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley. It borders the counties of Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west, Caerphilly county borough to the east, and Powys to the north.
North Ayrshire is one of 32 council areas in Scotland. It has a population of roughly 135,280 people. It is located in the southwest of Scotland, and borders the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the northeast and East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire to the east and south respectively. North Ayrshire Council is a hung Council. North Ayrshire also forms part of the east coast of the Firth of Clyde.
Northumberland is a historic county, ceremonial county and unitary authority in Northern England. The latter has a headquarters at Morpeth and borders east Cumbria, north County Durham and north Tyne and Wear. The historic county town is Alnwick.
North Down Borough Council was a Local Council in County Down in Northern Ireland. It merged with Ards Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become North Down and Ards District Council.
North East Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire in England. It borders the unitary authority of North Lincolnshire and the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire, the three areas making up the ceremonial county. The population of the Unitary Authority at the 2011 Census was 159,616. North East Lincolnshire is part of the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Newcastle upon Tyne, often simply Newcastle, is the most populous city and metropolitan borough in North East England. It forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Tyne's northern bank, approximately 8.5 mi from the North Sea.
Norfolk is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the northwest, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and to the northwest, The Wash. The county town is the city of Norwich. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, Norfolk is a largely rural county with a population density of 401 per square mile . Of the county's population, 40% live in four major built up areas: Norwich, Great Yarmouth, King's Lynn, and Thetford .
Nottingham is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, England. Part of the East Midlands region, it is 128 miles north of London and 45 miles northeast of Birmingham. Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making, bicycle, and tobacco industries. It was granted its city charter in 1897, as part of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Nottingham is a tourist destination; in 2018, the city received the second-highest number of overnight visitors in the Midlands and the highest number in the East Midlands.
North Lanarkshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the northeast of the City of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgow's suburbs and commuter towns and villages. It also borders East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Stirling, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian. The council covers parts of the traditional counties of Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire.
North Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in Lincolnshire, England, with a population of 167,446 in the 2011 census. There are six significant towns: Scunthorpe, Brigg, Haxey, Crowle, Epworth and Barton-upon-Humber.
North Somerset is a unitary district in Somerset, South West England. Whilst its area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset, it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare.
Newtownabbey is a large settlement north of Belfast in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Sometimes considered to be a suburb of Belfast, it is separated from the rest of the city by Cavehill and Fortwilliam golf course. At the 2011 Census, Metropolitan Newtownabbey Settlement had a population of 65,646, making it the third largest settlement in Northern Ireland. It is part of Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council.
Northamptonshire, archaically known as the County of Northampton, is a county in the East Midlands of England. In 2015, it had a population of 723,000. The county is administered by two unitary authorities: North Northamptonshire and West Northamptonshire. It is known as "The Rose of the Shires".
Neath Port Talbot is a county borough and one of the unitary authority areas of Wales. Its principal towns are Neath, Port Talbot and Pontardawe.
Nottinghamshire is a county in the East Midlands region of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based at County Hall in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.
The Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, North East England. It forms a part of the greater Tyneside conurbation. The North Tyneside Council is headquartered at Cobalt Business Park, Wallsend.
The London Borough of Newham /ˈnjuːəm/ is a London borough created in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. It covers an area previously administered by the Essex county boroughs of West Ham and East Ham, authorities that were both abolished by the same act. The name Newham reflects its creation and combines the compass points of the old borough names. Situated on the borders of inner and outer East London, Newham has a population of 353,134, which is the third highest of the London boroughs and also makes it the 20th most populous district in England. The local authority is Newham London Borough Council.
Newport is a city and principal area in Wales, situated on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary, 12 miles northeast of Cardiff. With a population of 145,700 at the 2011 census, Newport is the third-largest city in Wales. Newport became a unitary authority in 1996 and forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area with a population of 1,09 million. Newport was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain, the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists. This was led by the Chartist John Frost which led to the re-branding of the Duffryn High School into John Frost School.
North Yorkshire is the largest non-metropolitan county and lieutenancy area in England, covering an area of 8,654 square kilometres . Around 40% of the county is covered by national parks, including most of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors. It is one of four counties in England to hold the name Yorkshire; the three other counties are the East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire.
Newry and Mourne District Council was a local council in Northern Ireland. It merged with Down District Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It has a population of 237,110, and spans 55 square miles . The borough is named after its largest town, Oldham, but also includes the outlying towns of Chadderton, Failsworth, Royton and Shaw and Crompton, the village of Lees, and the parish of Saddleworth.
Omagh is the county town of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated where the rivers Drumragh and Camowen meet to form the Strule. Northern Ireland's capital city Belfast is 68 miles to the east of Omagh, and Derry is 34 miles to the north.
Orkney, also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles north of the coast of Caithness and has about 70 islands, of which 20 are inhabited. The largest island, Mainland, is often referred to as "the Mainland", and has an area of 523 square kilometres, making it the sixth-largest Scottish island and the tenth-largest island in the British Isles. Orkney’s largest settlement, and also its administrative centre, is Kirkwall.
Oxfordshire is a landlocked county in the far west of the government statistical region of South East England. The ceremonial county borders Warwickshire to the north-west, Northamptonshire to the north-east, Buckinghamshire to the east, Berkshire to the south, Wiltshire to the south-west and Gloucestershire to the west.
Pembrokeshire is a county in the southwest of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and the sea everywhere else.
Perth and Kinross is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and a Lieutenancy Area. It borders onto the Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Clackmannanshire, Dundee, Fife, Highland and Stirling council areas. Perth is the administrative centre. With the exception of a large area of south-western Perthshire, the council area mostly corresponds to the historic counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire.
Plymouth is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately 37 miles south-west of Exeter and 190 miles south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west.
Poole is a large coastal town and seaport in Dorset, on the south coast of England. The town is 21 miles east of Dorchester and adjoins Bournemouth to the east. Since 1 April 2019, the local authority is Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council which is a unitary authority. Poole had an estimated population of 151,500 making it the second-largest town in the ceremonial county of Dorset. Together with Bournemouth and Christchurch, the conurbation has a total population of nearly 400,000.
Portsmouth is a port city primarily built on Portsea Island in the county of Hampshire, South East England. It is also known colloquially as Pompey, a nickname shared with HMNB Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club. It is the United Kingdom's only island city. Portsmouth is situated 70 miles south-west of London and 19 miles south-east of Southampton. Portsmouth's population was recorded as 205,100 in the 2011 UK Census. The city forms part of the South Hampshire conurbation.
Powys is a principal area and county, and one of the preserved counties of Wales. It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.
Peterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 202,110 in 2017. Originally part of Northamptonshire, it became part of Cambridgeshire from 1974. The city is 76 miles north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 miles to the north-east. The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. Peterborough is also the largest city in the East Anglia area of England.
Redcar and Cleveland is a borough and unitary authority area within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire in North East England. The main settlements are Redcar, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Guisborough, and towns and villages of Brotton, Eston, Grangetown, South Bank, Kirkleatham, Loftus and Skelton. It had a resident population of 135,200 in 2011.
The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. It is named after its largest town, Rochdale, but spans a far larger area which includes the towns of Middleton, Heywood, Littleborough, and Milnrow, as well as the village of Wardle.
Rhondda Cynon Taf, also spelt Rhondda Cynon Taff, is a county borough in south Wales. It consists of five valleys: the Rhondda Fawr, Rhondda Fach, Cynon, Taff and Ely valleys, plus a number of towns and villages away from the valleys. Results from the 2011 census showed 19.1% of its 234,410 residents self-identified as having some ability in the use of the Welsh language.
The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in East London, England. It is home to Redbridge Institute of Adult Education and Redbridge Football Club. It borders four other London boroughs: Waltham Forest to the west, Newham to the south-west, Barking and Dagenham to the south-east and Havering to the east, as well as the shire county of Essex to the north.
Reading is a historic market town in Berkshire, England, in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and Kennet. It is on the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, 40 miles east of Swindon, 25 miles south of Oxford, 40 miles west of London, 15 miles north of Basingstoke, 13 miles southwest of Maidenhead and 15 miles east of Newbury.
Renfrewshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland.
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in southwest London forms part of Outer London and is the only London borough on both sides of the River Thames. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. It is governed by Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council and is divided into nineteen wards. The population is 198,019 and the major settlements are Barnes, East Sheen, Mortlake, Richmond, Twickenham, Teddington and Hampton.
The Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham is a metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. It is named after its largest town, Rotherham, but also spans the outlying towns of Maltby, Swinton, Wath-upon-Dearne, Dinnington and also the villages of Rawmarsh and Laughton. A large valley also spans the entire borough. Locally known as the Rother Valley.
Rutland is a landlocked county in the East Midlands of England, bounded to the west and north by Leicestershire, to the northeast by Lincolnshire and the southeast by Northamptonshire.
Sandwell is a metropolitan borough of the West Midlands county in England. The borough is named after the Sandwell Priory, and spans a densely populated part of the West Midlands conurbation. According to Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, the borough comprises the six amalgamated towns of Oldbury, Rowley Regis, Smethwick, Tipton, Wednesbury, and West Bromwich, although these places consist of numerous smaller settlements and localities. Sandwell's Strategic Town Centre is designated as West Bromwich, the largest town in the borough, while Sandwell Council House is situated in Oldbury.
South Ayrshire is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland, covering the southern part of Ayrshire. It borders onto Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire and North Ayrshire.
The Scottish Borders is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Dumfries and Galloway, East Lothian, Midlothian, South Lanarkshire, West Lothian and, to the south-west, south and east, the English counties of Cumbria and Northumberland. The administrative centre of the area is Newtown St Boswells.
Suffolk is an East Anglian county of ancient origin in England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket, and Felixstowe, one of the largest container ports in Europe.
The Metropolitan Borough of Sefton is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England. It was formed on 1 April 1974, by the amalgamation of the county boroughs of Bootle and Southport, the municipal borough of Crosby, the urban districts of Formby and Litherland, and part of West Lancashire Rural District. It consists of a coastal strip of land on the Irish Sea which extends from Southport in the north to Bootle in the south, and an inland part to Maghull in the south-east, bounded by the city of Liverpool to the south, the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley to the south-east, and West Lancashire to the east.
South Gloucestershire is a unitary authority area in South West England. It comprises multiple suburban areas to the north and east of Bristol as well as a large rural hinterland. South Gloucestershire was created in 1996 from the northern section of the county of Avon, which was abolished at that time.
The City of Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough includes the administrative centre of Sheffield, the town of Stocksbridge and larger village of Chapeltown and part of the Peak District. It has a population of 584,853, making it technically the third largest city in England by population behind Birmingham and Leeds, since London is not considered a single entity. It is governed by Sheffield City Council.
The Metropolitan Borough of St Helens is a metropolitan borough in the ceremonial county of Merseyside and historic county of Lancashire, in North West England. It is named after its largest town St Helens, and covers an area which also includes the settlements of Earlestown, Rainhill, Eccleston, Clock Face, Haydock, Billinge, Rainford and Newton-le-Willows.
Shropshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. It is bordered by Wales to the west and the English counties of Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the southeast, and Herefordshire to the south. Shropshire Council was created in 2009, a unitary authority taking over from the previous county council and five district councils, covering Shropshire district. The borough of Telford and Wrekin has been a separate unitary authority since 1998, but remains part of the ceremonial county.
The Metropolitan Borough of Stockport is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. As well as the town of Stockport, it includes the outlying areas of Bramhall, Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Marple, Bredbury, Reddish, Woodley and Romiley. In 2001, it had a population of 284,500.
The City of Salford is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, named after its main settlement Salford. The borough extends west from Salford to include the towns of Eccles, Worsley, Swinton, Walkden, Little Hulton, and Irlam. The city has a population of 245,600, and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton.
Slough is a large town in Berkshire, England, 20 miles west of central London and 19 miles north-east of Reading. It is in the Thames Valley and within the London metropolitan area at the intersection of the M4, M40 and M25 motorways. Slough had a population of 164,000 in 2018.
South Lanarkshire is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the City of Glasgow and contains some of Greater Glasgow's suburbs, also containing many towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and West Lothian. It includes part of the historic county of Lanarkshire.
The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough with city status in North East England. It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but spans a far larger area, including nearby towns including Hetton-le-Hole and Houghton-le-Spring, as well as the surrounding suburban villages.
The Metropolitan Borough of Solihull is a metropolitan borough in West Midlands county, England. It is named after its largest town, Solihull, from which Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council is based. It is sometimes locally nicknamed "Solihullshire". For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region and is one of seven boroughs or unitary districts that comprise the "West Midlands" NUTS 2 region. Much of the large residential population in the north of the borough centres on the communities of Castle Bromwich, Chelmsley Wood, Fordbridge, Kingshurst, Marston Green and Smith's Wood. In the south are the towns of Solihull and Shirley as well as the large villages of Knowle, Dorridge, Meriden and Balsall Common.
Somerset is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west. It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel, its coastline facing southeastern Wales. Its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon. Somerset's county town is Taunton.
Southend-on-Sea, commonly referred to simply as Southend, is a large coastal town and unitary authority area with borough status in southeastern Essex, England. It lies on the north side of the Thames Estuary, 40 miles east of central London. It is bordered to the north by Rochford and to the west by Castle Point. It is home to the longest leisure pier in the world, Southend Pier. London Southend Airport is located 1.5 NM north of the town centre.
Surrey is a county in South East England which borders Kent to the east, a very short border with East Sussex to the southeast, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west, Berkshire to the northwest, and Greater London to the northeast. With about 1.2 million people, Surrey is the 12th-most populous English county, the third-most populous home county, after Kent and Essex, and the third-most populous in the Southeast, after Hampshire and Kent.
Strabane, is a town in west Tyrone, Northern Ireland.
Stoke-on-Trent is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England, with an area of 36 square miles . In 2019, the city had an estimated population of 256,375. It is the largest settlement in Staffordshire.
The Stirling council area is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 94,330 . It was created under the Local Government etc Act 1994 with the boundaries of the Stirling district of the former Central local government region, and it covers most of Stirlingshire and the south-western portion of Perthshire. Both counties were abolished for local government purposes under the Local Government Act 1973.
Southampton is a city and port in Hampshire, South East England. It is located on the southern coast of Great Britain, approximately 70 miles south-west of London and 15 miles west of Portsmouth.
The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Outer London. It covers an area of 43 km2 and is the 80th largest local authority in England by population. It borders the London Borough of Croydon to the east, the London Borough of Merton to the north and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the north-west; it also borders the Surrey boroughs of Epsom and Ewell and Reigate and Banstead to the west and south respectively. The local authority is Sutton London Borough Council. Its principal town is the eponymous Sutton.
Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It borders Cheshire to the northwest, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the southeast, the West Midlands County and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west.
The Borough of Stockton-on-Tees, commonly called Stockton Borough, is a local authority and borough which extends from County Durham to North Yorkshire. It is part of the Tees Valley in Northern England. The main town is Stockton, which lies on the north bank of the River Tees. In the 2011 census, the town and borough had a population of 82,880 and 191,600 respectively.
South Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, North East England. It forms part of the Tyneside conurbation.
Swansea is a coastal city and county, officially known as the City and County of Swansea in Wales. The county area includes Swansea Bay and the Gower Peninsula. Swansea's position on the southwest coast of Wales is within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr. Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom. Swansea is the second most populous local authority area in Wales with a population of 241,300 in 2014. Together with Neath and Port Talbot, Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011.
The Borough of Swindon is a local government authority in South West England, centred on the town of Swindon and forming part of the ceremonial county of Wiltshire.
The London Borough of Southwark in south London forms part of Inner London and is connected by bridges across the River Thames to the City of London and London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. All districts of the area are within the London postal district. It is governed by Southwark London Borough Council.
The Metropolitan Borough of Tameside is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in North West England. It is named after the River Tame, which flows through the borough, and includes the towns of Ashton-under-Lyne, Audenshaw, Denton, Droylsden, Dukinfield, Hyde, Mossley and Stalybridge. Its western border is approximately 4 miles east of Manchester city centre. Tameside is bordered by the metropolitan boroughs of Stockport and Oldham to the south and north respectively, the city of Manchester to the west and the borough of High Peak in Derbyshire to the east across Longdendale. As of 2011 the overall population was 219,324.
Telford and Wrekin is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England with borough status. The district was created in 1974 as The Wrekin, then a non-metropolitan district of Shropshire. In 1998 the district became a unitary authority and was renamed Telford and Wrekin. It remains part of the Shropshire ceremonial county and shares institutions such as the Fire and Rescue Service and Community Health with the rest of Shropshire.
Thurrock is a unitary authority area with borough status in the English ceremonial county of Essex. It is part of the London commuter belt and an area of regeneration within the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone. The local authority is Thurrock Council.
Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon, England, administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council. It consists of 62.87 square kilometres of land, spanning the towns of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham, against an east-facing natural harbour Tor Bay of the Lyme Bay sheltered part of the English Channel. A popular tourist destination with a tight conurbation of resort towns, Torbay's sandy beaches, mild climate and recreational and leisure attractions have given rise to the nickname of the English Riviera.
Torfaen is a county borough in Wales within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. It was originally formed in 1974 as a district of the county of Gwent and in 1996 it was reconstituted as a principal area.
Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, with an estimated population of 235,493 in 2017. It covers 41 square miles and includes the area of Old Trafford and the towns of Altrincham, Stretford, Urmston, Timperley, Partington and Sale. The borough was formed in 1974 as a merger of the municipal boroughs of Altrincham, Sale, and Stretford, the urban districts of Bowdon, Hale and Urmston and part of Bucklow Rural District. The River Mersey flows through the borough, separating North Trafford from South Trafford, and the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.
The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough covering much of the traditional East End. It was formed in 1965 from the merger of the former metropolitan boroughs of Stepney, Poplar and Bethnal Green. The new authority's historical name refers to an alternative title for the Tower Division; the area of south-east Middlesex, focused on the area of the modern borough, which owed military service to the Tower of London.
The Vale of Glamorgan, often referred to as The Vale, is a county borough in Wales, bordering Bridgend, Cardiff, and Rhondda Cynon Taf. With an economy based largely on agriculture and chemicals, it is the southernmost unitary authority in Wales. Attractions include Barry Island Pleasure Park, the Barry Tourist Railway, Medieval wall paintings in St Cadoc's Church, Llancarfan, Porthkerry Park, St Donat's Castle, Cosmeston Lakes Country Park and Cosmeston Medieval Village.
Warwickshire is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, and the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon and Victorian novelist George Eliot,, at Nuneaton. Other significant towns include Rugby, Leamington Spa, Bedworth and Kenilworth. The county offers a mix of historic towns and large rural areas. It is a popular destination for international and domestic tourists to explore both medieval and more recent history.
West Berkshire is a local government district in Berkshire, England, administered from Newbury by West Berkshire Council.
West Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland. The area lies to the west of the City of Glasgow and contains many of Glasgow's commuter towns and villages. West Dunbartonshire also borders Argyll and Bute, East Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire and Stirling.
The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in north-east London, England. Its population is estimated to be 276,983 in 2019. It borders five other London boroughs: Enfield to the north-west, Haringey to the west, Hackney to the south-west, Newham to the south-east and Redbridge to the east, as well as the non-metropolitan county of Essex to the north.
The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. It is named after the former county borough and includes the towns and villages of Wigan, Leigh, part of Ashton-in-Makerfield, Abram, Ince-in-Makerfield, Hindley, Orrell, Standish, Atherton, Tyldesley, Golborne, Lowton, part of Billinge, Astley, Haigh and Aspull. The borough was formed in 1974 and is an amalgamation of several former local government districts and parishes. The borough has three civil parishes and lies directly to the west of the City of Salford and southwest of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The local authority is Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council.
Wiltshire is a county in South West England with an area of 3,485 km2 . It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. The county town was originally Wilton, after which the county is named, but Wiltshire Council is now based in the county town of Trowbridge. Within the county's boundary are two unitary authority areas, Wiltshire and Swindon, governed respectively by Wiltshire Council and Swindon Borough Council.
The City of Wakefield is a local government district in West Yorkshire, England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. Wakefield is the district's administrative centre. The population of the City of Wakefield at the 2011 Census was 325,837. The district includes the Five Towns, Normanton, Pontefract, Featherstone, Castleford and Knottingley. Other towns include Ossett, Horbury, Hemsworth, South Kirkby and Moorthorpe and South Elmsall. The City and borough are governed by Wakefield Metropolitan District Council.
The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is named after its largest settlement, Walsall, but covers a larger area which also includes Aldridge, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Pelsall and Willenhall. It also serves as the post town for nearby Cannock Chase District and Lichfield District respectively.
West Lothian is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and was one of its historic counties. The county, which was known as Linlithgowshire, was bounded geographically by the Avon to the west and the Almond to the east. The modern council area occupies a larger area than the historic county. It was reshaped following local government reforms in the late 20th century: some areas in the west were transferred to Falkirk; some areas in the east were transferred to Edinburgh; and some areas that had formerly been part of in Midlothian were added.
Wolverhampton is a city, metropolitan borough, and administrative centre in the West Midlands, England. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 249,470. Natives of the city are called "Wulfrunians".
Wandsworth is a London borough in southwest London; it forms part of Inner London and has an estimated population of 329,677 inhabitants. Its main settlements are Battersea, Putney, Tooting and Wandsworth Town. The borough borders the London Borough of Lambeth to the east, the London Borough of Merton and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the south, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the west and to the north three boroughs, namely the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. The local authority is Wandsworth London Borough Council.
The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead is a Royal Borough of Berkshire, in South East England. It is home to Windsor Castle, Eton College, Legoland Windsor and Ascot Racecourse. It is one of four boroughs entitled to be prefixed Royal and is one of six unitary authorities in its county, which has historic and ceremonial status.
The Borough of Wokingham is a local government district in Berkshire, United Kingdom. It is named after its main town, Wokingham. Other places in the district include Arborfield, Barkham, Charvil, Earley, Finchampstead, Hurst, Sonning, Remenham, Ruscombe, Shinfield, Twyford, Wargrave, Three Mile Cross, Winnersh, Spencers Wood and Woodley.
Worcestershire is a non-metropolitan administrative, ceremonial and historic county, located in the West Midlands region of England.
The Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside, in North West England. It has a population of 321,238, and encompasses 60 square miles of the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula. Major settlements include Birkenhead, Wallasey, Bebington, Heswall, Hoylake and West Kirby. The city of Liverpool over the Mersey, faces the northeastern side of Wirral.
Warrington is a large town and unitary authority area in Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Mersey. It is 20 miles east of Liverpool, and 16 miles west of Manchester. The population in 2019 was estimated at 165,456 for the town's urban area, and just over 210,014 for the entire borough, the latter being more than double that of 1968 when it became a new town. Warrington is the largest town in the county of Cheshire.
Wrexham County Borough is a local government principal area centred on the town of Wrexham in northeast Wales. The county borough has a population of nearly 135,000 inhabitants. Around 63,000 of these live either within the town of Wrexham or in the surrounding conurbation of urban villages and its only urban town, Chirk. The remainder live to the south and east of the town in more rural areas, including the borough's large salient in the Ceiriog Valley. The area has strong links with coal-mining.
The City of Westminster is an inner London city and borough. It forms a core part of Central London. It is the site of the United Kingdom's Houses of Parliament and much of the British government. The city and borough's southern boundary is the Thames. It occupies a large area of central Greater London, including most of the West End. To the City of Westminster's east is the City of London and to its west is the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. To its north is the London Borough of Camden. Historically, Westminster was a part of the ceremonial county of Middlesex, but is still part of the historic county. Many London landmarks are within the borough, including Buckingham Palace, the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, Whitehall, 10 Downing Street, and Trafalgar Square.
West Sussex is a county in South East England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the shire districts of Adur, Arun, Chichester, Horsham, and Mid Sussex, and the boroughs of Crawley and Worthing. Covering an area of 1,991 square kilometres, West Sussex borders Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north, and East Sussex to the east. The county town and only city in West Sussex is Chichester, located in the south-west of the county. Administratively the ancient county of Sussex had been divided into 6 rapes with the 3 western rapes being administered separately from the eastern rapes. This was legally formalised with the establishment of West Sussex Council in 1888 but within the ceremonial Sussex. After the reorganisation of local government in 1974, the ceremonially fictions of the historic county of Sussex was divided into two separate counties, with the western half becoming West Sussex and the eastern half East Sussex. The existing East and West Sussex councils taking control respectively, with Mid Sussex and parts of Crawly being transferred to West Sussex administration from East Sussex. In the 2011 census, West Sussex recorded a population of 806,900.
York is a cathedral city and unitary authority area, at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss, in England. The city has long-standing buildings and structures, such as a minster, castle and ancient city walls.
Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland, is a subarctic archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated in the Northern Atlantic, between Great Britain, the Faroe Islands and Norway. It is the northernmost part of Scotland and of the wider United Kingdom.
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. It was created on 1 April 2019 by the merger of the areas that were previously administered by the unitary authorities of Bournemouth and Poole, and the non-metropolitan district of Christchurch. The authority covers much of the area of the South Dorset conurbation.
Central Bedfordshire is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It was created from the merger of Mid Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire District Councils and Bedfordshire County Council on 1 April 2009.
Cheshire East is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The local authority is Cheshire East Council. The main towns within the area are Crewe, Macclesfield, Congleton, Sandbach and Nantwich. The council is based in Sandbach.
Cheshire West and Chester is a unitary authority with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It was established on 1 April 2009 as part of the 2009 local government changes, by virtue of an order under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007. It superseded the boroughs of Ellesmere Port and Neston and Vale Royal and the City of Chester; its council assumed the functions and responsibilities of the former Cheshire County Council within its area. The remainder of ceremonial Cheshire is composed of Cheshire East, Halton and Warrington.
Antrim and Newtownabbey is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Antrim with the Borough of Newtownabbey. The local authority is Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council.
Ards and North Down is a local government district in Northern Ireland. It was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ards and the Borough of North Down. The local authority is Ards and North Down Borough Council.
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created as Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon on 1 April 2015 by merging the City and District of Armagh, Banbridge District and most of the Borough of Craigavon. The word "City" was added to the name on 24 February 2016, to reflect Armagh's city status. The local authority is Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council.
Causeway Coast and Glens is a local government district covering most of the northern part of Northern Ireland. It was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ballymoney, the Borough of Coleraine, the Borough of Limavady and the District of Moyle. The local authority is Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council.
Derry City and Strabane is a local government district that was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the City of Derry District and Strabane District. It covers most of the northwest of Northern Ireland. The local authority is Derry City and Strabane District Council.
Fermanagh and Omagh is a local government district that was created on 1 April 2015 by merging Fermanagh District and Omagh District. It covers most of the Southwest of Northern Ireland. The local authority is Fermanagh and Omagh District Council, which likewise replaced Fermanagh District Council and Omagh District Council.
Lisburn and Castlereagh is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015. It consists of the combined area of the City of Lisburn with the Borough of Castlereagh, but not including "the localities of Gilnahirk, Tullycarnet, Braniel, Castlereagh, Merok, Cregagh, Wynchurch, Glencregagh and Belvoir, Collin Glen, Poleglass, Lagmore, Twinbrook, Kilwee and Dunmurry" which transferred to Belfast. The local authority is Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council.
Mid and East Antrim is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ballymena, the Borough of Larne and the Borough of Carrickfergus. The local authority is Mid and East Antrim Borough Council.
Mid Ulster is a local government district in Northern Ireland. The district was created on 1 April 2015 by merging Magherafelt District, Cookstown District, and the Borough of Dungannon and South Tyrone. The local authority is Mid Ulster District Council.
Newry, Mourne and Down is a local government district in Northern Ireland that was created on 1 April 2015 by merging Newry and Mourne District and Down District. It covers most of the southeastern part of Northern Ireland. The local authority is Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
Saint Andrew's is the largest parish in Grenada. The main town is Grenville, which is also Grenada's second largest town after St George's. Grenville is also known as La Baye .
Saint David's Parish is the fourth largest of the parishes of Grenada in the island's southeast. The parish's main town is St. David's, located between La Tante and Westerhall. Because St David's is so small, the parish is sometimes referred to as "The Virgin Parish".
Saint George is one of the parishes of Grenada, located on the south-western end of the island. The capital of Grenada, St. George's, is located in this parish, and it is regarded as the most picturesque capital in the Caribbean. Its horseshoe-shaped harbour is surrounded by the pastel colors of warehouses and it is not uncommon to see red-tiled roofs on traditional shops and homes. Saint George is also the home of the world-famous Grand Anse Beach and many of the island's holiday resorts.
Saint John is one of the parishes of Grenada. Its capital is Gouyave. Fishing is the main industry. Gouyave is also the home of Grenada's biggest nutmeg factory and of the Dougladston Estate, an old spice plantation. There is almost no tourism in this parish of Grenada, with only a few small guesthouses such as the Mango Bay Cottages in Woodford.
St Mark Parish is a parish on the west coast of Grenada, in the Grenadines. It is the smallest parish on the island.
A spectacular coastline with several fine bays faces several small islands to the north. Its most famous beach is Bathway Beach. The principal town in St. Patrick is Sauteurs. One landmark is Leapers' Hill, where legend states that Chief Kairouane and other 40 indigenous Caribs jumped over the cliff and into the sea to escape colonization by the French. Several volcanic cones and craters are located within the parish, such as Punchbowl and Lake Antoine.
Carriacou and Petite Martinique, also known as the Southern Grenadines, is a dependency of Grenada, lying north of Grenada island and south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Lesser Antilles. The islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique belong to the island State of Grenada. Together they all form the 3-island country of Grenada, Carriacou, and Petite Martinique.
Abkhazia, also known as Apkhazeti, officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognized state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which views the region as an autonomous republic. It lies on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains in northwestern Georgia. It covers 8,665 square kilometres and has a population of around 245,000. Its capital is Sukhumi.
Adjara or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, is a historical, geographic and political-administrative region of Georgia. Located in the country's southwestern corner, Adjara lies on the coast of the Black Sea near the foot of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, north of Turkey. It is an important tourist destination and includes Georgia's second-largest city of Batumi as its capital. About 350,000 people live on its 2,880 km2 .
Guria is a region in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea. The region has a population of 113,000, with Ozurgeti as the regional capital.
Imereti is a region of Georgia situated western part of republic along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni River. Imereti is the most populous region in Georgia. It consists of 11 municipalities and the city of Kutaisi, which is the capital of the region.
Kakheti is a region formed in the 1990s in eastern Georgia from the historical province of Kakheti and the small, mountainous province of Tusheti. Telavi is its capital. The region comprises eight administrative districts: Telavi, Gurjaani, Qvareli, Sagarejo, Dedoplistsqaro, Signagi, Lagodekhi and Akhmeta. Kakheti is bordered by the Russian Federation with the adjcented subdivisons (Chechnya to the north, and Dagestan to the northeast, the country of Azerbaijan to the southeast, and among with Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Kvemo Kartli to the west. Kakheti has a strong linguistic and cultural identity, since its ethnographic subgroup of Kakhetians speak Kakhetian dialect.
Kvemo Kartli is a historic province and current administrative region in southeastern Georgia. The city of Rustavi is a regional capital.
Mtskheta-Mtianeti is a region in eastern Georgia comprising the town of Mtskheta, which serves as a regional capital, together with its district and the adjoining mountainous areas. The western part of the region, mainly Akhalgori Municipality is controlled by the breakaway South Ossetia since 2008 Russo-Georgian War.
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti is a region in northwestern Georgia which includes the historical provinces of Racha, Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti . It covers an area of 4,954 km² and has a population of 31,927, but nominally also a section of northwest occupied territory of South Ossetia, over which Georgia currently has no control. It is the most sparsely populated region in the country. The capital is Ambrolauri.
Samtskhe–Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia which includes the historical Georgian provinces of Meskheti, Javakheti and Tori. Akhaltsikhe is its capital.
Shida Kartli is a landlocked administrative region in eastern Georgia. Comprises a central part of the historical-geographic province of Shida Kartli. With an area of 5,729 square kilometres, Shida Kartli is the 8th largest Georgian region by land area. With 284,081 inhabitants, it is Georgia's seventh-most-populous region. Shida Kartli's capital and largest city, Gori, is the 5th largest city in Georgia.
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti is a region in western Georgia which includes the historical Georgian provinces of Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti and has Zugdidi as its capital.
Tbilisi, in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people. Tbilisi was founded in the 5th century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, and since then has served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tiflis was the seat of the Imperial Viceroy, governing both Southern and Northern Caucasus.
Awala-Yalimapo is a commune on the north coast of French Guiana, close to the border with Suriname. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Awala where the town hall is located. Other settlements in the commune are: Yalimapo, Ayawande, and Piliwa. The majority of the inhabitants are Kaliña Amerindian people.
Mana is a commune and town in French Guiana. It was founded on 16 August 1828 by Sister Anne-Marie Javouhey. It borders the river Mana, from where it gets its name; and is nearby the river Maroni. Mana is the primary producer of rice in French Guiana, which it exports to Suriname.
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (French pronunciation: ​ is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is one of the two sub-prefectures of French Guiana and the seat of the Arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. It is the second most populous city of French Guiana, with 45,576 inhabitants at the January 2018 census.
Apatou is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France in South America. Apatou is home to Maroons of the Aluku, Paramacca, Ndyuka, and Saramaka tribes.
Grand-Santi is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Most of the inhabitants are Ndyuka Maroons and Surinamese immigrants.
Papaichton is a commune in the overseas region and department of French Guiana. The village lies on the shores of the Lawa River. Papaichton is served by the Maripasoula Airport.
Saül is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.
Maripasoula is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. With a land area of 18,360 km2, Maripasoula is the largest commune of France.
Camopi is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Camopi is mainly inhabited by Amerindians of the Wayampi and Teko tribes.
Saint-Georges is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. It lies on the Oyapock River, opposite the Brazilian town of Oiapoque. The town contains a town hall, a French Foreign Legion detachment, and some hotels .
Ouanary is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Ouanary lies at the mouth of the river Oiapoque. The settlement of Ouanary is accessible only by boat, helicopter, or light aircraft at Ouanary Airport, a 750 metres dirt runway.
Régina is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. With a land area of 12,130 km2, it is the second-largest commune of France. The town is named after the first merchant who settled in the area.
Roura is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city of Roura is bordered by Matoury and Montsinéry-Tonnegrande in the North, Kourou and Saint-Elie in the North West and West, and finally by Régina in the South and East.
Saint-Élie is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. In 1930, Saint-Élie became capital of the Inini territory. From 1953 onward, the commune was called Centre. In 1969, it was renamed to Saint-Élie.
Iracoubo is a commune on the coast of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America].
Sinnamary is a town and commune on the coast of French Guiana, between Kourou and Iracoubo. Sinnamary was the second French settlement founded in French Guiana: the town was founded in 1664.
Kourou is a commune in French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. In addition to being an administrative district in French Guiana, it is also the main town in that district.
Macouria is a commune of French Guiana located midway between Cayenne and Kourou, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The seat of the commune is the settlement of Tonate, and so the commune is also known unofficially as Macouria-Tonate. The French Guiana Zoo is located in the commune.
Montsinéry-Tonnegrande is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America.
Castel is the largest parish in Guernsey in terms of area.
The Forest is a parish in Guernsey. It is the highest parish on the island, with altitudes of up to about 100 m. The full title of the parish is Ste Marguerite de la Foret, after the parish church.
Saint Andrew is located in the centre of Guernsey and as such is the only parish on the island to be landlocked.
Saint Martin is a parish in Guernsey, The Channel Islands. The islands lie in the English Channel between Great Britain and France.
St. Peter Port is a town and one of the ten parishes on the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is the capital of the Bailiwick of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2019 was 18,958.
St Peter's, known officially as Saint Pierre du Bois is a parish in Guernsey. It is the centre for the Guernsey Western Parishes which includes Torteval, St Saviour's and the Forest.
Saint Sampson, is one of the parishes of Guernsey, Channel Islands. The parish is divided into two non-contiguous sections, the bulk of the parish lying on the east coast, with a smaller section lying on the west coast. The parish of Vale borders the parish to the north and also extends between the two parts of St. Sampson. What is currently the northern boundary of the parish originally ran along the south coast of Le Braye du Valle, a tidal channel that made the northern extremity of Guernsey, Le Clos du Valle, a tidal island. La Braye du Valle was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. The eastern end of the former channel became the town and harbour of St. Sampson's, now the second biggest port in Guernsey. The western end of La Braye is now Le Grand Havre. The roadway called The Bridge across the end of the harbour at St. Sampson's recalls the bridge that formerly linked the two parts of Guernsey at high tide.
St Saviour is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey. It is situated on the west coast of the island, west of the parish of Castel, east of St Pierre du Bois, and south of Perelle bay.
Torteval is the smallest of the ten parishes of Guernsey, one of the western parishes. Its name comes from the Guernésiais words for "twisting valley". The parish is split in two by the parish of St. Pierre du Bois, with the part in the east known as Torteval. The detached peninsula to the west is named Pleinmont-Torteval. It includes the westernmost point in Guernsey, and a nature reserve. The reserve, designed for birds in the 1970s, was to be redeveloped for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 2012.
Vale is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands.
Alderney is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown dependency. It is 3 miles long and 1+1⁄2 miles wide.
Sark is a part of the Channel Islands in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France. It is a royal fief, which forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, with its own set of laws based on Norman law and its own parliament. It has a population of about 500. Sark has an area of 2.10 square miles . Little Sark is a peninsula joined by a natural but high and very narrow isthmus to the rest of Sark.
The Greater Accra Region has the smallest area of Ghana's 16 administrative regions, occupying a total land surface of 3,245 square kilometres. This is 1.4 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. It is the second most populated region, after the Ashanti Region, with a population of 4,010,054 in 2010, accounting for 16.3 per cent of Ghana's total population.
The Ashanti Region is located in south Ghana and it is the third largest of 16 administrative regions, occupying a total land surface of 24,389 km2 or 10.2 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. In terms of population, however, it is the most populated region with a population of 4,780,380 according to the 2011 census, accounting for 19.4% of Ghana's total population. The Ashanti Region is known for its major gold bar and cocoa production. The largest city and regional capital is Kumasi.
The Brong-Ahafo region was a region in southern Ghana. Brong-Ahafo was bordered to the north by the Black Volta river and to the east by the Lake Volta, and to the south by the Ashanti, Eastern and Western regions. The capital of Brong-Ahafo is Sunyani. Brong-Ahafo was created on 14 April 1959 from the then Western Ashanti and named after the dominant and native inhabitants, Akans, Brong and Ahafo. In 2019, as a result of the 2018 Ghanaian new regions referendum, the region was divided into three, namely Bono, Bono East and Ahafo regions, and ceased to exist.
The Central Region is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. It is bordered by Ashanti and Eastern regions to the north, Western region to the west, Greater Accra region to the east, and to the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The Central region is renowned for its many elite higher education institutions and an economy based on an abundance of industrial minerals and tourism. The Central region attains many tourist attractions such as castles, forts and beaches stretched along the Central region's coastline.
The Eastern Region is located in south Ghana and is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. Eastern region is bordered to the east by the Lake Volta, to the north by Bono East Region and Ashanti region, to the west by Ashanti region, to the south by Central region and Greater Accra Region. Akans are the dominant inhabitants and natives of Eastern region and Akan, Ewe, Krobo, Hausa and English are the main spoken languages. The capital town of Eastern Region is Koforidua.The Eastern region is the location of the Akosombo dam and the economy of the Eastern region is dominated by its high-capacity electricity generation. Eastern region covers an area of 19,323 square kilometres, which is about 8.1% of Ghana's total landform.
The Northern Region is one of the sixteen regions of Ghana. It is located in the north of the country and was the largest of the sixteen regions, covering an area of 70,384 square kilometres or 31 percent of Ghana's area until December 2018 when the Savannah Region and North East Region were created from it. The Northern Region is divided into 14 districts. The region's capital is Tamale.
Volta Region is one of Ghana's sixteen administrative regions, with Ho designated as its capital. It is located west of Republic of Togo and to the east of Lake Volta. Divided into 25 administrative districts, the region is multi-ethnic and multilingual, including groups such as the Ewe, the Guan, and the Akan peoples. The Guan peoples include the Lolobi, Likpe, Akpafu, Buem, and Nkonya people. This region was carved out of the Volta Region in December 2018 by the New Patriotic Party
The Upper East Region is located in north Ghana and is the second smallest of 10 now 16 administrative regions in Ghana, occupying a total land surface of 8,842 square kilometers or 2.7 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. The Upper East regional capital is Bolgatanga, sometimes referred to as Bolga. Other major towns in the region include Navrongo, Paga, Bawku and Zebilla.
The Upper West Region of Ghana is located in the north-western corner of Ghana and is bordered by Upper East region to the east, Northern region to the south, and Burkina Faso to the west and north. The Upper West regional capital and largest settlement is Wa. Upper West is the youngest region, created in Ghana by the then Head of State, Flight-Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings in 1983 under the Provisional National Defense Council . The area was carved out of the former Upper Region, which is now the Upper East Region.
The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi-Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The region covers an area of 23,921 sq. km, and had a population of 2,376,021 at the 2010 Census; the latest official projected population is 3,093,201.
The Ahafo Region is a newly created Region in Ghana with Goaso as its capital. The region had administrative and governmental legislature like all the ten already existing regions in Ghana. The region was carved out of the south-eastern part of the Brong Ahafo Region and was in fulfillment of a campaign promise made by New Patriotic Party. Prior to the 2016 Ghanaian general election, the then candidate Nana Akufo-Addo declared that when elected, he would explore the possibility of creating new regions out of some of the existing regions in Ghana in order to bring government closer to citizens.
The Bono region is one of the 16 administrative regions of Ghana. It is as a result of the remainder of Brong-Ahafo region when Bono East region and Ahafo region were created. Sunyani, also known as the green city of Ghana is the regional capital. Sunyani can pride itself as the cleanest capital city and a major conference destination.
The Bono East region of Ghana is a new region carved out of the Brong Ahafo region. The capital of the new region is Techiman. This creation of this new region was in fulfillment of a promise made by the New Patriotic Party prior to the 2016 Ghana general election. Upon winning the elections, the President, Nana Akuffo Addo created the Ministry of Regional Reorganization to oversee policy formulation and implementation. In all six new regions are to be created from the existing ten regions of Ghana. The other regions are Bono, Western North, Ahafo, Savannah, North East, and Oti regions.
The North East Region is one of the sixteen regions of Ghana. It is located in the north of the country and was created in December 2018 after a referendum was voted upon to break it off of the Northern region. The region's capital is Nalerigu.
The Oti Region is one of the six regions created regions of Ghana in December 2018. The region was carved out of the northern part of the Volta Region and will be in fulfillment of a campaign promise made by New Patriotic Party. Prior to the 2016 Ghanaian general election, the then candidate Nana Akufo-Addo declared that when elected, he would explore the possibility of creating new regions out of some of the existing regions in Ghana in order to bring government closer to citizens.
The Savannah Region is one of the newest regions of Ghana and yet the largest region in the country. The creation of the Region follows presentation of a petition by the Gonja Traditional Council, led by the Yagbonwura Tumtumba Boresa Jakpa I. Upon receiving favourable responses from all stakeholders in the Northern Region, the Brobbey Commission, a referendum was conducted on the 27th December 2018. The result was a resounding yes of 99.7%. The President of the Republic of Ghana signed and presented the Constitutional Instrument 115 to the Yagbonwura in the Jubilee House, Accra on 12 February 2019. The launch was well attended by sons and daughters of Gonjaland including all current and past Mps, MDCEs and all appointees with Gonjaland descent. Damongo was declared the capital of the new Savannah Region. It is located in the north of the country. The Savannah Region is divided into 7 districts; Bole, Central Gonja, North Gonja, East Gonja, Sawla/Tuna/Kalba, West Gonja, North East Gonja and 7 Constituencies; Bole/Bamboi, Damongo, Daboya/Mankarigu, Salaga North, Salaga South, Sawla/Tuna/Kalba and Yapei/Kusawgu.
The Western North Region is one of the six new regions of Ghana created in 2019. The region is bounded by the Ivory Coast on the west, the Central region in the southeast, and the Ashanti, Ahafo, Bono East and Bono regions in the north. The Western North Region has the highest rainfall in Ghana, lush green hills, and fertile soils. There are numerous small and large-scale gold mines companies in the region. The ethnic culture of the region is dominated by the Sefwis. The main languages spoken are Sefwi, Akan, French and English.
Kujalleq is a municipality on the southern tip of Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009. The administrative center of the municipality is in Qaqortoq . The municipality consists of the former municipalities of southern Greenland, each named after the biggest settlement:
Sermersooq is a municipality in Greenland, formed on 1 January 2009 from five earlier, smaller municipalities. Its administrative seat is the city of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, and it is the most populous municipality in the country, with 23,123 inhabitants as of January 2020. The municipality consists of former municipalities of eastern and southwestern Greenland, each named after the largest settlement at the time of formation:
Qaasuitsup was a municipality in Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2017. As of January 2013 its population was 17,498. The administrative centre of the municipality was in Ilulissat . The municipality consisted of the former municipalities of western and northern Greenland, each named after the biggest settlement:
Qeqqata is a municipality in western Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009. The municipality was named after its location in the central-western part of the country. Its population is 9,378 as of January 2020. The administrative center of the municipality is in Sisimiut . It consists of the previously unincorporated area of Kangerlussuaq, as well as two former municipalities of western Greenland:
Avannaata, is a new municipality of Greenland created on 1 January 2018 from the bulk of the former Qaasuitsup municipality. It encompasses an area of 522,700 km2 and has 10,726 inhabitants.
Qeqertalik is a new municipality of Greenland created in 2018 from four southern regions of the former Qaasuitsup Municipality.
Banjul, officially the City of Banjul, is the capital and fourth largest city of The Gambia. It is the centre of the eponymous administrative division which is home to an estimated 400,000 residents, making it The Gambia's largest and most densely populated metropolitan area. Banjul is on St Mary's Island, where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the city proper is 31,301, with the Greater Banjul Area, which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing Municipal Council, at a population of 413,397 . The island is connected to the mainland to the west and the rest of Greater Banjul Area via bridges. There are also ferries linking Banjul to the mainland at the other side of the river.
Central River was the largest of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Janjanbureh, on MacCarthy Island. The largest settlement was Bansang, with an estimated population in 2008 of 8,381.
Lower River Division is one of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital is Mansa Konko. The city and area council elections were held during April 2002, when Wally S.M. Sanneh, an APRC candidate became the Mayor, winning unopposed. The council was led by Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction, which won all the 12 seats.
North Bank was one of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Kerewan. It was subsequently reorganised as the Kerewan Local Government Area, without any change in the area covered.
Upper River was one of the five Divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Basse Santa Su. It was subsequently reorganised as the Basse Local Government Area, without any change in the area covered.
West Coast Region, originally the Western Division, also known as Foni or Fonyi, was one of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital was Brikama. It was subsequently reorganised as the Brikama Local Government Area, without any change in the area covered.
Beyla is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Beyla. The prefecture covers an area of 13,612 km.² and has an estimated population of 326,082.
Boffa is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Boffa. The prefecture covers an area of 5,050 km2 and has a population of 212,583.
Boké is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Boké. The prefecture covers an area of 11,124 km.² and has a population of 449,405. It contains several economically important areas of the country, including those engaged in fishing, mining, and agriculture.
Coyah is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Coyah. The prefecture covers an area of 1,375 km.² and has a population of 263,861.
Dabola is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Dabola. The prefecture covers an area of 6,350 km.² and has an estimated population of 182,951.
Dinguiraye is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Dinguiraye. The prefecture covers an area of 7,965 km.² and has a population of 195,662.
Dalaba is a prefecture located in the Mamou Region of Guinea. The capital is Dalaba. The prefecture covers an area of 4,400 km² and has an estimated population of 155,000.
Dubréka is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Dubréka. The prefecture covers an area of 4,350 km² and has a population of 330,548.
Faranah is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Faranah. The prefecture covers an area of 12,966 km2 and has an estimated population of 280,511.
Forécariah is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Forécariah. The prefecture covers an area of 4,384 km2 and has a 2014 census population of 242,942.
Fria is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Fria. The prefecture covers an area of 2,016 km .² and has a population of 96,527. It is the site of the first alumina factory in Africa.
Gaoual is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Gaoual. The prefecture covers an area of 7,758 km.² and has a population of 194,245.
Guéckédou is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Guéckédou. The prefecture covers an area of 4,750 km.² and has a population of 290,611.
Kankan is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Kankan. The prefecture covers an area of 19,750 km.² and has a population of 473,359.
Koubia is a prefecture located in the Labé Region of Guinea in the Fouta Djallon mountains. Fulas are the majority ethnic group in the region with Fula as the primary language. The capital is Koubia. The prefecture covers an area of 2,800 km.² and has an estimated population of 114,000.
Kindia is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Kindia. The prefecture covers an area of 9,648 km.² with a population of 439,614.
Kérouané is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Kérouané. The prefecture covers an area of 7,020 km.² and has a population of 207,547.
Koundara is a prefecture located in the Boké Region of Guinea. The capital is Koundara. The prefecture covers an area of 5,238 km2 and has a population of 130,205.
Kouroussa is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Kouroussa. The prefecture covers an area of 14,050 km.² and has a population of 268,630. With Kouroussa town by far the largest in the Prefecture numbering only 10,000, the vast majority of the Prefecture's population live in small rural communities, making their living from subsistence and small scale cash crop agriculture, as well as small scale trade and mining. The majority of the population are members of the Malinke ethnic group or related Mande speakers. The eastern portion of the prefecture is formed from the Niger River valley, while most of the area characterized by low rolling hills and dry savanna grasslands or scrub-like forest.
Kissidougou is a prefecture located in the Faranah Region of Guinea. The capital is Kissidougou. The prefecture covers an area of 8,300 km.² and has a population of 283,609.
Labé is a prefecture in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Labé. The prefecture covers an area of 3,014 km.² and has an estimated population of 204,000.
Lélouma is a prefecture located in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Lélouma. The prefecture covers an area of 2,140 km.² In census of 2014, it had population of 163,000.
Lola is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Lola. The prefecture covers an area of 4,688 km.² and has a population of 171,561.
Macenta is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Macenta. The prefecture covers an area of 7,056 km.² and has an estimated population of 278,456.
Mandiana is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Mandiana. The prefecture covers an area of 12,825 km.² and has a population of 335,999.
Mali is a prefecture, also known as the Préfecture De Mali, located in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Mali. The prefecture covers an area of 9,790 km.² and has an estimated population of 246,000.
Mamou is a prefecture located in the Mamou Region of Guinea. The capital is Mamou. The prefecture covers an area of 8,000 km.² and has an estimated population of 222,000.
Nzérékoré is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital is Nzérékoré. The prefecture covers an area of 3,632 km.² and has an estimated population of 396,949.
Pita is a prefecture located in the Mamou Region of Guinea. The capital is Pita. The prefecture covers an area of 4,320 km.² and has an estimated population of 266,000.
Siguiri is a prefecture located in the Kankan Region of Guinea. The capital is Siguiri. The prefecture covers an area of 18,500 km2 and has a population of 687,002.
Télimélé is a prefecture located in the Kindia Region of Guinea. The capital is Télimélé. The prefecture covers an area of 9,216 km.² and has an estimated population of 284,409.
Tougué is a prefecture located in the Labé Region of Guinea. The capital is Tougué. The prefecture covers an area of 6,400 km2. and has an estimated population of 132,000.
Yomou is a prefecture located in the Nzérékoré Region of Guinea. The capital and principal town of the prefecture is Yomou. The prefecture covers an area of 3,920 km.² and has an estimated population of 114,371.
Anse-Bertrand is a commune in Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France in the Lesser Antilles.
Baie-Mahault is a commune in France and is the second most populated commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, after Les Abymes. The extensive industrial zone of Jarry in Baie-Mahault is by far the most industrialized commune in the islands and the largest industrial park in the Lesser Antilles. It is part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe, located in the northwest.
Baillif is a commune of Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France located in the Lesser Antilles. Baillif is a suburb of Basse-Terre, the prefecture and second-largest urban area of Guadeloupe located on Basse-Terre Island .
Basse-Terre is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is also the prefecture of Guadeloupe. The city of Basse-Terre is located on Basse-Terre Island, the western half of Guadeloupe.
Bouillante is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles.
Capesterre-Belle-Eau is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is located in the south-east of Basse-Terre Island. Capesterre-Belle-Eau covers an area of 103.3 km² . The 1999 population was 19,568. The population density is 189 persons per km2. The inhabitants are called Capesterriens.
Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante is a commune on the island of Marie-Galante, in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, itself in the Lesser Antilles.
Deshaies is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is on the northwest coast of Basse-Terre Island.
Gourbeyre is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is a suburb of the city of Basse-Terre.
Goyave is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe.
Grand-Bourg is a commune on the island of Marie-Galante, in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles Caribbean. It is located in the southwest of Marie-Galante, and is the most populous of the three communes on the island.
La Désirade is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. The commune of La Désirade is made up of the island of La Désirade and the uninhabited Petite Terre Islands located about 10 kilometres south of it.
Lamentin is a commune in the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. It is part of the agglomeration of Pointe-à-Pitre, in the north part of Basse-Terre. Three islets are included in the commune: Christopher, Fajou, Caret.
Le Gosier is a commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Located on the south side of the island of Grande-Terre and part of the urban area of Pointe-à-Pitre, it is the largest conurbation in Guadeloupe.
Le Moule is the sixth-largest commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is located on the northeast side of the island of Grande-Terre.
Les Abymes is the most populated commune in the French overseas region and department of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. It is located on the west side of the island of Grande-Terre, and is part of the metropolitan area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest urban area in Guadeloupe.
In March or April each year since 1993, the town organises a crab festival which features crab races and many stalls selling crab-based dishes. In 2008 the event's 18th edition attracted over 20,000 visitors and included a Brazilian music plus a cycle-race passing through the already congested town.
Petit-Bourg is the seventh-largest commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is located on the east side of the island of Basse-Terre, and is part of the metropolitan area of Pointe-à-Pitre, the largest metropolitan area in Guadeloupe.
Petit-Canal is a commune in the department of Guadeloupe. Petit-Canal is a coastal commune on Grande-Terre.
Pointe-à-Pitre is the largest city of Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France located in the Lesser Antilles, of which it is a sous-préfecture, being the seat of the Arrondissement of Pointe-à-Pitre.
Pointe-Noire is a commune on Guadeloupe, a French overseas department in the Caribbean. It is located on the northwest coast of the island of Basse-Terre.
Port-Louis is situated in the north-west of Grande-Terre. Port-Louis is home to the Gaschet lake which flows from the Gaschet ravine towards the Caribbean Sea. The climate is tropical.
Saint-Claude is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe. It lies in the interior of southern Basse-Terre Island, just northeast of the capital city of Basse-Terre.
Saint-François is a commune of the Guadeloupe department in the south-east point of the main island Grande-Terre.
Saint-Louis is a commune in the overseas department of Guadeloupe. Saint-Louis lies on the north of the island of Marie-Galante, and is the island's largest commune. Many beaches lie on the west coast of the commune.
Sainte-Anne is a city in the southern part of Grande-Terre, considered by some to be one of the most touristy towns of Guadeloupe .
Sainte-Rose is a commune in the department of Guadeloupe. It is the second largest commune of Guadeloupe, in terms of area, after Petit-Bourg. Sainte-Rose lies on the coast of the island of Basse-Terre.
Terre-de-Bas is a commune in the French overseas department and region of Guadeloupe, in the Lesser Antilles. Terre-de-Bas is made up of Terre-de-Bas Island and several uninhabited islands and islets in the group of Les Saintes islands, to the southwest of Guadeloupe's mainland.
Terre-de-Haut is a commune in the French overseas department of Guadeloupe, including Terre-de-Haut Island and a few other small uninhabited islands of the archipelago . It is the most populous island of the archipelago of the les Saintes. The Fort Napoléon is located in this commune.
Trois-Rivières is a commune in the overseas department of Guadeloupe, and the chef-lieu of the Canton of Trois-Rivières. It is on the south coast of the island of Basse-Terre. It is surrounded with the towns of Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Vieux-Fort and Gourbeyre.
Vieux-Fort is a commune in the overseas department of Guadeloupe. It is on the island of Basse-Terre.
Vieux-Habitants is a commune on Guadeloupe, a French overseas department in the Caribbean. It is located on the southwest coast of the island of Basse-Terre.
Annobón, and formerly as Anno Bom and Annabona, is a province of Equatorial Guinea consisting of the island of Annobón, formerly also Pigalu and Pagalu, and its associated islets in the Gulf of Guinea. According to the 2015 census, Annobón had 5,314 inhabitants, a small population increase from the 5,008 registered by the 2001 census. The official language is Spanish but most of the inhabitants speak a creole form of Portuguese. The island's main industries are fishing and forestry.
Bioko Norte is the most populated of the seven provinces of Equatorial Guinea. Both the provincial capital, Rebola, and the national capital, Malabo are located here. Heavily forested with little urban development, the southern central part includes part of the Parque Nacional del Pico Basilé, a 330 square kilometres national park which was established in 2000. On the northeast coast is a hotel run by the Sofitel chain.
Bioko Sur is a province of Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is Luba. It occupies the southern part of the island of Bioko, the remainder of which is part of Bioko Norte.
Centro Sur is a province of Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is Evinayong.
Litoral is the most populous province of Equatorial Guinea, recording a population of 367,348 in the 2015 national census. Its capital is Bata; the other two cities are Mbini and Kogo.
Wele-Nzas Province is a province in the eastern portion of continental Equatorial Guinea. Its capital is Mongomo. It borders the Equatoguinean provinces of Centro Sur to the west and Kié-Ntem to the north, with Gabon's Woleu-Ntem Province to the east and south. As of 2015, the population of Wele-Nzas was 192,017. It derives its name from the Benito River and the Piedra Nzas mountain range.
Djibloho, officially the Administrative City of Djibloho, is the newest province of Equatorial Guinea, formally established by law in 2017. The administrative city was initially carved out of Añisok, a district in Wele-Nzas, on 1 August 2015, and was created to eventually replace Malabo as Equatorial Guinea's future national capital.
Aetolia-Acarnania is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the geographic region of Central Greece and the administrative region of West Greece. A combination of the historical regions of Aetolia and Acarnania, it is the country's largest regional unit. Its capital is Missolonghi for historical reasons, with its biggest city and economic centre at Agrinio. The area is now connected with the Peloponnese peninsula via the Rio-Antirio Bridge. The surrounding regional units take in Arta in Epirus, a narrow length bordering Karditsa of Thessaly, Evrytania to the northeast, and Phocis to the east.
Boeotia, sometimes alternatively Latinised as Boiotia or Beotia ə; Greek: Βοιωτία, Modern: , Ancient: ; modern transliteration Voiotía or Viotía), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its largest city is Thebes.
Euboea or Evia is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait . In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about 180 km long, and varies in breadth from 50 km to 6 km . Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.
Evrytania is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Karpenisi .
Phthiotis is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. The capital is the city of Lamia. It is bordered by the Malian Gulf to the east, Boeotia in the south, Phocis in the south, Aetolia-Acarnania in the southwest, Evrytania in the west, Karditsa regional unit in the north, Larissa regional unit in the north, and Magnesia in the northeast. The name dates back to ancient times. It is best known as the home of Achilles.
Phocis /ˈfoʊsɪs/ is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Central Greece. It stretches from the western mountainsides of Parnassus on the east to the mountain range of Vardousia on the west, upon the Gulf of Corinth. It is named after the ancient region of Phocis, but the modern regional unit also includes parts of ancient Aetolia, Locris and Doris.
Argolis or Argolida is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese, situated in the eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula and part of the tripoint area of Argolis, Arcadia and Corinthia. Much of the territory of this region is situated in the Argolid Peninsula.
Arcadia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese. It is in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness.
Achaea or Achaia, sometimes transliterated from Greek as Akhaia, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Greece and is situated in the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital is Patras which is the third largest city in Greece.
Elis or Ilia is a historic region in the western part of the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece. It is administered as a regional unit of the modern region of Western Greece. Its capital is Pyrgos. Until 2011 it was Elis Prefecture, covering the same territory.
Corinthia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese. It is situated around the city of Corinth, in the north-eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.
Laconia or Lakonia is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Its administrative capital is Sparta. The word laconic—to speak in a blunt, concise way—is derived from the name of this region, a reference to the ancient Spartans who were renowned for their verbal austerity and blunt, often pithy remarks.
Messenia or Messinia is a regional unit in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese region, in Greece. Until the implementation of the Kallikratis plan on 1 January 2011, Messenia was a prefecture covering the same territory. The capital and largest city of Messenia is Kalamata.
Zakynthos or Zante is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Zakynthos is a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and its only municipality. It covers an area of 405.55 km2 and its coastline is roughly 123 km in length. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. In Greek mythology the island was said to be named after Zakynthos, the son of the legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus.
Corfu uː/) or Kerkyra (Greek: Κέρκυρα, romanized: Kérkyra, pronounced ) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The island is part of the Corfu regional unit, and is administered by three municipalities with the islands of Othonoi, Ereikoussa, and Mathraki. The principal city of the island (pop. 32,095) is also named Corfu. Corfu is home to the Ionian University.
Kefalonia or Cephalonia, formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia, is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes, and Chios. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. It was also a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia. The capital city of Cephalonia is Argostoli.
Lefkada, also known as Lefkas or Leukas and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Greece, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Lefkada. It is situated on the northern part of the island, approximately 25 minutes by automobile away from Aktion National Airport. The island is part of the regional unit of Lefkada.
Arta is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital is the town of Arta.
Thesprotia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital and largest town is Igoumenitsa. Thesprotia is named after the Thesprotians, an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region in antiquity.
It is part of the region of Epirus. Its capital is the city of Ioannina. It is the largest regional unit in Epirus, and one of the largest regional units of Greece, with a population of 167,901 people, according to the 2011 census.
Preveza is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital is the town of Preveza.
Karditsa is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its name is derived from its capital Karditsa, a small city of approximately 40,000 people.
Larissa is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Larissa. Total population 284,325 .
Magnesia, Ancient Greek: Magnēsía, deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Volos. About 70% of the population of Magnesia live in the Greater Volos area, which is the second-largest city in Thessaly and the third busiest commercial port in Greece.
Trikala is one of the regional units of Greece, forming the northwestern part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the town of Trikala. The regional unit includes the town of Kalampaka and the Meteora monastery complex.
Grevena is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia. Its capital is the town of Grevena.
Drama is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its capital is the town of Drama. The regional unit is the northernmost within the geographical region of Macedonia and the westernmost in the administrative region of East Macedonia and Thrace. The northern border with Bulgaria is formed by the Rhodope Mountains.
Imathia is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia, within the geographic region of Macedonia. The capital of Imathia is the city of Veroia.
Thessaloniki is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia and its capital is the city of Thessaloniki.
Kavala Prefecture was one of the prefectures of Greece. Its capital was Kavala. It was established in 1915, soon after its territory was incorporated into Greece in the Balkan Wars. The prefecture was disbanded on 1 January 2011 by the Kallikratis programme, and split into the regional units of Kavala and Thasos.
Kastoria is one of the 74 regional units of Greece and is part of the region of Western Macedonia. Its capital is the homonymous city of Kastoria.
Kilkis is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kilkis.
Kozani is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kozani.
Pella is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia. It is named after the ancient city of Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia and the birthplace of Alexander the Great. The capital of Pella is Edessa with a population of 19,036 inhabitants according to the census of 2011, while the largest town is Giannitsa. Other towns include Aridaia, Skydra, Arnissa and Krya Vrysi.
Serres is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Serres. The total population reaches just over 175,000.
Florina is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia, Greece. Its capital is the town of Florina with a population of around 49.500 (2019)
Chalkidiki also spelled Chalkidike, Chalcidice, Khalkidhiki, or Halkidiki, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece. The autonomous Mount Athos region constitutes the easternmost part of the peninsula, but not of the regional unit.
Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in northeastern Greece and an important centre of Eastern Orthodox monasticism. It is governed as an autonomous polity within the Hellenic Republic. Mount Athos is home to 20 monasteries under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
Evros is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its name is derived from the river Evros, which appears to have been a Thracian hydronym. Evros is the northernmost regional unit. It borders Turkey to the east, across the river Evros, and it borders Bulgaria to the north and the northwest. Its capital is Alexandroupoli. Together with the regional units Rhodope and Xanthi, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace. The population density was 34.77 per km2 .
Xanthi is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Region of East Macedonia and Thrace. The capital is Xanthi. Together with the regional units Rhodope and Evros, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace.
Rhodope is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Its name is derived from the Rhodope Mountains, which cover the northern part of its territory. Together with the regional units Evros and Xanthi, it forms the geographical region of Western Thrace. The capital of the prefecture is the city of Komotini. The second largest town is Sapes. Most of the Muslims of Thrace, the only officially recognized minority in Greece, are settled in this area, where they form around half of the population.
The Dodecanese are a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Turkey's Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group.
The Cyclades are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around the sacred island of Delos. The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos, however the most populated one is Syros.
Lesbos Prefecture was one of the prefectures of Greece. It comprised three main islands: Lesbos itself, Lemnos, and the smaller island of Agios Efstratios. Its capital was the town of Mytilene, on Lesbos. In 2011 the prefecture was abolished and the territory was divided between the regional units of Lesbos and Lemnos.
Samos Prefecture was a prefecture in Greece, consisting of the islands of Samos, Ikaria and the smaller islands of Fournoi Korseon. In 2011 the prefecture was abolished and the territory is now covered by the regional units of Samos and Ikaria. Its capital was the town of Vathy, on Samos.
Chios is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the northern Aegean Sea. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is "the Mastic Island". Tourist attractions include its medieval villages and the 11th-century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Heraklion or Iraklion is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in Greece with a population of 211,370 according to the 2011 census. The population of the municipality was 173,993.
Lasithi is the easternmost regional unit on the island of Crete, to the east of Heraklion. Its capital is Agios Nikolaos, the other major towns being Ierapetra, Sitia and Neapoli. The mountains include the Dikti in the west and the Thrypti in the east. The Sea of Crete lies to the north and the Libyan Sea to the south.
Rethymno is one of the four regional units of Crete, Greece. Its capital is the city of Rethymno. Today its main income is tourism. The countryside is also based economically on agriculture and herding.
Chania is one of the four regional units of Crete; it covers the westernmost quarter of the island. Its capital is the city of Chania. Chania borders only one other regional unit: that of Rethymno to the east. The western part of Crete is bounded to the north by the Cretan Sea, and to the west and south by the Mediterranean Sea. The regional unit also includes the southernmost island of Europe, Gavdos.
Attica, or the Attic peninsula, is an historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and its countryside. It is a peninsula projecting into the Aegean Sea, bordering on Boeotia to the north and Megaris to the west. The southern tip of the peninsula, known as Laurion, was an important mining region.
Alta Verapaz is a department in the north central part of Guatemala. The capital and chief city of the department is Cobán. Verapaz is bordered to the north by El Petén, to the east by Izabal, to the south by Zacapa, El Progreso, and Baja Verapaz, and to the west by El Quiché.
Baja Verapaz is a department in Guatemala. The capital is Salamá.
Located to the east are Guatemala Department, home to Guatemala City, and Sacatepéquez Department, while also bordered by Quiché Department and Baja Verapaz Department to the north, Escuintla Department and Suchitepéquez Department to the south, and Sololá Department to the west. The capital of Chimaltenango is located about 54 kilometers away from Guatemala City.
Chiquimula is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala, in Central America. The departmental capital is also called Chiquimula. The department was established by decree in 1871, and forms a part of the northeastern region of Guatemala. Physically, it is mountainous, with a climate that varies between tropical and temperate, depending on the location.
Escuintla is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. The capital of the department is the city of Escuintla. Escuintla covers an area of 4,384 km² and is situated in the coastal lowland region, directly south of Guatemala City, and bordered by the Pacific Ocean. Escuintla produces about 43 percent of gross domestic product of Guatemala.
Guatemala is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. The capital is Guatemala City, which also serves as the national capital. The department consists of Guatemala City and several of its suburbs.
Huehuetenango is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. It is situated in the western highlands and shares borders with the Mexican state of Chiapas in the north and west; with El Quiché in the east, with Totonicapán, Quetzaltenango and San Marcos to the south. The capital is the city of Huehuetenango.
Izabal is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its coastal areas form part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.
Jalapa is a department of Guatemala, in the south east-of the republic. The capital is the city of Jalapa.
Jutiapa Department is a department of Guatemala that borders along El Salvador and the Pacific Ocean. The capital is the city of Jutiapa. As of 2018, it has a population of 488,395. The department is divided into seventeen municipalities. Jutiapa is the country's southeasternmost department. The main crops are sorghum, tobacco, onion and corn. The climate is dry. An important attraction is the cattle fair. It is at 405 m above sea level.
Petén is a department of Guatemala. It is geographically the northernmost department of Guatemala, as well as the largest by area — at 35,854 km2 it accounts for about one third of Guatemala's area. The capital is Flores. The population at the 2018 census was 545,600.
El Progreso is a department in Guatemala. The departmental capital is Guastatoya. The Spanish established themselves in the region by 1551, after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. El Progreso was declared a department in 1908, but was dissolved in 1920 before being reestablished in 1934. Guastatoya was badly affected by the 1976 Guatemala earthquake.
Quiché is a department of Guatemala. It is in the heartland of the K'iche' people, to the north-west of Guatemala City. The capital is Santa Cruz del Quiché. The word K'iche comes from the language of the same name, which means "many trees".
Quetzaltenango is a department in the western highlands of Guatemala. The capital is the city of Quetzaltenango, the second largest city in Guatemala. The department is divided up into 24 municipalities. The inhabitants include Spanish-speaking Ladinos and the K'iche' and Mam Maya groups, both with their own Maya language. The department consists of mountainous terrain, with its principal river being the Samalá River. the department is seismically active, suffering from both earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Retalhuleu is a department located in the south-west of Guatemala, extending from the mountains to the Pacific Ocean coast. It has an area of 1856 km². In 2018 the population of the Department of Retalhuleu was 326,828. The capital is the city of Retalhuleu.
Sacatepéquez is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. The name comes from Sacatepéquez, a city from November 21, 1542 until July 29, 1773 when it was destroyed by the 1773 Guatemalan Earthquake . Sacatepéquez means grasshill in the Nahuatl language. The capital of Sacatepéquez is Antigua Guatemala which is home to an extensive textile marketplace. Other important cities include Ciudad Vieja and San Lucas Sacatepéquez, which also hosts a marketplace and is a culinary attraction. The Chajoma were a group of indigenous people who were Kaqchikel speaking Indians identified Mixco Viejo as their capital, and spread throughout the Sacatepequez Department until their capital was moved to Ciudad Vieja, in Antigua.
San Marcos is a department in northwestern Guatemala, on the Pacific Ocean and along the western Guatemala-Mexico border.
Sololá is a department in the west of Guatemala. The capital is the city of Sololá. Lake Atitlan is a key feature surrounded by a number of the municipalities.
Santa Rosa is a department in Guatemala. The capital is Cuilapa.
Suchitepéquez is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its capital is Mazatenango. It is situated in the southwestern region of Guatemala, bordering Quetzaltenango, Sololá, and Chimaltenango to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south, Escuintla to the east, and Retalhuleu to the west.
Historical chronicler Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán, described the municipalities of Totonicapán in his 1689 “Recordación Florida.” This record confirms the area's pre-Columbian origins.
Zacapa is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. It lies in eastern Guatemala with its capital in the city of Zacapa, approximately 112 kilometers from Guatemala City.
Agana Heights is one of the nineteen villages in the United States territory of Guam. It is located in the hills south of Hagåtña, in the central part of the island. United States Naval Hospital Guam is located in this largely residential village.
Agat is a village in the United States territory of Guam. It is located south of Apra Harbor on the island's western shore. The village's population has decreased since the island's 2000 census.
Asan-Maina is a village located on the western shore of the United States territory of Guam. The municipality combines the names of the coastal community of Asan with Maina, a community along the slopes of the Fonte River valley to the east. Asan was the northern landing site for United States Marines during Guam's liberation from the Japanese during World War II. Asan Beach Park is part of the War in the Pacific National Historic Park. The third community comprising Asan-Maina is Nimitz Hill Annex in the hills above Asan and Maina, which is the location of the Joint Region Marianas headquarters. Asan-Maina is located in the Luchan District.
Barrigada is a village in the United States territory of Guam. A largely residential municipality, its main village is located south of the Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport near the intersections of Routes 8, 10, and 16. The community east of the airport known as Barrigada Heights is considered an affluent neighborhood on the island, where homes have excellent views overlooking much of Guam including the island's airport and hotels along Tumon Bay. Another significant location is Mount Barrigada, nearly 200 meters above sea level. Its location in the center of the island means it houses most of the island's radio masts and towers; the position and height make it easier for radio signals to reach the entire island.
Chalan Pago-Ordot is a village in the United States territory of Guam, containing the communities of Chalan Pago and Ordot. It is located in the eastern-central part of the island and is part of the Kattan District. The village's population has increased slightly following the island's 2000 census.
Dededo is the most populated village in the United States territory of Guam. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Dededo's population was just under 45,000 in 2010. The village is located on the coral plateau of Northern Guam. The greater Dededo-Machanao-Apotgan Urban Cluster had a population of 139,825 as of the 2010 census, making up 87.7% of Guam's population and 29.8% of its area.
Hagåtña is the capital village of the United States territory of Guam. From the 18th through mid-20th century, it was Guam's population center, but today it is the second smallest of the island's 19 villages in both area and population. However, it remains one of the island's major commercial districts in addition to being the seat of government.
Inalåhan is a village located on the southeastern coast of the United States territory of Guam. The village's original Chamoru name, Inalåhan, was altered when transliterated during Spanish control of the island.
Mangilao is a village on the eastern shore of the United States territory of Guam. The village's population has increased slightly following the island's 2000 census.
Merizo, is the southernmost village in the United States territory of Guam. Cocos Island is a part of the municipality. The village's population has decreased since the island's 2000 census.
Mongmong-Toto-Maite is a municipality in the United States territory of Guam composed of three separate villages east of Hagåtña that experienced development after the Second World War.
Piti is a village located on the central west coast of the United States territory of Guam. It contains northern and eastern coastlines of Apra Harbor, including Cabras Island, which has the commercial Port of Guam and the island's largest power plants. Piti was a pre-Spanish CHamoru village and, after Spanish colonization, became the primary port town on Guam. The town was largely destroyed during the 1944 liberation of Guam and the population relocated during the wartime construction of Apra Harbor.
Santa Rita is a village located on the southwest coast of the United States territory of Guam with hills overlooking Apra Harbor. According to the 2000 census it has a population of 7,500, down from 11,857 in 1990. Santa Rita is the newest village in Guam, having been established after the Second World War.
Sinajana is the smallest of the nineteen villages in the United States territory of Guam by area. It is located in the hills south of Hagåtña . The village's name may have come from the word "china-jan," cookware used to cook wild yams that once grew in the area.
Talofofo is a village located in the southern part of the United States territory of Guam, on the east coast. The village center is located in the hills above the coast, while the smaller coastal community below the cliff is known as Ipan.
Tamuning, also known as Tamuning-Tumon-Harmon is a village located on the western shore of the United States territory of Guam. The village of Tamuning is the economic center of Guam, containing tourist center Tumon, Harmon Industrial Park, and other commercial districts. Its central location along Marine Corps Drive, the island's main thoroughfare, has aided in its development.
Umatac, formerly called Umata, is a village on the southwestern coast of the United States territory of Guam. The month of March in the Chamorro language is "Umatalaf," or "to catch guatafi," which is believed to be the root word of Umatac. The village's population has decreased since the island's 2000 census, and it is by far the least populated village on the island.
Yigo, Guam is the northernmost village of the United States territory of Guam, and is the location of Andersen Air Force Base. The municipality of Yigo is the largest village on the island in terms of area. It contains a number of populated places, including Asatdas and Agafo Gumas.
Yona was historically a farming community but today is mostly residential. During World War II, the Japanese forced the indigenous Chamorros to march from camps in northern Guam to prison camps in Yona shortly before the Americans liberated the island. Japanese tanks in the area near the Segua River serve as reminders of the war.
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. In 2015, Bissau had a population of 492,004. Bissau is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, and is Guinea-Bissau's largest city, major port, and its administrative and military centre.
Bafatá is a region in north-central Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Bafatá. It is an inland region covered with Savannah or light Savannah woodland and receives an annual rainfall of more than 2,000 mm .
Biombo is a region in western Guinea-Bissau, with an area of 840 km2 and its capital is Quinhámel. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99, and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest, tangled forest, and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm .
Bolama is an administrative region in Guinea-Bissau, consisting primarily of the Bijagós Archipelago of the country's southern coast, together with a small coastal strip centred on the coastal town of São João. It has an area of 2,624 km2. Its capital is Bolama, on the island of the same name. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm .
Cacheu is a region in western Guinea-Bissau, on the border with Senegal. It has an area of 5,175 km2 and a population estimated in 2004 at 164,676. Its capital is Cacheu. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm (39 in)
Gabú Region is the easternmost region in Guinea-Bissau. Its capital is Gabú. The region borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the east and south and the Guinea-Bissau regions of Tombali and Bafatá to the west. It covers an area of 9,150 km2, making it the largest of Guinea-Bissau's administrative regions. It is an inland region covered with Savannah or light Savannah woodland and receives an annual rainfall of more than 2,000 mm .
Oio is a region in Guinea-Bissau. Its capital is Farim. Other major cities and towns include Nhacra, Mansôa, Bissorã and Cumeré. The region borders Senegal to the north, the Guinea-Bissau regions of Bafatá, Bissau and Biombo to the east, the Rio Geba/Guinea-Bissau region of Quinara to the south and the Guinea-Bissau region of Cacheu to the west. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm, while the inland has Savannah woodlands.
Quinara is a region in central Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Fulacunda. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm .
Tombali is one of the eight regions in southern Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Catió. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1,000 mm (39 in)
Barima-Waini is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.
Cuyuni-Mazaruni is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.
Demerara-Mahaica is a region of Guyana, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of Mahaica-Berbice to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara to the west.
East Berbice-Corentyne is one of ten regions in Guyana covering the whole of the east of the country. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Suriname to the east, Brazil to the south and the regions of Mahaica-Berbice, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Potaro-Siparuni and Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo to the west.
Essequibo Islands-West Demerara is a region of Guyana. It is claimed with additional territories by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba.
Mahaica-Berbice is a region of Guyana, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Demerara-Mahaica to the west.
Pomeroon-Supenaam is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.
Potaro-Siparuni is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Guayana Esequiba.
Upper Demerara-Berbice is a region of Guyana, bordering the regions of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Demerara-Mahaica and Mahaica-Berbice to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, and the regions of Potaro-Siparuni and Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the west.
Upper Takutu-Upper Esequibo is a region of Guyana. Venezuela claims the territory as part of Esequiban Guyana.
Atlántida is a department located on the north Caribbean shore of Honduras, Central America. The capital is the port city of La Ceiba.
Choluteca is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is city of Choluteca. The Choluteca River runs through the department.
Colón is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. It was created in 1881. The departmental capital is Trujillo, and the other main city is Tocoa. Trujillo was the site of the first Catholic Mass on the American mainland, held when Christopher Columbus reached the Honduran shore in 1502.
Comayagua is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Comayagua.
Copán is one of the departments in the western part of Honduras. The departmental capital is the town of Santa Rosa de Copán. The department is well known for its tobacco and fine cigars.
Cortés is one of the 18 departments of Honduras. The department covers an area of 3,954 km² and, in 2015, had an estimated population of 1,612,762, making it the most populous in Honduras. The Merendón Mountains rise in western Cortés, but the department is mostly a tropical lowland, the Sula Valley, crossed by the Ulúa and Chamelecon rivers.
El Paraíso is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided.
Francisco Morazán, FMO is one of the departments of Honduras.
Gracias a Dios is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Puerto Lempira; until 1975 it was Brus Laguna.
The Bay Islands is a group of islands off the coast of Honduras. Collectively, the islands form one of the 18 Departments of Honduras. The departmental capital is Coxen Hole, on the island of Roatán.
Intibucá is one of the 18 departments in the Republic of Honduras. Intibucá covers a total surface area of 1,186.1 square miles . Its capital is the city of La Esperanza, in the municipality of La Esperanza.
Lempira is one of the 18 departments in Honduras. located in the western part of the country, it is bordered by the departments of Ocotepeque and Copán to the west, Intibucá to the east, and Santa Bárbara to the north. To its south lies the El Salvador–Honduras border. The departmental capital is Gracias.
La Paz is one of the 18 political and geographic departments of Honduras. The departmental capital is the city of La Paz.
Ocotepeque is one of the 18 departments of Honduras, Central America, located in the West and bordering both El Salvador and Guatemala. It was formed in 1906 from part of Copán department. The capital and main city is Nueva Ocotepeque.
Olancho is the largest of all the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The department covers a total surface area of 24,057 km² and has an estimated 2015 population of 537,306 inhabitants.
Santa Bárbara is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The departmental capital is Santa Bárbara.
The departmental capital is Nacaome. The department faces the Gulf of Fonseca and contains mangrove swamps; inland, it is very hot and dry.
Yoro is one of the 18 departments into which Honduras is divided. The department contains rich agricultural lands, concentrated mainly on the valley of the Aguan River and the Sula Valley, on opposite ends. The departmental capital is Yoro. The department covers a total surface area of 7,939 km² and, in 2005, had an estimated population of 503,886 people. It is famous for the Lluvia de Peces, a tradition by which fish fall from the sky during very heavy rains.
Zagreb County is a county in central Croatia. It surrounds – but does not contain – the nation's capital Zagreb, which is a separate territorial unit. For that reason, the county is often nicknamed "Zagreb ring" . According to the 2011 census, the county has 317,606 inhabitants, most of which live in smaller urban satellite towns.
Krapina-Zagorje County is a county in northern Croatia, bordering Slovenia. It encompasses most of the historic region called Hrvatsko Zagorje.
Sisak-Moslavina County is a Croatian county in eastern Central Croatia and southwestern Slavonia. It is named after the city of Sisak and the region Moslavina just across the river Sava. According to 2011 census it is inhabited by 172,000 people.
Karlovac County is a county in central Croatia, with the administrative center in Karlovac.
Varaždin County is a county in northern Croatia. It is named after its county seat, the city of Varaždin.
Koprivnica-Križevci County is a county in northern Croatia. Its hyphenated name comes from two entities: the two of its largest cities, Koprivnica and Križevci; Koprivnica is the official capital of the county.
Bjelovar-Bilogora County is a county in central Croatia.
Primorje-Gorski Kotar County is a county in western Croatia that includes the Bay of Kvarner, the surrounding Northern Croatian Littoral, and the mountainous region of Gorski kotar. Its center is Rijeka. The county's population was 296,195 at the 2011 census.
Lika-Senj County is a county in Croatia that includes most of the Lika region and some northern coastline of the Adriatic near the town of Senj, including the northern part of the Pag island. Its center is Gospić.
Virovitica-Podravina County is a northern Slavonian county in Croatia. Its county seat is in Virovitica and it includes the area around the Drava river, hence the name Podravina. Other notable towns are Slatina and Orahovica.
Požega-Slavonia County is a Croatian county in western Slavonia. Its capital is Požega. Its population was 78,034 as of the 2011 census.
Brod-Posavina County is the southern Slavonian county in Croatia. Its center is the city of Slavonski Brod and it spreads along the left bank of the Sava river, hence the name Posavina. Other notable towns include Nova Gradiška.
Zadar County is a county in Croatia, it encompasses northern Dalmatia and southeastern Lika. Its center is the city of Zadar.
Osijek-Baranja County is a county in Croatia, located in northeastern Slavonia and Baranja. Its center is Osijek; other towns include Đakovo, Našice, Valpovo, Belišće, Beli Manastir.
Šibenik-Knin County is a county in southern Croatia, located in the north-central part of Dalmatia. The biggest city in the county is Šibenik, which also serves as county seat. Other notable towns in the county are Knin, Vodice, Drniš and Skradin.
Vukovar-Syrmia County, Vukovar-Sirmium County or Vukovar-Srijem County is the easternmost Croatian county. It includes the eastern parts of the region of Slavonia and the western parts of the region of Syrmia, as well as the lower Sava river basin, Posavina and Danube river basin Podunavlje. Due to the overlapping definitions of geographic regions, division on Slavonia and Syrmia approximately divides the county vertically into north-west and south-east half, while division on Posavina and Podunavlje divides it horizontally on north-east and south-west half.
Split-Dalmatia County is a central-southern Dalmatian county in Croatia. The administrative center is Split. The population of the county is 455,242 . The land area is 4540 km2. Split-Dalmatia County is Croatia's most rapidly urbanising and developing region, as economic opportunities and living standards are among the highest alongside capital Zagreb and Istria County.
Istria County is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula, or 89%).
The Dubrovnik-Neretva County is the southernmost Croatian county, located in south Dalmatia. The county seat is Dubrovnik and other large towns are Korčula, Metković, Opuzen and Ploče. The Municipality of Neum, which belongs to neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, divides the county in two parts.
Međimurje County is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia, roughly corresponding to the historical and geographical region of Međimurje. Despite being the smallest Croatian county by size, it is the most densely populated one . The county seat is Čakovec, which is also the largest city of the county.
Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m above sea level. The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 804,507. The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,153,255, approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia.
Artibonite is one of the ten departments of Haiti. With an area of 4,887 km2 it is Haiti's largest department. As of 2015, its estimated population was 1,727,524. The region is the country's main rice-growing area. The main cities are Gonaïves and Saint-Marc. In February 2004 an insurgency tried unsuccessfully to declare Artibonite's independence.
Centre is one of the ten departments of Haiti, located in the center of the country along the border with the Dominican Republic. As of 2015, its estimated population was 746,236. Its capital is Hinche. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east and is the only landlocked department in Haiti.
Grand'Anse is one of the ten departments of Haiti. Its capital is Jérémie.
Nippes is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It is the most recently created department, having been split from Grand'Anse in 2003. The capital of the department is Miragoâne.
Nord is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 2,114.91 km² and a population of 1,067,177 . Its capital is Cap-Haïtien.
Nord-Est is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 1,623 km², making it the smallest of all the departments. It had an estimated population of 393,967 as of 2015. Its capital is Fort-Liberté. It was a part of the Nord department.
Nord-Ouest is one of the ten departments of Haiti as well as the northernmost one. It has an area of 2,102.88 km² and a population of 728,807 . Its capital is Port-de-Paix.
Ouest is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It is the jurisdictional seat of the national capital, the city of Port-au-Prince. It has an area of 4,982.56 square kilometres and a population of 4,029,705 . It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.
Sud is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 2,653.60 square kilometres and a population of 774,976. Its capital is Les Cayes.
Sud-Est is one of the ten departments of Haiti. It has an area of 2,034.10 km2 and a population of 632,601 . Its capital is Jacmel.
Baranya is a county in southern Hungary. It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century. Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II. It is bordered by Somogy County to the northwest, Tolna County to the north, Bács-Kiskun County and the Danube to the east, and the border with Croatia to the south.
Békéscsaba is a city in Southeast Hungary, the capital of Békés County.
Békés is an administrative division in south-eastern Hungary, on the border with Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Csongrád, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, and Hajdú-Bihar. The capital of Békés county is Békéscsaba. The county is also part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa euroregion.
Bács-Kiskun is a county located in southern Hungary. It was created as a result of World War II, merging the pre war Bács-Bodrog and the southern parts of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun counties. With an area of 8,445 km2, Bács-Kiskun is the largest county in the country. The terrain is mostly flat with slight emergences around Baja. The county seat and largest city of Bács-Kiskun is Kecskemét.
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres . Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres and a population of 3,303,786, comprising 33% of the population of Hungary.
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén is an administrative county in north-eastern Hungary, on the border with Slovakia . It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Nógrád, Heves, Hajdú-Bihar and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg. The capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county is Miskolc. Of the seven statistical regions of Hungary it belongs to the region Northern Hungary.
Csongrád-Csanád is the name of an administrative county in southern Hungary, straddling the river Tisza, on the border with Serbia and Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Bács-Kiskun County, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County and Békés. The administrative centre of Csongrád-Csanád county is Szeged. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Debrecen (/ˈdɛbrətsɛn/ DEB-rət-sen, Hungarian: is Hungary's second-largest city, after Budapest, the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar County. It was the largest Hungarian city in the 18th century and it is one of the Hungarian people's most important cultural centres. Debrecen was also the capital city of Hungary during the revolution in 1848–1849. During the revolution, the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty was declared in the Reformed Great Church. The city also served as the capital of Hungary by the end of the World War II in 1944–1945. It is home of the University of Debrecen.
Dunaújváros is an industrial city in Fejér County, Central Hungary. Situated 43 miles south of Budapest on the Danube, the city is best known for its steelworks, which is the largest in the country. It was built in the 1950s on the site of the former village of Dunapentele and was originally given the name of Sztálinváros before acquiring its current name in 1961.
Eger is the county seat of Heves, and the second largest city in Northern Hungary . Eger is best known for its castle, thermal baths, baroque buildings, the northernmost Ottoman minaret, dishes and red wines. Its population according to the census of 2011 makes it the 19th largest centre of population in Hungary. The town is located on the Eger Stream, on the hills of the Bükk Mountains.
Fejér is an administrative county in Central Hungary. It lies on the west bank of the river Danube and nearly touches the eastern shore of Lake Balaton. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Veszprém, Komárom-Esztergom, Pest, Bács-Kiskun, Tolna and Somogy. The capital of Fejér county is Székesfehérvár.
Győr-Moson-Sopron is an administrative county in north-western Hungary, on the border with Slovakia and Austria . It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Komárom-Esztergom, Veszprém and Vas. The capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county is Győr. The county is a part of the Centrope Project.
Győr is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and Western Transdanubia region, and—halfway between Budapest and Vienna—situated on one of the important roads of Central Europe. It is the sixth largest city in Hungary, and one of its seven main regional centres.
Hajdú-Bihar is an administrative county in eastern Hungary, on the border with Romania. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok and Békés. The capital of Hajdú-Bihar county is Debrecen. Together with Bihor County in Romania it constitutes the Biharia Euroregion.
Heves lies in northern Hungary. It lies between the right bank of the river Tisza and the Mátra and Bükk mountains. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Pest, Nógrád, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok. Eger is the county seat.
Hódmezővásárhely is a city in south-east Hungary, on the Great Hungarian Plain, at the meeting point of the Békés-Csanádi Ridge and the clay grassland surrounding the river Tisza.
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok is the name of an administrative county in Hungary. It lies in central Hungary and shares borders with the Hungarian counties Pest, Heves, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hajdú-Bihar, Békés, Csongrád, and Bács-Kiskun. The rivers Tisza and Körös flow through the county. The capital of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county is Szolnok. Its area is 5582 km². The county is named after the Ossetians and Cumans who settled there, along with Szolnok. The county was part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion between 1997 and 2004.
Komárom-Esztergom is an administrative Hungarian county in Central Transdanubia Region; its shares its northern border the Danube with Slovakia. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties of Győr-Moson-Sopron, Veszprém, Fejér and Pest and the Slovakian Nitra Region . Its county seat is Tatabánya.
Kecskemét is a city in the central part of Hungary. It is the eighth-largest city in the country, and the county seat of Bács-Kiskun.
Kaposvár is a city in the southwestern part of Hungary, south from the Lake Balaton. It is one of the leading cities of Transdanubia and it is the capital of Somogy County as well as the seat of Kaposvár District and of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaposvár.
Miskolc is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary . It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary.
Nagykanizsa is a medium-sized city in Zala County in southwestern Hungary.
Pest is a county in central Hungary. It covers an area of 6,393.14 square kilometres, and has a population of 1,213,090 . It surrounds the national capital Budapest and the majority of the county's population live in the suburbs of Budapest. It shares borders with Slovakia and the Hungarian counties Nógrád, Heves, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Bács-Kiskun, Fejér, and Komárom-Esztergom. The River Danube flows through the county. The capital of Pest County is Budapest, but it is planned to completely separate the capital from the county at least until 2020, as it loses catch-up aids from the European Union because of the high development of Budapest.
Nyíregyháza is a city in northeastern Hungary and the county capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg. With a population of 118,001, it is the seventh-largest city in Hungary and the largest in Northern Hungary and the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain . Its development has been ongoing since the 18th century, making it the economic and cultural center of the region. Nyíregyháza Zoo, with over 500 species, is recognized throughout Europe.
Pécs is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia. It is the administrative and economic centre of Baranya County. Pécs is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs.
Szeged is the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat of Csongrád-Csanád county. The University of Szeged is one of the most distinguished universities in Hungary.
Székesfehérvár, known colloquially as Fehérvár, is a city in central Hungary, and the country's ninth-largest city. It is the regional capital of Central Transdanubia, and the centre of Fejér county and Székesfehérvár District. The area is an important rail and road junction between Lake Balaton and Lake Velence.
Szombathely is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative centre of Vas county in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria. Szombathely lies by the streams Perint and Gyöngyös, where the Alpokalja mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain. The oldest city in Hungary, it is known as the birthplace of Saint Martin of Tours.
Szolnok is the county seat of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county in central Hungary. Its location on the banks of the Tisza river, at the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain, has made it an important cultural and economic crossroads for centuries.
Sopron is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő.
Somogy is an administrative county in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary.
Szekszárd is a small city in southern Hungary and the capital of Tolna county. By population, Szekszárd is the smallest county capital in Hungary; by area, it is the second-smallest .
Salgótarján is the capital of Nógrád county, north-eastern Hungary, making it the third smallest county capital based on population.
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg is an administrative county in north-eastern Hungary, bordering Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania . It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Hajdú-Bihar and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. The capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county is Nyíregyháza.
Tatabánya is a city of 65,849 inhabitants in northwestern Hungary, in the Central Transdanubian region. It is the capital of Komárom-Esztergom County.
Tolna is an administrative county in present Hungary as it was of the former Kingdom of Hungary. It lies in central Hungary, on the west bank of the river Danube. It shares borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Fejér, Bács-Kiskun, and Baranya. The capital of Tolna county is Szekszárd. Its area is 3703 km².
Vas is an administrative county of Hungary. It was also one of the counties of the former Kingdom of Hungary. It is part of the Centrope Project.
Veszprém is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. It lies approximately 15 km north of the Lake Balaton. It is the administrative center of the county of the same name.
Zala is an administrative county in south-western Hungary. It is named after the Zala River. It shares borders with Croatia and Slovenia and the Hungarian counties Vas, Veszprém and Somogy. The capital of Zala county is Zalaegerszeg. Its area is 3,784 square kilometres . Lake Balaton lies partly in the county.
Zalaegerszeg is the administrative center of Zala county in western Hungary.
Érd is a town in Pest County, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary.
Aceh, formerly Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern end of Sumatra, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. Granted a special autonomous status, Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia officially. There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region, the largest being the Acehnese people, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region's population. Due to strict religious practices including public flogging, despite among Indonesia's highest birthrates, population outflow is common, particularly out of Banda Aceh itself.
Bali is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. The provincial capital, Denpasar, is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia. The upland town of Ubud is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy.
The Bangka Belitung Islands is a province of Indonesia. Situated off the southeastern coast of Sumatra, the province comprises two main islands, Bangka and Belitung and numerous smaller ones. Bangka Belitung is bordered by the Bangka Strait to the west, the Natuna Sea to the north, the Java Sea is to the south and the Karimata Strait to the east. The province's capital and largest city is Pangkal Pinang. The province covers an area of 16,424.06 km2 and, as of the 2020 census, the population of Bangka Belitung was 1,517,590.
Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra. It was formed on 18 November 1968 by separating out the former Bengkulu Residency area from the province of South Sumatra under Law No. 9 of 1967 and was finalized by Government Regulation No. 20 of 1968. Spread over 19,813 km2, it is bordered by the provinces of West Sumatra to the north, Jambi to the northeast, Lampung to the southeast, and South Sumatra to the east, and by the Indian Ocean to the northwest, south, southwest, and west.
Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java, in Indonesia. Its provincial capital city is Serang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta to the east, the Java Sea to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the Sunda Strait to the west, which separates Java from the neighbouring island of Sumatra. The area of the province is 9,662.82 km2, and it had a population of over 11.9 million at the 2020 Census, up from over 10.6 million during the 2010 census. Formerly part of the province of West Java, Banten became a separate province in 2000. The province is a transit corridor to the neighbouring Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Banten region is the homeland of the Sundanese Banten people and has historically had a slightly different culture from the Sundanese people in the West Java region. In recent years, the northern half, particularly those areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast, have experienced rapid rises in population and urbanization, while the southern half, particularly that facing the Indian Ocean, maintains a more traditional character.
Gorontalo is a province of Indonesia on the island of Sulawesi. Located on the Minahasa Peninsula, Gorontalo was formerly part of the province of North Sulawesi until its inauguration as a separate province on 5 December 2000. In Indonesian history, the only Indonesian President from the Gorontaloan people is the third President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. DR. Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie. His father, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie, comes from the "Habibie" clan.
Papua, formerly Irian Jaya, is the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia, comprising most of Western New Guinea. The province is located on the island of New Guinea. It is bordered by the state of Papua New Guinea to the east, the province of West Papua to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the north, and the Arafura Sea to the south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau to the north. The province is divided into twenty-eight regencies and one city. Its capital and largest city is Jayapura. The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Puncak Jaya is the province's highest mountain and the highest point in Indonesia. Papua, along with West Papua, has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces.
Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and spans to the Barisan Mountains in the west. Its capital and largest city is Jambi. The province has a land area of 50,160.05 km2, and a sea area of 3,274.95 km2. It had a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 Census and 3,548,228 according to the 2020 Census.
East Java is a province of Indonesia. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali. Located in eastern Java, it also includes the island of Madura, as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east and Masalembu archipelagos in the north. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java.
Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the capital of Indonesia. It lies on the northwest coast of Java . Jakarta is the centre of the economy, culture and politics of Indonesia. It has province level status which had a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020. Although Jakarta extends over only 699.5 square kilometres, and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres, and is the world's second-most populous urban area, after Tokyo. It has a population of about 35.934 million as of 2020. Jakarta's business opportunities, and its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living than is available in other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta's nickname is "the Big Durian", after the thorny, strong-smelling fruit of that name that is native to the region. Calling Jakarta "the Big Durian" is seen as a nod to New York's nickname, "the Big Apple".
West Java is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to the west, the Java Sea to the north, the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. The province is the native homeland of the Sundanese people, the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese.
Central Java is a province of Indonesia, located in the middle of the island of Java. Its administrative capital is Semarang. It is bordered by West Java in the west, the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south, East Java in the east, and the Java Sea in the north. It has a total area of 32,800.69 km², with a population of 36,516,035 at the 2020 Census making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java. The province also includes the island of Nusakambangan in the south, and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea. Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta. However, administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a separate special region since the country's independence, and is administrated separately. Although known as the "heart" of Javanese culture, there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups, such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java. Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province.
West Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city is Pontianak. The province has an area of 147,307 km², and had a population of 4,395,983 at the 2010 Census and 5,414,390 at the 2020 Census. Ethnic groups include the Dayak, Malay, Chinese, Javanese, Bugis, and Madurese. The borders of West Kalimantan roughly trace the mountain ranges surrounding the vast watershed of the Kapuas River, which drains most of the province. The province shares land borders with Central Kalimantan to the southeast, East Kalimantan to the east, and the Malaysian territory of Sarawak to the north.
East Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 Census, 3.42 million at the 2015 Census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census. Its capital is the city of Samarinda.
South Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is the smallest province in Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of Borneo. The provincial capital is Banjarmasin. The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census, and at 4.07 million at the 2020 Census. One of the five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east, Central Kalimantan in the west and north, the Java Sea in the south, and East Kalimantan in the north. The province also includes the island of Laut, located off the eastern coast of Kalimantan. The province is divided into 11 regencies and 2 cities. South Kalimantan is the traditional homeland of the Banjar people, although some parts of East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are also included in this criteria. Nevertheless, South Kalimantan, especially the capital city Banjarmasin has always been the cultural capital of Banjarese culture. Many Banjarese have migrated to other parts of Indonesia, as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. In addition, other ethnic groups also inhabit the province, such as several groups of the Dayaks, who mostly live in the interior part of the province, as well as the Javanese, who mostly migrated from Java due to the Transmigration program which dated from the Dutch colonial era.
Central Kalimantan, is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the 2015 Intermediate Census showed a rise to 2.49 million and the 2020 Census showed a total of 2.67 million.
Lampung is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.
Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the central and southern regions of the Maluku Islands. The main city and capital of Maluku province is Ambon on the small Ambon Island. The land area is 62,946 km2, and the total population of this province at the 2010 census was 1,533,506 people, rising to 1,848,923 at the 2020 Census. Maluku is located in Eastern Indonesia. It is directly adjacent to North Maluku and West Papua in the north, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi in the west, Banda Sea, East Timor and East Nusa Tenggara in the south and Arafura Sea and Papua in the east.
North Maluku is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Halmahera Sea to the east, the Molucca Sea to the west, and the Seram Sea to the south. The provincial capital is Sofifi on the largest island of Halmahera, while the largest city is the island city of Ternate. The population of North Maluku was 1,038,087 in the 2010 census, making it one of the least-populous provinces in Indonesia, but by the 2020 Census the population had risen to 1,278,764.
West Nusa Tenggara is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the exception of Bali which is its own province. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. The 2010 census recorded the population at 4,500,212; the total rose to 4,830,118 at the 2015 Census and 5,320,092 at the 2020 Census. The province's area is 20,153.15 km2. The two largest islands by far in the province are Lombok in the west and the larger Sumbawa island in the east.
East Nusa Tenggara is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It comprises the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. It consists of more than 500 islands, with the largest ones being Sumba, Flores, and the western part of Timor; the latter shares a land border with the separate nation of East Timor. The province is subdivided into twenty-one regencies and the regency-level city of Kupang, which is the capital and largest city.
Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. Until 2004 the province included the offshore Riau Islands, a large group of small islands located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore, before these islands were split off as a province in July 2004. The provincial capital and the largest city of Riau is Pekanbaru. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south. The total area for Riau province is 87,023.66 square kilometres, which stretches from the slopes of the Bukit Barisan to the Strait of Malacca. Riau has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging between 2000 and 3000 millimeters per year, and the average rainfall per year is about 160 days. Riau is currently one of the richest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber, palm oil and fibre plantations. Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau, and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region. Riau is considered part of the Malay world. It is currently considered as the cultural center of the Malays in Indonesia. Nevertheless, Riau is considered a very diverse province, as it is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as Malay, Minangkabau, Chinese and Batak. The local Riau dialect of Malay is considered as the lingua franca in the province, but Indonesian, the standardized form of Malay is used as the official language and also as the second language of many people. Other than that, different languages such as Minangkabau, Hokkien and varieties of Batak languages are also spoken.
West Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. On the west coast of the island of Sumatra, the province has an area of 42,012.89 km2, and it had a population of 4,846,909 at the 2010 Census and 5,534,472 at the 2020 Census. The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north, Riau and Jambi to the east, and Bengkulu to the southeast. West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities. It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java, although several of them are relatively low in population compared with cities elsewhere in Indonesia. Padang is the province's capital and largest city.
Southeast Sulawesi is a province on the island of Sulawesi, forming the southeastern peninsula of that island, together with a number of substantial offshore islands such as Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawonii, together with many smaller islands. The capital is the city of Kendari, on the east coast of the peninsula.
South Sumatra is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra, The province spans 91,592.43 km2 and an estimated population of 8,497,196. The capital of the province is Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north, Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south. The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka, which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province. This province is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. The province is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, with Palembang people the largest ethnic group. Most speak Palembang Malay, which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay. Other ethnic groups include the Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau and Chinese. Most are concentrated in urban areas and are largely immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.
South Sulawesi is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital is Makassar. The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west, and Flores Sea to the south.
Central Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi. The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu. The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female. Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,841.29 km2, the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi. It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south, by Maluku to the east, and by the Makassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province is Indonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while there are several indigenous language spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi. Islam is the dominant religion in the province, followed by Christianity which is mostly adhered to by the people in the eastern part of the province.
North Sumatra is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java, East Java and Central Java. The province covers an area of 72,981 km2. According to the 2020 population census, the province had a population of 14,799,361.
North Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders Davao and Soccsksargen regions of the Philippines to the north, the Maluku Sea to the east, Gorontalo and Celebes Sea to the west and the Gulf of Tomini to the southwest. With Miangas, it is the northernmost province of Indonesia. The province's area is 13,892.47 square kilometres, and its population was 2,270,596 according to the 2010 census; this rose to 2,621,923 at the 2020 Census.
The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a provincial-level autonomous region of Indonesia in the southern Java. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south, as well as sharing all the land borders to the province of Central Java. Ruled by the Yogyakarta Sultanate, the region is the only officially recognized monarchy within the government of Indonesia. The city of Yogyakarta is a popular tourist destination and cultural center of the region.
North Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west, and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to the south. Tanjung Selor serves as the capital of the province, while Tarakan is the largest city and the financial centre.
The Riau Islands is a province of Indonesia. It comprises a total of 1,796 islands scattered between Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo including the Riau Archipelago. Situated on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea, the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei. The Riau Islands also has a relatively large potential of mineral resources, energy, as well as marine resources. The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang and the largest city is Batam.
West Papua, formerly Irian Jaya Barat or Irian Barat, is a province of Indonesia. It covers the two western peninsulas of the island of New Guinea, Bird's Head Peninsula and Bomberai Peninsula, along with nearby islands. The province is bordered to the north by the Pacific Ocean, to the west by the Halmahera Sea and the Ceram Sea, to the south by the Banda Sea, and to the east by the province of Papua and the Cenderawasih Bay. Manokwari is the province's capital, while Sorong is its largest city. West Papua is the second-least populous province in Indonesia, with a population of 1,134,068 at the 2020 Census.
West Sulawesi is a province of Indonesia. It is located in the western of the Sulawesi island. It covers an area of 16,937.16 km2, and its capital is Mamuju. The 2010 Census recorded a population of 1,158,651, while that in 2015 recorded 1,279,994; the latest official estimate is 1,536,115.
County Cork is the largest and the southernmost county of Ireland, situated in the province of Munster and named after the city of Cork, Ireland's second-largest city. Its largest market towns are Mallow, Macroom, Midleton, and Skibbereen. As of 2016 the county had a population of 542,868, making it the third-most populous county in Ireland. The Cork County Council is the local authority for the county. Notable Corkonians include Michael Collins, Jack Lynch, and Sonia O'Sullivan.
County Clare is a county in Ireland, in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster, bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Clare County Council is the local authority. The county had a population of 118,817 at the 2016 census. The county town and largest settlement is Ennis.
County Cavan is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster and is part of the Border Region. It is named after the town of Cavan and is based on the historic Gaelic territory of East Breffny . Cavan County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 76,176 at the 2016 census.
County Carlow is a county located in the South-East Region of Ireland, within the province of Leinster. Carlow is the second smallest and the third least populous of Ireland's 32 traditional counties. Carlow County Council is the governing local authority.
County Dublin is one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, located on the island's east coast, within the province of Leinster. The county was formerly administered by Dublin City Council and Dublin County Council. In 1994 the latter was abolished and three new administrative county councils were established: Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. For various statistical and local government purposes, the county's four local authorities are collectively referred to as the Dublin Region, with which County Dublin is co-extensive.
County Donegal is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Donegal in the south of the county. It has also been known as County Tyrconnell, after the historic territory of the same name, on which it was based. Donegal County Council is the local council and Lifford the county town.
County Galway is a county in Ireland. It is in the West of Ireland, taking up the south of the province of Connacht.
County Kildare is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county, which has a population of 222,504.
County Kilkenny is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region. It is named after the city of Kilkenny. Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county. As of the 2016 census the population of the county was 99,232. The county was based on the historic Gaelic kingdom of Ossory, which was co-terminus with the Diocese of Ossory.
County Kerry is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and forms part of the province of Munster. It is named after the Ciarraige who lived in part of the present county. The population of the county was 147,707 at the 2016 census.
County Longford is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Longford. Longford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 40,873 at the 2016 census. The county is based on the historic Gaelic territory of Annaly, formerly known as Teffia .
County Louth is a county in the Republic of Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the village of Louth. Louth County Council is the local authority for the county. According to the 2016 census, the population of the county was 128,884.
County Limerick is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster, and is also part of the Mid-West Region. It is named after the city of Limerick. Limerick City and County Council is the local council for the county. The county's population at the 2016 census was 194,899 of whom 94,192 lived in Limerick City, the county capital.
County Leitrim is a county in the Republic of Ireland. It is in the province of Connacht and is part of the Border Region. It is named after the village of Leitrim. Leitrim County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 32,044 according to the 2016 census.
County Laois is a county in Ireland. It is located in the south of the Midlands Region and in the province of Leinster. It was formerly known as Queen's County. The modern county takes its name from Loígis, a medieval kingdom. Historically, it has also been known as County Leix.
County Meath is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region. It is named after the historic Kingdom of Meath . Meath County Council is the local authority for the county. At the 2016 census, the population of the county was 195,044. The county town of Meath is Navan. Other towns in the county include Trim, Kells, Laytown, Ashbourne, Dunboyne, Slane and Bettystown.
County Monaghan is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Monaghan. Monaghan County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 61,386 according to the 2016 census.
County Mayo is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, it is named after the village of Mayo, now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority. The population was 130,507 at the 2016 census. The boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time.
County Offaly is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Uí Failghe. It was formerly known as King's County. Offaly County Council is the local authority for the county. The county population was 77,961 at the 2016 census.
County Roscommon is a county in Ireland. In the western region, it is part of the province of Connacht. It is the 11th largest Irish county by area and 27th most populous. Its county town and largest town is Roscommon. Roscommon County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 64,544 as of the 2016 census.
County Sligo is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Border Region and is part of the province of Connacht. Sligo is the administrative capital and largest town in the county. Sligo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 65,535 at the 2016 census. It is noted for Benbulben Mountain, one of Ireland's most distinctive natural landmarks.
County Tipperary is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster. The county is named after the town of Tipperary, and was established in the early thirteenth century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland. The population of the county was 159,553 at the 2016 census. The largest towns are Clonmel, Nenagh and Thurles.
County Waterford is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Munster and is part of the South-East Region. It is named after the city of Waterford. Waterford City and County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county at large, including the city, was 116,176 according to the 2016 census. The county is based on the historic Gaelic territory of the Déise. There is an Irish-speaking area, Gaeltacht na nDéise, in the south-west of the county.
County Westmeath is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Midlands Region. It originally formed part of the historic Kingdom of Meath. It was named Mide because the kingdom was located in the geographical centre of Ireland . Westmeath County Council is the administrative body for the county, and the county town is Mullingar. At the 2016 census, the population of the county was 88,770.
County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The last of the traditional 32 counties, having been formed as late as 1606, it is part of the Mid-East Region and the traditional province of Leinster. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the east and the counties of Wexford to the south, Carlow to the southwest, Kildare to the west, and Dublin to the north. It is named after its county town of Wicklow, which derives from the name Víkingaló . Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county, which had a population of 142,425 at the 2016 census. Colloquially known as the "Garden of Ireland", it is the 17th largest of Ireland's 32 counties by area and the 16th largest by population. It is also the fourth largest of Leinster's 12 counties by size and the fifth largest in terms of population.
County Wexford is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella, whose capital was Ferns. Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 149,722 at the 2016 census.
The Southern District is one of Israel's six administrative districts, the largest in terms of land area but the most sparsely populated. It covers most of the Negev desert, as well as the Arava valley. The population of the Southern District is 1,086,240 and its area is 14,185 km2. Its population is 79.66% Jewish and 12.72% Arab, with 7.62% Others. The district capital is Beersheba, while the largest city is Ashdod. Beersheba's dormitory towns of Omer, Meitar, and Lehavim are all relatively affluent, while the development towns and the seven Bedouin cities are lower on the socio-economic scale.
Haifa District is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of seven administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km2 .
The Jerusalem District is one of six administrative districts of Israel. The district capital is Jerusalem. The Jerusalem District has a land area of 652 km². The population of 1,159,900 is 66.3% Jewish and 32.1% Arab. A fifth of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem District, which includes both East and West Jerusalem. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem has not been recognized by the international community.
The Central District of Israel is one of six administrative districts, including most of the Sharon region. It is further divided into 4 sub-districts: Petah Tikva, Ramla, Sharon, and Rehovot. The district's largest city is Rishon LeZion. Its population as of 2017 was 2,115,800. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 88% of the population is Jewish, 8.2% is Arab, and 4% are “non-classified”, being mostly former Soviet Union immigrants of partial or nominal Jewish ethnic heritage or household members of Jews.
The Tel Aviv District is the smallest and most densely populated of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1.35 million residents. It is 98.9% Jewish and 1.10% Arab .
The Northern District is one of Israel's six administrative districts. The Northern District has a land area of 4,478 km², which increases to 4,638 km² when both land and water are included. The district capital is Nof HaGalil and the largest city is Nazareth.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India consisting of 572 islands, of which 38 are inhabited, at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
Andhra Pradesh is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km2 and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km . Andhra Pradesh is the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953. The state was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of ruins, chaityas and stupas It is also known as the land of the world-famous diamond Koh-i-Noor and many other globally known diamonds due to their source in its Kollur Mine. It is also known as the "rice bowl of India" for being a major producer of rice in India. Its official language is Telugu; one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India and the 11th-most spoken language in the world.
Arunachal Pradesh is an Indian state in Northeast India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region.
Assam is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur to the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor, a 22 kilometres wide strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India. Assamese is the official and most commonly spoken language of the state, followed by Bengali, which is official in the Barak Valley and Bodo which is official in Bodoland Territorial Region.
Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory, with an area of 94,163 km2 . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges, which flows from west to east. Three main cultural regions converge in the state: Magadh, Mithila, and Bhojpur. Bihar is also the world's fourth-most populous subnational entity.
Chandigarh is a city, district and union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana.
Chhattisgarh is a state located in the region of Central India. Formerly part of Madhya Pradesh, it was granted statehood on November 1, 2000. It is the 9th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,192 km2 . As of 2020, it has a population of roughly 29.4 million, making it the 17th most populated state in the country.
Daman and Diu is a former union territory in western India. It was a separate union territory until 26 January 2020 before it was merged with Dadra and Nagar Haveli union territory to form a single UT due to its small landmass. With an area of 112 km2, it was the smallest federal division of India on the mainland. The territory comprised two distinct areas—Daman and Diu—that are geographically separated by the Gulf of Khambhat. The state of Gujarat and the Arabian Sea bordered the territory. A Portuguese colony since the 1500s, the territories were annexed by India in 1961. Daman and Diu were administered as part of the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu between 1961 and 1987, when they became a separate union territory. In 2019, legislation was passed to merge the union territory of Daman and Diu with its neighbouring union territory, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, to form the new union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu with effect from 26 January 2020.
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east. The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres . According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million, the second-highest in India after Mumbai, while the whole NCT's population was about 16.8 million. Delhi's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries, and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in an area called the National Capital Region and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people, making it the world's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations. Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires. Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index. Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India. Delhi is of great historical significance as an important commercial, transport, and cultural hub, as well as the political centre of India.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a district of the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu in western India. It is composed of two separate geographical entities: Nagar Haveli, wedged between Maharashtra and Gujarat and 1 kilometre to the northwest, the smaller enclave of Dadra, which is surrounded by Gujarat. Silvassa is the administrative headquarters of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
Goa is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the region known as the Konkan, and geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is surrounded by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea forming its western coast. It is India's smallest state by area and its fourth-smallest by population. Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states, two and a half times as high as the GDP per capita of the country as a whole. The Eleventh Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-placed state because of its infrastructure, and India’s National Commission on Population rated it as having the best quality of life in India . It is the third-highest ranking among Indian states in human development index.
Gujarat is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a population of 60.4 million. It is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and the ninth-largest state by population. Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. The Gujarati people of India are indigenous to the state, and their language Gujarati, is the state's official language. The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest in India, with a gross state domestic product of ₹18.5 trillion and has the country's 11th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹216,000 . Gujarat ranks 21st among Indian states in human development index. The state traditionally has low unemployment and is widely considered one of the most industrially developed states of India and a manufacturing hub.
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the eleven mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh is the northernmost state of India and shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, Uttarakhand to the southeast and a very narrow border with Uttar Pradesh to the South. The state also shares an international border to the east with the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Himachal Pradesh is also known as 'Dev Bhoomi' or 'Land of Gods and Goddess'.
Haryana is a state in India located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 22nd in terms of area, with less than 1.4% of India's land area. Chandigarh is the state capital, Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state, and Gurgaon is a leading financial hub of the NCR, with major Fortune 500 companies located in it. Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.
Jharkhand is a state in eastern India. The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km2 . It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state. The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites. The state was formed in 2000, from the territory that had previously been part of Bihar.
Jammu and Kashmir is a region administered by India as a union territory and consists of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962. The Line of Control separates Jammu and Kashmir from the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of Ladakh, which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.
Karnataka is the largest state in South India and sixth largest in India. The state is in the south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔːr/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The state corresponds to the Carnatic region. Its capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Kerala is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Travancore. Spread over 38,863 km2, Kerala is the twenty-first largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.
Lakshadweep is a union territory of India. It is an archipelago of 36 islands in the Arabian sea, located 200 to 440 km off of the mainland's southwestern coast.
Maharashtra is a state in the western and central peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. The centre of India is in this state. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India as well as the third-most populous country subdivision in the world. It was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting the bilingual Bombay State, which had existed since 1956, into majority Marathi-speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati-speaking Gujarat. Thus Maharashtra is a Marathi linguistic state. The state is divided into 6 divisions and 36 districts, with the state capital being Mumbai, also the most populous urban area in India and Nagpur serving as the winter capital. The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state. Marathi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The forest cover in the state is 16.47% of the state's geographical area. Out of total cultivable land in Maharashtra about 60% land is under food grain crops with Jowar being the dominating crop.
Meghalaya is a state in Northeast India. Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam: the United Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills, and the Garo Hills on 21 January 1972. Meghalaya was previously part of Assam, but on 21 January 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya. The population of Meghalaya as of 2016 is estimated to be 3,211,474. Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,430 square kilometres, with a length-to-breadth ratio of about 3:1.
Manipur is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 square kilometres and has a population of almost 3 million, including the Meitei, who are the majority group in the state, the Meitei Pangals, Naga tribes, Kuki/Zo tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years. It has long connected the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, China, Siberia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.
Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Gwalior, Ujjain, Satna being the other major cities. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 72 million residents. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
Mizoram is a state in northeastern India, with Aizawl as its seat of government and capital city. The name of the state is derived from "Mizo", the self described name of the native inhabitants, and "Ram", which in the Mizo language means "land." Thus "Mizo-ram" means "land of the Mizos". Within India's northeast old-Assam region, it is the southernmost landlocked state, sharing borders with three of the Seven Sister States of old Assam, namely Tripura, Assam and Manipur. The state also shares a 722-kilometre border with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in northeastern India. It is bordered by the state of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar to the east. Its capital city is Kohima and its largest city is Dimapur. It has an area of 16,579 square kilometres with a population of 1,980,602 per the 2011 Census of India, making it one of India's smallest states.
Odisha, formerly Orissa, is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India. It neighbours the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west, Andhra Pradesh to the south, and a very negligible border with Telangana to the southwest. Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres along the Bay of Bengal. The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India's national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana". The language of Odisha is Odia, which is one of the Classical Languages of India.
Punjab is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest, by the Indian union territory of Chandigarh to the east, and by the region of Jammu and Kashmir administered by India as a union territory, to the north. It is bordered by Punjab, a province of Pakistan to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, 1.53% of India's total geographical area. It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area. With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the Punjabis, with Sikhs and Hindus as the dominant religious groups. The state capital is Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are the Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab and Jhelum rivers; the Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers flow through the Indian Punjab.
Puducherry, also known as Pondicherry, is a union territory of India. It was formed out of four territories of former French India, namely Pondichéry, Karikal, Mahé and Yanaon, excluding Chandannagar. It is named after the largest district, Puducherry. Historically known as Pondicherry, the territory changed its official name to Puducherry on 20 September 2006.
Rajasthan is a state located in northern India. The state covers an area of 342,239 square kilometres or 10.4 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. Rajasthan is located on the northwestern side of India, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley. It is bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its geographical location is 23.3 to 30.12 North latitude and 69.30 to 78.17 East longitude, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through the southernmost tip of the state.
Sikkim is a state in northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to India's Siliguri Corridor near Bangladesh. Sikkim is the least populous and second smallest among the Indian states. A part of the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity, including alpine and subtropical climates, as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga, the highest peak in India and third highest on Earth. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok. Almost 35% of the state is covered by the Khangchendzonga National Park – a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tamil Nadu is a state in South India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north, by the Nilgiri Mountains, the Meghamalai Hills, and Kerala on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world.
Tripura is a state in northeastern India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491.69 km2 and is bordered by Bangladesh to the north, south, and west, and the Indian states of Assam and Mizoram to the east. In 2011 the state had 3,671,032 residents, constituting 0.3% of the country's population.
Uttarakhand, formerly known as Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas, the Bhabar and the Terai regions. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the state, which is a rail head. Gairsain, a town in Chamoli district is the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The High Court of the state is located in Nainital.
Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India. With over 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule, and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950, giving it the acronym UP. The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts, with the state capital being Lucknow, and Allahabad serving as the judicial capital. On 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttaranchal, was carved from the state's Himalayan hill region. The two major rivers of the state, the Ganges and Yamuna, join at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad and flow further east as Ganges. Other prominent rivers are Gomti and Saryu. The forest cover in the state is 6.1% of the state's geographical area. The cultivable area is 82% of total geographical area and net area sown is 68.5% of cultivable area.
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal. With over 91 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous state and the fourteenth-largest state by area in India. Covering an area of 88,752 km2, it is also the eighth-most populous country subdivision of the world. Part of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, it borders Bangladesh in the east, and Nepal and Bhutan in the north. It also borders the Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the third-largest metropolis, and seventh largest city by population in India. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans. The state's main ethnic group are the Bengalis, with the Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority.
Telangana is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills, mountain ranges, and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 . As of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts.
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu is a union territory in western India. It was created through the merger of the former union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Plans for the proposed merger were announced by the Government of India in July 2019 and the necessary legislation was passed in the Parliament of India in December 2019 and came into effect on 26 January 2020. The territory is made up of four separate geographical entities Dadra, Nagar Haveli, Daman and the island of Diu. All four areas were part of Portuguese India with the capital in Velha Goa, they came under Indian administration in the mid-20th century after the Annexation of Goa and Damaon. The capital city is Daman while Silvassa is the largest city.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Dādra and Nagar Haveli and Damān and Diu
Ladakh /ləˈdɑːk/ is a region administered by India as a union territory, and constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. Ladakh is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east, the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh to the south, both the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan to the west, and the southwest corner of Xinjiang across the Karakoram Pass in the far north. It extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range to the north to the main Great Himalayas to the south. The eastern end, consisting of the uninhabited Aksai Chin plains, is claimed by the Indian Government as part of Ladakh, and has been under Chinese control since 1962.
Baghdad Governorate, also known as the Baghdad Province, is the capital governorate of Iraq. It includes the capital Baghdad as well as the surrounding metropolitan area. The governorate is the smallest of the 19 provinces of Iraq but the most populous.
The Saladin or Salah ad Din Governorate is a governorate in Iraq, north of Baghdad. The governorate has an area of 24,363 square kilometres . The estimated population in 2003 was 1,042,200 people. The capital is Tikrit; the governorate also contains the significantly larger city of Samarra. Before 1976 the governorate was part of Baghdad Governorate.
Diyala Governorate or Diyala Province is a governorate in eastern Iraq.
Wasit Governorate is a governorate in eastern Iraq, south-east of Baghdad and bordering Iran. Prior to 1976 it was known as Kut Province. Major cities include the capital Al Kut, Al-Hai and Al-Suwaira. The governorate contains the Mesopotamian Marshes of Shuwayja, Al-Attariyah, and Hor Aldelmj. Its name comes from the Arabic word meaning "middle," as the former city of Wasit lay along the Tigris about midway between Baghdad and Basra. Wasit city was abandoned after the Tigris shifted course.
Maysan Governorate is a governorate in southeastern Iraq, bordering Iran. Its administrative centre is the city of Amarah, and it is composed of six districts. Before 1976, it was named Amara Province.
Basra Governorate is a governorate in southern Iraq, bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra, located in the Basrah district. Other districts of Basra include Al-Qurna, Al-Zubair, Al-Midaina, Shatt Al-Arab, Abu Al-Khaseeb and Al-Faw located on the Persian Gulf. It is the only governorate with a coastline.
Dhi Qar Governorate is a governorate in southern Iraq. The provincial capital is Nasiriyah. Prior to 1976 the governorate was known as Muntafiq Governorate. Dhi Qar was the heartland of the ancient Iraqi civilization of Sumer, and includes the ruins of Ur, Eridu, Lagash, Larsa, Girsu, Umma, and Bad-tibira. The southern area of the governorate is covered by Mesopotamian Marshes.
Muthanna Governorate or Al Muthanna Province, is a province in Iraq, named after the 7th-century Arab general al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. It is in the south of the country, bordering Saudi Arabia And Kuwait. Its capital is the city of Samawah.
Al-Qadisiyah Governorate is one of the governorates of Iraq. It is in the center-south of the country. The estimated population of the province is about a million and a half million people, according to the census of 2014. Its capital is Al Diwaniyah. Before 1976, it was part of the ad-Diwāniyah Governorate, along with al-Muthannā and Najaf. The province is named after the historical city of Al-Qādisiyah, the site of the Battle of al-Qādisiyah, where in 636 CE the Islamic Rashidun forces defeated the forces of the Sassanid Empire. The governorate is predominantly Shia Arab. It includes the Mesopotamian marsh of Hor Aldelmj.
Babil Governorate or Babylon Province is a governorate in central Iraq. It has an area of 5,119 square kilometres, with an estimated population of 2,065,042 people in 2018. The provincial capital is the city of Hillah, which lies opposite the ancient city of Babylon, on the Euphrates river.
Karbala Governorate is a governorate in central Iraq. Its administrative center is the city of Karbala, a holy city for Shia Muslims for housing the shrine of the revered Imam Hussein. The population is majority Shia. The governorate includes part of the artificial Lake Milh.
Najaf Governorate or Najaf Province is a governorate in central and southern Iraq. The capital is the city of Najaf. The other major city is Al Kufah. Both cities are holy to Shia Muslims, who form the majority of the population.
Al Anbar Governorate, or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area. Encompassing much of the country's western territory, it shares borders with Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The provincial capital is Ramadi; other important cities include Fallujah and Al-Qa'im.
Nineveh Governorate is a governorate in northern Iraq that contains the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. It was an integral part of Assyria from the 25th century BC to the seventh century AD. It has an area of 37,323 km2 and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people in 2003. Its chief city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient Nineveh. Tal Afar is the second-biggest city. Before 1976, it was called Mosul Province and included the present-day Dohuk Governorate, which is now part of the autonomous Kurdistan Region.
Duhok Governorate is a governorate in the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital is the city of Duhok. It includes Zakho, near the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing with Şırnak Province, Turkey. It borders the Al-Hasakah Governorate of Syria. Before 1969, it was part of Nineveh Governorate, which was called Mosul Governorate. The estimated population in 2018 was 1,292,535.
Erbil Governorate, sometimes referred to by the alternative spelling Arbil Governorate, is a governorate of Iraq in Kurdistan Region. It is the capital and economic hub of the autonomous region of Kurdistan Region.
Sulaymaniyah Governorate or Sulaymaniyah Province is a mountainous governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its largest city is Sulaymaniyah. Halabja Governorate was formerly the Halabja District of Sulaymaniyah, until it became a separate governorate in 2014.
Kirkuk Governorate or Kirkuk Province is a governorate in northern Iraq. The governorate has an area of 9,679 square kilometres . In 2017 the estimated population was 1,259,561 people. The provincial capital is the city of Kirkuk. It is divided into four districts.
Halabja Governorate is a governorate in the autonomous region of Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The governorate was established in 2014, splitting off from Sulaymaniyah Governorate and becoming the fourth governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Its capital is the city of Halabja.
Gilan Province, is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It lies along the Caspian Sea, in Iran's Region 3, west of the province of Mazandaran, east of the province of Ardabil, and north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin. It borders Azerbaijan in the north.
Mazandaran Province and, is an Iranian province located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, in central-northern Iran.
East Azerbaijan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in Iranian Azerbaijan, bordering with Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, Ardabil Province, West Azerbaijan Province, and Zanjan Province. The capital of East Azerbaijan is Tabriz. East Azerbaijan Province is in Regions 3 of Iran, with its secretariat located in its capital city, Tabriz.
West Azerbaijan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, bordering Turkey, Iraq and Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, as well as the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan and Kurdistan. The province is part of Region 3. It is separated from Armenia by Turkey's short border with the Azerbaijan Republic. The province of West Azerbaijan covers an area of 39,487 km², or 43,660 km² including Lake Urmia. As of the 2016 census, the province had a population of 3,265,219, in 935,956 households. The capital city and largest city of the province is Urmia.
Kermanshah Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The province was known from 1969 to 1986 as Kermanshahan and from 1986 to 1995 as Bakhtaran. According to a 2014 segmentation by the Ministry of Interior it is center of Region 4, with the region's central secretariat located at the province's capital city, Kermanshah. A majority of people in Kermanshah Province are Shia, and there are Sunni and Yarsani minority groups.
Khuzestan or Xuzestan province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahvaz and it covers an area of 63,238 square kilometres . Since 2014 it has been part of Iran's Region 4.
Fars Province, also known as Pars as well as Persis and Persia, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. With an area of 122,400 km², it is located in Iran's southwest, in Region 2, and its administrative center is Shiraz. As of 2011, Fars had a population of 4.6 million people, of which 67.6% were registered as urban dwellers, 32.1% villagers, and 0.3% nomad tribes.
Kerman Province is the largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5. Mentioned in ancient times as the Achamenid satrapy of Carmania, it is the largest province of Iran with an area of 183,285 km2, that encompasses nearly 11 percent of the land area of Iran. The population of the province is about 3 million .
Razavi Khorasan Province is a province located in northeastern Iran. Mashhad is the center and capital of the province. Other cities are Quchan, Dargaz, Chenaran, Sarakhs, Shahr Jadid-e Golbahar, Fariman, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Torbat-e Jam, Salehabad, Taybad, Khaf, Roshtkhar, Kashmar, Rivash, Bardaskan, Nishapur, Sabzevar, Gonabad, Kalat. Razavi Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan Province in 2004. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5 with Mashhad as the location of the region's secretariat.
Isfahan Province, also transliterated as Esfahan, Espahan, Isfahan, or Isphahan, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is located in the center of the country in Iran's Region 2. Its secretariat is located in the city of Isfahan.
Sistan and Balochistan Province is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran, after Kerman Province. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan and its capital is Zahedan. The province is the second largest province in Iran with an area of 180,726 km2 and a population of 2.5 million. The counties of the province are Chabahar County, Qasr-e Qand County, Dalgan County, Golshan County, Hirmand County, Iranshahr County, Khash County, Konarak County, Nik Shahr County, Saravan County, Sarbaz County, Sib and Suran County, Taftan County, Zabol County, Mehrestan County, Zahedan County, Zehak County, Hamun County, Nimruz County, Bampur County, Mirjaveh County and Fanuj County.
Kurdistan Province or Kordestan Province, is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The province of Kurdistan is 28,817 km² in area. It is located in the west of Iran, in Region 3 and bound by Kurdistan Region of Iraq on the west, the province of West Azerbaijan to its north, Zanjan to the northeast, Hamedan to the east and Kermanshah to the south. The capital of Kurdistan Province is the city of Sanandaj. Other counties with their major cities are Saqqez, Baneh, Diwandarreh, Bijar, Qorveh, Dehgolan, Kamyaran, Sarvabad and Marivan.
Hamadan Province, is an Iranian province located in the Zagros Mountains. Its center is Hamadan city. The province of Hamadan covers an area of 19,546 km². In the year 1996, Hamadan province had a population of approximately 1.7 million people; according to the National Census held in 2011 the population of the Province was 1,758,268 people. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It lies in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital is Shahr-e Kord.
Lorestan Province is a province of western Iran in the Zagros Mountains. The population of Lorestan was 1,760,649 people in 2016, according to the last conducted census. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.
Ilam Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2, while sharing 425 km of the border with Iraq, and also bordering on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan. The largest city and also the provincial capital is the city of Ilam with a population 194,030. As of 2016 census, the population of the province was 580,158 people and is the least populated province in Iran.
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is in the south-west of the country, in Iran's Region 2, and its capital is Yasuj. The province covers an area of 15,563 square kilometers, and in 2006 had a population of 634,000. According to the National Population and Housing Census, the population of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in 2011 was 658,629. The people mainly speak the Luri language. The counties of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province are Bahmai County, Landeh County, Boyer-Ahmad County, Charam County, Dana County, Basht County and Gachsaran County.
Bushehr Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country, with a long coastline onto the Persian Gulf. Its center is Bushehr, the provincial capital. The province has ten counties: Asaluyeh, Bushehr, Dashtestan, Dashti, Deyr, Deylam, Jam, Kangan, Ganaveh and Tangestan. In 2011, the province had a population of approximately 1 million people.
Zanjan or Zangan Province is a Northwestern Iranian province hosting a more than a million people, largely Turkic speaking. It is a mountainous province with close to 22,000 km2 of land placed in Iran's third region. Most of the inhabitants live in the two major cities of Zanjan and Abhar. One third of the population live in rural areas.
Semnan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country, and its center is Semnan. The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range and borders to Dasht-e Kavir desert in its southern parts.
Yazd Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the centre of the country, and its administrative center is the city of Yazd. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.
Markazi Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. The word Markazi means central in Persian. In 2014 it was placed in Region 4.
Tehran Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It covers an area of 18,814 square kilometres and is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran.
Ardabil Province is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country, in Region 3, bordering the Republic of Azerbaijan, the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and Gilan. Its administrative centre is the city of Ardabil. The province was established in 1993 from the eastern part of East Azerbaijan.
Qom Province, pre-Islamic Komishan/Qomishan, is one of the 31 provinces of Iran with 11,237 km², covering 0.89% of the total area in Iran. It is in the northern portion of the country, and its provincial capital is the city of Qom. It was formed from part of Tehran Province in 1995. In 2011, the province had a population of 1,151,672 out of which 95.2% resided in urban areas and 4.8% in rural vicinities. The province contains the cities of Qom, Jafariyeh, Dastjerd, Kahak, Qanavat & Salafchegan. Qom County is the sole county in the province.
Qazvin Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north-west of the country, and its center is the city of Qazvin. The province was created in 1993 out of part of Tehran Province. The counties of Qazvin Province are Qazvin County, Takestan County, Abyek County, Buin Zahra County, Mobarakeh County, Alborz County & Avaj County. The largest cities are Qazvin, Takestan, Abyek, Alvand, Iran, Bidestan, Mobarakeh, Mohammadiyeh & Eqbaliyeh.
Golestān Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Gorgan.
North Khorasan Province is a province located in northeastern Iran. Bojnord is the capital of the province. The counties of North Khorasan Province are Shirvan County, Esfarayen County, Maneh and Samalqan County, Raz and Jargalan County, Jajarm County, Faruj County, and Garmeh County. North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.
Alborz Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, centered in Karaj. The majority of population of Alborz identify as ethnic Persians.
South Khorasan Province is a province located in eastern Iran. Birjand is the centre of the province. The other major cities are Ferdows, Tabas and Qaen. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.
Greater Reykjavík is a region in southwestern Iceland that comprises the national capital Reykjavík and six municipalities around it. Each municipality has its own elected council. Municipal governments cooperate extensively in various fields: for example waste policy, shared public transport and a joint fire brigade.
Southern Peninsula is an administrative unit and part of Reykjanesskagi, or Reykjanes Peninsula, a region in southwest Iceland. It was named after Reykjanes, the southwestern tip of Reykjanesskagi.
Western Region is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located on the western coast of the island. It is the only region for which the largest town, Akranes, is not the municipal capital.
The Westfjords or West Fjords is a large peninsula in northwestern Iceland and an administrative district. It lies on the Denmark Strait, facing the east coast of Greenland. It is connected to the rest of Iceland by a 7-km-wide isthmus between Gilsfjörður and Bitrufjörður. The Westfjords are very mountainous; the coastline is heavily indented by dozens of fjords surrounded by steep hills. These indentations make roads very circuitous and communications by land difficult. In addition many of the roads are closed by ice and snow for several months of the year. The Vestfjarðagöng road tunnel from 1996 has improved that situation. The cliffs at Látrabjarg comprise the longest bird cliff in the northern Atlantic Ocean and are at the westernmost point in Iceland. The Drangajökull glacier is located in the north of the peninsula and is the fifth-largest of the country, but the only glacier of the region.
Northwestern Region is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located in the north of the island. The biggest town in the region is Sauðárkrókur, with a population of 3000.
Northeastern Region is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located in the north of the island. The biggest town in the region is Akureyri, with a population of 17,300.
Eastern Region is a region in eastern Iceland. Its area is 22,721 square kilometres and in 2020 its population was 13,173. The Eastern Regions has a jagged coastline of fjords, referred to as the Eastfjords .
Southern Region is a region of Iceland. The population of the region was 28,399 . The largest town in the region is Selfoss, with a population of 6,000.
The Province of Agrigento is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy, situated on its south-western coast. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Agrigento. It has an area of 3,041.90 square kilometres, and a total population of 474,493. There are 43 comunes in the province.
The Province of Alessandria is an Italian province, with a population of some 425,000, which forms the southeastern part of the region of Piedmont. The provincial capital is the city of Alessandria.
The province of Ancona is a province in the Marche region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Ancona, and the province borders the Adriatic Sea. The city of Ancona is also the capital of Marche.
The Aosta Valley ; French: Vallée d'Aoste; Arpitan: Val d'Outa; Walser: Augschtalann or Ougstalland; Piedmontese: Val d'Osta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is bordered by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France, to the west, Valais, Switzerland, to the north, and by Piedmont, Italy, to the south and east. The regional capital is Aosta.
The province of Ascoli Piceno is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno, and the province is bordered by the Adriatic Sea to the east, the province of Macerata to the north, and it faces the regions of Umbria and Abruzzo to the south. There are 33 comuni in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Ascoli Piceno.
The Province of L'Aquila is the largest, most mountainous and least densely populated province of the Abruzzo region of Southern Italy. It comprises about half the landmass of Abruzzo and occupies the western part of the region. It has borders with the provinces of Teramo to the north, Pescara and Chieti to the east, Isernia to the south and Frosinone, Rome and Rieti to the west. Its capital is the city of L'Aquila.
The province of Arezzo is the easternmost province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Arezzo. The province is bordered by the regions of Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, and the provinces Siena and Florence of Tuscany. It has an area of 3,233 square kilometres, a total population of about 344,000 in 36 comuni (singular: comune)
The Province of Asti is a province in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Its capital is the city of Asti. To the northwest it borders on the Metropolitan City of Turin; to the southwest it borders on the province of Cuneo. To the east it borders on the province of Alessandria, while in the south it shares a very short border with the Ligurian province of Savona. It has an area of 1,504.5 square kilometres, and, As of 2017, a total population of 215,871.
The Province of Avellino is a province in the Campania region of Southern Italy. The area is characterized by numerous small towns and villages scattered across the province; only two towns have a population over 20,000: its capital city Avellino and Ariano Irpino .
The Province of Bari was a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Bari.
The Province of Bergamo is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. It has a population of 1,112,187, an area of 2,754.91 square kilometers, and contains 243 comuni. Its capital is the city of Bergamo.
The Province of Biella is a province of Italy located in Piedmont. It was created in 1992 and its capital is the city of Biella.
The Province of Belluno is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Belluno.
The Province of Benevento is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Benevento.
The province of Bologna was a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its provincial capital was the city of Bologna. The province of Bologna covered an area of 3,702.32 square kilometres and had a total population of 1,004,323 inhabitants as of 31 December 2014, giving it a population density of 271.27 inhabitants per square kilometre. It was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Bologna starting from January 2015.
The Province of Brindisi is a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Brindisi. It has an area of 1,839 square kilometres and a total population of 401,652 .
The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, northern Italy. It has a population of some 1,265,964 and its capital is the city of Brescia.
The Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani is a province of Italy in the Apulia region. The establishment of the province took effect in June 2009, and Andria was appointed as its seat of government on 21 May 2010.
South Tyrol is an autonomous province in northern Italy, one of the two that make up the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The province is the northernmost of Italy, the second largest, with an area of 7,400 square kilometres and has a total population of 531,178 inhabitants as of 2019. Its capital and largest city is Bolzano .
Cagliari was a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy and its capital city was Cagliari.
The province of Campobasso is a province in the Molise region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Campobasso.
The Province of Caserta is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Caserta, situated about 36 kilometres by road north of Naples. The province has an area of 2,651.35 square kilometres, and a total population of 924,414 as of 2016. The Palace of Caserta is located near to the city, a former royal residence which was constructed for the Bourbon kings of Naples. It was the largest palace and one of the largest buildings erected in Europe during the 18th century. In 1997, the palace was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The province of Chieti is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Chieti, which has a population of 50,770 inhabitants. The province has a total population of 387,649 inhabitants as of 2017 and spans an area of 2,599.58 square kilometres . It is divided into 104 comuni and the provincial president is Mario Pupillo.
The province of Carbonia-Iglesias was a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. It included the historical area of Sulcis-Iglesiente and it was the smallest province of Sardinia. It is bordered by the provinces of Cagliari and Medio Campidano. All three provinces have been suppressed by the regional decree in 2016.
The Province of Caltanissetta is a province in the southern part of Sicily, Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Caltanissetta. It contains 22 comuni, which are listed at Comuni of the Province of Caltanissetta. Its coat of arms is a red crest and two green leaf stems on top with a laurel leaf on the right and a crown in the middle. The River Salso is the main river of the province; it is 122 kilometres long and originates in the province of Palermo, and it flows into the Mediterranean in this province at the end of the Gulf of Gela.
Cuneo or Coni is a province in the southwest of the Piedmont region of Italy. To the west it borders on the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . To the north it borders with the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the east it borders with the province of Asti. To the south it borders with the Ligurian provinces of Savona and Imperia. It is also known as La Provincia Granda, Piedmontese for "The Big Province", because it is the fourth largest province in Italy and the largest one in Piedmont. Briga Marittima and Tenda were part of this province before cession to France in 1947.
The Province of Como is a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy and borders the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni to the North, the Italian provinces of Sondrio and Lecco to the East, the Province of Monza and Brianza to the south and the Province of Varese to the West. The city of Como is its capital — other large towns, with more than 10,000 inhabitants, include Cantù, Erba, Mariano Comense and Olgiate Comasco. Campione d'Italia also belongs to the province and is enclaved in the Swiss canton of Ticino.
The Province of Cremona is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital city is Cremona.
The province of Cosenza is a province in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Cosenza. It contains 150 comuni, listed at list of communes of the Province of Cosenza.
The Province of Catania was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in southern Italy. Its capital was the city of Catania. It had an area of 3,552 square kilometres and a total population of about 1,116,917 as of 31 December 2014.
The province of Catanzaro is a province of the Calabria region of Italy. The city Catanzaro is both capital of the province and capital of the region of Calabria. The province contains a total of 80 municipalities . Its provincial president is Sergio Abramo.
Enna is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Enna. Its capital is the city of Enna, located on a mountain and the highest provincial capital in Sicily. Located in the center of the island, it is the only landlocked province in Sicily.
The province of Ferrara is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Ferrara. As of 2016, it has a population of 354,238 inhabitants over an area of 2,635.12 square kilometres . It contains 23 comuni, listed at list of communes of the Province of Ferrara. Its president is Barbara Paron.
The Province of Foggia is a province in the Apulia region of southern Italy.
The province of Florence was a province in the northeast of Tuscany region of Italy. The city or comune of Florence was both the capital of the Province of Florence, and of the Region of Tuscany. It had an area of 3,514 square kilometres and a population of 1,012,180 as of 31 December 2014. The territory of the province was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance.
The province of Fermo is a province in the Marche region of central Italy. It was established in 2004 and became operational in 2009. Its administrative centre and provincial capital is the city of Fermo . Other major cities include Porto Sant'Elpidio, Porto San Giorgio, Sant'Elpidio a Mare, and Montegranaro . As of 2017, the province has a population of 174,358 inhabitants and spans an area of 862.77 square kilometres . It contains 40 comuni.
The province of Forlì-Cesena is a province in the Emilia–Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Forlì. The province has a population of 394,273 as of 2016 over an area of 2,378.4 square kilometres . It contains 30 comuni and the provincial president is Davide Drei. Although located close to the independent Republic of San Marino, Forlì-Cesena does not share a land border with the sovereign state.
The Province of Frosinone is a province in the Lazio region of Italy, with 91 comuni . Its capital is the city of Frosinone. It has an area of 3,247 square kilometres and a total population of 493,605 .
The Province of Genoa was a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Genoa. It was replaced by Metropolitan City of Genoa.
The Province of Gorizia was a province in the autonomous Friuli–Venezia Giulia region of Italy, which was disbanded on 30 September 2017.
The province of Grosseto is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Grosseto. As of 2013 the province had a total population of 225,098 people.
The Province of Imperia is a mountainous and hilly province, in the Liguria region of Italy, situated between France to the north and the west, and the Ligurian Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Its capital is the city of Imperia.
The province of Isernia is a province in the region of Molise in Italy. The provincial capital is the city Isernia and the president of the province is Alfredo Ricci. The province of Isernia has an area of 1,535.24 square kilometres and a population of 86,405 inhabitants as of 2016. It contains 52 comunes in the province, listed at comunes of the Province of Isernia.
The province of Crotone is a province in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It was formed in 1992 out of a section of the province of Catanzaro. The provincial capital is the city of Crotone. It borders the provinces of Cosenza, Catanzaro, and also the Ionian Sea. It contains the mountain Pizzuta, the National Park of the Sila, Montagnella Park, and the Giglietto Valley. Crotone was founded in 710 BCE. It participated in the Second Punic War against the Roman Republic.
The Province of Lecco is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lecco.
The Province of Lecce is a province in the Apulia region of Italy whose capital is the city of Lecce. The province is called the "Heel of Italy". Located on the Salento peninsula, it is the second most-populous province in Apulia and the 21st most-populous province in Italy.
The province of Livorno or, traditionally, province of Leghorn is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It includes several islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, including Elba and Capraia. Its capital is the city of Livorno. When formed in 1861, the province included only Livorno and Elba Island. It was extended in 1925 with land from the provinces of Pisa and Genoa. It has an area of 1,211 square kilometres and a total population of 343,003 . There are 19 comuni in the province. The coastline of the area is known as "Costa degli Etruschi" .
The province of Lodi is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city of Lodi. As of 2017, it has a population of 229,541 inhabitants over an area of c. 783 square kilometres, giving the province a population density of 293.2 inhabitants per square kilometre. The provincial president is Francesco Passerini.
The Province of Latina is an area of local government at the level of province in the Republic of Italy. It is one of five provinces that form the region of Lazio. The provincial capital is the city of Latina. It is bordered by the provinces of Frosinone to the north-east and by the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital to the north-west.
The province of Lucca is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Lucca.
The province of Macerata is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Macerata. The province includes 55 comunes in the province, see Comunes of the Province of Macerata. Located between the rivers Potenza and Chienti, both of which originate in the province, the city of Macerata is located on a hill.
Messina was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Its capital was the city of Messina. It was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Messina.
The Province of Milan was a province in the Lombardy region, Italy. Its capital was the city of Milan. The provincial territory was highly urbanized, resulting in the third highest population density among the Italian provinces with more than 2,000 inhabitants/km2, just behind the provinces of Naples and the bordering Monza e Brianza, created in 2004 splitting the north-eastern part from the province of Milan itself. On January 1, 2015 it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Milan.
The Province of Mantua is a province in the Lombardy region of Northern Italy. Its capital is the city of Mantua. It is bordered to the north-east by the Province of Verona, to the east by that of Rovigo, to the south by those of Ferrara, Modena, Reggio Emilia and Parma, to the west by the Province of Cremona and to the north-west by that of Brescia.
The Province of Modena is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Modena.
The province of Massa-Carrara is a province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. It is named after the provincial capital Massa, and Carrara, the other main town in the province.
The province of Matera is a province in the Basilicata region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Matera. It has an area of 3,447 square kilometres and a total population of 201,133; the city Matera has a population of 61,204. There are 31 comunes in the province . The province of Matera is bordered by the province of Potenza in the west and south, the region of Calabria also to the south, the region of Apulia to the east and north, and by the Ionian Sea to the southeast.
The province of Monza and Brianza,, is an administrative province of Lombardy region, Italy.
The Province of Naples was a province in the Campania region of southern Italy.
Novara is a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Novara.
The province of Nuoro is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia, Italy. Its capital is the city of Nuoro.
The province of Ogliastra was a former province in eastern Sardinia, Italy. Ogliastra was the most mountainous province in Sardinia. With only some 57,642 inhabitants, it was also the least populous province of Italy. The province had a population density of 31.08 inhabitants per square kilometer and the president of the province was Bruno Pilia. It corresponded roughly to the medieval Giudicato of Agugliastra. The province of Ogliastra contained 23 comuni, see the list of communes of the Province of Ogliastra.
The province of Oristano is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Oristano. It has an area of 3,040 square kilometres, a total population of 160,746, and a population density of 53.7 people per square kilometer. There are 87 municipalities in the province).
The Province of Palermo was a province in the autonomous region of Sicily, a major island in Southern Italy. Its capital was the city of Palermo. On 4 August 2015, it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Palermo.
The province of Piacenza is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Piacenza. As of 2016, it has a total population of 286,572 inhabitants over an area of 2,585.86 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 111.38 inhabitants per square kilometre. The city Piacenza has a population of 102,269, as of 2015. The provincial president is Patrizia Barbieri and it contains 48 comuni . The province dates back to its founding by the Romans in 218 BCE.
The Province of Padua is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Padua.
The province of Pescara is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Pescara, which has a population of 119,483 inhabitants. As of 2017, it has a total population of 319,936 inhabitants over an area of 1,230.33 square kilometres . The provincial president is Antonio Zaffiri and the province contains 46 comuni.
The Province of Perugia is the larger of the two provinces in the Umbria region of Italy, comprising two-thirds of both the area and population of the region. Its capital is the city of Perugia. The province covered all of Umbria until 1927, when the province of Terni was carved out of its southern third. The province of Perugia has an area of 6,334 km² covering two-thirds of Umbria, and a total population of about 660,000. There are 59 comunes in the province. The province has numerous tourist attractions, especially artistic and historical ones, and is home to the Lake Trasimeno, the largest lake of Central Italy. It is historically the ancestral origin of the Umbri, while later it was a Roman province and then part of the Papal States until the late 19th century.
The province of Pisa is a province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Pisa. With an area of 2,448 square kilometres and a total population of 421,642, it is the second most populous and fifth largest province of Tuscany. It is subdivided into 37 comuni.
The province of Pordenone was a province in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy. Its capital was the city of Pordenone. The province was subdivided from the province of Udine in 1968. It had a total population of 312,794 inhabitants. The province was abolished on 30 September 2017.
The province of Prato is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.
The Province of Parma is a province in the Emilia–Romagna region of Italy. Its largest town and capital is the city of Parma.
The Province of Pesaro and Urbino is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pesaro. It also borders the state of San Marino. The province is surrounded by San Marino and Emilia Romagna in the north, Umbria and Tuscany in the west, Ancona in the south and the Adriatic Sea on the east. The province has an enclave of the Umbrian commune of Citta' di Castello named Monte Ruperto. The province is also known as "Riviera of Hills". It is mostly covered by hills and is popular for its beaches.
The province of Pistoia is a province in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Its capital is the city of Pistoia and the province is landlocked. It has an area of 964.12 square kilometres and a total population of 291,788 inhabitants . There are 22 communes in the province.
The province of Pavia is a province in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy; its capital is Pavia. As of 2015, the province has a population of 548,722 inhabitants and an area of 2,968.64 square kilometres ; the town of Pavia has a population of 72,205.
The Province of Potenza is a province in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Potenza.
The province of Ravenna is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ravenna. As of 2015, it has a population of 391,997 inhabitants over an area of 1,859.44 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 210.81 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its provincial president is Claudio Casadio.
The Province of Reggio Calabria was a province in the Calabria region of Italy. It was the southernmost province in mainland Italy and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. The capital was the city of Reggio.
The Province of Reggio Emilia is one of the nine provinces of the Italian Region of Emilia-Romagna. The capital city, which is the most densely populated comune in the province, is Reggio Emilia.
The Province of Ragusa was a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in southern Italy, located in the south-east of the island. Following the abolition of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Ragusa. Its capital is the city of Ragusa, which is the most southerly provincial capital in Italy.
The Province of Rieti is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rieti. Established in 1927, it has an area of 2,750.52 square kilometres with a total population of 157,887 people as of 2017. There are 73 comuni in the province.
The Province of Rome was one of the five provinces that formed part of the region of Lazio in Italy. It was established in 1870 and disestablished in 2014. It was essentially coterminous with the Rome metropolitan area. The city of Rome was the provincial capital. During the 1920s, the boundary of the province shrank as land was ceded to establish new provinces. The Province of Rome was the most populous province in Italy. On 1 January 2015, it was superseded by a new local government body - the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital.
The province of Rimini is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The provincial capital is the eponymous city of Rimini. The province borders the independent Republic of San Marino. As of 2019, the province has a population of 339,437 inhabitants over an area of 921.77 square kilometres, giving it a population density of 357 inhabitants per square kilometre. The built-up urban area of Rimini had a population of 147,578 inhabitants within city limits. There are 26 comuni in the province.
The Province of Rovigo is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rovigo. It borders on the north with the provinces of Verona, Padua and Venice, on the south with the province of Ferrara, on the west with the province of Mantua, and on the east with the Adriatic Sea.
The Province of Salerno is a province in the Campania region of Italy.
The province of Siena is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Siena.
The Province of Sondrio is in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. Its provincial capital is the town Sondrio. As of 2017, it has a population of 181,403.
The Province of La Spezia is a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of La Spezia.
The Province of Syracuse was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy. Its capital was the city of Syracuse, a town established by Greek colonists arriving from Corinth in the 8th century BC. It had an area of 2,109 square kilometres and a total population of 403,985 . Syracuse had 8% of the Sicilian population and 8.2% of Sicily's area.
The province of Sassari is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Sassari. As of 2017, the province had a population of 493,357 inhabitants.
The province of Savona is a province in the Liguria region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Savona, which has a population of 61,219 inhabitants. The province has a total population of 279,754.
The province of Taranto, previously known as the province of the Ionian, is a province in the Apulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Taranto. It has an area of 2,437 square kilometres, and a total population of 581,092 . There are 29 comuni in the province, all of which are listed at comunes of the Province of Taranto. The coat of arms of the province contains a scorpion, which Pyrrhus is thought to have seen when looking down at Taranto.
The Province of Teramo is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Teramo. The province has an area of 1,948 square kilometres, a population of 313,029, and is subdivided into 47 comunes, see Comunes of the Province of Teramo. The Province of Teramo shares its northern border with the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Marche Region, southern and southwestern borders with the Province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo Region, and a western border with the Province of Rieti in the Region of Lazio. To the south is the Abruzzo Province of Pescara and to the east is the Adriatic Sea.
Trentino officially the Autonomous Province of Trento, is an autonomous province of Italy, in the country's far north. The Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, an autonomous region under the constitution. The province is composed of 177 comuni . Its capital is the city of Trento . The province covers an area of more than 6,000 km2, with a total population of 541,098 in 2019. Trentino is renowned for its mountains, such as the Dolomites, which are part of the Alps.
The former Province of Turin was a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Turin. The province existed until 31 December 2014, when it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Turin.
Trapani is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, southern Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free municipal consortium of Trapani. Its capital is the city of Trapani. It has an area of 2,469.62 square kilometres and a total population of 433,826 . There are 25 comunes in the province .
The Province of Terni is the smaller of the two provinces in the Umbria region of Italy, comprising one-third of both the area and population of the region. Its capital is the city of Terni. The province came into being in 1927, when it was carved out of the original unitary province of Umbria.
The Province of Trieste was a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Trieste. It had an area of 212 square kilometres and it had a total population of 234,668 . It had a coastal length of 48.1 kilometres .
The Province of Treviso is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Treviso. The province is surrounded by Belluno in the north, Vicenza in the west, Padua in southwest, Venice in the southeast and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the east. The river Piave passes through the province while the rivers Sile and Cagnan pass through the capital. The province's nickname is La Marca Trevigiana. It has a prosperous economy and is an important producer of wine. It encompasses an area of 750 square miles.
The province of Udine was a province in the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Italy, bordering Austria and Slovenia. Its capital was the city of Udine, which has a population of 99,242 inhabitants. It had a total population of 530,849 inhabitants over an area of 4,907.24 square kilometres . The province was abolished on 30 September 2017.
The province of Varese is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Varese, but its largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of the AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016, the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune of the province. As of 2015, it has a population of 889,410 inhabitants over an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres . The provincial president is Nicola Gunnar Vincenzi.
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is the northernmost province in the Italian region of Piedmont. It was created in 1992 through the fusion of three geographical areas which had previously been part of the Province of Novara. The area flanking the western shore of Verbano forms the eastern part of the province; Cusio and its environs form the southern part; while the north and west of the province consist of the Ossola, a region of Alpine mountains and valleys. The ISO code for the province is VB.
Vercelli is a province in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Its capital is Vercelli.
The Province of Venice was a province in the Veneto region of northern Italy. Its capital was the city of Venice. It had an area of 2,467 km2, and a total population of 846,962 . The province became the Metropolitan City of Venice by 1 January 2015.
The Province of Vicenza is a province in the Veneto region in northern Italy. Its capital city is Vicenza.
The Province of Verona is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. The eastern bank of Lake Garda is near the province. Its capital is the city of Verona. The city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Viterbo is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Viterbo.
The province of Vibo Valentia is a province in the Calabria region of southern Italy, set up by a national law of 6 March 1992 which came into effect on 1 January 1996, and formerly part of the Province of Catanzaro. Its capital is the city of Vibo Valentia and its vehicle licence plate code is VV. The province has an area of 1,139 square kilometres, and a total population of 168,894 ; the city Vibo Valentia has a population of 35,405. There are 50 comuni in the province, see list of communes of the Province of Vibo Valentia.
The province of South Sardinia is an Italian province of Sardinia instituted on 4 February 2016. It includes the suppressed provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Medio Campidano, a large part of the old Province of Cagliari, and two other municipalities.
Grouville is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. The parish is around 3.9 kilometres east of St Helier. The parish covers a surface area of 4,354 vergées .
St. Brelade is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is around 7 kilometres west of St Helier. Its population was 10,568 as of 2011.
St. Clement is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. Its parish hall is around 3.6 kilometres south-east of St. Helier. The parish has a population of 9,221 and is the second most densely populated.
St. Helier is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. St. Helier has a population of about 37,540 – roughly one-third of the total population of Jersey – and is the capital of the island.
St. John is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey and is around 7.3 kilometres north of St Helier on the north coast of the island. It has a surface area of 8.7 km2. St. John's Village is also the name of the main village in the parish.
St. Lawrence is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is located 8.0 kilometres west of St. Helier. The parish covers 5,258 vergées and occupies the centre of the Island. St. Lawrence Village is also the name of a village in the parish.
St. Martin is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is 5.5 kilometres north-east of St Helier. It has an area of 10.3 km2. It has a population of 3,763. The parish covers 10.3 km2 .
Saint Mary is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, Channel Islands. It is 7.7 kilometres north-west of St Helier. It is the smallest parish by surface area, with an area of 3,604 vergées .
St. Ouen is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is around 8.8 kilometres north-west of St. Helier. It has a population of 4,097. The parish is the largest parish by surface area, covering 8,525 vergées, and is located in part on a peninsula.
St Peter is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is around 6.5 kilometres . The parish has a population of 5,003. It has a surface area of 10.6 square kilometres .
St. Saviour is a parish of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is located directly east of St. Helier. It has a population of 13,580. It has a land surface area of 3.6 square miles and has a very small coastline at Le Dicq.
Trinity is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey in the Channel Islands. It is 5.8 kilometres north of St Helier. It has a population of 3,156. The parish covers 6,975 vergées . Les Platons in the north of the parish is the highest point in Jersey. The parish borders St John, St Helier, St Saviour and St Martin.
Kingston is one of the 14 Parishes of Jamaica. Together with neighbouring St. Andrew Parish, it makes up the amalgamated Municipal Unit of Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation. The city of Kingston is the parish and national capital.
Saint Andrew is a parish, situated in the southeast of Jamaica in the county of Surrey. It lies north, west and east of Kingston, and stretches into the Blue Mountains. In the 2011 census, it had 573,369, the highest population of any of the parishes in Jamaica. George William Gordon, one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes, was born in this parish.
Saint Thomas, once known as Saint Thomas in the East, is a suburban parish situated at the south eastern end of Jamaica, within the county of Surrey. It is the birthplace of the Right Honourable Paul Bogle, designated in 1969 as one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes. Morant Bay, its chief town and capital, is the site of the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865, of which Bogle was a leader.
Portland, with its capital town Port Antonio, is a parish located on Jamaica's northeast coast. It is situated to the north of St Thomas and to the east of St Mary in Surrey County. It is one of the rural areas of Jamaica, containing part of the Blue Mountains, where the Jamaican Maroon communities of Moore Town and Charles Town, Jamaica are located.
Saint Mary is a parish located in the northeast section of Jamaica. With a population of 114,227 it is one of Jamaica's smallest parishes, located in the county of Middlesex. Its chief town and capital is Port Maria, located on the coast. It is also the birthplace of established dancehall reggae artists, such as Capleton, Lady Saw, Ninjaman, Sizzla and Tanya Stephens. Other notable residents of St. Mary parish include bestselling author Colin Simpson, who is the great-great grandson of noted slavery abolitionist James Phillippo, famed Jamaican writer and community activist Erna Brodber, and acclaimed music producer Chris Blackwell who is credited with "discovering" Bob Marley.
Saint Ann is the largest parish in Jamaica. It is situated on the north coast of the island, in the county of Middlesex, roughly halfway between the eastern and western ends of the island. It is often called "the Garden Parish of Jamaica" on account of its natural floral beauty. Its capital is Saint Ann's Bay. Saint Ann comprises New Seville, the first Spanish Settlement in Jamaica.
Trelawny is a parish in the county of Cornwall in northwest Jamaica. Its capital is Falmouth. It is bordered by the parishes of Saint Ann in the east, Saint James in the west, and Saint Elizabeth and Manchester in the south. Trelawny is known for producing several Olympic sprinters.
St. James is a suburban parish, located on the north-west end of the island of Jamaica in the county of Cornwall. Its capital is Montego Bay . Montego Bay was officially named the second city of Jamaica, behind Kingston, in 1981, although Montego Bay became a city in 1980 through an act of the Jamaican Parliament. The parish is the birthplace of the Right Excellent Samuel Sharpe, one of Jamaica's seven National Heroes.
Hanover is a parish located on the northwestern tip of the island of Jamaica. It is a part of the county of Cornwall, bordered by St. James in the east and Westmoreland in the south. With the exception of Kingston, it is the smallest parish on the island. Hanover is the birth parish of Alexander Bustamante, labour leader, first head of government of Jamaica under universal suffrage, and one of seven Jamaican National Heroes. Its capital is Lucea.
Westmoreland is the westernmost parish in Jamaica, located on the south side of the island. It is situated south of Hanover, southwest of Saint James, and northwest of Saint Elizabeth, in the county of Cornwall. The chief town and capital is Savanna-la-Mar. Negril, a famous tourist destination, is also situated in the parish.
Saint Elizabeth, one of Jamaica's largest parishes, is located in the southwest of the island, in the county of Cornwall. Its capital, Black River, is located at the mouth of the Black River, the widest on the island.
The Parish of Manchester is an parish located in west-central Jamaica, in the county of Middlesex. Its capital, Mandeville, is a major business centre, and the only parish capital not located on the coast or on a major river. Its St. Paul of the Cross Pro-Cathedral is the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Diocese of Mandeville.
Clarendon is a parish in Jamaica. It is located on the south of the island, roughly halfway between the island's eastern and western ends. Located in the county of Middlesex, it is bordered by Manchester on the west, Saint Catherine in the east, and in the north by Saint Ann. Its capital and largest town is May Pen.
St Catherine is a parish in the south east of Jamaica. It is located in the county of Middlesex, and is one of the island's largest and most economically valued parishes because of its many resources. It includes the first capital of Jamaica, Spanish Town, originally known as San Jago de la Vega or Santiago de la Vega .
Ajloun Governorate is one of the governorates of Jordan, located north of Amman the capital of Jordan. Ajloun Governorate has the fourth highest population density in Jordan with a population density of 350.1 people/km² . It is bordered by Jerash Governorate from the south east and Irbid Governorate from the north and west.
Aqaba is one of the governorates of Jordan, located south of Amman, capital of Jordan. Its capital is Aqaba. It is the fourth largest governorate in Jordan by area and is ranked 10th by population.
Balqa' is one of the governorates of Jordan. It is located northwest of Amman, Jordan's capital.
Karak is one of the governorates of Jordan, located south-west of Amman, Jordan's capital. Its capital is Al Karak. It s bordered by Madaba and the Capital governorates to the north, Ma'an Governorate to the east, Tafilah Governorate to the south, and the Dead Sea to the west.
Mafraq is one of the governorates of Jordan, located to the north-east of Amman, capital of Jordan. It has a population of 287,300 making up 4.5% of Jordan's population. Its capital is Mafraq, which is known for its military bases.
Amman Governorate, officially known as Muhafazat al-Asima, is one of the governorates in Jordan. The governorate's capital is the city of Amman, which is also the country's capital. The administrative center of the governorate as well as all government offices and parliament are located in the Abdali district.
Tafilah is one of the governorates of Jordan, located about 180 km south-west of Amman, Jordan's capital.
Zarqa Governorate is the third largest governorate in Jordan by population. The capital of Zarqa governorate is Zarqa City, which is the largest city in the governorate. It is located 25 kilometres east of the Jordanian capital Amman. The second largest city in the governorate is Russeifa.
Irbid or Irbed is a governorate in Jordan, located north of Amman, the country's capital. The capital of the governorate is the city of Irbid. The governorate has the second largest population in Jordan after Amman Governorate, and the highest population density in the country.
Jerash Governorate is one of 12 governorates in Jordan. It is located in the northwestern side of the country. The capital of the governorate is the city of Jerash.
Ma'an is one of the governorates of Jordan, it is located south of Amman, Jordan's capital. Its capital is the city of Ma'an. This governorate is the largest in the kingdom of Jordan by area.
Madaba is one of the governorates of Jordan. It is located southwest of Amman, the capital of Jordan, and its capital is Madaba. The governorate is ranked 8th by population and by area. It is bordered by Balqa Governorate to the north, The Capital Governorate to the east, Karak Governorate to the south and the Dead Sea to the west.
Hokkaido is the second largest island of Japan and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel.
Aomori Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan in the Tōhoku region. The prefecture's capital, largest city, and namesake is the city of Aomori. Aomori is the northernmost prefecture on Japan's main island, Honshu, and is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, Iwate Prefecture to the southeast, Akita Prefecture to the southwest, the Sea of Japan to the west, and Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait to the north. Aomori Prefecture is the 8th-largest prefecture, with an area of 9,645.64 square kilometers, and the 31st-most populous prefecture, with more than 1.2 million people. Approximately 45 percent of Aomori Prefecture's residents live in its two core cities, Aomori and Hachinohe, which lie on coastal plains. The majority of the prefecture is covered in forested mountain ranges, with population centers occupying valleys and plains. Aomori is the third-most populous prefecture in the Tōhoku region, after Miyagi Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. Mount Iwaki, an active stratovolcano, is the prefecture's highest point, at almost 1,624.7 meters .
Iwate Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. It is the second-largest Japanese prefecture at 15,275 square kilometres, with a population of 1,229,432 . Iwate Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the west, and Miyagi Prefecture to the south.
Miyagi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Miyagi Prefecture has a population of 2,305,596 and has a geographic area of 7,282 km2 . Miyagi Prefecture borders Iwate Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the northwest, Yamagata Prefecture to the west, and Fukushima Prefecture to the south.
Akita Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Its population is approximately 966,000 and its geographic area is 11,637 km2 . Akita Prefecture borders Aomori Prefecture to the north, Iwate Prefecture to the east, Miyagi Prefecture to the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture to the south.
Yamagata Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Yamagata Prefecture has a population of 1,079,950 and has a geographic area of 9,325 km² . Yamagata Prefecture borders Akita Prefecture to the north, Miyagi Prefecture to the east, Fukushima Prefecture to the south, and Niigata Prefecture to the southwest.
Fukushima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Fukushima Prefecture has a population of 1,810,286 and has a geographic area of 13,783 square kilometres . Fukushima Prefecture borders Miyagi Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture to the north, Niigata Prefecture to the west, Gunma Prefecture to the southwest, and Tochigi Prefecture and Ibaraki Prefecture to the south.
Ibaraki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Ibaraki Prefecture has a population of 2,871,199 and has a geographic area of 6,097.19 square kilometres . Ibaraki Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Tochigi Prefecture to the northwest, Saitama Prefecture to the southwest, and Chiba Prefecture to the south.
Tochigi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Tochigi Prefecture has a population of 1,943,886 and has a geographic area of 6,408 km2 . Tochigi Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the west, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the southeast.
Gunma Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 and has a geographic area of 6,362 km2 . Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.
Saitama Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 and has a geographic area of 3,797 km² . Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the west, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southwest, Tokyo to the south, Chiba Prefecture to the southeast, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the northeast.
Chiba Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Chiba Prefecture has a population of 6,278,060 and has a geographic area of 5,157 km2 . Chiba Prefecture borders Ibaraki Prefecture to the north, Saitama Prefecture to the northwest, and Tokyo to the south.
Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital and most populous prefecture of Japan. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central Pacific coast of Japan's main island of Honshu. Tokyo is the political and economic center of the country, as well as the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the national government. As of 2021, the prefecture has an estimated population of 13,960,236. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.393 million residents as of 2020.
Kanagawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Kanagawa Prefecture is the second-most populous prefecture of Japan at 9,058,094 and has a geographic area of 2,415 km2 . Kanagawa Prefecture borders Tokyo to the north, Yamanashi Prefecture to the northwest and Shizuoka Prefecture to the west.
Niigata Prefecture is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 and is the fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area at 12,584.18 km2 . Niigata Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Gunma Prefecture to the south, Fukushima Prefecture to the east, and Yamagata Prefecture to the northeast.
Toyama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Toyama Prefecture has a population of 1,044,588 and has a geographic area of 4,247.61 km2 . Toyama Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture to the south, Nagano Prefecture to the east, and Niigata Prefecture to the northeast.
Ishikawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu island. Ishikawa Prefecture has a population of 1,140,573 and has a geographic area of 4,186 km2 . Ishikawa Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the east, Gifu Prefecture to the southeast, and Fukui Prefecture to the south.
Fukui Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Fukui Prefecture has a population of 778,943 and has a geographic area of 4,190 km2 . Fukui Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the east, Shiga Prefecture to the south, and Kyoto Prefecture to the southwest.
Yamanashi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Yamanashi Prefecture has a population of 817,192 and has a geographic area of 4,465 km2 . Yamanashi Prefecture borders Saitama Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the northwest, Shizuoka Prefecture to the southwest, Kanagawa Prefecture to the southeast, and Tokyo to the east.
Nagano Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Nagano Prefecture has a population of 2,052,493 and has a geographic area of 13,561 square kilometres . Nagano Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the northeast, Saitama Prefecture to the east, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southeast, Shizuoka Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south, and Gifu Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture to the west.
Gifu Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Gifu Prefecture has a population of 1,991,390 and has a geographic area of 10,621 square kilometres . Gifu Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the north; Ishikawa Prefecture to the northwest; Fukui Prefecture to the west; Shiga Prefecture to the southwest; Mie Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture to the south; and Nagano Prefecture to the east.
Shizuoka Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. As of December 2019, Shizuoka Prefecture has a population of 3,637,998 and has a geographic area of 7,777.42 km2 . Shizuoka Prefecture borders Kanagawa Prefecture to the east, Yamanashi Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the north, and Aichi Prefecture to the west.
Aichi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 and a geographic area of 5,172.92 square kilometres with a population density of 1,460 inhabitants per square kilometre . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture to the north, and Shizuoka Prefecture to the east.
Mie Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Mie Prefecture has a population of 1,781,948 and has a geographic area of 5,774 square kilometers . Mie Prefecture borders Gifu Prefecture to the north, Shiga Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture to the northwest, Nara Prefecture to the west, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Aichi Prefecture to the east.
Shiga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 and has a geographic area of 4,017 km2 . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the northeast, Mie Prefecture to the southeast, and Kyoto Prefecture to the west.
Kyoto Urban Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Kyoto Prefecture has a population of 2,562,005 and has a geographic area of 4,612 square kilometres . Kyoto Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the northeast, Shiga Prefecture to the east, Mie Prefecture to the southeast, Nara Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture to the south, and Hyōgo Prefecture to the west.
Osaka Urban Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Osaka Prefecture has a population of 8,823,358 and has a geographic area of 1,905 square kilometres . Osaka Prefecture borders Hyōgo Prefecture to the northwest, Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Nara Prefecture to the southeast, and Wakayama Prefecture to the south.
Hyōgo Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Hyōgo Prefecture has a population of 5,469,762 and has a geographic area of 8,400 square kilometres . Hyōgo Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the east, Osaka Prefecture to the southeast, and Okayama Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture to the west.
Nara Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. As of 2020, Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,321,805 and has a geographic area of 3,691 square kilometres . Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Osaka Prefecture to the northwest, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Mie Prefecture to the east.
Wakayama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Wakayama Prefecture has a population of 944,320 and has a geographic area of 4,724 square kilometres . Wakayama Prefecture borders Osaka Prefecture to the north, and Mie Prefecture and Nara Prefecture to the northeast.
Tottori Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Tottori Prefecture is the least populous prefecture of Japan at 570,569 and has a geographic area of 3,507 km2 . Tottori Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the west, Hiroshima Prefecture to the southwest, Okayama Prefecture to the south, and Hyōgo Prefecture to the east.
Shimane Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Shimane Prefecture is the second-least populous prefecture of Japan at 665,205 and has a geographic area of 6,708.26 km2. Shimane Prefecture borders Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest, Hiroshima Prefecture to the south, and Tottori Prefecture to the east.
Okayama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Okayama Prefecture has a population of 1,906,464 and has a geographic area of 7,114 km2 . Okayama Prefecture borders Tottori Prefecture to the north, Hyōgo Prefecture to the east, and Hiroshima Prefecture to the west.
Hiroshima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Hiroshima Prefecture has a population of 2,811,410 and has a geographic area of 8,479 km² . Hiroshima Prefecture borders Okayama Prefecture to the east, Tottori Prefecture to the northeast, Shimane Prefecture to the north, and Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest.
Yamaguchi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Yamaguchi Prefecture has a population of 1,377,631 and has a geographic area of 6,112 km² . Yamaguchi Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the north and Hiroshima Prefecture to the northeast.
Tokushima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Tokushima Prefecture has a population of 728,633 and has a geographic area of 4,146 km2 . Tokushima Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the north, Ehime Prefecture to the west, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southwest.
Kagawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kagawa Prefecture has a population of 949,358 and is the smallest prefecture by geographic area at 1,877 square kilometres . Kagawa Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the southwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the south.
Ehime Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Ehime Prefecture has a population of 1,342,011 and has a geographic area of 5,676 km2 . Ehime Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the northeast, Tokushima Prefecture to the east, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southeast.
Kōchi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kōchi Prefecture has a population of 757,914 and has a geographic area of 7,103 km2 . Kōchi Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the northwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the northeast.
Fukuoka Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Fukuoka Prefecture has a population of 5,109,323 and has a geographic area of 4,986 km2 . Fukuoka Prefecture borders Saga Prefecture to the southwest, Kumamoto Prefecture to the south, and Ōita Prefecture to the southeast.
Saga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Saga Prefecture has a population of 809,248 and has a geographic area of 2,440 km2 . Saga Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northeast and Nagasaki Prefecture to the southwest.
Nagasaki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Nagasaki Prefecture has a population of 1,314,078 and has a geographic area of 4,130 km2 . Nagasaki Prefecture borders Saga Prefecture to the northeast.
Kumamoto Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Kumamoto Prefecture has a population of 1,748,134 and has a geographic area of 7,409 km2 . Kumamoto Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the north, Ōita Prefecture to the northeast, Miyazaki Prefecture to the southeast, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the south.
Ōita Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Ōita Prefecture has a population of 1,136,245 and has a geographic area of 6,340 km2 . Ōita Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northwest, Kumamoto Prefecture to the southwest, and Miyazaki Prefecture to the south.
Miyazaki Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Miyazaki Prefecture has a population of 1,073,054 and has a geographic area of 7,735 km2 . Miyazaki Prefecture borders Ōita Prefecture to the north, Kumamoto Prefecture to the northwest, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the southwest.
Kagoshima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands. Kagoshima Prefecture has a population of 1,599,779 and has a geographic area of 9,187 km2 . Kagoshima Prefecture borders Kumamoto Prefecture to the north and Miyazaki Prefecture to the northeast.
Okinawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the Ryukyu Islands. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 and has a geographic area of 2,281 km2 .
Baringo County is one of the 47 Counties of Kenya. It is located in the former Rift Valley Province. Its headquarters and largest town is Kabarnet. The county is home to Lake Baringo.
Bomet County Government, located county in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya, was created from the former Kericho district through Kenya gazette supplement no. 53 of 1992. It has a population of 875,689 in 2019 and an area of 1,630.0 km2.
Bungoma County is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya. Its capital is Bungoma or Bungoma Town. It has a population of 1,670,570 of which 812,146 are males 858,389 females as per the 2019 census and an area of 2,069 km2. In 2010, the neighbouring Mount Elgon District was eliminated and its lands were merged with Bungoma District to form Bungoma County. It has nine constituencies that are :Bumula Constituency, Kabuchai Constituency, Kanduyi Constituency, Kimilili Constituency, Mt. Elgon Constituency, Sirisia Constituency, Tongaren Constituency, Webuye West Constituency and Webuye East Constituency
Busia is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya. It borders Kakamega County to the east, Bungoma County to the north, Lake Victoria and Siaya County to the south and Busia District, Uganda to the west. The county has about 893,000 people and spans about 1,700 square kilometers making it one of the smallest counties in Kenya. Busia is inhabited by the Luhya tribe of Kenya with smaller groups of Teso and Luo. The Luhya communities include the Abakhayo, Marachi, Samia and Abanyala communities.
Elgeyo-Marakwet County is one of Kenya's 47 counties. Elgeyo Marakwet County is located in the former Rift Valley Province. Its capital and largest town is Iten. It borders the counties of West Pokot to the north, Baringo County to the east, southeast and south, Uasin Gishu to the southwest and west, and Trans Nzoia to the northwest.
Embu County is a county of Kenya. The capital of Embu County and the former Eastern province headquarters, Embu is a large and largely metropolitan area with a population of 608,599 persons. The county borders Kirinyaga to the west, Kitui to the east, Tharaka Nithi to the north, Machakos to the south. The county occupies an area of 2,821 km2.
Garissa County is an administrative County in Kenya. Its capital and largest urban area is Garissa. The county had a population of 841,353 at the 2019 Census, and a land area of about 44,753 km2 . As of 31 August 2016, Garissa County had more than 260,000 refugees in refugee camps at Dadaab, which is located in Garissa County.
Homa Bay County is a county in the former Nyanza Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Homa Bay. The county has a population of 1,131,950 and an area of 3,154.7 km2. Lake Victoria is a major source of livelihood for Homa Bay County.
Isiolo County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its population is 268,002 and its capital and largest city is Isiolo. Isiolo County is to be the first county to be developed as part of the Kenya Vision 2030 program. Other upcoming urban centres are: Garbatulla, Modogashe, Kinna, Merti and Oldonyiro.
Kajiado County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya. As of 2019, Kajiado county spanned an area of 21,292.7 km2, with a recorded population of 1,117,840. The county borders Nairobi and extends to the Tanzania border further south. The county capital is Kajiado town, but the largest town is Ongata Rongai. Its main tourist attraction is its wildlife.
Kakamega County is a county in the former Western Province of Kenya and borders Vihiga County to the South, Siaya County to the West, Bungoma and Trans Nzoia Counties to the North and Nandi and Uasin Gishu Counties to the East. CIDP Its capital and largest town is Kakamega. It has a population of 1,867,579 and an area of 3,033.8 km2.
Kericho County is one of the counties the republic of Kenya. The county seats between longitude 35°02' and 35°40' East and between the equator and latitude 0°23' South with an altitude of about 2002m above the sea level. It borders Uasin Gishu County to the North West, Baringo County to the North, Nandi County to the North-West, Nakuru County to the East and Bomet County to the South. It has a population of 901,777 and an area of 2,111 km². Its capital and largest town is Kericho.
Kiambu County is a county in the former Central Province of Kenya. Its capital is Kiambu and its largest town is Thika. Kiambu County borders Nairobi and Kajiado Counties to the South, Machakos to the East, Murang‘a to the North and North East, Nyandarua to the North West, and Nakuru to the West and has a population of 2,417,735.
Kilifi County is a county of Kenya. It was formed in 2010 as a result of a merger of Kilifi District and Malindi District. Its capital is Kilifi and its largest town is Malindi. The county has a population of 1,453,787. It covers an area of 12,245.90 km2 .
Kirinyaga County is a county in the former Central Province of Kenya. Its capital is Kerugoya and its largest town is Wanguru. In 2019, the county had a population of 610,411 and an area of 1,478.1 km2. The county is bordered to the east and south by Embu County, to the south by a tiny part of Machakos County, to the southwest by Murang'a County and to the northwest by Nyeri County.
Kisii County is a county in the former Nyanza Province in southwestern Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kisii. The county has a population of 1,266,860 people. It borders Nyamira County to the North East, Narok County to the South and Homabay and Migori Counties to the West. The county covers an area of 1,317.5 km. The county is inhabited mostly by the Gusii people.
Kisumu County is one of 47 counties in the Republic of Kenya. Its borders follow those of the original Kisumu District, one of the former administrative districts of the former Nyanza Province in western Kenya. Its headquarters is Kisumu City which is the third largest city in Kenya after the capital Nairobi and the coastal city of Mombasa. It has a population of 1,155,574 . The land area of Kisumu County totals 2085.9 km2.
Kitui County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kitui, although Mwingi is also another major urban centre. The county has a population of 1,136,187 . and an area of 30,430 km2. It lies between latitudes 0°10 South and 3°0 South and longitudes 37°50 East and 39°0 East.
Kwale County is a county in the former Coast Province of Kenya. Its capital is Kwale, although Ukunda is the largest town.
Laikipia County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya, located on the Equator in the former Rift Valley Province of the country. Laikipia is a cosmopolitan county and is county number 31. The county has two major urban centres: Nanyuki to the southeast, and Nyahururu to the southwest. Its capital is Rumuruti. The County lies between latitudes 0° 18” South and 0° 51” North and between longitude 36° 11” and 37° 24’ East. It borders Samburu County to the North, Isiolo County to the North East, Meru County to the East, Nyeri County to the South East, Nyandarua County to the South, Nakuru County to the South West and Baringo County to the West.
Lamu County is located in the Northern Coast of Kenya and is one of the Six Coastal Counties in Kenya. It borders Tana River County in the southwest, Garissa County to the north, Republic of Somalia to the northeast and the Indian Ocean to the South. It lies 1° 40’ and 2° 30’ south and longitude 40° 15’ and 40° 38’ east. The county has a land surface of 6,273.1 km that include the mainland and over 65 islands that form the Lamu Archipelago. The total length of the coastline is 130 km while land water mass area stands at 308 km.
Machakos County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya. Its capital is Machakos. Its largest town is Machakos, the country's first administrative headquarters. The county had a population of 1,421,932 as of 2019. The county borders Nairobi and Kiambu counties to the west, Embu to the north, Kitui to the east, Makueni to the south, Kajiado to the south west, and Muranga and Kirinyaga to the north west.
Makueni County is a county in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Wote. The county has a population of 987,653 . The county lies between Latitude 1o 35 ́ and 32 00 ́ South and Longitude 37o10 ́ and 38o 30 ́ east. It borders Machakos to the North, Kitui to the East, Taita Taveta to the South and Kajiado to the West and covers an area of 8,008.9 km2.
Mandera County is a county in Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Mandera. The county is bordered by Ethiopia to the north, to the east and by Wajir County to the southwest. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 1,200,89,milion and an area of 25,939.8 km2. The main economic activity in the county is pastoralism, while others include cross-border trade with Ethiopia, artisanal mining, beekeeping and agriculture along the Dawa River.
Marsabit County is a county of Kenya. Covering a surface area of 66.923,1 square kilometres Marsabit is the largest county in Kenya. Its capital is Marsabit and its largest town Moyale. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 459,785. It is bordered to the North by Ethiopia, to the West by Turkana County to the South by Samburu County and Isiolo County, and to the East by Wajir County.
Meru County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya, located in the former Eastern Province. The county lies between 0° 6′ North and 0° 1′ South and between latitudes 37° West and 38° East. It borders Isiolo County to the North, Tharaka/Nithi County to the East, Nyeri County to the South West and Laikipia County to the West. It covers a total area of 7,006 Km2 out of which with part of it 972.3Km2 being gazetted as forest.
Migori County is a county in the former Nyanza Province of southwestern Kenya. It is located in Southwestern Kenya and borders Homa Bay County, Kisii County, Narok, Tanzania and Lake Victoria to the West. The county also borders Uganda via Migingo Island in Lake Victoria. The county is headquartered by Migori town, which is also its largest town. The Kenya National Census of 2019 indicated that Migori County had a population of 1,116,436 compared to 917, 170 in 2009 Census. Migori County is located in the sugar belt wetlands of Western Kenya and is mostly at the heart of the African tropics. However, the county enjoys a pleasant climate because of high altitude which modifies the climate alongside the cool breeze from Lake Victoria.
Mombasa County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya. It's the capital and the only city in the county of Mombasa. Initially it was one of the former districts of Kenya but in 2013 it was reconstituted as a county, on the same boundaries. It is the smallest county in Kenya, covering an area of 229.7 km2 excluding 65 km2 of water mass. The county is situated in the south eastern part of the former Coast Province. It borders Kilifi County to the north, Kwale County to the south west and the Indian Ocean to the east. Administratively, the county is divided into seven divisions, eighteen locations and thirty sub-locations.
Murang'a County is one of the counties of Kenya's former Central Province. Its largest town and capital is Murang'a, formerly referred to as Fort Hall during the colonial era. It is inhabited mainly by and is considered the home of the Gikuyu, the largest community in Kenya. The county has a population of 1,056,640 .
Nairobi County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya. The third smallest yet the most populous of the counties, it is coterminous with the city of Nairobi, which is also the capital and largest city of Kenya.
Nakuru County is a county in Kenya. It is County number 32 out of the 47 Kenyan Counties. The capital and largest town is Nakuru, although Naivasha is another major significant urban centre. With a population of 2,162,202, it is the third most populous county in Kenya after Nairobi County and Kiambu County in that order. With an area of 7,496.5 km², it is the 19th largest County in size. Until 21 August 2010 it formed part of Rift Valley Province.
Nandi County is in the North Rift of Kenya, occupying an area of 2,884.4 square kilometres. Its capital, Kapsabet, is the largest town in the county while other towns include Mosoriot, Tinderet, Kobujoi, Kaiboi, Kabiyet and Nandi Hills. According to a 2019 census, the county had a population of 885,711, made up of a number of Kenyan communities, the majority of whom belong to the native tribe called Nandi.
Narok County is a county in Kenya with a population projected at around 1,157,873 persons as of 2019, with the dominant ethnic groups being the Maasai and Kalenjin. Its capital and largest town is Narok. The other major urban centre in Narok County is Kilgoris.
Nyamira County is a county in the former Nyanza Province of Kenya. It was formerly known as Nyamira district separate from Gucha and Kisii districts which were merged in 2013 to form Kisii County. The main cash crops grown are bananas and tea. The county has a population of 605,576 . Its capital and largest town is Nyamira, with an urban population of around 41,668 (2009 census)
Nyandarua County is a County in the former Central Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Ol Kalou. Formerly the capital was Nyahururu, which is now part of the Laikipia County. Nyandarua County has population of 596,268 and an area of 3,304 km2. The county is located on the northwestern part of the old Central Province, and contains the Aberdare Ranges.
Nyeri County is located in the central region of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Nyeri. It has a population of 759,164 and an area of 2361 km2. It is currently under the leadership of H.E. Governor Mutahi Kahiga. Other governors who have led this county include Nderitu Gachagua, Wamathai Samuel Githaiga, and Wahome Gakuru, who was killed in a road accident.
Samburu County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province, Kenya. It covers an area of roughly 21,000 km2 in northern Kenya where the Samburu, Turkana and many other tribes live. It stretches north from the Wuaso Ng'iro River to the south of Lake Turkana. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 310,327.
Siaya County is one of the counties in the former Nyanza Province in the southwest part of Kenya. It is bordered by Busia County to the north, Kakamega County and Vihiga County's to the northeast and Kisumu County to the southeast. It shares a water border with Homa Bay County which is located south of Siaya County. The total area of the county is approximately 2,496.1 km2. The county lies between latitude 0° 26’ to 0° 18’ north and longitude 33° 58’ east and 34° 33’ west. Siaya has been split up into six new districts. Under the Constitution 2010, the role of districts are still unclear as much of administrative authority is being transferred to the county. The capital is Siaya, even though the largest town is Bondo.
Taita–Taveta County is a county of Kenya. It lies approximately 140 km northwest of Mombasa and 380 km southeast of Nairobi. The County headquarters are located in Mwatate, which is central to the county.
Tana River County is a county in the former Coast Province, Kenya. It is named after the Tana River. It has an area of 38,437 square kilometres and a population of 315,943. The capital and largest town is Hola .
Tharaka-Nithi County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya located in Kenya's former Eastern Province. The county has an area of 2609 km2 and as of the 2019 census a population of 393,177.
Trans-Nzoia County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province, Kenya, located between the Nzoia River and Mount Elgon, 380 km northwest of Nairobi. At its centre is the town of Kitale which is the capital and largest town. The county borders Bungoma to the west, Uasin Gishu and Kakamega to the south, Elgeyo-Marakwet to the east, West Pokot to the north and the republic of Uganda to the Northwest. Trans Nzoia covers an area of 2495.5 square kilometres.
Turkana County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya. Turkana is the largest County, by land area, followed by Marsabit County and also the northwesternmost county in Kenya. It is bordered by the countries of Uganda to the west; South Sudan and Ethiopia, including the disputed Ilemi Triangle, to the north and northeast; and Lake Turkana to the east. To the south and east, neighbouring counties in Kenya are West Pokot, Baringo and Samburu Counties, while Marsabit County is located on the opposite shore of Lake Turkana. Its capital and largest town is Lodwar. According to the 2019 census, Turkana County has a population of 926,976.
Uasin Gishu County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya, located in the former Rift Valley Province. The city of Eldoret is the county's largest population center as well as its administrative and commercial center.
Vihiga County is an administrative region in the former Western Province of Kenya whose headquarters are in Mbale, the largest town in the county. The county has a population of 554,622 and an area of 563 km2. Vihiga County was split from Kakamega County in 1990. In 2019's census, Vihiga was found to have a population of 590, 013, an increase of 35, 391 from the 2009's count.
Wajir County is a county in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Wajir. The county has a population of 720,000 and an area of 55,840.6 km2. The county is bordered to the north by Ethiopia, to the northeast by Mandera County, to the east by Somalia, to the south by Garissa County, to the west by Isiolo County and to the northwest by Marsabit County. The county has six constituencies: eldas, Tarbaj, Wajir North, Wajir West, Wajir East, and Wajir South.
West Pokot County is a county of Kenya. Its capital and largest town is Kapenguria. The county covers an area of approximately 9,169.4 square kilometers and stretches a distance of 132 kilometers from North to South. West Pokot County is bordered to the north by Turkana County, to the east by Baringo County, to the southeast by Elgeyo-Marakwet County, to the south by Trans Nzoia County and to the west by Uganda. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 621,241. The county is home to Tegla Loroupe, one of the most famous Kenyan female runners.
Batken Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Batken. It is bounded on the east by Osh Region, on the south, west and north by Tajikistan, and on the northeast by Uzbekistan. The northern part of the region is part of the flat, agricultural Ferghana Valley. The land rises southward to the mountains on the southern border: the Alay Mountains in the east, and the Turkestan Range in the west.
Chuy Region or Chui Region is the northernmost region of the Kyrgyz Republic. This region surrounds the national capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek. It is bounded on the north by Kazakhstan, and clockwise, Issyk Kul Region, Naryn Region, Jalal-Abad Region, and Talas Region. Its administrative center is Bishkek, but from 2003 to May 2006, it was Tokmok.
Bishkek, formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chuy Region. The province surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the province, but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. It is also near the Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan border.
Jalal-Abad Region, also known as Jalalabat, is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is the city of the same name, Jalal-Abad. It is surrounded by Talas Region, Chuy Region, Naryn Region, Osh Region, and Uzbekistan. Jalal-Abad Region was established on 21 November 1939. On 27 January 1959 it became a part of Osh Region, but regained its old status as a region on 14 December 1990. Jalal-Abad Region consist of 8 districts, and includes 5 towns, 8 urba-type settlements, and 415 villages
Naryn Region is the largest region of Kyrgyzstan. It is located in the east of the country and borders with Chuy Region in the north, Issyk Kul Region in the northeast, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China in the southeast, Osh Region in the southwest, and Jalal-Abad Region in the west. Its capital is Naryn. The region was established on 21 November 1939 as Tien-Shan Region. On 20 December 1962 the region was dissolved, but on 11 December 1970 re-established again. On 5 October 1988 it was unified with Issyk-Kul Region, and, finally, on 14 December 1990 it got back its present name: Naryn Region.
Osh Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Osh. It is bounded by Jalal-Abad Region, Naryn Region, Xinjiang, China, Tajikistan, Batken Region, and Uzbekistan.
Talas Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Talas. It is bordered on the west and north by Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan, on the east by Chuy Region, on the south by Jalal-Abad Region and on the southwest by a finger of Uzbekistan. It is basically a U-shaped valley open to the west. The northern border is defined by the Kyrgyz Ala-Too, which also form the southern border of Chuy Region. At the eastern end, the Talas Ala-Too Range splits off and marks the southern border. The Talas River flows through the center of the valley. The main highway enters from the east over the Ötmök Pass and goes down the valley to Taraz in Kazakhstan. Near the mouth of the valley at Kyzyl-Adyr, one road goes north toward Taraz and the other south over the Kara-Buura Pass to Jalal-Abad Province. Before independence most trade links were with Taraz. The historic Battle of Talas occurred here.
Ysyq-Köl Region is one of the regions of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Karakol. It is surrounded by Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, Chuy Region, Naryn Region and Xinjiang, China . It takes its name from Lake Issyk-Kul, world's second-largest high altitude lake.
Osh is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country and often referred to as the "capital of the south". It is the oldest city in the country, and has served as the administrative center of Osh Region since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of about 281,900 in 2017, comprising Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Russians, Tajiks, and other smaller ethnic groups. It is about 5 km from the Uzbekistan border.
Banteay Meanchey is a province of Cambodia located in the far northwest. It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap to the east, Battambang to the south, and shares an international border with Thailand to the west. Its capital and largest city is Serei Saophoan.
Kratié, alternatively Kraches or Kracheh is a province of Cambodia located in the northeast. It borders Stung Treng to the north, Mondulkiri to the east, Kampong Thom and Kampong Cham to the west, and Tbong Khmum and Vietnam to the south.
Mondulkiri or Mondul Kiri, is a province of Cambodia. Bordering the provinces of Kratié to the west, Stung Treng to the northwest, Ratanakiri to the north and the country of Vietnam to the east and south, it is the most sparsely populated province in the country despite being the largest in land area. The province was established in 1961 from the eastern part of Kratié Province. The capital is the town of Senmonorom.
Phnom Penh is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since French protectorate of Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's economic, industrial, and cultural centre.
Preah Vihear is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap to the west, Kampong Thom to the south and Stung Treng to the east. Its northern boundary forms part of Cambodia's international border with Thailand and Laos. Its capital is Preah Vihear.
Prey Veng is a province of Cambodia. The capital is Prey Veng town. With a population of 1.1 million people, it is the third most populous province.
Pursat is a province of Cambodia. It is in the western part of the country and borders clockwise from the north: Battambang Province, the Tonlé Sap, Kampong Chhnang Province, Kampong Speu Province, Koh Kong Province, and Thailand. It lies between the Tonle Sap and the northern end of the Cardamom Mountains. The Pursat River bisects the province, running from the Cardamoms in the west to the Tonle Sap in the east.
Ratanakiri or Ratanak Kiri, is a province of northeast Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Mondulkiri to the south and Stung Treng to the west and the countries of Laos and Vietnam to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the Annamite Range in the north, across a hilly plateau between the Tonlé San and Tonlé Srepok rivers, to tropical deciduous forests in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty.
Siem Reap is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Oddar Meanchey to the north, Preah Vihear and Kampong Thom to the east, Battambang to the south, and Banteay Meanchey to the west. Its capital and largest city is Siem Reap.
Sihanoukville, also known as Kampong Som, by the Chinese known as Xi Gang, is a coastal city in Cambodia and the capital of Sihanoukville Province, at the tip of an elevated peninsula in the country's south-west on the Gulf of Thailand. The city is flanked by an almost uninterrupted string of beaches along its entire coastline and coastal marshlands bordering the Ream National Park in the east. The city has one navigable river, the mangrove lined Ou Trojak Jet running from Otres Pagoda to the sea at Otres. A number of thinly inhabited islands – under Sihanoukville's administration – are near the city, where in recent years moderate development has helped to attract a sizable portion of Asia's individual travelers, students, and backpackers.
Stung Treng is a province of Cambodia in the northeast. It borders the provinces of Ratanakiri to the east, Mondulkiri and Kratié to the south and Kampong Thom and Preah Vihear to the west. Its northern boundary is Cambodia's international border with Laos. The Mekong River bisects the province. The province is mostly covered by forest, but logging and fishing put high pressure on the forest and fishery reserves.
Battambang is a province of Cambodia in the far northwest of the country. Bordering provinces are Banteay Meanchey to the north, Pursat to the east and south, Siem Reap to the northeast, and Pailin to the west. The northern and southern extremes of the province's western boundaries form part of the international border with Thailand. In addition, Tonlé Sap forms part of the northeastern boundary between Siem Reap and Pursat. Its capital and largest city is Battambang.
Svay Rieng is a province in Cambodia. Located in the southeast, the province juts into Vietnam, which surrounds it to the north, east and south. The only other Cambodian province to border Svay Rieng is Prey Veng. The capital is Svay Rieng while the largest city is Bavet, which is the international border between Cambodia and Vietnam.
Takéo is a province of Cambodia. Located in the south of Cambodia to the west of Bassac River, Takéo borders the provinces of Kampot to the west, Kampong Speu to the northwest and Kandal to the north and east. Its southern boundary is the international border with Vietnam. The provincial capital, recently known as the provincial town Doun Kaev, is a small city with a population of 39,186.
Oddar Meanchey is a province of Cambodia in the remote northwest. It borders the provinces of Banteay Meanchey to the west, Siem Reap to the south and Preah Vihear to the east. Its long northern boundary demarcates part of Cambodia's international border with Thailand. The capital is Samraong town.
Kep is the capital of Kep Province in southern Cambodia. It lies near Kep National Park. The town has a population of 35,990.
Pailin is a province in western Cambodia at the northern edge of the Cardamom Mountains near the border of Thailand. This province is surrounded by Battambang Province, and was officially carved out of Battambang to become a separate administrative division after the surrender of the Ieng Sary faction of the Khmer Rouge in 1996. Pailin is known to much of the world for having long been a stronghold of the Khmer Rouge, remaining under their control long after they were defeated in 1979 and serving from 1994 to 1998 as the capital of the Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia. Within Cambodia Pailin is known for its natural resources, namely precious gems and timber.
Kampong Cham is a province of Cambodia located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Chhnang to the west, Kampong Thom and Kratié to the north, Tboung Khmum to the east, and Prey Veng and Kandal to the south. Kampong Cham was officially divided into two provinces on 31 December 2013 in what was seen by many as a political move by the ruling party. All land west of the Mekong remained Kampong Cham while land east of the river became Tbong Khmum province. Prior to this division, Kampong Cham extended eastward to the international border with Vietnam, was the eleventh largest province in Cambodia, and with a population of 1,680,694, was the most populous province in Cambodia. Its capital and largest city is Kampong Cham.
Kampong Chhnang is one of the central provinces of Cambodia. Neighboring provinces are Kampong Thom, Kampong Cham, Kandal, Kampong Speu and Pursat. The capital city of Kampong Chhnang Province is Kampong Chhnang.
Kampong Speu is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Pursat and Kampong Chhnang to the north, Kandal to the east, Takéo to the southeast, Kampot to the south and Koh Kong to the west. Its capital is Chbar Mon town.
Kampong Thom is a province of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Siem Reap to the northwest, Preah Vihear to the north, Stung Treng to the northeast, Kratie to the east, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang to the south, and the Tonle Sap to the west.
Kampot Province is a province in southwestern of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Koh Kong and Kampong Speu to the north, Takeo and Kep and Vietnam to the east and Sihanoukville to the west. To its south it has a coastline of around 45 km on the Gulf of Thailand. It is rich in low arable lands and has abundant natural resources. Its capital is Kampot town.
Kandal is a province of Cambodia located in the southeast portion of the country. It completely surrounds the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh and borders the provinces of Kampong Speu and Takeo to the west, Kampong Chhnang and Kampong Cham to the north, Prey Veng to the east, and shares an international border with Vietnam to the south. It is the second most populous province in Cambodia after the capital Phnom Penh. Its capital and largest city is Ta Khmao, which is approximately 8 km south of central Phnom Penh. Kandal is one of the wealthier provinces in the country.
Koh Kong is a province of Cambodia. Its capital is Khemarak Phoumin . The province was called Patchan Khiri Khet Province from 1795 to 1904.
Tboung Khmum or Tbong Khmum, is a province of Cambodia located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Cham to the west, Kratié to the north, Prey Veng to the south, and shares an international border with Vietnam to the east. Its capital and largest city is Suong. The province's name consists of two words in Khmer, tboung and khmum, which together mean "amber".
The Gilbert Islands are a chain of sixteen atolls and coral islands in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii. From 1976 to 1979, they were the “British colony of the Gilbert Islands”, and before that, from 1916 to 1975, they were the “Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony”. They constitute the main part of the nation of Kiribati .
The Line Islands, Teraina Islands or Equatorial Islands are a chain of 11 atolls and coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Hawaiian Islands. The island chain stretches northwest to southeast across 2,350 kilometres, making it one of the longest island chains in the world. One of the islands in the group, Kiritimati, has the largest land area of any atoll in the world. Of the 11 islands, all of which were formed by volcanic activity, only the Kiritimati and Tabuaeran atolls and Teraina Island have a permanent population. Eight of the islands are part of Kiribati. The remaining three—Kingman Reef, Palmyra Island and Jarvis Island—are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
The Phoenix Islands, or Rawaki, are a group of eight atolls and two submerged coral reefs that lie east of the Gilbert Islands and west of the Line Islands in the central Pacific Ocean, north of Samoa. They are part of the Republic of Kiribati. Their combined land area is 28 square kilometres . The only island of any commercial importance is Canton Island . The other islands are Enderbury, Rawaki, Manra, Birnie, McKean, Nikumaroro, and Orona .
Grande Comore is an island in Comoros off the coast of Africa. It is the largest island in the Comoros nation. Most of its population is of the Comorian ethnic group. Its population as of 2006 is about 316,600. The island's capital is Moroni, which is also the national capital. The island is made up of two shield volcanoes, with Mount Karthala being the country's highest point at 2,361 m above sea level. According to the 2009 revision of the constitution of 2002, it is governed by an elected Governor, as are the other islands, with the federal government being much reduced in power. The name Ngazidja is sometimes seen in the now nonstandard form Njazidja.
Anjouan is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, as of 2006, its population is around 277,500. The total area of the island is 424 square kilometers .
Mohéli, also known as Mwali, is an autonomous island that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. It is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa and it is the smallest of the four major Comoro Islands. Its capital and largest city is Fomboni.
Christ Church Nichola Town is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. The fifth largest parish on Saint Kitts, it is located on the east coast of the main island of Saint Kitts. The parish capital is Nichola Town and its largest town is Molyneux.
Saint Anne Sandy Point is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the smallest parish on St. Kitts in terms of area, at just 5 square miles . It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Sandy Point Town.
Saint George Basseterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the largest parish on Saint Kitts and the second largest parish in Saint Kitts and Nevis . It is by far the most populous parish in the federation, holding nearly a third of the country's population. It is home to the city of Basseterre, capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis, and also has a longer coastline than any other parish in Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Saint George Gingerland, also known as St. George's Gingerland, is a parish in the southeastern part of the island of Nevis, Leeward Islands, West Indies. It is one of five parishes on the island, and has a total population of about 2,500. The five parishes, in combination with the nine parishes of St. Kitts, make up the fourteen administrative parishes of the two-island Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Saint James Windward is the largest of five parishes on the island of Nevis. These five parishes are in turn part of the 14 administrative parishes making up the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Saint John Capisterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the second largest parish on Saint Kitts, and the third largest parish in the federation . The capital of the parish is Dieppe Bay Town.
Saint John Figtree is one of five administrative parishes which make up the small Caribbean island of Nevis. These five parishes are part of the fourteen parishes that exist within the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, a two-island country in the Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.
Saint Mary Cayon is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Cayon.
Saint Paul Capisterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the second smallest parish on St. Kitts, and third smallest in the federation. The parish capital is Saint Paul Capisterre Village.
Saint Paul Charlestown is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the island of Nevis, and the parish capital is Charlestown, which is also capital of the entire island.
Saint Peter Basseterre is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is located on the main island of Saint Kitts and the parish capital is Monkey Hill.
Saint Thomas Lowland is one of 5 Nevis parishes which are in turn part of the 14 administrative parishes that make up the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.
Saint Thomas Middle Island is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is the third largest parish on the island of Saint Kitts, and fourth largest in the federation. The parish capital is Middle Island.
Trinity Palmetto Point is one of 14 administrative parishes that make up Saint Kitts and Nevis. It ranks 6th in terms of size of all the parishes on Saint Kitts. The parish capital is Trinity.
Chagang Province is a province in North Korea; it is bordered by China's Jilin and Liaoning provinces to the north, Ryanggang and South Hamgyong to the east, South Pyongan to the south, and North Pyongan to the west. Chagang was formed in 1949, after being demarcated from North Pyongan. The provincial capital is Kanggye. Chagang is the only province of North Korea which is completely inaccessible to tourists, however in 2019 Manpo became accessible to tourist. One reason it was not believed to be accessible to tourist was due to the province being known for its weapons and nuclear weapon facilities and factories located within the province. In May 2018, the province became a "Special Songun Revolutionary Zone" in relations to concealing the nuclear weapon and weapon's factories within the province.
North Hamgyong Province is the northernmost province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Hamgyong Province.
South Hamgyong Province is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Hamgyong Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Hamhung.
North Hwanghae Province is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1954 when the former Hwanghae Province was split into North and South Hwanghae. The provincial capital is Sariwon. The province is bordered by Pyongyang and South Pyongan to the north, Kangwon to the east, Kaesong Industrial Region and South Korea's Gyeonggi Province to the south, and South Hwanghae southwest. In 2003, Kaesong Directly Governed City became part of North Hwanghae. Later on in 2019, it was promoted as Special City . Thus, it was separated from North Hwanghae.
South Hwanghae Province is a province in western North Korea. The province was formed in 1954 when the former Hwanghae Province was split into North and South Hwanghae. The provincial capital is Haeju.
Kaesong is a special city in the southern part of North Korea, and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea and contains the remains of the Manwoldae palace. Called Songdo while it was the ancient capital of Goryeo, the city prospered as a trade centre that produced Korean ginseng. Kaesong now functions as the DPRK's light industry centre.
Kangwon Province is a province of North Korea, with its capital at Wŏnsan. Before the division of Korea in 1945, Kangwŏn Province and its South Korean neighbour Gangwon Province formed a single province that excluded Wŏnsan.
Rason is a North Korean city and ice-free port in the Sea of Japan in the North Pacific Ocean on the northeast tip of North Korea. It is in the Kwanbuk region and location of the Rason Special Economic Zone.
Nampo, also spelled Namp'o, is a city and seaport in South Pyongan Province, North Korea, which lies on the northern shore of the Taedong River, 15 km east of the river's mouth. Formerly known as Chinnamp'o, it was a provincial-level "Directly Governed City" from 1980 to 2004, and was designated a "Special City" in 2010, and made a part of South P'yŏngan. Namp'o is approximately 50 km southwest of P'yŏngyang, at the mouth of the Taedong River.
North Pyongan Province, written before 1925 in English as Yeng Byen) is a western province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former P'yŏng'an Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Sinŭiju. In 2002, Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region—near the city of Sinuiju—was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region.
South Pyongan Province is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Pyongan Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Pyongsong.
Pyongyang is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 km upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288. Pyongyang is a directly administered city with equal status to North Korean provinces.
Ryanggang Province is a province in North Korea. The province is bordered by China on the north, North Hamgyong on the east, South Hamgyong on the south, and Chagang on the west. Ryanggang was formed in 1954, when it was separated from South Hamgyŏng. The provincial capital is Hyesan. In South Korean usage, "Ryanggang" is spelled and pronounced as "Yanggang" (Korean: 양강도, Yanggang-do, Korean pronunciation: )
Seoul, officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. Seoul has a population of 9.7 million people, and forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area with the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Considered to be a global city, Seoul was the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. In 2017, the cost of living in Seoul was ranked the 6th highest globally.
Busan, formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially known as Busan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's second-most populous city after Seoul, with a population of over 3.4 million inhabitants. It is the economic, cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea, with its port—Korea's busiest and the sixth-busiest in the world. The surrounding "Southeast Economic Zone" is South Korea's largest industrial area.
Daegu, formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea.
Incheon, formerly Chemulpo, until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east. Inhabited since the Neolithic, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan.
Gwangju is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent of South Jeolla province.
Daejeon is South Korea's fifth-largest metropolis. Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010. Located in the central region of South Korea, Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes. The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by KTX or SRT high speed rail.
Ulsan, officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City, and nicknamed Hyundai City, is South Korea's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall, with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants. It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboring Busan to the south and facing Gyeongju to the north.
Gyeonggi Province is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, Gyeonggi, means "the area surrounding the capital". Thus Gyeonggi-do can be translated as "province surrounding Seoul". Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the province but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2, with a combined population of 25.5 million—amounting to over half of the entire population of South Korea.
Gangwon Province is a province of South Korea, with its capital at Chuncheon. It is bounded on the east part by the Sea of Japan, and borders Gyeonggi Province to its west, and North Gyeongsang Province and North Chungcheong Province to its south. Its northern boundary is the Military Demarcation Line, separating it from North Korea's Kangwŏn Province. Before the division of Korea in 1945 Gangwon and Kangwŏn formed a single province. Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics. Gangwon will host the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.
North Chungcheong Province, also known as Chungbuk, is a province of South Korea. North Chungcheong has a population of 1,578,934 and has a geographic area of 7,433 km2 located in the Hoseo region in the south-center of the Korean Peninsula. North Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi and Gangwon to the north, North Gyeongsang to the east, North Jeolla to the south and South Chungcheong, Sejong Special Autonomous City and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the west.
South Chungcheong Province, also known as Chungnam, is a province of South Korea. South Chungcheong has a population of 2,059,871 and has a geographic area of 8,204 km2 located in the Hoseo region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. South Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi to the north, North Chungcheong, Sejong Special Autonomous City, and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the east, and North Jeolla to the south.
North Jeolla Province, also known as Jeonbuk, is a province of South Korea. North Jeolla has a population of 1,869,711 and has a geographic area of 8,067 km2 located in the Honam region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula. North Jeolla borders the provinces of South Jeolla to the south, North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang to the east, North Chungcheong to the northeast, and South Chungcheong to the north.
South Jeolla Province, also known as Jeonnam, is a province of South Korea. South Jeolla has a population of 1,902,324 and has a geographic area of 12,247 km2 located in the Honam region at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula. South Jeolla borders the provinces of North Jeolla to the north, South Gyeongsang to the northeast, and Jeju to the southwest in the Korea Strait.
North Gyeongsang Province is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province, and remained a province of Korea until the country's division in 1945, then became part of South Korea.
South Gyeongsang Province is a province in the southeast of South Korea. The provincial capital is at Changwon. It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan. There is UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and attracts many tourists. Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province, extending from Ulsan through Busan, Changwon, and Jinju.
Jeju Province, officially Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, is one of the nine provinces of South Korea. The province comprises Jeju Island, formerly transliterated as Cheju or Cheju Do, the country's largest island. It was previously known as Quelpart to Europeans and during the Japanese occupation as Saishū. The island lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province, of which it was a part of before it became a separate province in 1946. Its capital is Jeju City and it is home to South Korea's tallest mountain, Mt. Halla.
Sejong, officially the Sejong Special Self-Governing City, is a special self-governing city and de facto administrative capital of South Korea.
Ahmadi Governorate is one of the six governorates of Kuwait. It is located is famous in Kuwait for its greenery and British architecture. It is located in the southern part of Kuwait and comprises the town of Ahmadi as well as several southern suburbs of Kuwait City. Ahmadi forms an important part of Kuwaiti economy as several of Kuwait's oil refineries are located here. Main residential areas include Abu Halifa, Riqqah and Mangaf. Ahmadi is the home of several sporting clubs and complexes in Kuwait. The headquarters of Kuwait National Petroleum Company is located in Ahmadi.
Farwaniya Governorate is the most populous of the six governorates of Kuwait, in terms of a total number of residents. It is Kuwait City's main residential area and also forms an important part of Kuwait's commercial activities. The Governor is Faisal H. M. Al-Sabah as of May 2014. Al Farwaniyah consists of the following districts:
Hawalli Governorate, is one of the six governorates of Kuwait, consisting of the following areas:
Al-Jahra Governorate is one of the six Governorates of Kuwait. It is the largest Governorate in Kuwait. It includes the town of Al-Jahra, most of the northern and western parts of Kuwait, several islands, and also western suburbs of Kuwait City. It also contains most of Kuwait's arable land. Jahra also has some historic relevance to Kuwait's history. The Red Palace or Al Qasr Al Ahmar is the most important historical landmark there. In and around it the famous battle between Kuwait and the Dweesh army took place.
The Capital Governorate, sometimes referred to as Al Kuwayt, is one of the six governorates of Kuwait. It comprises the historic core of Kuwait City, industrial and port areas such as Shuwaikh and Doha Port, and several offshore islands. It consists of the following areas:
Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate is one of the governorates of Kuwait which mainly houses residential areas of Kuwait City. It was formed in 2000 when the Hawalli Governorate was split in two.
Bodden Town is a district of the island of Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands. It takes its name from the village of Bodden Town, which is located on the south shore of the island in the central portion of the district. Other communities in the district of Bodden Town are Savannah and Newlands, both in the western portion of the district.
Cayman Brac is an island that is part of the Cayman Islands. It lies in the Caribbean Sea about 145 km north-east of Grand Cayman and 8 km east of Little Cayman. It is about 19 km long, with an average width of 2 km . Its terrain is the most prominent of the three Cayman Islands due to "The Bluff", a limestone outcrop that rises steadily along the length of the island up to 43 m above sea level at the eastern end. The island is named after this prominent feature, as "brac" is a Gaelic name for a bluff.
East End is a village and one of the five districts of the Cayman Islands. Located on south-east coast of Grand Cayman, in 2018 it had a population of 2,395.
George Town is a city situated on Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands. It serves as the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. As of 2019, the city had a population of 40,200 making it the largest city of all the British Overseas Territories.
Little Cayman is one of three Islands comprising the Cayman Islands. It is located in the Caribbean Sea, approximately 60 miles northeast of East End of Grand Cayman and five miles west of West end of Cayman Brac.The capital of Little Cayman is Salt Rock and not Blossom Village as many seem to presume. Little Cayman is by far the least populous, with a permanent population of about 250 including seasonal residents/homeowners and at present around 175 residents. The majority of the population are expatriate workers from Jamaica, the Philippines, and Honduras and from other Latin American countries as well as Canada, the USA, India, Australia, Scotland, England, and South Africa. There are a handful of local Caymanians estimated as fewer than 20. It is about 10 miles long with an average width of 1 mile and most of the island is undeveloped. Almost the entire island is at sea level. The highest elevation is about 40 feet . Rainy season although not that bad mostly light showers are in Mid-April until June and again in mid-September to mid-October. There will be occasional quick rain showers in the early morning hours. The coolest months are from End of November until Mid March as the cold fronts coming in from the North which the temperature can drop into the low'70s. The Hottest and dryest months are in Summer starting mid-June to mid-September with temperatures between the mid-80s and high 90s.
North Side is one of the seven districts of the Cayman Islands. Located on the northern coast of Grand Cayman, in 2010 it had a population of 1,437. They have an association football team called the North Side FC.
West Bay is a district located on the west side of Grand Cayman Island in the British West Indies. The population is 15,436.
Akmola Region is a centrally located region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Kokshetau. The national capital, Nur-Sultan, is enclosed by the region, but is politically separate from Akmola Region. The region's population is 715,000; Kokshetau's is 157,000. The area is 146,200 square kilometers. It and Karaganda Region are Kazakhstan's only two regions which don't touch the country's outer borders. Akmola Region borders North Kazakhstan Region in the north, Pavlodar Region in the east, Karagandy Region in the south, and Kostanay Region in the west. Some gold and coal mining occur in the area.
Aktobe Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The name "Aktobe" comes from Kazakh "Ak" and "tobe" ; supposedly, Aktobe's initial settlers were able to see white mountains far to the north. The Aktobe regional capital is the city of Aktobe. Aktobe region in the Western part of Kazakhstan. The area is 300,629 km2, which is 11 % of the territory of Kazakhstan. The population is 895,065 as of February 1st, 2021.
Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of about 2 million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1997, when the government relocated the capital to Akmola .
Almaty Region is a region of Kazakhstan, located in the southeastern part of the country, with a population of 2,059,200. Its capital is Taldykorgan city, which has a population of 175,200.
Nūr-Sūltan is the capital city of Kazakhstan. It was known between 1998 and 2019 as Astana and before that as Akmola. On 23 March 2019, following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan's parliament, the city was renamed to Nur-Sultan, after former Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Atyrau Region formerly known as Gur'yev, is one of the regions of Kazakhstan, situated in the west of the country around the northeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the town of Atyrau, with a population of 142,500 people; the region itself has 480,000 people. Kazakhs make up more than 80% of the population.
Baikonur, formerly known as Leninsk, is a city of republic significance in Kazakhstan on the northern bank of the Syr Darya river, rented and administered by the Russian Federation. It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995. During the Soviet period, it was sometimes referred to as Звездоград, Russian for 'Star City'.
Karagandy Province, also spelled Qaraghandy Province, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Karaganda. The region's population is 1,341,700, 1,410,218, and that of the capital city is 459,778 .
Kostanay Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its administrative center is the city of Kostanay. The population of the region is 900,300. The population living in Kostanay is 207,000 which is equivalent to 23% of the region.
Kyzylorda Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Kyzylorda, with a population of 157,400. The region itself has a population of 590,000. Other notable settlements include Aral, Kazaly and the Russian-administered Baikonur, which services the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The region borders neighboring country Uzbekistan, as well as three other regions: Aktobe Region, Karaganda Region, and Turkistan Region . The Syr Darya River, flowing from the Tian Shan mountains to the Aral Sea, passes through Kyzylorda Region. The total area of the province is 226,000 square kilometers.
Mangystau is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Aktau, which has a population of 183,350 ; the entire Mangystau Province has a population of 674,963 .
Pavlodar Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The population of the region was 742,475 ; and 806,983 .; the latest official estimate was 754,739. Its capital is the city of Pavlodar, which had a population of 360,014 at the start of 2018.
North Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan, with a population of 558 700. Its capital is Petropavl, with a population of 193,300 people. The region borders Russia to the north, and also borders three other Kazakhstan regions: Akmola Region to the south, Pavlodar Region to the east and Kostanay Region to the west. The area of the region is 98,040 km2, making it the fourth smallest of all the regions of Kazakhstan. The Ishim River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, flows from Karagandy Region to Russia through North Kazakhstan Region.
East Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. It occupies the easternmost part of Kazakhstan, and includes parts of the Irtysh River, Lake Markakol, and Lake Zaysan. Its administrative center is Oskemen . The region borders Russia in the north and northeast and the People's Republic of China, via Xinjiang, in the south and southeast. The easternmost point of the Oblast is within about 50 kilometres of the westernmost tip of Mongolia; however, Kazakhstan and Mongolia do not share a common border, the two countries being separated by a small part of Russia and China. The area spans 283,230 square kilometers in area. Population: 1,369,597 ; 1,396,593 ; 1,531,024 .
Turkistan Region, previously South Kazakhstan Region is the southernmost region of Kazakhstan. Population: 2,469,367 ; 1,978,339 . Its capital is Turkestan, formerly Shymkent in 2018. Other cities in South Kazakhstan include Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Zhetisai, Saryagash, and Lenger. This region and Atyrau Region are Kazakhstan's two smallest regions; both are about 117,300 square kilometers in area. Turkistan Region borders the neighboring country of Uzbekistan, as well as three other Kazakhstan regions: Karaganda Region, Kyzylorda Region, and Jambyl Region . The Syr Darya passes through the region, on its way to the Aral Sea. Also, an oil pipeline runs from Turkmenabat, Turkmenistan to Omsk, Russia through South Kazakhstan. Oil, lead and zinc are refined in Shymkent.
West Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. The region has a population of 656,844 as of 2019. Its administrative centre is Oral, a city of about 200,000 inhabitants.
Jambyl Region is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Taraz. The population of the region is 1,000,000; the city is 335,100. The region borders Kyrgyzstan, and is very near to Uzbekistan . Jambyl also borders three other provinces: Karaganda Region, Turkistan Region and Almaty Region . The total area is 144,200 square kilometres . The province borders Lake Balkhash to its northeast. The province was named after the Kazakh akyn Jambyl Jabayev.
Şymkent, known until 1993 as Chimkent ; Russian: Чимкент, romanized: Chimkent ), is a city in Kazakhstan. It is near the border with Uzbekistan. It is one of three Kazakh cities which have the status equal to that of a region (the city of republican significance). It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty and Nur-Sultan, with an estimated population of 1,002,291 as of June 1, 2018. According to regional and city officials, the millionth resident of Shymkent was born on 17 May 2018. It is a regional cultural centre.
Attapeu is a province of Laos in the southeast of the country. It has five districts: Samakkixay, Xaysetha, Sanamxay, Sanxay, and Phouvong, covering an area of 10,320 square kilometres with a population of 127,285. Its capital city lies at Attapeu .
Bokèo is a northern province of Laos. It is the smallest and least populous province in the country. Bokeo Province covers an area of 6,196 square kilometres . Bokeo Province borders Luang Namtha Province to the northeast, Oudomxai Province to the east, Xaignabouli Province to the south, and Thailand to the southwest and Burma to the west and northwest. The province has five districts: . It is rich in deposits of precious and semiprecious stones. Bokeo's provincial capital is Houayxay on the Mekong River. The province is in the Golden Triangle, at the border of Myanmar and Thailand. There are 34 ethnic groups in the province. Houay Xay is the border town with Thailand and regional economic centre.
Bolikhamsai is a province of Laos. Pakxan, Thaphabat, Pakkading, Borikhane, Viengthong, and Khamkeut are its districts and Pakxan is its capital city. The province is the site of the Nam Theun 2 Dam, the country's largest hydroelectric project.
Champasak is a province in southwestern Laos, near the borders with Thailand and Cambodia. It is one of the three principalities that succeeded the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. As of the 2015 census, it had a population of 694,023. The capital is Pakse, but it takes its name from Champasak, the former capital of the Kingdom of Champasak.
Houaphanh Province is a province in eastern Laos. Its capital is Xam Neua.
Khammouane Province is a province in the center of Laos. Its capital lies at Thakhek.
Luang Namtha is a province of Laos in the country's north. From 1966 to 1976 it formed, together with Bokeo, the province of Houakhong. Luang Namtha Province covers an area of 9,325 square kilometres . Its provincial capital is Luang Namtha. The province borders Yunnan, China to the north, Oudomxai Province to the east and southeast, Bokeo Province to the southwest, and Shan State, Burma to the northwest.
Luang Prabang is a province in northern Laos. Its capital of the same name, Luang Prabang, was the capital of the Lan Xang Kingdom during the 13th to 16th centuries. It is listed since 1995 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for unique architectural, religious and cultural heritage, a blend of the rural and urban developments over several centuries, including the French colonial influences during the 19th and 20th centuries. The province has 12 districts. The Royal Palace, the national museum in the capital city, and the Phou Loei Protected Reserve are important sites. Notable temples in the province are the Wat Xieng Thong, Wat Wisunarat, Wat Sen, Wat Xieng Muan, and Wat Manorom. The Lao New Year is celebrated in April as The Bun Pi Mai.
Oudomxay is a province of Laos, located in the northwest of the country. The province capital is Muang Xai.
Phongsaly Province, also spelled Phôngsali, is a province of Laos in the extreme north of the country. The capital of the province is the city of Phôngsali. Phongsaly is between Yunnan, and Điện Biên Province in Vietnam. Its culture has thus been historically heavily influenced by China.
Salavan is a province of Laos, located in the south of the country. Its earlier name was Saravan which was changed by Thai to Salavan in 1828. It was part of the Champasak Kingdom in an area known as Muang Mang inhabited by minorities of Mon-Khymer groups.
Savannakhet is a province of Laos. The name derives from Savanh Nakhone the province's original name. It bears the same meaning as Nakhon Sawan, a city in Thailand.
Vientiane is a prefecture of Laos, in the northwest Laos. The national capital, Vientiane, is in the prefecture. The prefecture was created in 1989, when it was split off from Vientiane Province.
Sainyabuli Province is a province in northwest Laos. Sainyabuli town is the capital of the province. Sainyabuli is the only Lao province that is completely west of the Mekong River. (Champasak Province also has several districts west of the Mekong River including Mounlapamok, Soukama, and Phontong Districts.)
Sekong Province is the second smallest province in Laos and also one of its poorest, covering an area of 7,665 square kilometres . It is bordered by Vietnam to the east, Attapeu Province to the south, Salavan Province to the north, and Champasak Province to the west. Sekong also has the smallest population and the lowest population density of any province. It was created in 1984 by splitting Salavan Province. It is the most diverse province in Laos with 14 ethnic groups. The Sekong River, which divides the province, flows in a southerly direction into Cambodia and is navigable. The river valley has fertile plains interspersed with paddy fields and fruit orchards. Its tropicals forest have many rare species of flora and fauna. The Dakchung Plateau and Xe Xap National Biodiversity Conservation Area are among the areas under protection.
Xiangkhouang is a province of Laos on the Xiangkhoang Plateau, in the nation's northeast. The province has the distinction of being the most heavily bombed place on Earth.
North Governorate is one of the governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Tripoli. Ramzi Nohra has been its governor since May 2, 2014. The population of North Governorate is 731,251.
Beirut Governorate is a Lebanese governorate that consists of one district and one city, Beirut, which is also its capital, and the capital of Lebanon.
A law was passed in 2003 to separate Baalbek District and Hermel District from Beqaa Governorate to form a new governorate, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. Implementation of Baalbek-Hermel began in 2014 with the appointment of its first governor.
South Governorate is one of the governorates of Lebanon. South Lebanon has a population of 500,000 inhabitants and an area of 929.6 km². The capital is Sidon. The lowest elevation is sea-level; the highest is 1,000 meters. The local population is religiously diverse and includes Shia and Sunni Muslims, Druze, Eastern Orthodox, Maronite, Protestant, and Greek Catholic Christians. Temperatures can drop to 4 °C during winter with much rain and snow on the higher ground. In the humid summer, temperatures can rise to 30 °C in the coastal areas. The governorate has several rivers: the Litani, Zahrani, Naqura, Awali, Qasmiye, and Hasbani. The area is famous for its citrus and banana farms. Its main cities are Sidon, Tyre and Jezzine.
Mount Lebanon Governorate is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. Its capital is Baabda.
Nabatieh Governorate is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon. The area of this governorate is 1,058 km². The capital is Nabatieh.
Akkar Governorate is the northernmost governorate of Lebanon. It comprises the single district of Akkar, which in turn is subdivided into 121 municipalities. The capital is at Halba. It covers an area of 788 km2 and is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, North Governorate to the south, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate to the southeast, and the Syrian governorates of Tartus and Homs to the north and northeast. The governorate's western coastal plain constitutes Lebanon's second largest agricultural region after the Beqaa Valley, while the east features forested mountains that have been considered for protection as a national park.
Baalbek-Hermel is a governorate of Lebanon. It comprises the districts of Baalbek and Hermel, which in turn are subdivided into a total of 74 municipalities. The capital is at Baalbek. The governorate covers an area of 3,009 km2 and is bounded by Akkar Governorate to the northwest, North Governorate to the west, Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate and Mount Lebanon Governorate to the southwest, Beqaa Governorate to the south, and the Syrian governorates of Homs and Rif Dimashq to the northeast and southeast. The governorate occupies the northern portion of the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon's most important agricultural area.
Anse la Raye Quarter is a district on the West coast of the island nation of St. Lucia in the Caribbean Sea. The name Anse la Raye is French for cover/bay of the rays, since there are a large number of skate fish or rays in the bay. In 2005, the population of the region was 6,382 people, and they are mainly fishers and agricultural workers. The main town in the area takes the same name as the district and is located down the western coast from Castries, the capital of the country.
Canaries Quarter is a district on the West coast of the island nation of St. Lucia in the Caribbean Sea. In 2010, the population of the region was 2,009 people, and they are mainly fishers and agricultural workers. The main town in the area takes the same name as the district and is located down the western coast from Castries, the capital of the country. It is the smallest quarter of Saint Lucia, both by population and area.
Castries District is one of 10 districts on the Caribbean island nation of Saint Lucia. According to the 2012 census, the population of the district was 80,573, having shown a slow but steady increase over the past ten years. The capital of Saint Lucia, the city of Castries, is located in this district. During the Saint Lucia Jazz Festival, the city of Castries plays host to several stages.
Choiseul is a district of the Caribbean island nation of Saint Lucia. Located on the southwestern side of the island, the district is home to 6,174 people, according to the 2002 census.
Dennery is both a district and a town on the east coast of the island nation of Saint Lucia. The main economic activities are fishing, and the cultivation of lima beans, bananas, and other tropical fruit. The population of the quarter was estimated at 12,876 in 2002.
Gros Islet District, a first order subdivision of the island nation of Saint Lucia which includes the island's northernmost point, Cap Point and the notable Cap Estate, where the renowned St. Lucia Golf and Country Club is located. The town of Gros Islet is its administrative centre.
According to the 2002 census, the population of the Quarter was 7,414 people. The village of Laborie is located about 27 km south of Castries, the nation's capital.
Micoud is a district on the Caribbean island nation of Saint Lucia, and also a village inside that district. According to the 2002 census, the population of the district was 16,143 people. The village of Micoud is located at 13°49′N 60°54′W﻿ / ﻿13.817°N 60.900°W﻿ / 13.817; -60.900.
Soufrière is a district on the Southwest coast of Saint Lucia in the West Indies. Soufrière was the former capital of Saint Lucia during times of French rule. It is now a small fishing port with an emerging tourism industry. It has several tourist sites, including a "drive-in" volcano, the Diamond Botanical Gardens with waterfall and historic mineral baths, plus the nearby beaches of Anse Chastanet to the north and Malgretout to the south.
Vieux Fort is a district located in the southern part of Saint Lucia. Vieux Fort is also the name of the main town in the district. It is the home of the second-largest town on the island and is the home of Saint Lucia's international airport, Hewanorra International Airport .
Balzers is a village located in southern Liechtenstein. As of 2019, the village had a total population of 4,642. The main part of the village is situated along the east bank of the Rhine.
Eschen is a municipality in the north of Liechtenstein. It has a population of 4,466, and covers an area of 10.3 square kilometres . It is the fourth-largest town in Liechtenstein by population.
It contains the village Bendern which is among the most historic of Liechtenstein's communities. Lower Country men swore allegiance to the Prince in 1699 at Bendern. The community of Bendern also had ecclesiastical relevance going back to in least the fifteenth century. They have a church dedicated to Mother Mary that was built in 1481, but with antecedents dating back to 1045. The municipality contains the Liechtenstein Institute and LGT Group.
Mauren is a municipality in Liechtenstein that is situated in the north of the country. It has a population of 4,401. The Curta mechanical calculator was produced by Contina AG, in Mauren.
Planken is a municipality in Oberland, Liechtenstein. It has four exclaves, two enclaves and a population of 473. Thus by population it is the smallest municipality of Liechtenstein.
Ruggell is a municipality of Liechtenstein. It is the northernmost and lowest elevated municipality. As of 2019, it has a population of 2,322.
Schaan is the largest municipality of Liechtenstein by population. It is located to the north of Vaduz, the capital, in the central part of the country. As of 2019 it has a population of 6,039 making it the most populous administrative district in Liechtenstein. Representing an important traffic hub and industrial location of the country, Schaan covers an area of 26.8 km2, including mountains and forest. It is a municipality within the electoral district of Oberland in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Schaan contains four enclaves, two of which belong to Vaduz and two to Planken.
Schellenberg is a municipality in the lowland area of Liechtenstein, on the banks of the Rhine. As of 2019, it has a population of 1,107 and covers an area of 3.5 km2 .
Triesen is the third largest of Liechtenstein's municipalities. It contains several historic churches dating from the fifteenth century. It also has a weaving mill from 1863 that is considered a historical monument. The population is around 5,275.
Triesenberg is a municipality in Liechtenstein with a population of 2,636. Its area of 30 square kilometres makes it the largest municipality in Liechtenstein. The center of the municipality rests at an elevation of 884–1,000 metres .
Vaduz is the capital of Liechtenstein and also the seat of the national parliament. The city, which is located along the Rhine River, has 5,696 residents. The most prominent landmark of Vaduz is Vaduz Castle, being perched atop a steep hill in the middle of the city. It is home to the reigning prince of Liechtenstein and the Liechtenstein princely family. The city's distinctive architecture is also displayed in landmarks such as the Cathedral of St. Florin, Government House, City Hall, the National Art Gallery, as well as the National Museum. Although Vaduz is the best-known town in the principality internationally, it is not the largest; neighbouring Schaan has a larger population.
The Central Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The Central Province is primarily in the central mountainous terrain of Sri Lanka. It is the 6th largest province by area and is home to 2.5 million people. It is bordered by North Central Province to the north, Uva Province to the east, North Western Province to the west and Sabaragamuwa Province to the south and west. The province's capital is Kandy.
The Eastern Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee.
North Central Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The province is the largest by size, and second least populated in the country. The province consists of the districts of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, both of which were important ancient Sri Lankan kingdoms. The climate is semi-arid, and the forests are dry evergreen forests.
North Western Province is a province of Sri Lanka. The province consists of the districts of Kurunegala and Puttalam. Its capital is Kurunegala, which has a population of 28,571. The province is known mainly for its numerous coconut plantations. Other main towns in this province are Chilaw and Puttalam, which are both small fishing towns. The majority of the population of Wayamba province is of Sinhalese ethnicity. There is also a substantial Sri Lankan Moor minority around Puttalam and Sri Lankan Tamils in Udappu and Munneswaram. Fishing, prawn farming and rubber tree plantations are other prominent industries of the region. The province has an area of 7,888 km², and a population of 2,370,075 .
The Northern Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Eastern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Jaffna. The majority of the Sri Lankan Civil War was played out in this province.
The Sabaragamuwa Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The Sabaragamuwa Province contains two districts: Ratnapura and Kegalle. It is named after its former indigenous inhabitants, namely the Sabara, an indic term for hunter-gatherer tribes, a term seldom used in ancient Sri Lanka. Sabaragamuwa University is in Belihuloya.
The Southern Province of Sri Lanka is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. It is the 7th largest province by area and is home to 2.5 million people, the 3rd most populated province. The province is bordered by Sabaragamuwa Province and Uva Province to the North, Eastern Province to the Northeast, Western Province to the Northwest and the Indian Ocean to the South, West and East. The Province's capital is Galle.
Uva Province is Sri Lanka's second least populated province, with 1,259,880 people, created in 1896. It consists of two districts: Badulla and Moneragala. The provincial capital is Badulla. Uva is bordered by Eastern, Southern, Sabaragamuwa and Central provinces. Its major tourist attractions are Dunhinda falls, Diyaluma Falls, Rawana Falls, the Yala National Park and Gal Oya National Park . The Gal Oya hills and the Central mountains are the main uplands, while the Mahaweli and Menik rivers and the huge Senanayake Samudraya and Maduru Oya Reservoirs are the major waterways.
The Western Province is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. The province is the most densely populated province in the country and is home to the legislative capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte as well to Colombo, the nation's administrative and business center.
Bong is a county in the north-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has twelve districts. Gbarnga serves as the capital. The area of the county measures 8,772 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 328,919, making it the third-most populous county in Liberia. The county was organized in 1964 and is important for its mining industry.
Bomi is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. The county was established in 1984. The county's area is 746 square miles .
Grand Cape Mount is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has five districts. Robertsport serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 5,162 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 129,817, making it the eighth most populous county in Liberia. The county is bordered by Gbarpolu County to the northeast and Bomi County to the southeast. The northern part of Grand Cape Mount borders the nation of Sierra Leone, while to the west lies the Atlantic Ocean.
Grand Bassa is a county in the west-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has eight districts. Buchanan serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 7,936 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 224,839, making it the fifth most populous county in Liberia.
Grand Gedeh is a county in the eastern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has three districts. Zwedru serves as the capital with the area of the county. Measuring 10,484 square kilometres, it is larger than 28 independent countries including Lebanon, Trinidad and Tobago, Cape Verde, Malta and Mauritius and the combined area of the US states of Delaware and Rhode Island. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 126,146, making it the ninth most populous county in Liberia. Grand Gedeh has lower tropical forests which has mid size hills composed of various valleys and water courses. These forests receive a very high rainfall ranging from 3,000 mm to 4,100 mm per year.
Grand Kru County is a county in the southeastern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has eighteen districts. Organized in 1984, its capital is Barclayville. The area of the county measures 3,895 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 57,106, making it the least populous county in Liberia.
Gbarpolu is a county in the northern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. Bopulu serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 9,689 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 83,758, making it the eleventh-most populous county in Liberia.
Lofa is a county in the northernmost portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has nine districts. Voinjama serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 9,982 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 276,863, making it the third most populous county in Liberia.
Margibi is a county on the north to central coast of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has five districts. Kakata serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 2,616 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 199,689, making it the sixth most populous county in Liberia.
Montserrado County is a county in the northwestern portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it is composed of four districts. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 1,118,241, making it the most populous county in Liberia. The area of the county measures 1,912.7 square kilometres, the smallest in the country. Bensonville serves as the capital.
Maryland County is a county in the southeastern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that comprise the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has two districts. Harper serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 2,297 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 136,404, making it the seventh most populous county in Liberia. The flag of Maryland County is widely regarded in the vexillological community to be an example of an incredibly terribly designed flag.
Nimba County is a county in northeastern Liberia that shares borders with the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire in the East and the Republic of Guinea in the Northwest. Its capital city is Sanniquellie and its most populous city is Ganta. With the county's area measuring 11,551 square kilometres, Nimba is the largest of Liberia's 15 counties. The county has six statutory districts. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 462,026, making it the second most-populous county in Liberia.
River Gee is a county in the southern portion of Liberia. One of 15 counties that constitute the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. Fish Town serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 5,113 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 66,789, making it the third-least populous county in Liberia. It was created in 2000.
Rivercess County is a county in the south-central portion of the West African nation of Liberia. One of 15 counties that compose the first-level of administrative division in the nation, it has six districts. Cesstos City serves as the capital with the area of the county measuring 5,594 square kilometres . As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 71,509, making it the second least populous county in Liberia after Grand Kru County.
Sinoe is one of Liberia's 15 counties and it has 17 districts. Greenville is the county's capital. As of the 2008 Census, it had a population of 104,932, making it one of the least populous counties in Liberia. Sinoe has the third-largest area of all Liberia's counties; it has the second least-dense population after Gbarpolu County. The County was originally a colony in the name Mississippi-in-Africa, under auspices of a chapter of the American Colonization Society as it was created with slaves from Mississippi to Liberia.
Berea is a district of Lesotho. In the west, Berea borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on the following districts: Leribe District in the north, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Maseru District in the south. Teyateyaneng is the capital of the district. It is also home to the Kome Cave Dwellings. It is also the only district in Lesotho which is not named after its capital.
Butha-Buthe is a district of Lesotho. Butha-Buthe is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the north, Butha-Buthe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on Mokhotlong District in southeast and Leribe District on the south.
Leribè is a district of Lesotho. It has an area of 2,828 km² and a population in 2016 of approximately 337,500. Hlotse is the capital or camptown of the district. The district has one additional town, namely Maputsoe. In the west, Leribe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders Butha-Buthe District in the north, Mokhotlong District in the east, Thaba-Tseka District in southeast and Berea District in southwest.
Mafeteng is a district of Lesotho. It has an area of 2,119 km² and a population in 2016 of 178,222. Mafeteng is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the west, Mafeteng borders on the Free State Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on the following districts Maseru District in the northeast and Mohale's Hoek District in the southeast.
Maseru is a district of Lesotho. Maseru is also the name of the district's capital, and is the only city in the district and also the capital of the country. It is the largest urban area in the country, and therefore the only city. The city of Maseru is located on Lesotho's western border with the Free State Province of South Africa, the frontier being the Caledon River. Maseru borders on Berea District in north, Thaba-Tseka District in the east, Mohale's Hoek District in south, and Mafeteng District in southwest.
Mohale's Hoek is a district of Lesotho. Mohale's Hoek is the capital city or camptown, and only town in the district. In the southwest, Mohale's Hoek borders on South Africa, while domestically, it borders on Mafeteng District in northwest, Maseru District in north, Thaba-Tseka District in northeast, Qacha's Nek District in east, and Quthing District in southeast.
Mokhotlong district is a district of Lesotho. It includes the highest terrain in the Maloti Mountains and the source of the Senqu River, Lesotho’s primary watershed. Mokhotlong is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. Mokhotlong borders on the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, with its north point bordering the Free State Province. Domestically, it borders on Butha-Buthe District in northwest, Leribe District in west, and Thaba-Tseka District in the south.
Qacha's Nek is a district of Lesotho. Qacha's Nek is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the south, Qacha's Nek borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and it has a short border with KwaZulu-Natal Province in the far east. Domestically, it borders on Quthing District in southwest, Mohale's Hoek District in west and Thaba-Tseka District in the northern direction.
Quthing is a district of Lesotho. Moyeni, is the camp town or capital of the district. There are two of the most important sets of dinosaur footprints in the region. There is a large panel of Bushman paintings at Qomoqomong. Quthing district is home to the Masitise Cave House, a satellite location of the Morija Museum & Archives. In the southwest, south and east, Quthing borders on the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders Mohale's Hoek District in the north and Qacha's Nek District in the northeast.
Thaba-Tseka is a district of Lesotho. Thaba-Tseka is also the name of the district's capital or camptown, which is the only town in the district. In the east, Thaba-Tseka borders on the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Domestically, it borders on Mokhotlong District in northeast, Leribe District in north, Berea District in northwest, Maseru District in west, Mohale's Hoek District in southwest and Qacha's Nek District in the southern direction. The district is one of the major tourist attractions in Lesotho because of the second largest arch dam in Africa Katse Dam.
Alytus County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the southernmost county, and its capital is the city of Alytus. Its territory lies within the ethnographic region of Dzūkija. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Alytus County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Kaunas County is one of ten counties of Lithuania. It is in the centre of the country, and its capital is Kaunas. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished.
Klaipėda County is one of ten counties in Lithuania, bordering Tauragė County to the southeast, Telšiai County to the northeast, Kurzeme in Latvia to the north, and Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia to the south. To the west is the Baltic Sea. It lies in the west of the country and is the only county to have a coastline. Its capital is Klaipėda. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Klaipėda County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Marijampolė County is one of the ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the south of the country in the historical Suvalkija region, and its capital is the town Marijampolė. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Marijampolė County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Panevėžys County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the north-east of the country, and its capital is Panevėžys. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Panevėžys County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Šiauliai County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the north of the country, and its capital is Šiauliai. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Šiauliai County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Tauragė County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the west of the country, and its capital is Tauragė. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Tauragė County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Telšiai County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is in the west of the country, and its capital is Telšiai. There are Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and others . On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Telšiai County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Utena County is one of ten counties in Lithuania. It is the country's most sparsely populated county. The capital and the largest city in the county is Utena, which is 95 km from Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished. Since that date, Utena County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Vilnius County is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius. On 1 July 2010, the county administration was abolished, and since that date, Vilnius County remains as the territorial and statistical unit.
Diekirch is a canton in the north of Luxembourg. Its capital is Diekirch. Neither the canton, town, nor commune of Diekirch should be confused with the former district of Diekirch, one of three administrative units in Luxembourg abolished in October 2015.
Grevenmacher is a canton in the east of Luxembourg. Its capital is Grevenmacher, a commune with town status. The canton's name derives from its principal municipality. Neither the canton, town, or commune of Grevenmacher should be confused with the former district of Grevenmacher, one of three administrative units in Luxembourg abolished in October 2015.
The District of Luxembourg was one of three districts of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It contained four cantons, divided into 44 communes:
Capellen is a canton in southwestern Luxembourg. Its capital is Capellen .
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Luxembourg is a canton in the south of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its name, like the name of the Grand Duchy itself, derives from the name of its principal city, Luxembourg . It is not to be confused with the former district of Luxembourg, one of three administrative units in Luxembourg abolished in October 2015.
Mersch is a canton in the centre of Luxembourg. It is the only canton, other than Luxembourg, to be entirely surrounded by other cantons, and therefore not to have an international boundary. Its capital is Mersch.
Redange is a canton in the west of Luxembourg. The capital is Redange, otherwise known as Redange-sur-Attert.
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Wiltz is a canton in northwestern Luxembourg. Its capital is the city of Wiltz. It covers an area of 264.55 km², and as of 2018 it has a population of 16,735.
Aglona Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Aglona parish, Grāveri parish, Kastuļina parish and Šķeltova parish the administrative centre being Aglona. The population in 2020 was 3,099.
Aizkraukle Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2001 by merging town Aizkraukle and Aizkraukle Parish the administrative centre being Aizkraukle. The population in 2020 was 8,024.
Aizpute Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Aizpute town, Aizpute parish, Cīrava parish, Kalvene parish, Kazdanga parish and Laža parish the administrative centre being Aizpute. The population in 2020 was 8,057.
Aknīste Municipality is a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Aknīste town with its countryside territory, Asare parish and Gārsene parish, the administrative centre being Aknīste. In 2010 Aknīste parish was created from the countryside territory of Aknīste town. The population in 2020 was 2,520.
Aloja Municipality is a municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Aloja town with its countryside territory, Staicele town with its countryside territory, Braslava Parish and Brīvzemnieki Parish, the administrative centre being Aloja. In 2010 Aloja Parish was created from the countryside territory of Aloja town and Staicele Parish was created from the countryside territory of Staicele town.
Alsunga Municipality is a municipality in the historical region of Courland in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 from Alsunga Parish, the administrative centre being Alsunga. The municipality consists of the following villages and settlements: Alsunga, Almāle, Balande, Dienvidstacija, Ziedlejas, Bērzkalni, Būcmaņi, Grāveri, Reģi. As of 2020, the population was 1,268.
Alūksne Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. It is located in the northeast of the country and borders Ape in the west, Balvi Municipality, Gulbene Municipality and Alūksne Municipality in the south, Pskov Oblast of Russia in the east and Võru County of Estonia in the north. The administrative center of the municipality is Alūksne.
Amata Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2000 by merging Amata parish and Drabeši parish, but in 2009 it absorbed Nītaure parish, Skujene parish and Zaube parish, too. The administrative centre is located in the "Ausmas" homestead near Drabeši.
Ape Municipality was a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Gaujiena parish, Vireši parish, Trapene parish and Ape town with its countryside territory, the administrative centre being Ape. In 2010 Ape parish was created from the countryside territory of Ape town. In 2021, Ape Municipality was merged with Smiltene Municipality.
Auce Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bēne parish, Lielauce parish, Ukri parish, Vītiņi parish, Īle parish and Auce town with its countryside territory the administrative centre being Auce.
Ādaži Municipality is a municipality in the historical region of Vidzeme, and the Riga Planning Region in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 from Ādaži Parish, the administrative centre being Ādaži. Ādaži municipality is located 25 km from the center of Riga. The municipality consists of the following villages: Alderi, Atari, Āņi, Baltezers, Birznieki, Garkalne, Kadaga, Stapriņi, Divezeri, Iļķene, Eimuri.
Babīte Municipality is a municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 when Babīte parish and Sala parish merged with the administrative centre becoming Piņķi.
Baldone Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2008 by merging Baldone town and its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Baldone. In 2010 Baldone Parish was created from the countryside territory of Baldone town.
Baltinava Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Baltinava parish the administrative centre being Baltinava. The municipality is located in the northeast of the country and borders with Viļaka municipality in the north, Pytalovsky District of Pskov Oblast of Russia in the east, Kārsava municipality in the south, and Balvi municipality in the west.
Balvi municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Balvi parish, Bērzkalne parish, Bērzpils parish, Briežuciems parish, Krišjāņi parish, Kubuļi parish, Lazduleja parish, Tilža parish, Vectilža parish, Vīksna parish and Balvi town the administrative centre being Balvi.
Bauska Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Brunava parish, Ceraukste parish, Code parish, Dāviņi parish, Gailīši parish, Īslīce parish, Mežotne parish, Vecsaule parish and Bauska town the administrative centre being Bauska.
Beverīna Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Brenguļi Parish, Kauguri Parish and Trikāta Parish the administrative centre being Mūrmuiža.
Brocēni Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. As of 2020, the population was 5,633.
Burtnieki Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by merging Vecate Parish and Matīši Parish. In 2009 it absorbed Burtnieki Parish, Ēvele Parish, Rencēni Parish and Valmiera Parish, the administrative centre being in Burtnieki.
Carnikava Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by reorganization of Carnikava Parish of the Riga District, with the administrative centre being Carnikava. The parish itself was created in 1992 after splitting from Ādaži Parish. After the municipal reform of 2009, the districts were abolished and the Municipality became a national administrative unit.
Cesvaine Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Cesvaine town with its countryside territory, the administrative centre being Cesvaine. In 2010 Cesvaine Parish was created from the countryside territory of Cesvaine town. As of 2020, the population was 2,266.
Cēsis Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Vaive parish and Cēsis town the administrative centre being Cēsis. As of 2020, the population was 16,291.
Cibla Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2000 by merging Cibla parish and Līdumnieki parish. In 2009 it absorbed Blonti parish, Pušmucova parish and Zvirgzdene parish the administrative centre being Blonti. As of 2020, the population was 2,355.
Dagda Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Andrupene parish, Andzeļi parish, Asūne parish, Bērziņi parish, Dagda parish, Ezernieki parish, Konstantinova parish, Ķepova parish, Svariņi parish, Šķaune parish and Dagda town the administrative centre being Dagda. As of 2020, the population was 6,549.
Daugavpils Municipality was a municipality in Latgale, Latvia from 2009 to 2021.
Dobele Municipality is a municipality in the historical region of Zemgale, and the Zemgale Planning Region in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Dobele town and the Annenieki, Auri, Bērze, Biksti, Dobele, Jaunbērze, Krimūna, Naudīte, Penkule and Zebrene parishes, the administrative centre being Dobele. As of 2020, the population was 19,286.
Dundaga Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Dundaga parish and Kolka parish, the administrative centre being Dundaga. As of 2020, the population was 3,571.
Durbe Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2000 by merging Tadaiķi parish and Durbe town with its countryside territory. In 2009 it absorbed Dunalka parish and Vecpils parish, the administrative centre being Lieģi. As of 2020, the population was 2,601.
Engure Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. It borders Mērsrags municipality, Tukums municipality, Jūrmala and Gulf of Riga. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Engure parish, Smārde parish and Lapmežciems parish, with the administrative centre being Smārde. The population in 2020 was 7,124.
Ērgļi Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by merging Ērgļi Parish, Jumurda Parish and Sausnēja Parish, the administrative centre being Ērgļi. The population in 2020 was 2,611.
Garkalne Municipality was a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2007 by reorganization of Garkalne Parish. The seat of the council of the municipality is situated extraterritorially in Berģi, Riga. The population in 2020 was 8,923.
Grobiņa Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bārta Parish, Gavieze Parish, Grobiņa Parish, Medze Parish and the town of Grobiņa with the administrative centre being Grobiņa. The population in 2020 was 8,347.
Gulbene Municipality was a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Beļava parish, Dauksti parish, Druviena parish, Galgauska parish, Jaungulbene parish, Lejasciems parish, Litene parish, Lizums parish, Līgo parish, Ranka parish, Stāmeriena parish, Stradi parish, Tirza parish and Gulbene town the administrative centre being Gulbene. The population in 2020 was 19,771.
Iecava Municipality is a municipality in the historical region of Zemgale, and the Zemgale Planning Region in Latvia. The municipality was formed 2003 by a reorganization of Iecava Parish, the administrative centre being Iecava. The municipality consists of the following villages: Audrupi, Dimzukalns, Dzelzāmurs, Dzimtmisa, Iecava, Rosme, Zālīte, Zorģi. The population in 2020 was 8,353.
Ikšķile Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2004 by reorganization of Ikšķile town with its countryside territory, the administrative centre being Ikšķile. In 2010 Tīnūži parish was created from the countryside territory of Ikšķile town. The population in 2020 was 9,888.
Ilūkste Municipality was a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2003 by merging Pilskalne Parish, Šēdere Parish, Bebrene Parish and Ilūkste town. In 2009 it absorbed Dviete parish, Eglaine parish and Subate town with its rural area the administrative centre being Ilūkste. In 2010 the rural area of Subate was reorganised as a separate territorial entity, Prode Parish. The population in 2020 was 6,412.
Inčukalns Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by merging Inčukalns Parish and Vangaži town, the administrative centre being Inčukalns. The population in 2020 was 7,640.
Jaunjelgava Municipality is a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Sece parish, Sērene parish, Staburags parish, Sunākste parish and Jaunjelgava town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Jaunjelgava. In 2010 Jaunjelgava parish was created from the countryside territory of Jaunjelgava town. The population in 2020 was 5,061.
Jaunpiebalga Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Jaunpiebalga Parish and Zosēni Parish the administrative centre being Jaunpiebalga. As of 2020, the population was 1,982.
Jaunpils Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Jaunpils Parish and Viesati Parish the administrative centre being Jaunpils. As of 2020, the population was 2,141.
Jelgava Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Eleja parish, Glūda parish, Jaunsvirlauka parish, Lielplatone parish, Līvbērze parish, Platone parish, Sesava parish, Svēte parish, Valgunde parish, Vilce parish, Vircava parish, Zaļenieki parish and Kalnciems town with its countryside territory the administrative centre located in Jelgava city, which is not included in the territory of municipality. As of 2020, the population was 21,738.
Jēkabpils Municipality is a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Ābeļi Parish, Dignāja Parish, Dunava Parish, Kalna Parish, Leimaņi Parish, Rubene Parish and Zasa Parish the administrative centre located in Jēkabpils city, which is not included in the territory of municipality. As of 2020, the population was 4,156.
Kandava Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 1999 by merging Cēre Parish and Kandava town with its countryside territory. Later it absorbed Matkule Parish, Vāne Parish, Zante Parish and Zemīte Parish the administrative centre being Kandava.
Kārsava Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Goliševa Parish, Malnava Parish, Mērdzene Parish, Mežvidi Parish, Salnava Parish and Kārsava town, the administrative centre being Kārsava.
Kocēni Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bērzaine Parish, Dikļi Parish, Kocēni Parish, Vaidava Parish and Zilākalns Parish; the administrative centre being Kocēni. Until 28 January 2010 the name of municipality was Valmieras municipality .
Koknese Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bebri parish, Irši parish and Koknese parish the administrative centre being Koknese.
Krāslava Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2001 by merging Krāslava Parish and Krāslava town. In 2009 it absorbed Auleja Parish, Indra Parish, Izvalta Parish, Kalnieši Parish, Kaplava Parish, Kombuļi Parish, Piedruja Parish, Robežnieki Parish, Skaista Parish and Ūdrīši Parish town the administrative centre being Krāslava.
Krimulda Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Krimulda Parish and Lēdurga Parish, the administrative centre being Ragana.
Krustpils Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Atašiene parish, Krustpils parish, Kūkas parish, Mežāre parish, Varieši parish and Vīpe parish. The administrative centre located in Jēkabpils city, which is not included in the territory of the municipality.
Kuldīga Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Ēdole parish, Gudenieki parish, Īvande parish, Kabile parish, Kurmāle parish, Laidi parish, Padure parish, Pelči parish, Renda parish, Rumba parish, Snēpele parish, Turlava parish, Vārme parish and Kuldīga town. The administrative centre is Kuldīga. As of 2020, the population was 22,028.
Ķegums Municipality is a municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Rembate parish and Ķegums town with its countryside territory. In 2009 it absorbed Birzgale parish, too the administrative centre being Ķegums.
Ķekava Municipality is a municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Baloži town, Daugmale Parish and Ķekava Parish, the administrative centre being Ķekava.
Lielvārde Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2004 by reorganization of Lielvārde town with its countryside territory. In 2009 it absorbed Jumprava parish and Lēdmane parish, the administrative centre being Lielvārde. In 2010 Lielvārde parish was created from the countryside territory of Lielvārde town.
Limbaži Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Katvari Parish, Limbaži Parish, Pāle Parish, Skulte Parish, Umurga Parish, Vidriži Parish, Viļķene Parish and Limbaži town, the administrative centre being Limbaži.
Līgatne Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Līgatne parish and Līgatne town, with the administrative centre being Līgatne.
Līvāni Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 1999 by merging Rožupe Parish, Turki Parish and Līvāni town. In 2009 it absorbed Jersika Parish, Rudzāti Parish and Sutri Parish, too the administrative centre being Līvāni.
Lubāna Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2007 by merging Indrāni Parish and Lubāna town, the administrative centre being Lubāna.
Ludza Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Briģi Parish, Cirma Parish, Isnauda Parish, Istra Parish, Nirza Parish, Ņukši Parish, Pilda Parish, Pureņi Parish, Rundēni Parish and Ludza town, the administrative centre being Ludza.
Madona Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Arona parish, Barkava parish, Bērzaune parish, Dzelzava parish, Kalsnava parish, Lazdona parish, Liezēre parish, Ļaudona parish, Mārciena parish, Mētriena parish, Ošupe parish, Prauliena parish, Sarkaņi parish, Vestiena parish and Madona town the administrative centre being Madona.
Mazsalaca Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Ramata parish, Sēļi parish, Skaņkalne parish and Mazsalaca town with its countryside territory, the administrative centre being Mazsalaca. In 2010 Mazsalaca parish was created from the countryside territory of Mazsalaca town.
Mālpils Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Mālpils parish the administrative centre being Mālpils.
Mārupe Municipality is a municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Mārupe parish the administrative centre being Mārupe.
Mērsrags Municipality is an administrative unit of Latvia, formed in 2011. As of 2020, the population was 1,407.
Naukšēni Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Naukšēni Parish and Ķoņi Parish the administrative centre being Naukšēni. As of 2020, the population was 1,675.
Nereta Municipality is a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Mazzalve Parish, Nereta Parish, Pilskalne Parish and Zalve Parish, with the administrative center being Nereta. As of 2020, the population was 3,284.
Nīca Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The administrative center is the village of Nīca. As of 2020, the municipality's population was 3,100.
Ogre Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Ogre town and Ogresgals Parish. In 2009 it absorbed Krape Parish, Ķeipene Parish, Laubere Parish, Madliena Parish, Mazozoli Parish, Meņģele Parish, Suntaži Parish and Taurupe Parish, the administrative centre being Ogre. The population in 2020 was 32,987.
Olaine Municipality is a municipality in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Olaine parish and Olaine town the administrative centre being Olaine. The population in 2020 was 19,667.
Ozolnieki Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2003 by merging Ozolnieki Parish and Cena Parish; the administrative centre being Ozolnieki. In 2009 municipality absorbed Sidrabene parish, too. The population in 2020 was 10,019.
Pārgauja Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Raiskums Parish, Stalbe Parish and Straupe Parish, the administrative centre being Stalbe. As of 2020, the population was 3,576.
Pāvilosta Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Pāvilosta town, Saka parish and Vērgale parish the administrative centre being Pāvilosta. The population in 2020 was 2,524.
Pļaviņas Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Aiviekste parish, Klintaine parish, Vietalva parish and Pļaviņas town the administrative centre being Pļaviņas. The population in 2020 was 4,808.
Preiļi Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2000 by merging Aizkalne Parish, Preiļi Parish and Preiļi town. In 2009 it absorbed Pelēči Parish and Sauna Parish, too the administrative centre being Preiļi. The population in 2020 was 9,054.
Priekule Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bunka Parish, Virga Parish, Gramzda Parish, Kalēti Parish, Priekule Parish and Priekule town the administrative centre being Priekule. As of 2020, the population was 4,997.
Priekuļi Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Liepa Parish, Mārsnēni Parish, Priekuļi Parish and Veselava Parish, the administrative centre being Priekuļi. As of 2020, the population was 7,556.
Rauna Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Drusti parish and Rauna parish the administrative centre being Rauna. The population in 2020 was 3,019.
Rēzekne Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Audriņi parish, Bērzgale parish, Čornaja parish, Dricāni parish, Feimaņi parish, Gaigalava parish, Griškāni parish, Ilzeskalns parish, Kantinieki parish, Kaunata parish, Lendži parish, Lūznava parish, Mākoņkalns parish, Malta parish, Nagļi parish, Nautrēni parish, Ozolaine parish, Ozolmuiža parish, Puša parish, Rikava parish, Sakstagals parish, Silmala parish, Stoļerova parish, Strūžāni parish and Vērēmi parish, town Viļāni. The administrative center is located in Rēzekne city, which is not included in the territory of the municipality. The population in 2020 was 24,127.
Riebiņi Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2004 by merging Galēni Parish, Riebiņi Parish, Rušona Parish, Silajāņi Parish, Sīļukalns Parish and Stabulnieki Parish, the administrative centre being Riebiņi. The population in 2020 was 4,513.
Roja Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Mērsrags parish and Roja parish the administrative centre being Roja. Since 2010 a separate Mērsrags municipality has been created. The population in 2020 was 3,368.
Ropaži Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2005 with the reorganization of Ropaži parish. The administrative centre is Ropaži. The population in 2020 was 6,835.
Rucava Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Dunika Parish and Rucava Parish, the administrative centre being Rucava. The population in 2020 was 1,451.
Rugāji Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Rugāji Parish and Lazdukalns Parish, the administrative centre being Rugāji. The population in 2020 was 2,061.
Rundāle Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Rundāle Parish, Svitene Parish and Viesturi Parish, the administrative centre being Pilsrundāle. The population in 2020 was 3,307.
Rūjiena Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Rūjiena town, Ipiķi parish, Jeri parish, Lode parish and Vilpulka parish, the administrative centre being Rūjiena. The population in 2020 was 4,824.
Sala Municipality is a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Sala parish and Sēlpils parish with the administrative centre being Sala. The population in 2020 was 3,233.
Salacgrīva Municipality was created as a result of the territorial reform in 2009, which united several former parts of Limbaži region - Salacgrīva town with its rural areas, Ainaži town with its rural territory and Liepupe Parish. Salacgrīva municipality is bordered by Aloja and Limbaži municipalities and Estonian Pärnu circuit. The centre of the municipality is Salacgrīva. The population in 2020 was 7,152.
Salaspils Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2004 by reorganization of Salaspils town and its rural territory, the administrative centre being Salaspils. In 2010 the rural territory was renamed Salaspils parish. The population in 2020 was 22,758.
Saldus Municipality was a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Saldus town, Ezere Parish, Jaunauce Parish, Jaunlutriņi Parish, Kursīši Parish, Lutriņi Parish, Nīgrande Parish, Novadnieki Parish, Pampāļi Parish, Ruba Parish, Saldus Parish, Šķēde Parish, Vadakste Parish, Zaņa Parish, Zirņi Parish and Zvārde Parish, the administrative centre being Saldus. On July 1st 2021 the municipality was merged with Brocēni Municipality. The population in 2020 was 21,587.
Saulkrasti Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Saulkrasti town with its countryside territory, with the administrative centre being Saulkrasti. In 2010 Saulkrasti parish was created from the countryside territory of Saulkrasti town. The population in 2020 was 6,735.
Sēja Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by reorganization of Sēja Parish; the administrative centre being Loja. The population in 2020 was 2,156.
Sigulda Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2003 by merging Sigulda town, Sigulda Parish and More Parish. In 2009 it absorbed Allaži parish, too; the administrative centre being Sigulda. The population in 2020 was 17,992.
Skrīveri Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by reorganization of Skrīveri Parish; the administrative centre being Skrīveri. The population in 2020 was 3,337.
Skrunda Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Skrunda town with its countryside territory, Raņķi parish, Nīkrāce parish and Rudbārži parish; the administrative centre being Skrunda. The population in 2020 was 4,543.
Smiltene Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging the town of Smiltene with the rural Bilska parish, Blome parish, Branti parish, Grundzāle parish, Launkalne parish, Palsmane parish, Smiltene parish and Variņi parish. The administrative centre is in the town of Smiltene. The population in 2020 was 11,985.
Stopiņi Municipality is a municipality in the historical region of Vidzeme, and the Riga Planning Region in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2005 through the reorganization of Stopiņi Parish, the administrative centre being Ulbroka. The municipality consists of the following villages and settlements: Ulbroka, Saurieši, Upeslejas, Dreiliņi, Vālodzes, Līči, Dzidriņas, Rumbula and Cekule. The population in 2020 was 11,458.
Strenči Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Jērcēni parish, Plāņi parish, Strenči town and Seda town with its countryside territory; the administrative centre being Strenči. The population in 2020 was 2,838.
Talsi Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Abava parish, Balgale parish, Ģibuļi parish, Īve parish, Ķūļciems parish, Laidze parish, Lauciene parish, Lībagi parish, Lube parish, Strazde parish, Valdgale parish, Vandzene parish, Virbi parish, Talsi town, Stende town, Sabile town and Valdemārpils town with its countryside territory; the administrative centre being Talsi. The population in 2020 was 27,425.
Tērvete Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Augstkalne parish, Bukaiši parish and Tērvete parish, the administrative centre being Zelmeņi. The population in 2020 was 3,302.
Tukums Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Degole Parish, Džūkste Parish, Irlava Parish, Jaunsāti Parish, Lestene Parish, Pūre Parish, Sēme Parish, Slampe Parish, Tume Parish, Zentene Parish and Tukums town; the administrative centre being Tukums. The population in 2020 was 27,613.
Vaiņode Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Embūte parish and Vaiņode parish; the administrative centre being Vaiņode. The population in 2020 was 2,235.
Valka Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Valka town, Ērģeme Parish, Kārķi Parish, Valka Parish, Vijciems Parish and Zvārtava Parish; the administrative centre being Valka. In 2016 it was announced that due to better welfare and higher salaries in neighbouring Estonia, over 10% of municipality's inhabitants have registered themselves as inhabitants of Valga County. The population in 2020 was 7,603.
Varakļāni Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Varakļāni town, Murmastiene parish and Varakļāni parish; the administrative centre being Varakļāni.
Vārkava Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Rožkalni Parish and Upmala Parish. In 2009 it absorbed Vārkava Parish, too; the administrative centre being Vecvārkava. The population in 2020 was 1,793.
Vecpiebalga Municipality is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Dzērbene Parish, Ineši Parish, Kaive Parish, Taurene Parish and Vecpiebalga Parish; the administrative centre being Vecpiebalga. The population in 2020 was 3,555.
Vecumnieki Municipality is a municipality in Zemgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Bārbele parish, Kurmene parish, Skaistkalne parish, Stelpe parish, Valle parish and Vecumnieki parish; the administrative centre being Vecumnieki. The population in 2020 was 7,665.
Ventspils Municipality is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Piltene town, Ance Parish, Jūrkalne Parish, Piltene rural community, Pope Parish, Puze Parish, Tārgale Parish, Ugāle Parish, Usma Parish, Užava Parish, Vārve Parish, Ziras Parish and Zlēkas Parish. It is administered from Ventspils city, which is not included within its limits. The population in 2020 was 10,824.
Viesīte Municipality is a municipality in Selonia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Elkšņi parish, Rite parish, Sauka parish and Viesīte town with its countryside territory, the administrative centre being Viesīte. In 2010 Viesīte parish was created from the countryside territory of Viesīte town. The population in 2020 was 3,500.
Viļaka Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Kuprava Parish, Medņeva Parish, Susāji Parish, Šķilbēni Parish, Vecumi Parish, Žīguri Parish and Viļaka town; the administrative centre being Viļaka. The population in 2020 was 4,472.
Viļāni Municipality is a municipality in Latgale, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Dekšāres Parish, Sokolki Parish, Viļāni Parish and Viļāni town; the administrative centre being Viļāni. The population as of 2020 was 5,417.
Zilupe Municipality is a municipality in the historical region of Latgale, and the Latgale Planning Region in Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2002 by merging Zaļesje Parish and Zilupe. In 2009 it absorbed Lauderi Parish and Pasiene Parish, the administrative centre being Zilupe. Zilupe, Lauderi, Zaļesje and Pasiene are among the towns and villages located in the municipality. The population as of 2020 was 2,575.
Daugavpils is a city in south-eastern Latvia, located on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga, which is located some 230 kilometres to its north-west.
Jelgava is a city in central Latvia about 41 kilometres southwest of Riga with 55,972 inhabitants . It is the largest town in the region of Zemgale . Jelgava was the capital of the united Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the administrative center of the Courland Governorate .
Jēkabpils is a city in southeastern Latvia roughly halfway between Riga and Daugavpils and spanning the Daugava River. Historic Jēkabpils lies on the left bank, in Selonia while historic Krustpils lies on the right bank, in Latgale. The two cities were united during Soviet rule in 1962 under the Jēkabpils name, but retain their distinct regional character.
Jūrmala is a city in Latvia, about 25 kilometres west of Riga. Jūrmala is a resort town stretching 32 km and sandwiched between the Gulf of Riga and the Lielupe River. It has a 33 km stretch of white-sand beach, and a population of 49,325 in 2019, making it the fifth-largest city in Latvia.
Liepāja is a city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in the Kurzeme Region and the third largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-free port. The population in 2020 was 68,535 people.
Rēzekne is a city in the Rēzekne River valley in Latgale region of eastern Latvia. It is called The Heart of Latgale . Built on seven hills, Rēzekne is situated 242 kilometres east of Riga, and 63 kilometres west of the Latvian-Russian border, at the intersection of the Moscow – Ventspils and Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railways. It has a population of 31,216 making it the 7th largest city in Latvia.
Riga is the capital of Latvia and is home to 614,618 inhabitants, which is a third of Latvia's population. Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia, Riga is the country's primate city. It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states' combined population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 and lies 1–10 m above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
Valmiera is the largest city of the historical Vidzeme region, Latvia, with a total area of 19.35 square kilometres . As of 2002, Valmiera had a population of 27,323, and in 2020 – 24 879. It is the seat of Valmiera Municipality.
Ventspils is a city in northwestern Latvia in the historical Courland region of Latvia, and is the sixth largest city in the country. At the beginning of 2020, Ventspils had a population of 33,906. It is situated on the Venta River and the Baltic Sea, and has an ice-free port. The city's name literally means "castle on the Venta", referring to the Livonian Order's castle built alongside the Venta River. Ventspils holds the national record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Latvia with 37.8 °C on 4 August 2014.
Ajdabiya is a town in and capital of the Al Wahat District in northeastern Libya. It is some 150 kilometres south of Benghazi. From 2001 to 2007 it was part of and capital of the Ajdabiya District. The town is divided into three Basic People's Congresses: North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya and East Ajdabiya.
Benghazi is a city in Libya. Located on the Gulf of Sidra in the Mediterranean, Benghazi is a major seaport and the second-most populous city in the country, as well as the largest city in Cyrenaica, with an estimated population of 632,937 in 2019.
Butnan sometimes called Tubruq District or Tobruk District from the former name, occasionally Marmarica, is an administrative district in eastern Libya. Its capital city is Tobruk.
Derna is one of the districts of Libya. It is in the northeast of the country, in the historical region of Cyrenaica. Its capital is Derna. In 2007 the district was enlarged to include what had been the Al Qubah District. In the north, Derna has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it borders Butnan in the east, Jabal al Akhdar in the west and Al Wahat to the south.
Ghadames or Ghadamis /ɡəˈdæmɪs/ is an oasis Berber town in the Nalut District of the Tripolitania region in northwestern Libya.
Gharyan is a city in northwestern Libya, in Jabal al Gharbi District, located 80 km south of Tripoli. Prior to 2007, it was the administrative seat of Gharyan District. Gharyan is one of the largest towns in the Western Mountains.
Ghat is one of the districts of Libya. Its capital is Ghat. To the west, Ghat borders two provinces of Algeria: Tamanghasset in the far southwest, and Illizi Province. It also has a short border with the Agadez Department of Niger in the far south. Domestically, it borders Wadi Al Shatii in north, Wadi Al Hayaa in northeast and Murzuq in the east.
Hizam al Akhdar was one of the 32 districts of Libya, prior to the 2007 administrative reorganization. The former capital city was Abyar. The territory of Hizam al Akhdar was transferred to the newly enlarged Marj District. Before the transfer, it had a population of 85,898 .
Jabal al Akhdar is one of the districts of Libya. It lies in the north east of the country. The capital is Bayda. In its territory, close to the city of Shahhat, can be found the remains of the old Greek colony of Cyrene, and the neighbouring city of Apollonia, a major port in the Mediterranean Sea in antiquity. On land, it borders Derna in east, Al Wahat in south and Marj in west.
Jaghbub is a remote desert village in the Al Jaghbub Oasis in the eastern Libyan Desert. It is actually closer to the Egyptian town of Siwa than to any Libyan town of note. The oasis is located in Butnan District and was the administrative seat of the Jaghbub Basic People's Congress. Supported by reservoirs of underground water and date production, the town is best known for its hard-won self-sufficiency. Idris of Libya was born in Jaghbub on 12 March 1890.
Jafara or Al Jfara is one of the districts of Libya, in the historical region of Tripolitania. Its capital and largest city is 'Aziziya. Jafara borders Tripoli in northeast, Jabal al Gharbi in south and Zawiya in the west.
Jufra or Jofra is one of the districts of Libya. It is in the centre of the country. Its capital is Hun. Jufra was originally one of the 25 baladiya in the administrative system of Libya established in 1988. In 2001, it became a Shabiya, and its territorial extension was reduced. In 2007, under the new 22-shabiya system, its original boundaries were reintroduced. Jufra borders Sirte in the north, Al Wahat in northeast, Kufra in east, Murzuq in south, Sabha in southwest, Wadi al Shatii in west and Jabal al Gharbi in northwest.
Kufra or Kofra, also spelled Cufra in Italian, is the largest district of Libya. Its capital is Al Jawf, one of the oases in Kufra basin. There is a very large oil refinery near the capital. In the late 15th century, Leo Africanus reported an oasis in the land of the Berdoa, visited by a caravan coming from Awjila. It is possible that this oasis was identical with either the Al Jawf or the Taiserbo oasis, and on early modern maps, the Al Kufra region was often labelled as Berdoa based on this report.
Murqub, sometimes spelt Al Murgub or Al Marqab or al-Morqib, is one of the districts of Libya. The main city and capital is Khoms. The widely visited UNESCO World Heritage Site of Leptis Magna is also located in the district. In the north, Murqub has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it borders Misrata to the east and south, Tripoli to the northwest and Jabal al Gharbi to the west.
Misrata, also spelt Misurata or Misratah, is a sha'biyah in northwestern Libya. Its capital is the city of Misrata. In 2007 the district was enlarged to include what had been the Bani Walid District and the northernmost strip of coast of the Gulf of Sidra, that from 2001 to 2007 had been part of Sirte District. In the north and east, Misrata has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it borders Sirte in south and east, Murqub in north and west and Jabal al Gharbi in south and west.
Marj is an administrative division of northeastern Libya, lying on the Mediterranean Sea coast. Its administrative seat is the city of Marj, which was formerly known as Barca. Marj is situated on the Cyrenaica Plateau at the western edge of the Jebel Akhdar. In the 2007 administrative reorganization part of the territory formerly in Al Hizam al Akhdar District was transferred to Al Marj. In the north, Marj has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it borders Jabal al Akhdar in the east, Al Wahat in south and Benghazi in the west.
Murzuq is one of the districts of Libya. It is in the south of the country. Its capital is Murzuk. The city was occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1578 and served as the capital of Fezzan off and on until the Ottomans ceded Libya to Italy in 1912. It was not occupied by the Italians until 1914.
Mizda or Mesdah is a town in the Nafusa Mountains in Libya. It was the capital of the former Mizda District.
Nalut is one of the districts of Libya. Its capital is the city of Nalut. The second most notable city is Ghadames. To the north and west, Nalut district borders Tunisia and Algeria. Domestically, it borders Nuqat al Khams - northeast, Jabal al Gharbi in the east and Wadi al Shatii in south. In 2007, Nalut District was enlarged to include the Ghadames District, while the eastern part of former Nalut was moved to Jabal al Gharbi.
Nuqat al Khams is one of the districts of Libya. It is in the northwest of the country, in what had been the historical region of Tripolitania. Its capital is Zuwara. Nuqat al Khams has a northern shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the west, it borders the Medenine Governorate of Tunisia. Domestically, it borders the districts of Zawiya to the east, Jabal al Gharbi to the southeast, and Nalut to the southwest. Nuqat al Khams is a part of the Tripolitania geographical region of Libya.
Quba or Qoba was one of the 32 districts of Libya. In 2007 it became part of the Derna District. The population of the former district was approximately 93,000.
Qatrun, Al Katrun, Gatrone, or Al Gatrun is a village in the Murzuq District in southern Libya on the main road to Chad and Niger. It has a filling station and a Niger consulate office is located there. When the border checkpoint 310 kilometres south at Tumu is closed, travelers crossing into Libya from Niger report in at Qatrun.
Sabha is one of the districts of Libya. It is located near the center of the country, in the Fezzan region. The capital is the city of Sabha. Sabha District borders the following districts, namely, Wadi Al Shatii in the north, Al Jufrah in the east, Murzuq in the south and Wadi Al Hayaa in the west.
Sirte District, is one of the districts of Libya. It lies in the north of the country and borders the Gulf of Sidra. Its capital is the city of Sirte. Al-Tahadi University is located in Sirte. To the north, Sirte District has a shoreline on the Mediterranean Sea and bordered Al Wahat in the east, Jufra in the south, Jabal al Gharbi in the west and Misrata in the northwest.
Sabratha wa Sorman was one of the districts of Libya from 1998 to 2007, in the Northwest. Since 2007 the area has been part of Zawiya District.
Tripoli District is one of the 22 first level subdivisions of Libya. Its capital and largest city is Tripoli, the national capital. Tripoli District is in the Tripolitania region of northwestern Libya. The district has a shoreline along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north, Zawiya in the west, Jafara in the southwest, Jabal al Gharbi in the south and Murqub in the east.
Tarhunah Municipality is one of the former municipality of Libya from 1983 to 1995. It is in the north of the country, in the position later occupied by Tarhuna Wa Msalata District.
Tajura wa Arbaʽ was one of the districts of Libya from 2001 to 2007. It consisted of eleven Basic People's Congresses, similar to townships, and its capital was Tajura. In the 2007 administrative reorganization the territory formerly in Tajura Wa Al Nawahi Al Arbaʽ was transferred to the Tripoli District .
Al Wahat, occasionally spelt Al Wahad or Al Wahah is one of the districts of Libya. Its capital and largest city is Ajdabiya. The district is home to much of Libya's petroleum extraction economic activity.
Wadi al Hayaa is one of the districts of Libya. Its capital is the city of Ubari. As of 2006, it had a population of 72,587, area of 31,890 square kilometres and a population density of 2.28 persons per square kilometer.
Yafran /ˈjɑːfrən/, also spelled Jefren, Yefren, Yifran, Yifrin or Ifrane, is a city in northwestern Libya, in the Jabal al Gharbi District in the western Nafusa Mountains. Before 2007, Yafran was the administrative seat of the Yafran District. Recognized as a largely Berber community with several different tribes and colonies gathered in one village.
Zawiya, officially Zawia, is one of the districts of Libya. It is located in the north western part of the country, in what had been the historical region of Tripolitania. Its capital is also named Zawia. Since the 2007 reorganization of Libyan districts, the former district of Sabratha Wa Surman has been part of Zawiya District. In the north, Zawiya has a shoreline bordering the Mediterranean Sea, while it borders Tripoli in east, Jafara in southeast, Jabal al Gharbi in south, Nuqat al Khams in the west.
Jabal al Gharbi is one of the districts of Libya. It is named after the Nafusa Mountains. It was formed in 2007 from the former districts of Yafran, Gharyan and Mizda. From 1995 to 1998 Jabal al Gharbi also existed as a Baladiyah. Jabal al Gharbi borders Sirte and Misrata to the east, Murqub to the northeast, Jafara and Zawiya to the north, Nuqat al Khams to the northwest, Nalut to the west, Tripoli to the north, Wadi al Shatii to the south and Jufra to the southeast.
Wadi al Shati, sometimes referred to as Ashati, is one of the districts of Libya in the central-west part of the country. The area is mostly desert. Wadi al Shati District is named after the depression of the same name, Wadi Ashati.
Agadir is a major city in Morocco, on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean, and 509 kilometres south of Casablanca. Agadir is the capital of the Agadir Ida-U-Tanan Prefecture and of the Souss-Massa economic region. The majority of its inhabitants speak Berber, one of Morocco’s two official languages. It was the site of the 1911 Agadir Crisis that exposed tensions between France and Germany, foreshadowing World War I.
Guelmim-Oued Noun is one of the twelve regions of Morocco. The southeastern part of the region is located in the disputed territory of Western Sahara and a small strip of land in this area is administered by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The region as a whole covers an area of 46,108 km2 and had a population of 433,757 as of the 2014 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Guelmim.
Azilal is a province in the Moroccan region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra. Its population in 2004 is 504,501.
Chtouka Aït Baha is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Souss-Massa. Its population in 2004 was 297,245.
Béni-Mellal is a province in the Moroccan region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra. Its population in 2004 was 946,018.
Berkane Province is located in northeastern Morocco in the area of Béni-Snassen. It is bounded by the Mediterranean to its north, the Kiss Oued and Oujda Prefecture in the east, Nador Province to the west, and Taourirt Province in the south. The Berkane Province includes under its jurisdiction the towns of Saïdia and Ahfir. The population of the city is 80,012 as of the 2004 census. The population originates primarily from Yat Iznasen, a major tribe which consists of Berber clans. The tribe's descendants are spread widely over the rest of eastern Morocco, usually in cities like Ahfir, Saïdia and Oujda. Due to recent immigration originating from all over Morocco, the eastern dialect of Moroccan Arabic is spoken by most of the citizens, although Berber is still spoken by many of the adults.
Benslimane in a province of Morocco in the Casablanca-Settat Region. The province had a population of around 199,612 people in 2004 and covers an area of around 2,760 km².
Boujdour is a province in the Moroccan occupied region of Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra, Western Sahara. Its population in 2004 was 46,129. Its major town is Boujdour.
Boulemane Province is a province of Morocco, formerly in the Fès-Boulemane Region. The Fès-Boulemane region became part of Fès-Meknès September 2015 by merging Fès-Boulemane with the prefecture of Meknès and the provinces of El Hajeb and Ifrane and the provinces of Taounate and Taza .
Casablanca is the largest city of Morocco. Located on the Atlantic coast of the Chaouia plain in the central-western part of Morocco, it is the second largest city in the Maghreb region and the eighth-largest in the Arab world. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa. According to the 2019 population estimate, the city has a population of about 3.71 million in the urban area and over 4.27 million in the Greater Casablanca. Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, although the national political capital is Rabat.
Chefchaouen is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima. Its population in 2004 was 524,602 World Gazetteer
Chichaoua is a province in the Moroccan region of Marrakesh-Safi. Its population in 2004 was 339,818
Errachidia is a province located in eastern central Morocco in the region of Dra-Tafilalt.
Essaouira is a province in the Moroccan region of Marrakesh-Safi. Its population in 2004 was 452,979
Es Semara is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Its population in 2004 was 60,426. Its major town is Es Semara.
Fez or Fes is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fès-Meknès administrative region. It is the second largest city in Morocco after Casablanca, with a population of 1.22 million . Located to the northeast of the Atlas Mountains, Fez is situated at a crossroad connecting the important cities of different regions; 206 km from Tangier to the northwest, 246 km from Casablanca, 189 km from Rabat to the west, and 387 km from Marrakesh to the southwest which leads to the Trans-Saharan trade route. It is surrounded by hills and the old city is centered around the Fez River flowing from west to east.
The Figuig Province is a province in the Oriental Region of Morocco. Its capital is Bouarfa. It recorded a population of 138,325 in the 2014 Moroccan census, up from 129,430 in 2004.
Guelmim is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Guelmim-Oued Noun. Its population in 2004 was 166,685.
El Hajeb is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Fès-Meknès. Its population in 2004 was 216,388
Al Haouz is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Marrakesh-Safi. Its population in 2004 was 484,312.
Al Hoceïma is a province in the region of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco. Its population in 2004 was 395,644.
Ifrane is a province in the Moroccan region of Fès-Meknès. Its population in 2013 was 156,038
El Jadida Province is a province of Morocco, located in the region of Casablanca-Settat. The province takes its name from the chief city of El Jadida. Its population in 2006 was 1,128,098.
Jerada is a province in the Oriental Region of Morocco. Its population in 2004 was 105,840.
Kenitra Province is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra. Its population in 2014 is 1,067,435. It covers 3,052 square kilometers.
El Kelâa des Sraghna, or Kelaat Sraghna is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Marrakesh-Safi. Its population in 2004 was 754,705. In 2009, its western half was separated to form Rehamna Province.
Khémisset is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra. Its population in 2004 is 521,815 This town was founded in 1924 on the site of a military outpost on the road from Rabat to Fes now a provincial capital Khemisset is also the capital of the confederation of the Berber-speaking Zemmour tribes. This is a good place to stop since there are many cafes and restaurants. The town also has a crafts cooperative where you can buy regional specialities, such as carpets and mats woven in palm fibre or wool. Every Tuesday Khemisset is the venue for one of the most important country souks in Morocco, with almost 1900 stalls The major cities and towns are:
Khénifra is a province in the Moroccan region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra. Its population in 2004 was 511,538.
Khouribga is a province of Morocco in the region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra. It has a population of 499,144 people.
Laâyoune is a delineated province in the north-west of Moroccan economic region of Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra, which is situated within the northern part of the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Its population in 2004 was 210,023 . In today's limits of the province the population was 199,603. Its main town is Laayoune.
Larache is a province in the Moroccan region of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima. Its population in 2004 was 472,386.
Marrakesh is the fourth largest city in the Kingdom of Morocco. It is the capital of the mid-southwestern region of Marrakesh-Safi. It is west of the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Marrakesh is 580 km southwest of Tangier, 327 km southwest of the Moroccan capital of Rabat, 239 km south of Casablanca, and 246 km northeast of Agadir.
Meknes is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco, located in northern central Morocco and the sixth largest city by population in the kingdom. Founded in the 11th century by the Almoravids as a military settlement, Meknes became the capital of Morocco under the reign of Sultan Moulay Ismaïl, son of the founder of the Alaouite dynasty. Moulay Ismaïl created a massive imperial palace complex and endowed the city with extensive fortifications and monumental gates. The city recorded a population of 632,079 in the 2014 Moroccan census. It is the seat of Meknès Prefecture and an important economic pole in the region of Fès-Meknès.
Ouarzazate Province is a province in the administrative region of Drâa-Tafilalet, Morocco. Its population in 2004 was 499,980.
Oued Ed-Dahab is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab, in the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Its population at the 2004 Census was 65,378. Its major town is Dakhla.
Oujda is a major Moroccan city in its northeast near the border with Algeria.
Rabat is the capital city of Morocco and the country's seventh largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region. Rabat is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg, opposite Salé, the city's main commuter town.
Safi is a province of Morocco, in the Marrakesh-Safi region. The province takes its name from its capital Safi. Its population in 2004 is 881,007.
Sefrou is one of the provinces of the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco. It had a population of 259,577 as per the Census Report of 2004.
Settat is a province of Morocco in the Casablanca-Settat Region. The province had a population of 956,904 people in 2004.
Sidi Kacem is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra. The capital is Sidi Kacem. Its population in 2004 was 692,239 and it recorded a population of 522,270 in the 2014 Moroccan census.
Taounate is a Moroccan province in the Fès-Meknès region. It is situated in the north of the country in the Rif mountains, north-east of Fès. It had at population of 668,232 at the 2004 Census.
Taroudannt is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Souss-Massa. Its population in 2004 was 780,661.
Tata is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Souss-Massa. Its population in 2004 was 121,618.
Taza is a province in the Moroccan region of Fès-Meknès. Its population at the 2004 Census was 743,237.
Tétouan is a province in the Moroccan region of Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma. Its population in 2004 was 613,506
Tiznit is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Souss-Massa. Its population in 2004 was 344,831.
Tangier ; Arabic: طنجة‎, Berber languages: ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ, romanized: Ṭanja, Spanish: Tánger) is a city in northwestern Morocco. It is on the Maghreb coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. The town is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco.
Tan-Tan is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Guelmim-Oued Noun. Its population in 2004 was 70,146.
Aousserd is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab, and the disputed territory of Western Sahara. At the 2004 Census it had a population of 7,689.
Fahs-Anjra is a province located in the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima Region of Morocco. It was created by Royal decree in 2003. Its population in 2004 was 97,295.
Médiouna is a province in the Moroccan region of Casablanca-Settat. Its population in 2004 was 122,851.
Mohammedia is a port city on the west coast of Morocco between Casablanca and Rabat in the region of Casablanca-Settat. It hosts the most important oil refinery of Morocco, the Samir refinery, which makes it the center of the Moroccan petroleum industry. It has a population of 208,612 according to the 2014 Moroccan census.
Moulay Yacoub is a province in Fès-Meknès, Morocco. It had a population of 150,422 as per the 2004 census report. The capital is the spa town of Moulay Yacoub.
Nouaceur is a province in the Moroccan region of Casablanca-Settat. Its population in 2004 was 236,119. Its major town is Bouskoura, although the administrative centre is Nouaceur.
Salé is a city in north-western Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town. Founded in about 1030 by the Banu Ifran, it later became a haven for pirates in the 17th century as an independent republic before being incorporated into Alaouite Morocco.
Skhirate-Témara is a prefecture of Morocco in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region. The prefecture capital is the city of Temara, itself a suburb of Rabat.
Zagora is a province in the Moroccan region of Drâa-Tafilalet. Its population in 2004 was 283,368.
Berrechid Province is a province of Morocco in the Casablanca-Settat Region. The province had a population of 484,518 people in 2014.
Driouch Province or Eddriwec Province is a province in Morocco that was formed in 2009 by dividing the Nador Province into two parts, all falling under the Oriental administrative region of northeastern Morocco. The province of Driouch has a population of 222,987 people as of 2004.
Fquih Ben Salah is a province in the Moroccan region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra. Its population in 2014 is 502,827.
Guercif is a province in the west of Oriental, Morocco. Its formed in 2009. The provincial capital is at Guercif.
M'diq-Fnideq is a prefecture in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco. It covers an area of 178.5 square kilometres and recorded a population of 209,897 in the 2014 Moroccan census. The seat of the prefecture is M'diq.
Midelt is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Drâa-Tafilalet. It was created in 2009 from parts of the provinces of Khénifra and Errachidia. Its centre of administration is the town Midelt.
Ouezzane is a province in the Moroccan region of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima. It was created in 2009 from parts of Chefchaouen Province and Sidi Kacem Province, and recorded a population of 300,637 in the 2014 Moroccan census. The capital is Ouezzane.
Rehamna or Rhamna is a province in the Moroccan region of Marrakesh-Safi. Its population in 2014 was 315,077.
Sidi Bennour Province is a province of Morocco in the Casablanca-Settat Region. The province had a population of 452,448 people in 2014.
Sidi Ifni is a province in the Moroccan region of Guelmim-Oued Noun. It was created in 2009 from the southern part of Tiznit Province, and recorded a population of 115,691 in the 2014 Moroccan census. Until 1969, most of its territory was the Provincia de Ifni, with its capital in Sidi Ifni, dependent on Spain.
Sidi Slimane Province is a province of Morocco in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra economic region. It covers an area of 1,492 square kilometres and its population in the 2004 census was 292,877. The province was created in 2009 by Decree number 2-09-319, out of the southwestern part of Kénitra Province. The province has two major urban areas: Sidi Slimane and Sidi Yahya. Sidi Slimane is the administrative headquarters.
Tarfaya is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra, which includes the southwestern part of the territory of Morocco as of before 1975, and the northern part of the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Its population in 2004 was 10420. Its main town is Tarfaya.
Tinghir Province is a province of Morocco in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region. The province had a population of 322,412 people in 2014.
Youssoufia Province is a province of Morocco in the Marrakesh-Safi Region. The province had a population of 251,943 people in 2014.
Andrijevica Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The center is the town of Andrijevica. Its territory is outspread on 340 km2 and it is surrounded by massives of mountains Komovi, Bjelasica and Prokletije in northeastern Montenegro.
Bar Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The center is the town Bar. The municipality is located at the Adriatic coast in the southeast Montenegro. According to the 2011 census, the city proper had 17,649 inhabitants, while the total population of Bar Municipality was 42,068.
Berane Municipality is one of the municipalities in the northern Montenegro. The center is Berane. Until 2013, it covered an area of 544 km2, and it had a population of 33,970 at the 2011 Census. In 2013, however, Petnjica Municipality was formed out of the eastern part of Berane Municipality. The population lowered to 11,073.
Bijelo Polje Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The administrative centre is town of Bijelo Polje. It covers an area of 924 km2, and had a population of 46,051 at the 2011 Census.
Budva Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The administrative center is Town of Budva. The municipality is located at the Adriatic coast in southwestern Montenegro.
Old Royal Capital Cetinje is one of the territorial subdivisions of Montenegro. It has the status of the Old Royal Capital, which is also translated in English as "Royal Town".
Fontvieille is the southernmost ward in the Principality of Monaco. It was developed by an Italian architect, Manfredi Nicoletti, between the 1970s and the 1990s.
The Jardin Exotique de Monaco is a botanical garden located on a cliffside in Monaco.
La Colle is a north western residential area; part of the traditional Quartier of Moneghetti in the Principality of Monaco. It is also one of the ten modern administrative Wards of Monaco.
La Condamine is the central Ward in the Principality of Monaco. Its landmarks include Port Hercules, the Rainier III Nautical Stadium, and the Princess Antoinette Park. Its farmer's market at the Place d'Armes dates from 1880 and is a great source of local pride for its "authentic Monegasque" essence.
Monaco-Monte-Carlo station is the sole railway station in the Principality of Monaco, though part of it is located in Beausoleil, France. It is served by trains of the French state-owned operator SNCF, on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway line. The station, along with the entire railway line in the principality, is located underground.
Larvotto is the easternmost ward in the Principality of Monaco. It is part of the quarter of Monte Carlo. It has an estimated surface area of 21 hectares and access to the Mediterranean Sea. In 2008, it had a population of 5,443, making it the most populated ward in Monaco.
Monaco City is the southcentral ward in the Principality of Monaco. Located on a headland that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, it is nicknamed The Rock . The name "Monaco City" is misleading: it is not itself a city, but a historical and statistical district. It holds most of the country's political and judicial institutions: the Prince's Palace, the town hall, the government, the National Council, the Municipal Council, the courts and a prison .
Les Moneghetti is the northcentral Ward in the Principality of Monaco. Moneghetti was incorporated in La Condamine.
15,200 (in the quarter) 3,500 (in the ward)
Monte Carlo is officially an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located. Informally, the name also refers to a larger district, the Monte Carlo Quarter, which besides Monte Carlo/Spélugues also includes the wards of La Rousse/Saint Roman, Larvotto/Bas Moulins and Saint Michel. The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500, while that of the quarter is about 15,000. Monaco has four traditional quarters. From west to east they are: Fontvieille, Monaco-Ville, La Condamine, and Monte Carlo.
Port Hercules is the only deep-water port in Monaco. The port has been in use since ancient times. The modern port was completed in 1926, and underwent substantial improvements in the 1970s. It covers almost 40 acres, enough to provide anchorage for up to 700 vessels. The port is located in the La Condamine district. Harbour pilots are required for all vessels longer than 30 metres. The depth of water in the harbour ranges from seven metres for standard berths and up to 40 metres for the outer piers and cruise ship docks.
La Rousse is the northernmost Ward in the Principality of Monaco. La Rousse was incorporated in Monte Carlo. Since 2018 it is home to a police station near the border with France.
Sainte-Dévote Chapel is a Roman Catholic chapel dedicated to Saint Devota, the patron saint of Monaco.
Bălți is a city in Moldova. It is the second largest city in terms of population, area and economic importance, after Chișinău. The city is one of the five Moldovan municipalities. Sometimes also called "the northern capital", it is a major industrial, cultural and commercial centre and transportation hub in the north of the country. It is situated 127 kilometres north of the capital Chișinău, and is located on the river Răut, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Bălți steppe.
Cahul is a district in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cahul. As of January 2014 estimates, Cahul District had a population of 124,700.
Chișinău, also known as Kishinev, is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău was 700,000. Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova's population lives in the metro area.
Edineț is a district in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Edineț. The other major city is Cupcini. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 82,900.
Gagauzia or Gagauz-Yeri, officially the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia is an autonomous region of Moldova. Its autonomy is ethnically motivated by the predominance of the Gagauz people, who are primarily Orthodox Turkic-speaking people.
Orhei is a district in central Moldova, with its administrative center in the city of Orhei. As of 2014 Moldovan Census its population was 101,502.
Transnistria autonomous territorial unit, officially the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester ; Ukrainian: Автономне територіальне утворення з особливим правовим статусом Придністров'я, romanized: Avtonomne terytorialne utvorennia z osoblyvym pravomvym statusom Prydnistrovia), is a formal administrative unit of Moldova established by the Government of Moldova to delineate the territory controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.
Soroca is a district in north-east Moldova. Its administrative center is the town of Soroca. At 1 January 2011, the population of the region was 100,400.
Bender or Bendery, also known as Tighina, is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under de facto control of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic since 1992. It is located on the western bank of the river Dniester in the Romanian historical region of Bessarabia.
Ungheni is a district in the central part of Moldova, bordering Romania, with the administrative center at Ungheni. The other major city is Corneşti. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 117,400.
Danilovgrad Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The administrative center is town of Danilovgrad. The municipality is located in the central region of Montenegro in the valley of Zeta river, sometimes called also the Bjelopavlići plain, after the name of the local tribe.
Anenii Noi District is a district in the central part of Moldova. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 83,100. Its seat is the city of Anenii Noi.
Basarabeasca is a district in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Basarabeasca.
Briceni is a district in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Briceni. The other major city is Lipcani. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 75,300.
Cantemir is a district in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cantemir. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 62,800.
Călărași is a district in the centre of Moldova, with the administrative headquarters in Călărași. This region is very popular for its red wine, white wine, and cognac. While the Republic of Moldova was a part of the Soviet Union, its wines were known throughout the USSR. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 78,800.
Căușeni District is a district in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Căușeni. The other major city in the district is Căinari. According to the 2014 Moldovan Census, its population is 81,185.
Cimișlia is a district in southern Moldova, situated between the capital of Chișinău and the autonomous territorial unit of Gagauzia, with its administrative center being the town of Cimișlia. On 1 January 2011, its population was officially recorded to be 61,700.
Criuleni is a district in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Criuleni. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 73,100.
Dondușeni District is a district in the north of Moldova. Its administrative center is the city of Dondușeni. As of 2011, its population was 45,100.
Drochia district is a district in the north of Moldova. Its administrative center is the city of Drochia. As of 2011, its population was 90,100.
The Dubăsari District is a district in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cocieri. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 35,200. This does not include the 715 people that live in the village of Roghi, which is controlled by the breakaway Tiraspol authorities. Dubăsari means ferry-arks .
Fălești is a district in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Fălești. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 92,600.
Florești is a district in the north-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Florești. The other major cities are Ghindeşti and Mărculeşti. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 90,000.
Glodeni District is a district in northwestern Moldova, with its administrative center at Glodeni. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 61,900. The district consists of 35 localities, 18 communes, 16 villages and one city .
Hîncești is a district of Moldova, with the city of Hîncești as its administrative center. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 122,000.
Ialoveni is a district in the central part of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ialoveni. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 99,100.
Leova District is a district in the central part of Moldova, bordering Romania, with the administrative center at Leova. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 53,800.
Nisporeni is a district in west-central Moldova, with its administrative center at Nisporeni. According to the 2014 census, its population was 53,154; most are Moldovans.
Ocnița is a district in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ocnița. The other major cities are Otaci and Frunză. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 56,100.
Rezina is a district in the east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Rezina. Rezina is situated on the western bank of the Nistru river. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 52,600.
Rîșcani is a district in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Rîșcani. The other major city is Costești. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 70,000.
Sîngerei is a district in the north of Moldova, with the administrative center at Sîngerei. The other major city is Biruința. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 93,400.
Strășeni is an administrative district in the central part of Moldova. Its administrative center and leading city is Strășeni. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 91,100. The other principal town is Bucovăț, 26 km to the north of the Moldovan capital. Otherwise the district is divided between rural communities.
Șoldănești is a district in the north-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Șoldănești. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 43,300.
Ștefan Vodă is a district in the south-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ștefan Vodă. As of 1 January 2011, its population was 71,900. The city is situated 100 km from Chișinău and 100 km from Odessa, Ukraine.
Taraclia is a district in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Taraclia.
Telenești is a district in central Moldova, with the administrative center at Telenești.
Herceg Novi Municipality is one of the municipalities in southwestern Montenegro region. The administrative center is Herceg Novi.
Kolašin Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. Located in the northeastern part of Montenegro, municipality is part and unofficial centre of Morača region, named after Morača river. The centre is town of Kolašin.
Kotor Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. Its administrative center is Kotor. This municipality is located in the southwest part of Montenegro, and includes 56 recognized settlements as well as the innermost portion of the Bay of Kotor.
Mojkovac Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The municipality is located in northeastern region of Montenegro. Administrative center of the municipality is town of Mojkovac.
Nikšić Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The municipality is located in central and northwestern region of Montenegro. The administrative centre of the municipality is town of Nikšić.
Plav Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The center is Town of Plav. In February 2014, the south-western third of the municipality seceded to form Gusinje Municipality.
Pǉevǉa Municipality is located in northwestern region of Montenegro.It covers an area of 1,346 and had a population of 30,786 at the 2011 census.
Plužine Municipality is one of the municipalities in northwestern region of Montenegro. The administrative center is Town of Plužine. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 3,235.
Podgorica Capital City is one of the territorial subdivisions of Montenegro. The seat of municipality is the city of Podgorica. Podgorica municipality covers 10.4% of Montenegro's territory and is home to 29.9% of the country's population. It is the nation's administrative centre and its economic and educational focus.
Rožaje Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The center is Rožaje. It covers an area of 432 km2, and had a population of 22,964 at the 2011 Census. It is located in the geographical region of Sandžak.
Šavnik Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The municipality is located in northwestern part of Montenegro, being part of Durmitor region. The administrative center is small town of Šavnik.
Tivat Municipality is the smallest municipality in Montenegro by area, situated in the Bay of Kotor. The center of the municipality is the eponymous town, Tivat. Besides the town, Tivat municipality encompasses the Vrmac mountain and a portion of Luštica peninsula, as well as Tivat field and a number of smaller coastal settlements.
Ulcinj Municipality is the southernmost municipality of Montenegro, bordered by Albania to the east, Bar Municipality to the north and Adriatic Sea to the south and the west. It has an area of 255 km², and a population of 19,921 as of the 2011 census. Its seat is the town of Ulcinj.
Žabǉak Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The municipality is located in northwestern part of Montenegro, being part of Durmitor region. The administrative center is small town of Žabǉak.
Gusinje Municipality is a municipality in eastern Montenegro in the upper Lim valley at an elevation of about 1,000 m . It was created in 2014, when it split from Plav Municipality. Its center is the small town of Gusinje, and its biggest village in terms of territory is Vusanje. Two of Montenegro's highest mountains overlook Gusinje: Zla Kolata and Visitor. Many of Gusinje's settlements are historically linked with the Albanian Kelmendi tribe . The village of Gusinje developed into a town the 17th century around a fortress built by the Ottomans to contain the Kelmendi. In the 19th century, Gusinje was a developing regional market center. It was engulfed in 1879–1880 in a struggle between the Principality of Montenegro that wanted to annex it and the League of Prizren that opposed it. After the Balkan Wars, Gusinje became part of Montenegro and in 1919 part of Yugoslavia. Today, it is part of Montenegro since its declaration of independence in 2006.
Petnjica Municipality is one of the municipalities of Montenegro. The municipality is located in northeastern region of Montenegro, being part of Bihor and Sandžak regions. The center is Petnjica. Petnjica Municipality was created in 2013, when it was split from Berane Municipality.
Tuzi Municipality is one of the 24 Municipalities of Montenegro. The municipal seat is the town of Tuzi. The municipality is located about 10 km south of the capital Podgorica and consists of more than 40 distinct settlements. The municipality roughly encompasses the Montenegrin part of Malesija region.
The Toamasina Province is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 71,911 km². It had a population of 2,855,600 . Its capital was Toamasina, the most important seaport of the country. The province was also known as Tamatave Province.
Antsiranana is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 43,406 km2. It had a population of 1,188,425 . Its capital was Antsiranana. A diversity of ethnic groups are found in the province, including Anjoaty Sakalava, Antakarana, Tsimihetu, Antemoro, Betsimisaraka, Antandroy, etc.
Fianarantsoa Province is a former province of Madagascar. It has an area of 103,272 km2 and population of 3,366,291 . Its capital was Fianarantsoa. The province along with the 5 other was abolished in 2007 in favour of creation of smaller regions to facilitate administration.
Mahajanga is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 150,023 km². It had a population of 1,896,000 . Its capital was Mahajanga. The city was the second largest one in Madagascar.
Antananarivo Province is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 58,283 square kilometres . It had a population of 5,370,900 in 2004. Its capital was Antananarivo, which is also the capital of the country. Established in 1965, it was the most important province of Madagascar in terms of industrial production. It was one of the most literate provinces and was dominated by the Merina people. Along with the other five provinces, it was abolished in 2007 after a referendum in favour of creation of smaller regions to help in development was approved. It was badly affected by plagues in the 20th century. In 2002 a state of emergency was proclaimed by the then president Didier Ratsiraka. The events that followed led to the other five provinces announcing the creation of a new republic that would have excluded Antananarivo Province. Peace was restored only when Marc Ravalomanana was installed as the country's president.
The Toliara Province is a former province of Madagascar with an area of 161,405 square kilometres . It had a population of 2,229,550 . Its capital was Toliara. Near Toliara was the "spiny forest".
Ayeyarwady Region, is a region of Myanmar, occupying the delta region of the Ayeyarwady River . It is bordered by Bago Region to the north, Bago Region and Yangon Region to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the south and west. It is contiguous with the Rakhine State in the northwest.
Bago Region is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the southern central part of the country. It is bordered by Magway Region and Mandalay Region to the north; Kayin State, Mon State and the Gulf of Martaban to the east; Yangon Region to the south and Ayeyarwady Region and Rakhine State to the west. It is located between 46°45'N and 19°20'N and 94°35'E and 97°10'E. It has a population of 4,867,373 .
Chin State is a state in western Myanmar. The 36,019-square-kilometre Chin State is bordered by Sagaing Division and Magway Division to the east, Rakhine State to the south, Bangladesh to the south-west, and the Indian states of Mizoram to the west and Manipur to the north. The population of Chin state is about 478,801 in 2014 census. The capital of the state is Hakha. The state is a mountainous region with few transportation links. Chin State is sparsely populated and remains one of the least developed areas of the country. Chin State has the highest poverty rate of 73% as per the released figures from the first official survey. The official radio broadcasting dialect of Chin is Falam. There are 53 different subtribes and languages in Chin State. There are nine townships in Chin State. Hakha, Thantlang, Falam, Tedim, Tonzang, Matupi, Mindat, Kanpetlet and Paletwa townships. In 1896, Mindat and Kanpetlet were placed under Pakokku Hill Tracts District of British Burma later emerged into Chin hills. Only Paletwa township became a part of Arakan Hill Tracts District of British Burma.
Kachin State is the northernmost state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east ; Shan State to the south; and Sagaing Region and India to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 . The capital of the state is Myitkyina. Other important towns include Bhamo, Mohnyin and Putao.
Kayah State is a state of Myanmar. Situated in eastern Myanmar, it is bounded on the north by Shan State, on the east by Thailand's Mae Hong Son Province, and on the south and west by Kayin State. It lies approximately between 18° 30′ and 19° 55′ north latitude and between 96° 50′ and 97° 50′ east longitude. The area is 11,670 km2 . Its capital is Loikaw . The estimated population in 1998 was approximately 207,357, according to UNICEF. It is inhabited primarily by the Karenni ethnic group, also known as Red Karen or Kayah, a Sino-Tibetan people.
Kayin State, also known by its former name Karen State, is a state of Myanmar. The capital city is Hpa-An, also spelled Pa-An.
Magway Region is an administrative division in central Myanmar. It is the second largest of Myanmar's seven divisions, with an area of 44,820 km2 . Pa Del Dam is one of the dams in Aunglan Township, Magway Division. The capital and second largest city of the Magway Division is Magway. The largest city is Pakokku. The major cities of Magway Division are Magway, Pakokku, Chauk, Aunglan, Yenangyaung, Taungdwingyi, Minbu, Thayet and Gangaw.
Mandalay Region is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is located in the center of the country, bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west, Shan State to the east, and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south. The regional capital is Mandalay. To the south of the region lies the national capital of Nay Pyi Taw. The division consists of seven districts, which are subdivided into 28 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts.
Mon State is an administrative division of Myanmar. It lies between Kayin State to the east, the Andaman Sea to the west, Bago Region to the north and Tanintharyi Region to the south, also having a short border with Thailand's Kanchanaburi Province at its south-eastern tip. The land area is 12,155 km2 . The Dawna Range, running along the eastern side of the state in a NNW–SSE direction, forms a natural border with Kayin State. Mon State includes some small islands, such as Kalegauk, Wa Kyun and Kyungyi Island, along its 566 km of coastline. The state's capital is Mawlamyine.
Naypyitaw Union Territory is an administrative division in central Myanmar . It contains Naypyidaw, the capital city of Myanmar.
Rakhine State is a state in Myanmar . Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State to the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The Arakan Mountains or Rakhine Yoma separated Rakhine State from central Burma from North to South. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Ramree, Cheduba and Myingun. Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres and its capital is Sittwe.
Sagaing Region is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the north-western part of the country between latitude 21° 30' north and longitude 94° 97' east. It is bordered by India’s Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh States to the north, Kachin State, Shan State, and Mandalay Region to the east, Mandalay Region and Magway Region to the south, with the Ayeyarwady River forming a greater part of its eastern and also southern boundary, and Chin State and India to the west. The region has an area of 93,527 km2. In 1996, it had a population of over 5,300,000 while its population in 2012 was 6,600,000. The urban population in 2012 was 1,230,000 and the rural population was 5,360,000. The capital city of Sagaing Region is Monywa.
Shan State, commonly known by its native name Muang Tai, as well as Shanland, is a state of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Shan State borders China to the north, Laos to the east, and Thailand to the south, and five administrative divisions of Burma in the west. The largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km2, almost a quarter of the total area of Burma. The state gets its name from Burmese name for the Tai people: "Shan people". The Shan constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shanland is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi. Taunggyi is 150.7 km northeast of the nation's capital Naypyitaw.
Tanintharyi Region is an administrative region of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills, beyond which lie Thailand, to the east. To the north is the Mon State. There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei . Other important cities include Myeik and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of 43,344.9 km², and had a population of 1,406,434 at the 2014 Census.
Yangon Region is an administrative region of Myanmar. Located in the heart of Lower Myanmar, the division is bordered by Bago Region to the north and east, the Gulf of Martaban to the south, and Ayeyarwady Region to the west. Yangon Region is dominated by its capital city of Yangon, the former national capital and the largest city in the country. Other important cities are Thanlyin and Twante. The division is the most developed region of the country and the main international gateway. The division measures 10,170 km2 .
Ailinglaplap or Ailinglapalap is a coral atoll of 56 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain in the Marshall Islands. It is located 152 kilometres northwest of Jaluit Atoll. Its total land area is only 14.7 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon of 750 square kilometres . The economy of the atoll is dominated by coconut plantations. The population of the atoll was 1,729 in 2011. Jabat Island is located off the coast of Ailinglaplap Atoll. The former president of the Marshall Islands, Kessai Note, was born on Jeh Island, Ailinglaplap Atoll.
Ailuk Atoll is a coral atoll of 57 islets in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is located approximately 72 kilometres north from Wotje. Its total land area is only 5.4 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 177.45 square kilometres . The major islets are: Ajelep, Aliej, Ailuk, Alkilwe, Barorkan, Biken, Enejabrok, Enejelar, Kapen and Marib. Most of the islets are on the eastern side of the atoll. The western and southern sides of the atoll have a nearly continuous submerged coral reef, with three main passes that lead into the lagoon: Erappu Channel, Marok Channel and Eneneman Channel on the west side.
Arno Atoll is a coral atoll of 133 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 5 square miles . Unlike most other atolls, Arno encloses three different lagoons, a large central one, and two smaller ones in the north and east. Its main lagoon encloses an area of 130.77 square miles . At a distance of only 20 kilometres, it is the closest atoll to the Marshall Islands capital, Majuro Atoll, and can be seen looking east from Majuro on a clear day at low tide. The population of Arno Atoll was 1,794 at the 2011 census. The most populous islets are Ajeltokrok, Kobjeltak, Rearlaplap, Langor and Tutu. The largest village is Ine, Arno.
Aur Atoll is a coral atoll of 42 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 15 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 620 square kilometres . It is located south of Maloelap Atoll. The population of Aur Atoll was 499 in 2011.
Kili Island or Kili Atoll is a small, 81 hectares island located in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is the temporary home of 548 inhabitants who are descended from islanders who originally lived on Bikini Atoll. They were relocated when they agreed to let the U.S. government temporarily use their home for nuclear testing in 1945. Kili Island became their home after two prior relocations failed. The island does not have a natural lagoon and cannot produce enough food to enable the islanders to be self-sufficient. It is part of the legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. The island is approximately 48 kilometers southwest of Jaluit. It is one of the smallest islands in the Marshall Islands.
Ebon Atoll is a coral atoll of 22 islands in the Pacific Ocean, forming a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its land area is 5.75 square kilometres, and it encloses a deep lagoon with an area of 104 square kilometres . A winding passage, the Ebon Channel, leads to the lagoon from the southwest edge of the atoll. Ebon Atoll is approximately 155 kilometres south of Jaluit, and it is the southernmost land mass of the Marshall Islands, on the southern extremity of the Ralik Chain. In documents and accounts from the 1800s, it was also known as Boston, Covell's Group, Fourteen Islands, and Linnez.
Enewetak Atoll is a large coral atoll of 40 islands in the Pacific Ocean and with its 664 people forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. With a land area total less than 5.85 square kilometres, it is no higher than 5 meters and surrounds a deep central lagoon, 80 kilometres in circumference. It is the second-westernmost atoll of the Ralik Chain and is 305 kilometres west from Bikini Atoll.
Jabat Island is an island in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 0.6 square kilometres, and has a length of 1.2 kilometres . It is located 12 kilometres from Ailinglapalap Atoll. Unlike most of the other islands in the Marshall Islands, Jabat Island is a rocky island rather than a coral atoll, although it surrounded by fringing shallow water coral reefs that extend for several kilometres beyond the outer reef to the north and south. The population of Jabat Island was 84 in 2011.
Jaluit Atoll is a large coral atoll of 91 islands in the Pacific Ocean and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is 11.34 square kilometres, and it encloses a lagoon with an area of 690 square kilometres . Most of the land area is on the largest islet of Jaluit . Jaluit is approximately 220 kilometres southwest of Majuro. Jaluit Atoll is a designated conservation area and Ramsar Wetland.
Kwajalein Atoll is part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands . The southernmost and largest island in the atoll is named Kwajalein Island, which its majority English-speaking residents often called by the shortened name, Kwaj /kwɑːdʒ/. The total land area of the atoll amounts to just over 6 square miles . It lies in the Ralik Chain, 2,100 nautical miles southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii.
Lae Atoll is a coral atoll of 20 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 1.5 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 17.7 square kilometres . It is located approximately 47 kilometres east of Ujae Atoll. The population of Lae Atoll was 347 in 2011.
Lib Island is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is 0.93 km2. . The population of Lib Island is 155.
Likiep Atoll is a coral atoll of 65 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is approximately 55 kilometres northwest of Wotje. Its total land area is only 10.26 square kilometres, but that encloses a deep central lagoon of 424 square kilometres . Likiep Atoll also possesses the Marshall Islands' highest point, an unnamed knoll 10 metres above sea level. The population of Likiep Atoll was 401 in 2011.
Majuro is the capital and largest city of the Marshall Islands. It is also a large coral atoll of 64 islands in the Pacific Ocean. It forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. The atoll has a land area of 9.7 square kilometres and encloses a lagoon of 295 square kilometres . As with other atolls in the Marshall Islands, Majuro consists of narrow land masses. It has a tropical trade wind climate, with an average temperature of 27 °C .
The Maloelap Atoll is a coral atoll of 71 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its land area is only 9.8 square kilometres, but that encloses a lagoon of 972 square kilometres . It is located 18 kilometres north of the atoll of Aur. In 2011 the population of the islands of the atoll was 682.
Mejit is an island in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Unlike most of the other islands of the Marshall Islands, Mejit is a stony island rather than a coral atoll, although it is surrounded by a fringing coral reef enclosing a narrow lagoon. It is located east of the main line of the Ratak chain, approximately 110 kilometres northeast from Wotje.
Mili Atoll is a coral atoll of 92 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. It is located approximately 78 kilometres southeast of Arno. Its total land area is 14.9 square kilometres making it the second largest of the Marshall Islands after Kwajalein. It encloses a much smaller lagoon than Kwajalein, with an area of 760 square kilometres . The atoll is separated by a water channel called the Klee Passage from the Knox Atoll which is considerably smaller. The population of Mili Atoll was 738 as of 2011. The main village is also called Mili. Other villages include Nallu, Enejet, Lukonor, Tokewa, and Wau, Mili. Nallu, Enejet and Lukonwor are only accessible from Mili by land during lowtide. Only Mili, Mili and Enejet, Mili have runways for small aircraft. Mili Airport and Enejit Airport are served by Air Marshall Islands when its aircraft are operational.
Namdrik Atoll or Namorik Atoll is a coral atoll of two islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 2.8 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 8.4 square kilometres .
Namu Atoll is a coral atoll of 54 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 6.27 square kilometres, but that encloses a lagoon of 397 square kilometres . It is located approximately 62 kilometres south-southwest of Kwajalein Atoll.
Rongelap Atoll /ˈrɒŋɡəlæp/ RONG-gə-lap is a coral atoll of 61 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is 8 square miles . It encloses a lagoon with an area of 1,000 square miles . It is historically notable for its close proximity to US hydrogen bomb tests in 1954, and was particularly devastated by fallout from the Castle Bravo test. The population was evacuated from Rongelap following the test due to high radiation levels. However, according to the most recent census in 2011 it has begun to recover with about eighty people living on the atoll.
Ujae Atoll is a coral atoll of 15 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 1.86 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon of 185.94 square kilometres . It is located about 122 kilometres west of Kwajalein Atoll.
Utirik Atoll or Utrik Atoll is a coral atoll of 10 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 2.4 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon with an area of 57.7 square kilometres . It is located approximately 47 kilometres east of Ujae Atoll. The population of Utirik Atoll is 300-400 as of 2020. it is one of the northernmost Marshall Islands with permanent habitation.
Wotho Atoll is a coral atoll of 13 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 4.33 square kilometres, but it encloses a lagoon of 94.92 square kilometres . The name "Wotho" means either "entrance through the reef", or "island far away" according to different sources.
Wotje Atoll is a coral atoll of 75 islands in the Pacific Ocean, and forms a legislative district of the Ratak Chain of the Marshall Islands.
Aerodrom is one of the ten municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia.
Saraj is one of the ten municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of North Macedonia.
Aračinovo Municipality is a municipality in the northern part of Republic of North Macedonia. Aračinovo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Kavadarci is a municipality in the southern part of North Macedonia. Kavadarci is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Kavadarci Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Bogdanci is a municipality in the southern part of North Macedonia. Bogdanci is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Bogdanci Municipality is part of Southeastern Statistical Region.
Brvenica is a municipality in the northwestern part of North Macedonia. Brvenica is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Brvenica Municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Berovo is a municipality in eastern part of Republic of North Macedonia. Berovo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Berovo Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Bosilovo is a municipality in southeastern part of Republic of North Macedonia. Bosilovo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Bosilovo Municipality is part of Southeastern Statistical Region.
Butel Municipality is one of the ten municipalities that make up the City of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. The municipality administration consists of a council and mayor.
Čaška is a municipality in the central part of North Macedonia. Čaška is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is located. This municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Centar is the central municipality of the ten municipalities that compose the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. Centar is home to the Assembly of North Macedonia.
Češinovo-Obleševo is a municipality in eastern part of North Macedonia. The seat of the municipality is the village of Obleševo. Češinovo-Obleševo is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Čair is one of the ten municipalities that make up the City of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of North Macedonia. The municipal administration consists of a council and mayor. Skopje's old town is located in Čair. The municipality has a predominantly Albanian population.
Čučer-Sandevo Municipality is a municipality in northern part of North Macedonia. Čučer-Sandevo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. It is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Centar Župa is a municipality in the western part of North Macedonia. Centar Župa is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Centar Župa Municipality is part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Debarca is a municipality in the Southwestern Statistical Region of North Macedonia. The village of Belčišta is the municipal seat. It is the municipality in which Ohrid "St. Paul the Apostle" Airport is located, the second of two international airports in the county.
Debar is a municipality in western part of Republic of North Macedonia. Debar is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Debar Municipality is part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Dolneni is a municipality in the central part of North Macedonia. Dolneni is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is part of the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Demir Kapija is a municipality in southern part of North Macedonia. Demir Kapija, which means "iron door" or "iron gate" in Turkish, is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Demir Kapija Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Delčevo Municipality — municipality in Eastern Macedonia. The center of the municipality is the city of Delchevo. The geographical area is 423km² and has about 17.713 inhabitants. There are 22 settlements in Delchevo, as follows: the town of Delchevo and the villages: Bigla, Vetren, Virce, Vratislavci, Gabrovo, Grad, Dramche, Zvegor, Iliovo, Kiselica, Kosovo Dabje, Nov Istevnik, Ochipala, Razlovci, Selnik, Stamer, Star Istevnik, Trabotivishte, Turija, Poleto and Chiflik. The city is named after the pride of the Macedonian people – Goce Delchev. In the past, the municipality was also known as "Carevo Selo".
Demir Hisar is a municipality in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. Demir Hisar, which means "iron fortress" in Turkish, is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Demir Hisar municipality is part of the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Drugovo is a former municipality in western North Macedonia, created in the 1996 territorial organisation and dissolved following the 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation, after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality.
Tetovo is a municipality in the northwest part of North Macedonia. Tetovo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Tetovo Municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Gazi Baba (Macedonian: Гази Баба , is one of the ten municipalities that make up the City of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. The municipality administration consists of a council and mayor.
Gjorče Petrov is one of the ten municipalities that compose the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. It is named after the revolutionary Gjorče Petrov.
Gradsko is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Gradsko is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Gradsko Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Gostivar is a municipality in the western part of North Macedonia.
Gevgelija is a municipality in the southern part of North Macedonia. Gevgelija is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Gevgelija Municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.
Ilinden is a municipality part of North Macedonia. Ilinden is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. It is named after the Ilinden Uprising in the region of Macedonia in 1903. It is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Jegunovce is a municipality in the northwest of North Macedonia. Jegunovce is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Jegunovce Municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Karbinci is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Karbinci is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Karbinci Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Krivogaštani Municipality is a municipality in the western part of North Macedonia. Krivogaštani is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Kičevo Municipality is a municipality in the western part of North Macedonia. The municipal seat is the city of Kičevo. Kičevo Municipality is located in the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Konče is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Konče is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.
Kruševo Municipality is a municipality in the central region of North Macedonia. Kruševo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Karpoš Municipality is one of the ten municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of North Macedonia.
Kratovo is a municipality in eastern part of North Macedonia. Kratovo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is part of the Northeastern Statistical Region.
The Kriva Palanka Municipality is in the extreme northeastern part of North Macedonia. Kriva Palanka is the town where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is part of the Northeastern Statistical Region.
Lipkovo is a municipality in the north part of North Macedonia. Lipkovo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Lipkovo Municipality is part of the Northeastern Statistical Region.
Lozovo is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Lozovo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Lozovo Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Makedonski Brod is a municipality in western North Macedonia, named after the town of Makedonski Brod, where the municipal seat is located. Makedonski Brod Municipality is part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Mogila is a municipality in south-central North Macedonia. Mogila is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Mogila Municipality is part of the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Makedonska Kamenica is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Makedonska Kamenica is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is part of Eastern Statistical Region.
Mavrovo and Rostuša is a municipality in western North Macedonia. The municipal seat is located in the village of Rostuša. This municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Staro Nagoričane Municipality is a municipality in the northern part of North Macedonia. The municipal seat is located in the village Staro Nagoričane. This municipality is part of the Northeastern Statistical Region.
Negotino is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Negotino is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Negotino Municipality is part of Vardar Statistical Region.
Vinica is a municipality in eastern part of North Macedonia. Vinica is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Vinica Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Novo Selo is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Novo Selo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Novo Selo means "New Village" in Macedonian. Novo Selo Municipality is part of the Southeastern statistical region.
Novaci is a municipality in the southern part of North Macedonia. Novaci is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Novaci Municipality is a part of the Pelagonia Statistical Region. Located in the municipality is North Macedonia's key energy company REK Bitola.
Kočani is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Kočani is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Ohrid is a municipality in the southwestern part of North Macedonia. Ohrid is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. Ohrid Municipality is in the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Oslomej is a former municipality in western Republic of North Macedonia, created in 1996 territorial organisation and dissolved following the 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation, after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality.
The Municipality of Petrovec is a municipality in northern North Macedonia, near the capital Skopje. Petrovec is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. It is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Pehčevo Municipality is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Pehčevo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Plasnica (Macedonian: Пласница ,(Turkish: Plasnitsa , is a municipality in western North Macedonia. Plasnica is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Plasnica Municipality is part of the Southwestern Statistical Region. It is particularly noteworthy in having a mostly ethnic Turkish population.
Prilep is a municipality in the south of North Macedonia. Prilep is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. It is located in the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Probištip Municipality is an urban municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Probištip is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Resen is a municipality in southwestern Republic of North Macedonia. Resen is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Resen Municipality is located in the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Rosoman is a municipality in central North Macedonia. Rosoman is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Rosoman Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Rankovce is a municipality in the northeastern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. Rankovce is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Rankovce Municipality is part of the Northeastern statistical region.
Strumica is a municipality located in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Strumica is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. Strumica Municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.
Radoviš Municipality is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Radoviš is the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.
Dojran is a municipality in the southeastern part of North Macedonia. Star Dojran is the village where the municipal seat is found. Dojran Municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.
Sveti Nikole is a municipality in eastern Macedonia. Sveti Nikole is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Sveti Nikole Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Šuto Orizari, often shortened as Šutka, is one of the ten municipalities that make up the City of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of North Macedonia. Šuto Orizari is also the name of the urban neighbourhood where the municipal seat is located. It consists of a council and mayor.
Sopište is a municipality in the northern part of North Macedonia. Sopište is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. It is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Štip is a municipality in eastern North Macedonia. Štip is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Studeničani Municipality is a municipality in central North Macedonia. Studeničani is the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. It is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Bitola is a municipality in the southern part of North Macedonia. Bitola is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is located in the Pelagonia Statistical Region.
Tearce is a municipality in northwestern North Macedonia. Tearce is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Tearce Municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Municipality of Struga is a municipality in western North Macedonia. Struga is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Struga Municipality is part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Kumanovo is a municipality located in the northern part of North Macedonia. Kumanovo is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. Kumanovo Municipality is part of the Northeastern Statistical Region.
Valandovo is a municipality in the southern part of North Macedonia. Valandovo is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Valandovo Municipality is part of Southeastern Statistical Region.
Vraneštica is a former municipality in western North Macedonia, created in the 1996 territorial organisation and dissolved following the 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation, after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality. Vraneštica is also the name of the village where the municipal seat was found. This municipality was part of the Southwestern Statistical Region. The last mayor of the municipality was Vančo Srbakovski.
Kisela Voda is one of the ten municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia.
Veles is a municipality in central part of North Macedonia. Veles is also the name of the city where the municipal seat is found. Veles Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
Vrapčište (Macedonian: Врапчиште , Albanian: Vrapçisht is a municipality in western North Macedonia. Vrapčište is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Bogovinje is a municipality in the western part of the Republic of North Macedonia. Bogovinje is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Bogovinje Municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Vasilevo is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Vasilevo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Vasilevo Municipality is part of the Southeastern Statistical Region.
Vevčani is a municipality in western North Macedonia. Vevčani is also the name of the municipal seat and the only settlement of the municipality. This municipality is part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
Zajas is a former municipality in western North Macedonia, created in the 1996 territorial organisation, dissolved following 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality.
Želino is a municipality in the northwestern part of North Macedonia. Želino is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. This municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.
Zelenikovo Municipality is a municipality in the central part of North Macedonia. The municipal seat is located in the village Zelenikovo. The municipality is located in the Skopje Statistical Region.
Zrnovci is a municipality in the eastern part of North Macedonia. Zrnovci is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. Zrnovci Municipality is part of the Eastern Statistical Region.
Orkhon Aimag is one of the 21 Aimags of Mongolia, located in the north of the country. Its capital is Erdenet. The province is named after Orkhon River. This Aimag was cut out of Bulgan Aimag in 1994, to form a new entity together with its capital Erdenet, which had previously been administered as a federal municipality.
Darkhan-Uul is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the north of the country.
Khentii is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in the east of the country. Its capital is Chinggis City. The aimag is named after the Khentii Mountains. It is best known as the birthplace and likely final resting place of Temüjin, otherwise known as Genghis Khan.
Khövsgöl is the northernmost of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. The name is derived from Lake Khövsgöl.
Khovd is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in the west of the country. Its capital is also named Khovd.
Uvs is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the west of the country, 1,336 kilometres or 830 miles away from the national capital Ulaanbaatar. Its capital is Ulaangom which lies 936 metres or 3,070 feet above sea level.
Töv is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. The national capital Ulaanbaatar is located roughly at its center, but the city itself is administrated as an independent municipality.
Selenge is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in the north of the country. The name is derived from the Selenge river. The capital is Sükhbaatar.
Sükhbaatar is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in the east of the country. Its capital is Baruun-Urt. It is named after Damdin Sükhbaatar.
Ömnögovi is an aimag of Mongolia, located in the south of the country, in the Gobi Desert. Ömnögovi is Mongolia's largest aimag. The capital is Dalanzadgad.
Övörkhangai is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in the south of the country. Its capital is Arvaikheer.
Zavkhan is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in the west of the country, 1,104 km from Ulaanbaatar. Its capital is Uliastai. The aimag is named after the Zavkhan River, which forms the border between Zavkhan and Gobi-Altai aimag.
Dundgovi is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the south of the country, approximately 245 kilometers south of Ulaanbaatar. Its capital is Mandalgovi.
Dornod is the easternmost of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. Its capital is Choibalsan.
Dornogovi is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the southeast of the country, bordering PR China's autonomous region of Inner Mongolia.
Govisümber is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the center of the country. Its capital is Choir.
Govi-Altai is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. The province is located in the west of the country and is home to Salkhin Sandag NGO, which works to protect its main water source, the Zavkhan River.
Bulgan is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in northern Mongolia. Its capital is also named Bulgan.
The Bayankhongor Province or Bayanhongor Aimag is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the southwest of the country and, at 116,000 square kilometers, it is one of the largest aimags. The capital of the aimag shares the provincial name, Bayankhongor.
Bayan-Ölgii is the westernmost of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. The country's only Muslim and Kazakh-majority aimag, it was established in August 1940. Its capital is Ölgii.
Ulaanbaatar, formerly anglicised as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. The municipality is located in north central Mongolia at an elevation of about 1,300 metres in a valley on the Tuul River. The city was originally founded in 1639 as a nomadic Buddhist monastic centre, changing location 28 times, and was permanently settled at its current location in 1778.
Kayes Region is one of eight first level national subdivisions in Mali called Regions. It is the first administrative area of Mali and covers an area of 120,760 square kilometres or 46,630 square miles. Its capital is the town of Kayes. The province was historically part of the Ghana Empire and the Mali Empire.
Koulikoro Region is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of 90,120 km2. Its capital is the city of Koulikoro.
Sikasso Region is the southernmost region of Mali. The region's capital city, Sikasso, is the country's second-largest city and is growing rapidly due to people fleeing the violence in Côte d'Ivoire to the south. Major ethnic groups include the Senoufo, known for masks and reverence for animals, the Samago, known for being Mali's best farmers, and the main ethnic group in Mali, the Bambara people. The local economy is based on farming and the Sikasso, which receives more rain than any other Malian region, is known for its fruits and vegetables.
Ségou Region is an administrative region in Mali, situated in the centre of the country with an area of 64,821 km2 . The region is bordered by Sikasso Region on the south, Tombouctou and Mopti on the east, Burkina Faso to the southeast and the Koulikoro Region to the west. In 2009 it had 2,336,255 inhabitants, making it the second most populous region of Mali. Its administrative capital is the town of Ségou.
Mopti is the fifth administrative region of Mali, covering 79,017 km2. Its capital is the city of Mopti. During the 2012 Northern Mali conflict, the frontier between Southern Mali which is controlled by the central government and the rebel-held North ran through Mopti Region.
Tombouctou Region is one of the administrative regions of Mali. It is the largest of Mali's 10 regions and includes a large section of the Sahara Desert. For administrative purposes, the region is subdivided into five cercles.
The Gao Region is a region in northeastern Mali. The capital city is Gao.
Kidal Region the eighth administrative region of Mali, covering 151,450 square kilometres or 58,480 square miles. This area was formerly part of Gao Region, but was created as a separate region in 1991. It is located in the north of the country, within the territory which the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad proclaimed to be the independent nation-state of Azawad on 6 April 2012. This independence has not been recognized by any country or international organization. It was under the control of different armed movements such as the Ansar Dine and MNLA until January 2013, when French forces liberated the region. The Region's administrative capital is the town of Kidal.
Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali, with a 2009 population of 1,810,366 and an estimated 2020 population of 2.71 million. It is located on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the upper and middle Niger valleys in the southwestern part of the country.
Ménaka is a region of Mali legislatively created in 2012 from the cercle of the same name previously part of Gao Region. Actual implementation of the region began on 19 January 2016 with the appointment of Daouda Maïga as the region's governor. Members of the region's transitional council were appointed on 14 October 2016. The region is divided into four cercles: Andéramboukane, Inékar, Tidermène, and Ménaka, the location of the capital, also called Ménaka.
Taoudénit is a region of Mali legislatively created in 2012 from the northern part of Timbuktu Cercle in Tombouctou Region. Actual implementation of the region began on 19 January 2016 with the appointment of Abdoulaye Alkadi as the region's governor. Members of the region's transitional council were appointed on 14 October 2016. General Abderrahmane Ould Meydou replaced Alkadi as governor in July 2017.
Adrar is a large administrative region in Mauritania, named for the Adrar Plateau. The capital is Atar. Other major towns include Choum, Chinguetti and Ouadane. The region borders Western Sahara and the Mauritanian region of Tiris Zemmour to the north, Mali and the Mauritanian region of Hodh Ech Chargui to the east, the Mauritanian regions of Trarza and Tagant to the south and the Mauritanian region of Inchiri to the west.
Assaba is a region in southern Mauritania, covering an area of 36,600 square km. It had a population of 325,897 at the 2013 Census. Its capital is Kifa. Other major cities/towns include Guerou. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Brakna and Tagant to the north, the Mauritanian region of Hodh El Gharbi to the east, Mali to the south, and the Mauritanian regions of Gorgol and Guidimaka to the west. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to the greater region, is located in the north and the east of the central part of Assaba.
Brakna is a region in south-west Mauritania. Its capital is Aleg. Other major cities/towns include Boghé. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Tagant to the north-east, Assaba and Gorgol to the south-east, and Trarza to the north-west. The Sénégal River in the south-west runs along the region's border with Senegal.
Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region is an administrative division of Mauritania. Its regional capital is Nouadhibou, which is located at its northwestern end and is home to nearly 95% of the region's population. The rest of the shoreline is sparsely populated with villages, but the east of the region is mostly uninhabited.
Gorgol is a region in southern Mauritania. Its capital is Kaédi and the Gorgol River forms parts of the landscape. Other major cities/towns include Mbout and Maghama. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Brakna and Assaba to the north, the Mauritanian region of Guidimaka to the south-east and Senegal to the south-west. The Senegal River runs along the region's border with Senegal.
Guidimaka is the southernmost region of Mauritania. Its capital is Sélibaby. The region borders the Mauritanian region of Assaba to the north-east, Mali to the south-east, Senegal to the south-west and the Mauritanian Gorgol Region to the west.
Hodh Ech Chargui is a large region in eastern Mauritania, with an area of 182,700 km2. Its capital is Néma, but the largest town, in Bassiknou Department, is Fassala at the extreme southeast of Mauritania, with 65,927 inhabitants at the 2013 census. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Adrar, Tagant and Hodh El Gharbi to the west and Mali to the east and south. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to a greater region, is located in the western part of Hodh Ech Chargui.
Hodh El Gharbi is a region in southern Mauritania, with an area of 53,400 square km. The population at the 2013 census was 294,109. Its capital is Aïoun . The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Tagant to the north, Hodh Ech Chargui to the east and Assaba to the west. To the south in borders Mali, and a part of Malian territory protrudes into the region. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to a greater region, is located in the northern and central part of Hodh El Gharbi, extending eastwards.
Inchiri is a region in western Mauritania. Its capital and only city is Akjoujt. It borders the regions of Adrar to the east, Trarza to the south, and Dakhlet Nouadhibou to the north and west, along with a short Atlantic Ocean coastline. The region is known for its rich copper deposits, and therefore is heavily mined. According to the World Health Organization, there is a malaria risk during the rainy season, which lasts from July to October. President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born and raised in Akjoujt.
Nouakchott-Nord is a region in Mauritania. It comprises the three northwestern departments of Mauritania's capital city Nouakchott: Dar-Naim, Teyarett and Toujouonine. The capital is at Dar-Naim and Nouakchott International Airport was located within its borders.
Nouakchott-Ouest is a region in Mauritania. It comprises the three northeastern departments of Mauritania's capital city Nouakchott: Ksar, Sebkha and Tevragh-Zeina. Its headquarters are at Tevragh-Zeina and the Presidential Palace is located within its borders.
Nouakchott-Sud is a region in Mauritania. It comprises the three southern departments of Mauritania's capital city Nouakchott: Arafat, El Mina and Riyad. Its headquarters are at Arafat and Nouakchott's deep-water port is located within its borders.
Tagant is a region in south-central Mauritania named for the Tagant Plateau. Its capital is Tidjikdja. Other major cities/towns include Tichit and Rachid, Nbeika. The region borders the Mauritanian regions of Adrar to the north, Hodh Ech Chargui to the east, Hodh El Gharbi and Assaba to the south and Brakna to the west. The Aoukar basin, which formerly gave name to the greater region, is located in the southern part of Tagant.
Tiris Zemmour is the northernmost region of Mauritania. Its capital is Zouérat. Other major cities/towns include F'dérik and Bir Moghrein. The region borders Algeria to the north-east, Mali to east, the Mauritanian region of Adrar to the south and Western Sahara to west and north-west.
Trarza is a region in southwest Mauritania. Its capital is Rosso. Other major cities and towns include Mederdra and Boutilimit. Trarza borders the regions of Inchiri and Adrar to the north, Brakna to the east, and the country of Senegal to the south. Its western coastline on the Atlantic Ocean is interrupted only by the Mauritanian capital Nouakchott, which the region completely surrounds.
Brades is a town and the de facto capital of Montserrat since 1998 with an approximate population of 1,000.
Davy Hill is a settlement in the north of the Caribbean island of Montserrat, located close to the west coast near the narrowest point of the island on a saddle between the main bulk of the island's Centre Hills, and the peak of Silver Hill close to the island's northern tip. It is connected by road with the settlement of St John's, which lies two kilometres to the southeast.
Little Bay is a port town under construction which is intended to be the future capital of the island of Montserrat, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is adjacent to the town of Brades, where government headquarters are currently located.
Plymouth is a ghost town and the de jure capital of the island of Montserrat, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located in the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies.
Salem is the most populous town in Montserrat, a British overseas territory. It is near Woodlands, Cork Hill and Old Towne in the north of the island.
Attard is a town in the Central Region of Malta. Together with Balzan and Lija it forms part of "the Three Villages" and has been inhabited since the Classical Period. It has a population of 10,650 as of March 2014. Attard's traditional Latin motto is Florigera rosis halo due to its many flower gardens and citrus orchards. Attard is abundant with public gardens. The inhabitants of Attard are known as saraċini.
Balzan is a municipality in the Central Region of Malta, one of the so-called three villages, together with Attard and Lija. The village originally consisted of a group of small dwellings and farms but eventually grew, becoming a parish in the 17th century. As at 2019 the town had 4768 inhabitants.
Birgu, also known by its title Città Vittoriosa, is an old fortified city on the south side of the Grand Harbour in the South Eastern Region of Malta. The city occupies a promontory of land with Fort Saint Angelo at its head and the city of Cospicua at its base. Birgu is ideally situated for safe anchorage, and over time it has developed a very long history with maritime, mercantile and military activities.
Birkirkara is a city in the central region of Malta. It is the second most populous on the island, with 24,356 inhabitants as of 2020. The town consists of five autonomous parishes: Saint Helen, Saint Joseph the Worker, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Saint Mary and San Gorg Preca. The city's motto is In hoc signo vinces, and its coat of arms is a plain red cross, surmounted by a crown.
Birżebbuġa is a seaside town in the Southern Region of Malta, close to Marsaxlokk. It is approximately 8 miles from the capital Valletta, and it has a population of 9,736 as of March 2014.
Cospicua, also known by its titles Città Cospicua or Civitas Cottonera, is a double-fortified harbour city in the South Eastern Region of Malta. Along with Birgu and Senglea, it is one of the Three Cities, located within the Grand Harbour to the east of the capital city Valletta. With a population of 5,395 as of March 2014, it is the most dense city of the Three Cities.
Dingli is a village in the Northern Region of Malta, with a population of 3,608 as of March 2014. It is 13 kilometres from the capital Valletta and two kilometers from the nearest town, Rabat. The village lies on a plateau some 250 metres above sea level, which is one of the highest points of Malta. The area provides not only open sea views over the tiny, uninhabited isle of Filfla, but is also a good vantage point over Malta. From the cliffs there are also views of the nearby Buskett Gardens and Verdala Palace. The Cliffs were also the site of the mysterious death of Mike Mansholt.
Fgura is a town in the South Eastern Region of Malta. It has a population of 11,670 as of March 2014. Its northern fringes are bordered by the Cottonera Lines of fortifications while it merges with the towns of Żabbar to the east and Paola and Tarxien to the West. A modern settlement, Fgura expanded to the outskirts of the Grand Harbour area and was one of the fastest-growing towns of Malta. Fgura has grown to become one of the foremost commercial areas in the central-southern part of the island. Today, Fgura has one of the highest population densities in the country.
Floriana, also known by its title Borgo Vilhena, is a fortified town in the South Eastern Region area of Malta, just outside the capital city Valletta. It has a population of 2,205 as of March 2014. Floriana is the birthplace of many famous Maltese, amongst which the composer of the national anthem, 'L-Innu Malti', Robert Samut; former Bishop of Malta Dun Mauro Caruana, the poets Oliver Friggieri and Maria Grech Ganado, the writer and politician Herbert Ganado and Swedish Idol winner Kevin Borg.
Fontana is a village on the island of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 985 people .
Gudja is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 3,148 as of March 2017. The village is located on high grounds, south of Valletta. It is administered by the Gudja Local Council. A number of schools, clubs, public gardens and recreations places are found around the village. The Malta International Airport is also located in Gudja.
Gżira is a town in the Central Region of Malta. It is located between Msida and Sliema, also bordering on Ta' Xbiex. It has a population of 8,029 as of March 2014. The word Gżira means "island" in Maltese, and the town is named after Manoel Island which lies just adjacent to the town. The seafront of Gżira has views of the walled city of Valletta, which are illuminated at night, forming a backdrop to Manoel Island, the yacht marina and a seafront public garden. Kappara is located close to Gżira. The Orpheum Theatre is located in Gżira.
Għajnsielem, meaning "Peaceful Spring", is a municipality on the southeastern coast of the island of Gozo in Malta, including the entire island of Comino. It has a population of 3,200 residents, and is the first Gozitan village that greets the visitor on leaving Mġarr Harbour towards the Gozitan heartland. Its name originated from the water spring, around which in 1700, Grandmaster Perellos built an arcade containing public wash basins and fresh water spouts. Attractions include Lourdes Chapel with its sharp steeple and underlying niche of Our Lady of Lourdes, Fort Chambray and the towering of Ghajnsielem Parish Church.
Għarb is a village located at the westernmost point of the island of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 1,539 people .
Għargħur is a village in the Northern Region of Malta. It is situated on a hilltop between two valleys, and it has a population of 2,768 as of March 2014.
Għasri is a village in the western part of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 525 people . By population, it is the smallest village in Gozo after San Lawrenz, and the third-smallest in the Maltese Islands, after Bidnija and Mdina. Għasri, however, has a relatively large area.
Għaxaq is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 4,722 people as of March 2014. It is mainly a residential area surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes. The village's name is probably related to the noble family named Axiaq which had feudal lands in the area in the fourteenth century, or it may be derived from the Maltese word meaning delight.
Hamrun is a town in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 9,244 as of March 2014.
Iklin is a village in the Central Region of Malta, with a population of 3,247 as at 2021. Iklin was established in the mid-20th century; however some archaeological sites and a medieval chapel, named as St. Michael Chapel, are proof to earlier settlements. Until recently, the town was considered to form part of the Three villages of Malta, as part of Lija. With the separation of Iklin from Lija, Iklin is no longer part of the three villages. It is bordered by Għargħur, San Ġwann, Birkirkara, Balzan, Lija and Naxxar.
Senglea, also known by its title Città Invicta, is a fortified city in the South Eastern Region of Malta. It is one of the Three Cities in the Grand Harbour area, the other two being Cospicua and Vittoriosa, and has a population of approximately 2,720 people. The city's title Città Invicta was given because it managed to resist the Ottoman invasion at the Great Siege of Malta in 1565. The name Senglea comes from the Grand Master who built it Claude de la Sengle and gave the city a part of his name. While Senglea is the 52nd most populated locality on the island, due to its incredibly small land area, it is the 2nd most densely populated locality after Sliema.
Kalkara is a village in the South Eastern Region of Malta, with a population of 3,014 as of March 2014. The name is derived from the Latin word for lime, and it is believed that there was a lime kiln present there since Roman times. Kalkara forms part of the inner harbour area and occupies the area around Kalkara Creek. The town has its own Local Council and is bordered by the cities of Birgu and Żabbar, as well as the town of Xgħajra.
Kerċem is a village on the island of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 1,938 people as of March 2014.
Kirkop is a village in the Southern Region of Malta. It is found near the Malta International Airport, and has been inhabited since pre-history. The parish church is dedicated to Saint Leonard. The football team of the village is the Kirkop United Football Club.
Lija is a small village in the Central Region of Malta. It forms part of the Three villages of Malta, along with Attard and Balzan. Lija has a baroque parish church and seven other small chapels. The parish church is dedicated to Our Saviour. Lija became a parish in 1594, after the small community detached itself from the neighbouring town, Birkirkara. It has a population of 3,070 as of March 2014.
Luqa is a town located in the Southern Region of Malta, 4.3 km from the capital of Malta Valletta, near the Malta International Airport. It is an old town that has a dense population, typical of the Maltese Islands. The population of Luqa is 5,945 as of March 2014. There is a church in its main square dedicated to St. Andrew. The traditional feast of St. Andrew is celebrated on the first Sunday of July, with the liturgical feast being celebrated on the November 30.
Marsa is a town in the South Eastern Region of Malta, with a population of 4,401 people as of March 2014. The name Marsa means "the harbour".
Marsaskala is a sea-side town in the South Eastern Region of Malta that has grown around the small harbour at the head of Marsaskala Bay, a long narrow inlet also known as Marsaskala Creek. The bay is sheltered to the north by Ras iż-Żonqor, the south-east corner of Malta, and to the south by the headland of Ras il-Gżira. The parish church, built in 1953, is dedicated to Santa Anna and the feast is celebrated at the end of July in Marsaskala.
Marsaxlokk is a small, traditional fishing village in the South Eastern Region of Malta. It has a harbour, and is a tourist attraction known for its views, fishermen and history. As at March 2014, the village had a population of 3,534. The village is also known for the Marsaxlokk Market, which is mainly a large fish market which takes place along the seafront on Sundays, and a tourist market during all other days of the week. Inhabited and well-known since antiquity, Marsaxlokk was used as a port by Phoenicians, Carthaginians and also has the remains of a Roman-era harbour. Originally a part of the city of Żejtun, the fishing village became a separate parish in the late nineteenth century.
Mdina, also known by its titles Città Vecchia or Città Notabile, is a fortified city in the Northern Region of Malta which served as the island's capital from antiquity to the medieval period. The city is still confined within its walls, and has a population of just under 300, but it is contiguous with the town of Rabat, which takes its name from the Arabic word for suburb, and has a population of over 11,000 .
Mellieħa is a large village or small town in the Northern Region of Malta. It has a population of 10,087 as of March 2014. Mellieħa is also a tourist resort, popular for its sandy beaches and natural environment.
Mġarr, formerly known as Mgiarro, is a small town in the Northern Region of Malta. Mgarr is a typical rural village situated in an isolated region, west of Mosta. It is surrounded with rich farmland and vineyards. Many of its 3,629 inhabitants are farmers or are engaged in some sort of agricultural activity. Maltese pop singers Christabelle Borg and Gaia Cauchi both hail from this town.
Mosta is a small but densely populated city in the Northern Region of Malta. The most prominent building in Mosta is the Rotunda, a large basilica built by its parishioners' volunteer labour. It features one of the world's largest unsupported domes, and displays a replica of the World War II bombshell that famously crashed through the dome but did not detonate upon impact.
Mqabba is a town in the Southern Region of Malta. It has a traditional Maltese village layout, with a population of about 3,300 inhabitants. The focal point is the Parish Church of the Assumption, found at the core of the village. It has two band clubs, a number of gardens and a list of national monuments.
Msida is a harbour town in the Central Region of Malta with a population of 7, 623 .
Mtarfa is a small town in the Northern Region of Malta, with a population of 2,572 as of March 2014. It was considered to be a suburb of Rabat until 2000, when it became a separate local council.
Munxar is a village which lies on the southern side of Gozo, Malta, close to the village of Sannat. It has its own local council. As of March 2014, its population was 1,454 people.
Nadur is located in the Eastern part of Gozo, Malta's sister island. Nadur is built on a plateau, it is one of the largest localities in Gozo. Known as the 'second city', it spreads along a high ridge to the east of Victoria. It had a population of 4509 as of March 2014.
Naxxar is a small city in the Northern Region of Malta, with a population of about 14,891 people as of March 2014. The Naxxar Church is dedicated to Our Lady of Victories. The annual village feast is celebrated on 8 September. Naxxar was formerly known for hosting the Maltese International Trade Fair at Maltese International Trade Fair Grounds.
Paola is a town in the South Eastern Region of Malta, with 8,706 inhabitants as of 2019. The town is a commercial centre in the Southern Harbour area of Malta, about 5 km from the capital Valletta, contiguous to Tarxien and Fgura, with which it forms a single urban area. Paola is named after Grand Master Antoine de Paule, who laid the foundation stone in 1626.
Pembroke is a town in the Northern Region of Malta, and it is considered to be the country's newest town. To the east is Paceville, the nightlife district of Malta. The coastal town and tourist hub of St. Julian's lies to the southeast, and the residential area of Swieqi lies to the south. The hilltop village of Madliena is to its west, and Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq lies to the northwest.
Pietà is a small town in the Central Region of Malta, located near the outskirts of the capital city Valletta. Pietà is the suburb next-closest to the capital after Floriana. Its name is derived from Italian and signifies "Mercy."
Qala is a village on the island of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 1,929 as of September 2019. Nearby is Ħondoq ir-Rummien, a coastline with salt pans and caves popular with snorkellers and divers.
Qormi, also known by its title Città Pinto, is a city in the Southern Region of Malta, southwest of Valletta in the centre of the island. It has a population of 16,324, making it Malta's the fifth-largest city.
Qrendi is a small village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 2752 people as of March 2014. It is located close to Mqabba Żurrieq and Siggiewi. Within its boundaries are two well-known Neolithic temples called Mnajdra and Ħaġar Qim. In this village two feasts are held annually. The feast of Our Lady of Lourdes is celebrated either on the last Sunday of June or on the first Sunday of July, with 15 August the titular feast of the Ascension of Our Lady. This feast is popularly known as the feast of Santa Maria.
Victoria, also known among the native Maltese as Rabat or by its title Città Victoria, is the capital city of Gozo, the second largest island of Malta. The city has a total population of 6,901, and by population, is the largest locality in Gozo.
Rabat is a town in the Northern Region of Malta, with a population of 11,497 as of March 2014. It adjoins the ancient capital city of Mdina, and a north-western area formed part of the Roman city of Melite until its medieval retrenchment. The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the Republic of Malta is seated in this village. The Local Council of Rabat is also the administrator of Baħrija. Parts of the films Munich and Black Eagle were shot in Rabat. In December 1999, Mtarfa was split from Rabat to form a separate Local Council by Act XXI, an amendment to the Local Council Act of 1993 .
Safi is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, bordering Żurrieq and Kirkop. It has a population of 2,126 people as of March 2014.
Saint Julian's is a town in the Central Region of Malta. As at 2020, its registered number of inhabitants were 13,792. It is situated along the coast, north of the country's capital, Valletta. It is known for tourism-oriented businesses, such as hotels, restaurants and nightclubs which are centred mainly in an area known as Paceville.
San Ġwann is a town in the Central Region of Malta, with a population of 12,523 as of March 2014. Previous to its separate administration the town used to form part of two separate localities being Birkirkara and St. Julian's.
San Lawrenz is a village on the island of Gozo, Malta. Its name is derived from Lawrence of Rome who is the patron saint for the village. It has a population of 748, as of March 2014.
Saint Paul's Bay is a town in the Northern Region of Malta, sixteen kilometres northwest of the capital Valletta. Saint Paul's Bay is the largest town in the Northern Region and the seat of the Northern Regional Committee along with being the most populous town in Malta.
Sannat is a village on the island of Gozo, Malta, with a population of 2,117 people . Ta' Sannat is in the south of Gozo, popular for its very high cliffs, ancient cart ruts, temples and dolmens, and rich fauna and flora. In 1951 The Duchess of Edinburgh of the United Kingdom visited a house called "The Lace house" located in a small square in Ta' Sannat called "Pjazza Tax-Xelina".
Santa Luċija is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 2997 as of March 2014. It is one of the modern towns developed in Malta during the 20th century. By virtue of an article which appeared in Government Gazette of 7 July 1961 the area between Tal-Barrani and Luqa By-Pass. Santa Luċija was named after a 16th-century chapel located in the vicinity. The Parish Church is dedicated to Pius X. It is home of the Chinese Garden of Serenity . Located there is a hypogeum which was discovered in 1973.
Santa Venera is a town in the Central Region of Malta, with a population of around 6,932 . It is located between the towns of Birkirkara and Ħamrun, and it also borders Qormi and Msida.
Siġġiewi, also called by its title Città Ferdinand, is a city and a local council in the North Eastern Region of Malta. It is the third largest council in Malta by surface area, after Rabat and Mellieħa respectively. It is situated on a plateau, a few kilometres away from Mdina, the ancient capital city of Malta, and 10 kilometres away from Valletta, the contemporary capital. It is the home of 8367 inhabitants as of March 2014.
Sliema is a town located on the northeast coast of Malta in the Northern Harbour District. It is a major residential and commercial area and a centre for shopping, bars, dining, and café life. It is also the most densely populated town on the island.
Swieqi is a town in the Northern Region of Malta. It is a residential area just 15 minutes by bus from Sliema and within walking distance of Malta's nightlife and entertainment centres, Paceville and St. Julian's. As the town developed, residential estates took over farmland. The town's name means "water channels", a reminder of the region's past.
Ta' Xbiex is a locality and Local Council in the Central Region of Malta with a population of 2148 It is part of a small headland within the Marsamxett Harbour, right between the villages of Msida and Gzira.
Tarxien is a town in the South Eastern Region of Malta. Its population stood at 8583 in March 2014.
Valletta is the capital city of Malta. Located in the South Eastern Region of the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444, while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938. Valletta is second only to Nicosia as the southernmost capital of Europe, and at just 0.61 square kilometres, it is the European Union's smallest capital city.
Xagħra is a town on the island of Gozo in Malta. It is one of the earliest inhabited parts of Gozo, being home to the Ġgantija megalithic temples which date back to the year 3600BC and the Xagħra Stone Circle. Natural underground features such as Xerri's Grotto and Ninu's Cave can be found in this town, along with Calypso's Cave which overlooks the red sandy beach of Ramla. It is one of the largest towns in Gozo and is situated to the North-East of the Gozo capital Victoria, having a population of 4,129 inhabitants as of January 2019. Xagħra is a popular tourist attraction, in view of its historical heritage, lively Victory Square, and the thousands who flock to Ramla Bay in summer and to the temples all year round. During the British period, Xagħra was also known as Casal Caccia.
Xewkija is a village on Gozo Island, Malta. The population of Xewkija is 3,300 as of March 2014, which is the fourth largest in Gozo, after Victoria, Xagħra and Nadur .
Xgħajra is a small village in the South Eastern Region of Malta. It is located on the coast, about halfway between Valletta and Marsaskala. Its local football club is known as the Xghajra Tornadoes F.C. Contrary to popular belief, it has no connection to the Gozitan village known as Xagħra. Its population stood at 1732 in March 2014.
Żabbar, also known as Città Hompesch, is a city in the South Eastern Region of Malta. It is the sixth largest city in the country, with a population of 15,404 as of March 2014. Originally a part of Żejtun, Żabbar was granted the title of Città Hompesch by the last of the Grand Masters of the Order of St. John to reign in Malta, Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim.
Żebbuġ is a small village overlooking the northwest coast of the island of Gozo in Malta. It is located close to Għarb and Għasri and is built on two hilltop plateaus, Ta' Abram and Ix-Xagħra taż-Żebbuġ. The fishing port and tourist resort of Marsalforn lies within the Żebbuġ Council. The village has a population of 2,956, which makes it the fifth largest in Gozo, after Xewkija.
Żebbuġ, also known by its title Città Rohan, is a city in the Northern Region of Malta. It is one of the oldest towns in the country, and its population is 11,074 as of June 2021.
Żejtun is a city in the South Eastern Region of Malta, with a population of 11,218 at end 2016. Żejtun is traditionally known as Città Beland, a title conferred by the grandmaster of the Order of the Knights of Malta, Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim in 1797. Before that, the village was known as Casale Santa Caterina, named after its patron saint and parish titular.
Żurrieq is a town in the Southern Region of Malta. It is one of the oldest towns in the country, and it has a population of 11,823 inhabitants as of March 2014. The first documentation about it being a parish dates back to 1436 dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria. The island of Filfla is administratively a part of the town. The town stretches from in Nigret to Ħal Far respectively in old times the town was a border with Żejtun. There are a number of villages forming part of Żurrieq.
Agaléga are two outer islands of Mauritius located in the Indian Ocean, about 1,000 kilometres north of Mauritius island. The population of the islands as at July 2011 was estimated at 300. The islands have a total area of 2,600 ha . The North island is 12.5 km long and 1.5 km wide, while the South island is 7 km long and 4.5 km wide. The North Island is home to the islands' airstrip and the capital Vingt Cinq. The islands are known for their coconuts, the production of which is their main industry, and for the Agalega day gecko.
Rivière Noire or Black River is a district on the western side of the island of Mauritius. Rivière Noire translates to Black River. This region receives less rainfall than the others. The district has an area of 259 square kilometres and the population estimate was 80,939 as of 31 December 2015. It is the third largest District of Mauritius in area, but the smallest in terms of population. The district is mostly rural, but it also include the western part of the city of Port Louis and western part of Quatre Bornes.
Beau Bassin-Rose Hill is a town in Mauritius, located in the Plaines Wilhems District. It is administered by the Municipal Council of Beau Bassin-Rose Hill and has a population of 147,066 habitants, making it the third largest city on the island.
Saint Brandon, also known as the Cargados Carajos Shoals, is an Indian Ocean archipelago about 430 kilometres northeast of Mauritius consisting of a number of sand banks, shoals and islets. Saint Brandon consists of five island groups, with about 28–40 islands and islets in total, depending on seasonal storms and related sand movements. There are 22 named islands and shoals. The archipelago is low-lying and is prone to substantial submersion in severe weather. It has an aggregate land area estimated variously at 1.3 km2 and 500 acres . Economic activity in the region is limited to fishing on the very extensive shallow bank covering approximately 900 sq mi around the islands. By the early 19th century, most of the islands were in use as fishing stations. Geographically, the archipelago is part of the Mascarene Islands and is situated on the Mascarene Plateau formed by the separation of the Mauritia microcontinent during the separation of India and Madagascar about 60 million years ago.
Curepipe also known as La Ville-Lumière, is a town in Mauritius, located in the Plaines Wilhems District, the eastern part also lies in the Moka District. The town is administered by the Municipal Council of Curepipe. Curepipe lies at a higher elevation, often referred to as the "Central Plateau". According to the census made by Statistics Mauritius in 2018, the population of the town was at 78,618.
Flacq is a district of Mauritius, situated in the east of the island. It is the largest district, having an area of 297.9 km², the population estimate was at 138,460 as at 31 December 2015.
Grand Port is a district of Mauritius, situated in the east of the island. The name means "large port" in French. The district has an area of 260.3 km2 and the population estimate was at 112,997 as of 31 December 2015.
Moka is a district of Mauritius, situated in the central plateau of the island. The district has an area of 230.5 km2 and the population estimate was at 83,664 as at the end of 2019.
Pamplemousses is a district of Mauritius, located in the north west of the island, and is one of the most densely populated parts of the island. The name of the district comes from the French word for grapefruits. The district has an area of 178.7 km2 and the population estimate was at 139,966 as of 31 December 2015.
Port Louis is the capital city of Mauritius. It is mainly located in the Port Louis District, with a small western part in the Black River District. Port Louis is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and most populous city. It is administered by the Municipal City Council of Port Louis. According to the 2012 census conducted by Statistics Mauritius, the population was 147,066.
Plaines Wilhems is a district of Mauritius. It is the most populous district, with its population estimated at 366,506 as the end of 2018. The district is mainly urban; it consists of four towns, the village of Midlands and part of two other villages. The Plaines Wilhems district does not have a District Council; it has four Municipal Town Councils. The towns are Beau-Bassin Rose-Hill, Curepipe, Quatre Bornes and Vacoas-Phoenix. The villages are Midlands, Cascavelle and Moka . The district was named after Wilhem Leicknig. Of Prussian origin, he settled on the island of Mauritius, then known as Isle de France, in 1721.
Quatre Bornes also known as La Ville des Fleurs, is a town in Mauritius, located in the Plaines Wilhems District, the western part also lies in the Rivière Noire District. The town is administered by the Municipal Council of Quatre Bornes. Situated between the towns of Beau-Bassin Rose-Hill and Vacoas-Phoenix, Quatre Bornes is linked by roads to the north, east, south and west of Mauritius. According to the census made by Statistics Mauritius in 2015, the population of the town was at 77,308.
Rodrigues is a 108-square-kilometre autonomous outer island of the Republic of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, about 560 kilometres east of Mauritius. It is part of the Mascarene Islands which include Mauritius and Réunion. It is of volcanic origin and is surrounded by coral reef, and just off its coast lie some tiny uninhabited islands. The island used to be the tenth District of Mauritius; it gained autonomous status on 10 December 2002, and it is governed by the Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The capital of the island is Port Mathurin.
Rivière du Rempart is a district of Mauritius, located in the North-East of the island, having an area of 147.6 km². The population estimate was at 108,005 as at 31 December 2015.
Savanne or Savannah is a district of Mauritius, situated in the south of the island. The district has an area of 244.8 km2 and the population estimate was at 68,585 as at 31 December 2015. The southern part of the island is one of the most scenic and unspoilt.
Vacoas-Phoenix also known as French: Villes Jumelles, is a town in Mauritius, located in the Plaines Wilhems District, the eastern part also lies in the Moka District. The town is administered by the Municipal Council of Vacoas-Phoenix. The town lies between Quatre Bornes and Curepipe.
Addu City is a city in Maldives that consists of the inhabited islands of Addu Atoll, the southernmost atoll of the archipelago. Addu City is the second-largest urban area in Maldives, in terms of population, and is one of the two urban areas to get the status of "city" other than the capital city, Malé, and Fuvahmulah. Addu City has 6 districts. They are Hithadhoo, Maradhoo-Feydhoo, Maradhoo, Feydhoo, Hulhudhoo and Meedhoo. These divisions are naturally islands, but are well connected. In addition, Addu Atoll has other uninhabited islands.
Alif Alif Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. It was created on March 1, 1984, combining northern section of Ari Atoll, the small Rasdhukuramathi Atoll, and the isolated island of Thoddoo. Many of the islands in this atoll have been inhabited since ancient times and have archaeological remains from the Maldivian Buddhist period.
Lhaviyani Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. Its abbreviation is Lh.
Vaavu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives, comprising the natural atolls of Felidhu Atoll and the Vattaru Reef.
Laamu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. It corresponds to the natural atoll of the same name. The administrative capital is located in Fonadhoo Island.
Haa Alif Atoll is the code name based on the letters of the Maldivian alphabet commonly used to refer to the administrative division officially known as North Thiladhunmathi Atoll in the Maldives.
Kolhumadulu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. It corresponds to the natural atoll of the same name. The ancient name of the island was Kolhumaduva during the time of King Koimala who united all atolls of the Maldives under one kingdom for the first time.
Mulaku Atoll or Meemu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. It corresponds to the natural atoll of the same name, also known as Mulak Atoll or 'Mulakatolhu'.
Raa Atoll is an administrative division from the Maldives. The capital is Ungoofaaru. It includes Northern Maalhosmadulu Atoll proper and the island of Alifushi.
Faafu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives.
Dhaalu' Atoll is one of the atolls of the Maldives. It corresponds to the natural atoll of the same name.
Baa Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. It consists of three separate natural atolls, namely southern Maalhosmadulu Atoll, the Fasdūtherē Atoll and the smaller natural atoll known as Goifulhafehendhu Atoll .
Haa Dhaalu Atoll is the code name based on the letters of the Maldivian alphabet commonly used to refer to the administrative division officially known as South Thiladhunmathi Atoll in the Maldives.
Shaviyani Atoll, which is known by its abbreviated name,, is an Administrative division of the Maldives. It corresponds to the northern section of the natural Miladhunmadulu Atoll, located in the north of the Maldives.
Noonu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives corresponding to the southern section of Miladhunmadulu Atoll. The capital is Manadhoo. Total population of Noonu Atoll is around 10,000 people .
Kaafu Atoll is the code name given to an administrative division in the Republic of Maldives which consists of the geographical atolls of Kaashidhoo Island, Gaafaru, North Malé Atoll and South Malé Atoll. As the two Malé Atolls are the main islands of the administrative district, the entire Kaafu Atoll administrative division is officially named Malé Atoll or Malé Atolhu in the Maldivian language, Dhivehi.
Gaafu Alifu is an administrative division of the Maldives created on February 8 1962, when Huvadhu Atoll was divided into two districts. Gaafu Alifu corresponds to the northeastern section of this large natural atoll north of the line extending between the channels of Footukandu and Vaarulu Kandu. The capital of this district is Vilingili.
Gaafu Dhaalu is an administrative district of the Maldives formed by the southwestern section of Huvadhu Atoll. It was created on February 8, 1962 when Huvadhu Atoll was divided into two districts. Gaafu Dhaalu corresponds to the Southwestern section of this large natural atoll, south of the line extending between the channels of Footukandu and Vaarulu Kandu. The capital of this region was Vaadhoo but it has been changed to Thinadhoo . There are 153 islands in this district, 10 of which are inhabited. This district is located about 340 kilometres south of the capital Malé.
Gnaviyani Atoll is one of the administrative divisions of the Maldives corresponding to the natural atoll, Fuvahmulah. Surfacewise this is the smallest administrative unit in the Maldives, situated in the Equatorial Channel between Huvadhu Atoll and Addu Atoll.
Alifu Dhaalu Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives.
Balaka is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Balaka. The district covers an area of 2,193 km.² and has a population of over 310,000. The district's population is increasing at a rate of 2.3% per annum. Major attractions in Balaka District include the 1,850Ha estate Toleza Agricultural Enterprises, St. Louis Montfort Catholic Church, the Andiamo Vocational Complex and the Chifundo Artisans' Network.
Blantyre is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Blantyre, a commercial city where most Malawian industrial and business offices are. The district covers an area of 2,012 km² and has a population of 809,397. It was named after Blantyre, the birth village of David Livingstone in Scotland, one of the first missionary explorers who came to Nyasaland, as Malawi was called before independence in 1964. It is also a main trading point besides the other large cities in Malawi. The other large cities are Lilongwe, which is located in the central region, and Mzuzu, which is in the northern part of Malawi.
Chikwawa is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Chikwawa. The district covers an area of 4,755 km.² and has a population of 356,682.
Chiradzulu is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Chiradzulu. The district covers an area of 767 km.² and has a population of 236,050.
Chitipa District is the northernmost district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Chitipa . The district covers an area of 4,288 km.², and has a population of 234,927. Chitipa borders fellow districts Karonga and Rumphi, as well as neighboring countries Tanzania and Zambia. The district is divided into five main areas known as Misuku to the east, Kameme to the north, Bulambia right at the centre while Wenya and Nthalire areas are situated to the south.
Dedza is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. It covers an area of 3,624 km.² to the south of the Malawi capital, Lilongwe, between Mozambique and Lake Malawi. The capital is Dedza.
The district covers an area of 3,041 km². and has a population of 556, 678. The capital city, Dowa is home to 5,565 people. Dowa the city is about 38 kilometers away from Malawi's capital city, Lilongwe. The population is projected to reach over 700,000 by 2018.
Karonga is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The district covers an area of 3,355 km.² and has a population of 365,028. It is a border district between Malawi and Tanzania, mainly occupied by the Nkhonde tribe. Other tribes include Henga tribe, Nyakyusa tribes etc.
Kasungu is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Kasungu. The district covers an area of 7,878 km², borders Zambia and has a population of 842,953.
The district covers an area of 6,159 km2 and has a population of 1,346,360. Lilongwe was officially declared a township in 1947. Life President Ngwazi Hastings Kamuzu Banda declared Lilongwe the capital city of Malawi on January 1, 1975 after a ten-year building period during which many people were forcibly displaced to make way for the new government buildings. Prior to 1975, the capital was the much smaller southern city of Zomba. Lilongwe is located 1,050 meters above sea level and has a temperature range between 65-75 degrees Fahrenheit .
Likoma District consists of two separate exclaves of Malawi situated within Mozambican waters in Lake Malawi . It consists of two main islands, Likoma and Chizumulu. It is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Likoma.
Mchinji is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Mchinji. The district covers an area of 3,356 km2 and has a population of 602,305. The area's economy is sustained by rain-fed agriculture.
Mangochi District is one of twelve districts in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Mangochi. The district covers an area of 6,273 km.² and has a population of 610,239.
Machinga is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Machinga. The district covers an area of 3,771 km.² and has a population of 369,614.
Mulanje is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Mulanje. The district covers an area of 2,056 km.² and has a population of 428,322. It is also known for its tea growing industry and Mount Mulanje which is one of the highest peaks in Southern Africa.
Mwanza is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Mwanza. The district covers an area of 2,259 km² and has a population of 138,015.
Mzimba is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Mzimba. The district covers an area of 10,430 km.² and has a population of 610,944. It is the largest district in Malawi.
Nkhata Bay is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Nkhata Bay. The district covers an area of 4,071 km.² and has a population of 164,761.
Ntchisi is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The district covers an area of 1,655 km.² and has a population of 317,069. The capital is Ntchisi.
Nkhotakota is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Nkhotakota. The district covers an area of 4,259 km² and has a population of 395,897. The word Nkhotakota means "zig-zag" in Chichewa. It is located along the shore of Lake Malawi.
Nsanje is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Nsanje. The district covers an area of 1,942 square kilometres and has a population of 194,924.
Ntcheu is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. It borders with the country of Mozambique. The district headquarters is Ntcheu, known as BOMA in the local language, but is most commonly called Mphate. It is run by Yeneya, the village headman. The district covers an area of 3,424 km.² and has a population of 659,608 people according to the 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census. The Ntcheu district lies around halfway between Malawi's majors cities of Blantyre and Lilongwe - the capital city.
Phalombe is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The capital is Phalombe. The district covers an area of 1,394 km.² and has a population of 231,990.
Rumphi is a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The capital is Rumphi. The district covers an area of 4,769 km.² and has a population of 128,360.
Salima is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Salima. The district covers an area of 2,196 km.² and has a population of 478,346. The beach at Senga Bay is the weekend retreat of many from the capital, Lilongwe, and has hosted the annual Lake of Stars festival since 2008, when it was moved from Chintheche in order to be less remote. There is a range of accommodation options in the area, though most are a few km off the main road.
The Thyolo district of Malawi is one of the districts in Malawi. The capital is Thyolo. The district covers an area of 1,715 km.² and has a population of 458,976. It is also has crossroads leading to Makwasa, Molere, Konzalendo, Thekerani into Muona and eventually Nsanje leading to another border with Mozambique.
Zomba District is one of twelve districts in the Southern Region of Malawi, surrounded by the districts of Chiradzulu, Blantyre, Mulanje, Phalombe, Machinga, Balaka and the Republic of Mozambique to the east. The total land area is 2,363 km2, representing three percent of the total land area of Malawi. The capital is Zomba.
Neno is a district in the Southern Region of Malawi. The district has a 2016 population of approximately 158,000. District Mwanza in 2003 was split into two districts, Neno and Mwanza, under the decentralisation program.
Aguascalientes, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. At 22°N and with an average altitude of 1,950 m above sea level it is predominantly of semi-arid climate, and it is located in the northern part of the Bajío region, in north-central Mexico, bordered by Zacatecas to the north, east and west, and by Jalisco to the south.
Baja California, also called Baja California Norte, is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California . It has an area of 70,113 km2 and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean; on the east by Sonora, the U.S. state of Arizona, and the Gulf of California; on the north by the U.S. state of California; and on the south by Baja California Sur.
Baja California Sur, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California Sur, is the second-smallest Mexican state by population and the 31st admitted state of the 32 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is also the ninth-largest Mexican state in terms of area.
Campeche, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche, is one of the 31 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the southwest, Yucatán to the northeast, and Quintana Roo to the east; to the southeast by the Orange Walk district of Belize, and by the Petén department of Guatemala to the south. It has a coastline to the west with the Gulf of Mexico. The state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula. The city was a rich and important port during the colonial period, but it declined after Mexico's independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid-19th century, mostly due to political friction with the city of Mérida. Much of the state's recent economic revival is due to the discovery of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites; however, these are not as well-known or visited as others in the Yucatán.
Chiapas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas, is one of the states that make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It comprises 124 municipalities as of September 2017 and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Other important population centers in Chiapas include Ocosingo, Tapachula, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán and Arriaga. It is the southernmost state in Mexico, and it borders the states of Oaxaca to the west, Veracruz to the northwest and Tabasco to the north, and the Petén, Quiché, Huehuetenango, and San Marcos departments of Guatemala to the east and southeast. Chiapas has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the south.
Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, is one of the 32 states of Mexico.
Colima, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Colima, is one of the 31 states that make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.
Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico and the most populous city in North America. Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world. It is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 meters . The city has 16 subdivisions known as boroughs or demarcaciones territoriales.
Durango, officially named Estado Libre y Soberano de Durango, is one of the 31 states which make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
Guerrero, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero, is one of the 32 states that comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and its largest city is Acapulco. It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Michoacán to the north and west, the State of Mexico and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast and Oaxaca to the east. In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Acapulco, Petatlán, Ciudad Altamirano, Taxco, Iguala, Ixtapa, Zihuatanejo, and Santo Domingo. Today, it is home to a number of indigenous communities, including the Nahuas, Mixtecs, Tlapanecs, Amuzgos, and formerly Cuitlatecs. It is also home to communities of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica region.
Guanajuato, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato, is one of the 32 states that make up the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato.
Jalisco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco, is one of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and is bordered by six states which are Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima. Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities, and its capital city is Guadalajara.
The State of Mexico, officially only Mexico, is one of the 32 federal entities of the United Mexican States. It is the most populous, as well as the most densely populated state. It is divided into 125 municipalities and its capital city is Toluca de Lerdo.
Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is divided into 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia . The city was named after José María Morelos, a native of the city and one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence.
Morelos, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Morelos, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 36 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca.
Nayarit, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nayarit, is one of the 31 states that, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 20 municipalities and its capital city is Tepic.
Nuevo León is a state in the Northeast region of Mexico. The state was named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory from the Viceroyalty of New Spain, which itself was named after the historic Spanish Kingdom of Leon. With a total land area of 64,555 square kilometers . Nuevo León is the 13th largest Federal Entity in the United Mexican States. The state is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, also by Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south. As well, as an international border with the United States, sharing the border with the state of Texas to the North. The Laredo-Colombia Solidarity International Bridge is the only vehicular bridge that connects the United States with the state of Nuevo León. Connecting both, the city of Colombia, Nuevo León and Laredo, Texas, crossing over the Rio Grande river.
Oaxaca, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 32 states that compose the Federative Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 570 municipalities, of which 418 are governed by the system of usos y costumbres with recognized local forms of self-governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez.
Puebla, officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 217 municipalities and its capital is the city of Puebla.
Querétaro, formally Querétaro de Arteaga, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro de Arteaga, is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities. Its capital city is Santiago de Querétaro. It is located in North-Central Mexico, in a region known as Bajío. It is bordered by the states of San Luis Potosí to the north, Guanajuato to the west, Hidalgo to the east, México to the southeast and Michoacán to the southwest.
Quintana Roo, Spanish: ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo), is one of the 32 states which compose the federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 11 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal.
Sinaloa, officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales.
San Luis Potosí, officially the Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí, is one of the 32 states which compose the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí City.
Sonora, officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border primarily with the state of Arizona with a small length with New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California.
Tabasco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco, is one of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa.
Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria.
Tlaxcala, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 60 municipalities and its capital city is Tlaxcala.
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, is one of the 32 states that comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 212 municipalities, and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez.
Yucatán, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán, is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 106 municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the 32 states of Mexico. It is divided into 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas City.
Johor, also spelled as Johore, is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula. Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest. Johor shares maritime borders with Singapore to the south and Indonesia to both the west and east. Johor Bahru is the capital city and the economic centre of the state, Kota Iskandar is the seat of the state government, and Muar serves as the royal town of the state. The old state capital is Johor Lama. As of 2017, the state's population is 3,700,000. Johor has highly diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate. The state's mountain ranges form part of the Titiwangsa Range, which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connected to Thailand and Myanmar, with Mount Ophir being the highest point in Johor.
Kedah, also known by its honorific Darul Aman or "Abode of Peace" is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km², and it consists of the mainland and the Langkawi islands. The mainland has a relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice, while Langkawi is an archipelago, most of which are uninhabited islands.
Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is Darul Naim . Kelantan is located in the north-eastern corner of the peninsula. Kelantan, which is said to translate as the "Land of Lightning", is an agrarian state with green paddy fields, rustic fishing villages and casuarina-lined beaches. Kelantan is home to some of the most ancient archaeological discoveries in Malaysia, including several prehistoric aboriginal settlements.
Malacca is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca.
Negeri Sembilan is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Melaka and Johor to the south.
Pahang, officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific Darul Makmur is a sultanate and a federal state of Malaysia. It is the third largest Malaysian state by area and ninth largest by population. The state occupies the basin of the Pahang River, and a stretch of the east coast as far south as Endau. Geographically located in the East Coast region of the Peninsular Malaysia, the state shares borders with the Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu to the north, Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan to the west, Johor to the south, while South China Sea is to the east. The Titiwangsa mountain range that forms a natural divider between the Peninsula's east and west coasts is spread along the north and south of the state, peaking at Mount Tahan, which is 2,187m high. Although two thirds of the state is covered by dense rain forest, its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers, and along the coast there is a 32-kilometre wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan, Pahang, Rompin, Endau, and Mersing rivers.
Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula. They are connected by Malaysia's two longest road bridges, the Penang Bridge and the Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge; the latter is also, as of May 2019, the longest oversea bridge in Southeast Asia. The second smallest Malaysian state by land mass, Penang is bordered by Kedah to the north and the east, and Perak to the south.
Perak is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand's Yala and Narathiwat provinces both lie to the northeast. Perak's capital city, Ipoh, was known historically for its tin-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, severely affecting the state's economy. The royal capital remains Kuala Kangsar, where the palace of the Sultan of Perak is located. As of 2018, the state's population was 2,500,000. Perak has diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate. The state's mountain ranges belong to the Titiwangsa Range, which is part of the larger Tenasserim Range connecting Thailand, Myanmar and Malaysia. Perak's Mount Korbu is the highest point of the range.
Perlis or also known by its popular honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan is the smallest state in Malaysia located at the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and has the Satun and Songkhla Provinces of Thailand on its northern border. It is bordered by the state of Kedah to the south. It was called Palit by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Perlis had a population of 227,025 as of the 2010 census.
Selangor, also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west. Selangor surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, both of which were previously part of it.
Terengganu, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Dāru l-Īmān . The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu. There are many islands located close to the coast of Terengganu state, such as Perhentian Islands and Redang Island.
Sabah is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and Indonesia's Kalimantan region to the south. The Federal Territory of Labuan is an island just off the Sabah coast. Sabah shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the state capital city, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. The 2015 census recorded a population of 3,543,500 in the state, and in 2019 it was estimated to have grown to over 3.9 million. Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which forms part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, the second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah, and Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well as of Malaysia.
Sarawak is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan to the south, and Brunei in the north. The capital city, Kuching, is the largest city in Sarawak, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2015 census, the population of Sarawak was 2,636,000. Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. It has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries, the Balui River. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.
Kuala Lumpur, officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and colloquially referred to as KL, is a federal territory and the capital city of Malaysia. It is the largest city in Malaysia, covering an area of 243 km2 with an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.564 million people as of 2018. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia, in both population and economic development.
Labuan, officially the Federal Territory of Labuan, is a Federal Territory of Malaysia. Its territory includes Labuan Island and six smaller islands, off the coast of the state of Sabah in East Malaysia. Labuan's capital is Victoria and is best known as an offshore financial centre offering international financial and business services via Labuan IBFC since 1990 as well as being an offshore support hub for deepwater oil and gas activities in the region. It is also a tourist destination for people travelling through Sabah, nearby Bruneians and scuba divers. The name Labuan derives from the Malay word labuhan which means harbour.
Putrajaya, officially the Federal Territory of Putrajaya, is a planned city and the federal administrative centre of the Malaysian capital. The seat of the federal government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya because of overcrowding and congestion in the former. Kuala Lumpur remains as Malaysia's national capital per the constitution and is still the seat of the King of Malaysia and the Parliament, as well as being the country's commercial and financial centre. The establishment of Putrajaya was the idea of the then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. It became Malaysia's third federal territory, after Kuala Lumpur in 1974 and Labuan in 1984.
Maputo Province is a province of Mozambique; the province excludes the city of Maputo . The province has an area of 22,693 km2 and a population of 1,968,906 . Its capital is the city of Matola.
Cabo Delgado is the northernmost province of Mozambique. It has an area of 82,625 km² and a population of 2,320,261 . As well as bordering the neighboring country of Tanzania, it borders the provinces of Nampula and Niassa. The region is an ethnic stronghold of the Makonde tribe, with the Makua and Mwani as leading ethnic minorities.
Gaza is a province of Mozambique. It has an area of 75,709 km2 and a population of 1,422,460 .
Inhambane is a province of Mozambique located on the coast in the southern part of the country. It has an area of 68,615 km2 and a population of 1,488,676 . The provincial capital is also called Inhambane.
Manica is a province of Mozambique. It has an area of 62,272 km² and a population of 1,945,994 . The province is surrounded by Zimbabwe in the west, Tete Province in the northwest, Sofala Province in the east, Save River in the south, and Zambezi river in the northeast. Chimoio is the capital of the province. The highest mountain in Mozambique, Mount Binga, lies in this province near the border with Zimbabwe. The Manica province is divided into nine districts and 34 administrative regions.
Nampula is a province of northern Mozambique. It has an area of 79,010 km² and a population of 5,758,920, making it the most populous province in Mozambique . Nampula is the capital of the province.
Niassa is a province of Mozambique. It has an area of 129,056 km2 and a population of 1,810,794 . It is the most sparsely populated province in the country. Lichinga is the capital of the province. There are a minimum estimated 450,000 Yao people living in Mozambique. They largely occupy the eastern and northern part of the Niassa province and form about 40% of the population of Lichinga, the capital of this province.
Sofala is a province of Mozambique. It has a population of 2,259,248 . Beira is the capital of the province, named for the ruined port of Sofala which is 35 kilometres to the south.
Tete is a province of Mozambique. It has an area of 98,417 km² and a population of 2,648,941 .
Zambezia is the second most-populous province of Mozambique, located in the central coastal region south-west of Nampula Province and north-east of Sofala Province. It has a population of 5.11 million, according to the 2017 census. The provincial capital is Quelimane.
Erongo is one of the 14 regions of Namibia. The capital is Swakopmund. It is named after Mount Erongo, a well-known landmark in Namibia and in this area. Erongo contains the municipalities of Walvis Bay, Swakopmund, Henties Bay and Omaruru, as well as the towns Arandis, Karibib and Usakos. All the main centres within this region are connected by paved roads.
Hardap is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Mariental. Hardap contains the municipality of Mariental, the towns Rehoboth and Aranos, and the self-governed villages Gibeon, Gochas, Kalkrand, Stampriet and Maltahöhe. It is home to the Hardap Dam.
The ǁKaras Region is the southernmost and least densely populated of the 14 regions of Namibia; its capital is Keetmanshoop. The name assigned to the region reflects the prominence of the Karas mountain range in its southern part. The ǁKaras region contains the municipality of Keetmanshoop, the towns Karasburg, Lüderitz and Oranjemund, and the self-governed villages Aroab, Berseba, Bethanie, Koës and Tses.
Kavango East is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. Its capital is Rundu, its governor is Bonifatius Wakudumo. The Region was created in 2013 when the Kavango Region was split into Kavango East and Kavango West. The only self-governed settlements in Kavango East are the capital Rundu and the village of Divundu.
Kavango West is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. Its capital and only self-governed settlement is Nkurenkuru, its governor is Sirkka Ausiku. The Region was created in 2013 when the Kavango Region was split into Kavango East and Kavango West. In the north, Kavango West borders the Cuando Cubango Province of Angola. Domestically, it borders the following regions:
Khomas is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. Its name refers to the Khomas Highland, a high plateau landscape that dominates this administrative unit. Khomas is centered on the capital city Windhoek and provides for this reason superior transportation infrastructure. It is located in the central highlands of the country and is bordered by the Erongo region to the west and the northwest and by the Otjozondjupa region to the north. To the east is the Omaheke region, while in the south is the Hardap region. The region is characterized by its hilly countrysize and many valleys. It has well-developed economical, financial, and trade sectors. Khomas Region occupies 4.5% of the land area of Namibia but has the highest population of any of its regions . Khomas is one of only three Namibian regions to have neither shoreline nor a foreign border.
Kunene is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. Its capital is Opuwo, its governor is Marius Sheya. The region's name comes from the Kunene River which forms the northern border with Angola. Besides the capital Opuwo, the region contains the municipality of Outjo, the town Khorixas and the self-governed village Kamanjab. Kunene is home to the Himba people, a subtribe of the Herero. As of 2020, Kunene had 58,548 registered voters.
Ohangwena is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Eenhana. Major settlements in the region are the towns Eenhana and Helao Nafidi and the self-governed village of Okongo. As of 2020, Ohangwena had 150,724 registered voters.
Omaheke is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Gobabis. It lies in eastern Namibia on the border to Botswana and is the western extension of the Kalahari desert. The self-governed villages of Otjinene, Leonardville and Witvlei are situated in the region. As of 2020, Omaheke had 48,594 registered voters.
Omusati is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Outapi. The towns of Okahao, Oshikuku and Ruacana as well as the self-governed village Tsandi are situated in this region. The region is home to the Ruacana Falls and the Omugulugwombashe Heritage Site, where the Namibian struggle for independence started in 1966.
Oshana is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Oshakati. The towns of Oshakati, Ongwediva and Ondangwa, all situated with this region, form an urban cluster with the second largest population concentration in Namibia after the capital Windhoek.
Oshikoto is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, named after Lake Otjikoto. Its capital is Omuthiya. The city of Tsumeb, Otjikoto's capital until 2008, and the towns of Omuthiya and Oniipa are also situated in this region.
Otjozondjupa is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. Its capital is Otjiwarongo. The region further contains the municipalities of Okahandja and Grootfontein and the towns Okakarara and Otavi.
The Zambezi Region, until 2013 known as the Caprivi Region, is one of the 14 regions of Namibia, located in the extreme north-east of the country. It is largely concurrent with the Caprivi Strip and takes its name from the Zambezi River that runs along its border. Katima Mulilo is its capital and the largest city, the Governor is Lawrence Sampofu. The self-governed village Bukalo belongs to this region.
The Loyalty Islands Province is one of three administrative subdivisions of New Caledonia encompassing the Loyalty Island archipelago in the Pacific, which are located northeast of the New Caledonian mainland of Grande Terre.
The North Province is one of three administrative subdivisions in New Caledonia. It corresponds to the northern and northeastern portion of the New Caledonian mainland.
The South Province is one of three administrative subdivisions in New Caledonia. It corresponds to the southern and southwestern portion of the New Caledonian mainland.
Agadez Region is one of the eight Regions of Niger. At 667,799 square kilometres, it covers more than half of Niger's land area, and is the largest region in the country, as well as the largest African state subdivision. The capital of the department is Agadez.
Diffa is one of the seven Regions of Niger, located in the southeast of the country. The capital of the region is Diffa.
Dosso is one of the eight Regions of Niger. The region has an area of 31,002 square kilometres, with a population of 2,078,339 as of 2011.
The Region of Maradi is one of seven Region of Niger. It is located in south-central Niger, east of the Region of Tahoua, west of Zinder, and north of the Nigerian city of Kano. The administrative centre is at Maradi. The population of the Region is predominantly Hausa.
Niamey is the capital and largest city of Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. Niamey's population was counted as 1,026,848 as of the 2012 census. As of 2017, population projections show the capital district growing at a slower rate than the country as a whole, which has the world's highest fertility rate.
Tahoua is one of eight Regions of Niger. The capital of the region is the commune of Tahoua. The region covers 106,677 km².
Tillabéri is one of the eight Regions of Niger; the capital of the Region is Tillabéri. Tillabéri Region was created in 1992, when Niamey Region was split, with Niamey and its immediate hinterland becoming a new capital district enclaved within Tillabéri Region.
Zinder Region is one of the seven regions of Niger; the capital of the region is Zinder. The region covers 145,430 km². It is most populous province of Niger.
Abia is a state in the south eastern part of Nigeria. The capital is Umuahia, and the major commercial city is Aba, which was formerly a British colonial government outpost in the region, and is also one of the most populated areas in Nigeria. Abia state was created in 1991 from part of Imo State. It is one of the constituent states of the Niger Delta region. It's also the 5th most industrialized state in the country, and has the 4th highest index of human development in the country, with numerous economic activities and fast growing populations as recorded by the United nations early 2018. The state also houses the biggest cattle market in Nigeria.
Adamawa is a state in northeastern Nigeria, whose capital and largest city is Yola. In 1991, when Taraba State was carved out from Gongola State, the geographical entity Gongola State was renamed Adamawa State, with four administrative divisions: Adamawa, Michika, Ganye, Mubi and Numan. It is one of the thirty-six states that constitute the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Akwa Ibom is a state in Nigeria. It is located in the coastal southern part of the country, lying between latitudes 4°32′N and 5°33′N, and longitudes 7°25′E and 8°25′E. The state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone, and is bordered on the east by Cross River State, on the west by Rivers State and Abia State, and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost tip of Cross River State.
Anambra State is a Nigerian state, located in the southeastern region of the country. It has over 11 million residents Formed in 1976 from the former East Central State, the state is named after the Anam, one of its clans. Anambra is the abbreviation of Anam branch, a name the earliest British colonialists described the Omambala area with. The state capital is Awka, a rapidly growing city that increased in population from approximately 300,000 to 2.5 million between 2006 and 2018. The city of Onitsha, a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state.
Bauchi State takes its name from the historic town of Bauchi, which also serves as the capital city and is located in the North East of Nigeria. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area now in Gombe State, which became a distinct state in 1996.
Benue State is one of the North Central states in Nigeria with a population of about 4,253,641 in 2006 census. The state derives its name from the Benue River which is the second largest river in Nigeria. The state borders Nasarawa State to the North; Taraba State to the East; Kogi State to the West; Enugu State to the South-West; Ebonyi and Cross-Rivers States to the South; and has an international border with Cameroon to the South-East. It is inhabited predominantly by the Tiv, Idoma, Igede and Etulo peoples. Its capital is Makurdi. Benue is a rich agricultural region; popularly grown crops include: oranges, mangoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, soya bean, guinea corn, flax, yams, sesame, rice, groundnuts, and Palm Tree. Benue State as it exists today is a surviving legacy of an administrative entity that was carved out of the protectorate of northern Nigeria at the beginning of the twentieth century. The territory was initially known as Munshi Province until 1918 when the name of its dominant geographical feature, the 'Benue River' was adopted.
Borno, also known as Borno State, is a state in north-eastern Nigeria. Its capital and largest city is Maiduguri. The state was formed in 1976 from the split of the North-Eastern State. Until 1991 it contained what is now Yobe State. The motto or slogan of the state is "Home of Peace". Borno is the homeland of the Kanuri people in Nigeria and several other ethnic groups.
Bayelsa is a southern state in Nigeria, located in the core of the Niger Delta region. Bayelsa State was formed in 1996 from Rivers State, making it one of the newest states in the federation. The name of the state, Bayelsa, is a combination of the first few letters of the major local government areas within its confines: Brass LGA, Yenagoa LGA, and Sagbama LGA . The state borders Rivers State, of which it was formerly part, and Delta State.
Cross River is a state in South South Nigeria, bordering Cameroon to the east. Its capital is Calabar and its name is derived from the Cross River, which passes through the state. English and French are the major foreign languages of the state while Bekwarra, Bette people, Ejagham and Efik are major indigenous languages of this state. Ejagham remains the largest ethnic group which stretches from the northern senatorial district to the southern senatorial district.
Delta State is an oil and agricultural producing state in Nigeria. It is situated in the region known as the South-South geo-political zone with a population of 4,112,445 . The capital city is Asaba, located at the northern end of the state, with an estimated area of 762 square kilometres, while Warri is the economic nerve center of the state and also the most populated. It is located in the southern end of the state. The state has a total land area of 16,842 square kilometres .
Ebonyi State is in southeastern Nigeria. It is inhabited and populated primarily by the Igbo with the city of Abakaliki as its capital and largest city. Other major townships include Afikpo, Onueke, Nkalegu, Ezzamgbo, Ntezi, Ezillo, Edda, Effium, Aba Omege, Amasiri, Unwana, Echara Ikwo, Egu-Ubia, Ụbụrụ, Okposi, Mgbaneze, Isu, Onicha, Ishiagu, Akaeze.
Edo State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria, located in the southern region of the country. As of 2006 National population census, the state was ranked as the 24th populated state in Nigeria. The state's capital and city, Benin City, is the fourth largest city in Nigeria, and the centre of the country's rubber industry. Created in 1991 from the former Bendel State, Edo State borders Kogi State to the northeast, Anambra State to the east, Delta State to the southeast, and Ondo State to the west.
Ekiti State is in Southwest region of Nigeria, declared a state on 1 October 1996 alongside five other states in the country by the then military government under head of state, General Sani Abacha. As one of the newest states of the Nigerian federation, it was carved out of the territory of old Ondo State, and covers the former 12 local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State. On creation, it had 16 Local Government Areas, having had an additional four carved out of the old ones. Ekiti State is one of the 36 states that constitute Nigeria.
Enugu, usually referred to as Enugu State to distinguish it from the city of Enugu, is a state in southeastern Nigeria, created in 1991 from part of the old Anambra State. Its capital and largest city is Enugu, from which the state derives its name. The principal cities in the state are Enugu, Ohum, Ezeagu, Ngwo, Nsukka, Agbani, Awgu, Aninri and Udi.
Gombe State is located in northeastern Nigeria and is one of the country's 36 states. It was created out of Bauchi state on 1st October, 1996 by the then military Head of State, Gen. Sani Abacha. Gombe state shares boundaries with Yobe state to the North, Borno and Adamawa states to the East, Bauchi state to the West and Taraba State to the South. It is chiefly inhabited by many indigenous tribes which Fulani constitute the majority. The state is nicknamed as "Jewel in the Savannah".
Imo State is one of the 36 States of Nigeria, located in the southeast region of the country. Formed in 1976 when it split from the former East-Central State, Imo State is bordered by Abia State on the east, Delta State to the West, Anambra State on the north, and Rivers State to the south. The state capital, Owerri, is often described as the entertainment capital of Nigeria.
Jigawa State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria, located in the northern region of the country. Created in 1991 from the northeastern-most region of Kano State, Jigawa State is located on the border with Nigeria's national border with the Republic of the Niger. The state capital and largest city is Dutse.
Kebbi is a state in north-western Nigeria with its capital at Birnin Kebbi. The state was created out of a part of Sokoto State in 1991. Kebbi State is bordered by Sokoto State, Niger State, Zamfara State, Dosso Region in the Republic of Niger and the nation of Benin. It has a total area of 36,800 km2 .
Kaduna State is a state in northern Nigeria. The state capital is its namesake, the city of Kaduna, the 8th largest city in the country as of 2006. Created in 1967 as North-Central State, which also encompassed the modern Katsina State, Kaduna State achieved its current borders in 1987. The fourth largest and third most populous state in the country, Kaduna State is nicknamed the Centre of Learning, owing to the presence of numerous educational institutions of note within the state such as Ahmadu Bello University.
Kano State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria, located in the northern region of the country. As of the most recent national census, Kano State is the most populous in Nigeria. The recent official estimates taken in 2016 by the National Bureau of Statistics found that Kano State was still the largest state by population in Nigeria. Created in 1967 from the former Northern Region, Kano State borders Katsina State to the northwest, Jigawa State to the northeast, Bauchi State to the southeast, and Kaduna State to the southwest. The state's capital and largest city is the city of Kano, the second most populous city in Nigeria after Lagos.
Kogi State is one of the 36 States of Nigeria, located in the Nigerian Northern Nigeria. Created in 1991 from parts of Kwara State and Benue State, Kogi State is noted as being the only state in Nigeria to border ten other states. Kogi State is nicknamed the "Confluence State" due the fact that the confluence of the River Niger and the River Benue occurs in its capital, Lokoja. Due to its strategic position in the middle of the country and its access to these major rivers, Kogi State is a key center of commercial trade in Nigeria.The majority of Kogi State residents are Igala, Ebira and Okun. Agriculture remains dominant in the Kogi State economy.
Katsina State is a state in the northwestern geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Katsina State was created in 1987, when it split from Kaduna State. Today, Katsina State borders Kaduna, Zamfara, Kano, and Jigawa States. Nicknamed the "Home of Hospitality", both the state capital and the town of Daura have been described "ancient seats of Islamic culture and learning" in Nigeria.
Kwara is a state in Western Nigeria. Its capital is Ilorin. Kwara is located within the North Central geopolitical zone. The primary ethnic group is Yoruba, with significant Fulani, Nupe, and Bariba minorities.
Lagos, sometimes referred to as Lagos State to distinguish it from Lagos Metropolitan Area, is a state located in the southwestern geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The smallest in area of Nigeria's 36 states, with a population of over 15 million, Lagos State is arguably the most economically important state of the country, containing Lagos, the nation's largest urban area. It is a major financial centre and would be the fifth-largest economy in Africa if it were a country.
Nasarawa was created on 1 October 1996 by the Abacha government from the Plateau State.
Niger is a state in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria and the largest state in the country. The state's capital is at Minna. Other major cities are Bida, Kontagora and Suleja. It was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was bifurcated into Niger State and Sokoto State. It is home to Ibrahim Babangida and Abdulsalami Abubakar, two of Nigeria's former military rulers. The Nupe, Gbagyi, Kamuku, Kambari, Hun-Saare, Hausa and Koro form the majority of numerous indigenous tribes of Niger State.
Ogun State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State. Ogun State borders Lagos State to the south, Oyo State and Osun State to the north, Ondo State, and the Republic of Benin to the west. Abeokuta is both Ogun State's capital and most populous city; other important cities in the state include Ijebu Ode, the former royal capital of the Ijebu Kingdom, and Sagamu, Nigeria's leading kola nut grower. Ogun State had a total population of 3,751,140 residents as of 2006.
Ondo State is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Created in February 1976 from the former Western State, Ondo State borders Ekiti State to the north, Kogi State to the northeast, Edo State to the east, Delta State to the southwest, Osun State to the northwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the south. The state's capital is Akure, the former capital of the ancient Akure Kingdom.
Osun is an inland state in south-western Nigeria. Its capital is Osogbo. It is bounded in the north by Kwara State, in the east partly by Ekiti State and partly by Ondo State, in the south by Ogun State and in the west by Oyo State. The state's current governor is Adegboyega Oyetola, who was declared winner of the September 2018 governorship elections. He was declared winner of the 27 September 2018 rerun elections after the initial 22 September 2018 gubernatorial election was declared inconclusive by the Independent National Electoral Commission.
Oyo, usually referred to as Oyo State to distinguish it from the city of Oyo, is an inland state in southwestern Nigeria. Its capital is Ibadan, the third most populous city in the country and formerly the second most populous city in Africa. Oyo State is bordered to the north by Kwara State, to the east by Osun State, and to the southwest by Ogun State and the Republic of Benin. With a projected population of 7,840,864 in 2016, Oyo State is the fifth most populous in the Nigeria.
Plateau is the twelfth-largest state in Nigeria. Approximately in the centre of the country, it is geographically unique in Nigeria due to its boundaries of elevated hills surrounding the Jos Plateau its capital, and the entire plateau itself.
Rivers State also known simply as Rivers, is a state in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria. Formed in 1967, when it split from the former Eastern Region, Rivers State borders Imo, Abia and States to the north, Akwa Ibom State to the east, and Bayelsa and Delta states to the west. The state capital, Port Harcourt, is a metropolis that is considered the commercial center of the Nigerian oil industry.
Sokoto State is one of the 36 States of Nigeria, located in the extreme northwest of the country on the national border with the Republic of the Niger. Its capital and largest city is the city of Sokoto. Sokoto is located near to the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River. As of 2005 it has an estimated population of more than 4.2 million.
Taraba is a state in North Eastern Nigeria, named after the Taraba River which traverses the southern part of the state. Taraba's capital is Jalingo. The inhabitants are mainly the Kuteb, Jukun and the Ichen who are found predominantly in the southern part of the state while Wurkum, Mumuye, and Kona tribes are predominantly located in the northern part of the state. The central region is mainly occupied by the Mambila people. ↵There are over 40 different tribes and their languages in Taraba State.
Yobe is a state located in northeastern Nigeria. A mainly agricultural state, it was created on August 27, 1991. Yobe State was carved out of Borno State. The capital of Yobe State is Damaturu; its largest city is Potiskum.
Zamfara is a state in northwestern Nigeria. Its capital is Gusau and its current Governor is Bello Matawalle,Until 1996, the area was part of Sokoto State.
The Federal Capital Territory, commonly known as FCT, or loosely as FCT-Abuja, is a federal territory in central Nigeria. Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria, is located in this territory. FCT was formed in 1976 from parts of the states of old Kwara, Niger, Kaduna and Plateau States with the bulk of landmass carved out of Niger State. It is within the Middle Belt region of the country. Unlike the States of Nigeria, which are headed by elected Governors, it is administered by the Federal Capital Territory Administration, headed by a minister appointed by the President.
The North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region is one of two autonomous regions in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 33,105.98 km² and has a population of 530,586 . It is the largest autonomous region in Nicaragua. The capital is Bilwi. It contains part of the region known as the Mosquito Coast.
The South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region is one of two autonomous regions in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 27,260 km2 and has a population of 414,543 . The capital is Bluefields. Bordering the Caribbean Sea, it contains part of the region known as the Mosquito Coast.
Boaco is a department in Nicaragua. It was formed in 1938 out of part of Chontales Department. It covers an area of 4,177 km² and has a population of 185,013 . The capital is the city of Boaco. Indigenous peoples are the Nahuas and Sumos.
Carazo is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 1,081 km² and has a population of 197,139 . The capital is Jinotepe.
Chinandega is a department in Nicaragua, located on the border with Honduras. It covers an area of 4,822 km² and has a population of 439,906 . The capital is the city of Chinandega.
Chontales is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 6,481 km² and has a population of 190,863. The capital is Juigalpa. Some 90 kilometres of land overlooks Lake Cocibolca on the western side. The department is livestock and fishing based, and is also a producer of apples.
Estelí is a department of Nicaragua. It covers an area of 2,230 km² and has a population of 229,866 . Its capital is the city of Estelí.
Granada is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 1040 km² and has a population of 214,317 . The capital is the city of Granada, one of North America's oldest cities
Jinotega is a department of Nicaragua. Its departmental head is Jinotega. It is located in the north of the country, on the border with Honduras.
León is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 5,138 km2 and has a population of 421,050 . The capital is the city of León.
Madriz is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 1,708 km² and has a population of 174,744 . The capital is Somoto.
Managua is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 3,465 km² and has a population of 1,546,939, making it the country's most populated department. The capital is the city of Managua, which is also the capital of Nicaragua. The department has two coastlines, on the Pacific Ocean and on Lake Managua, but does not border Lake Nicaragua.
Masaya is a department in Nicaragua. It is the country's smallest department by area and has a population of 391,903 . The capital is the city of Masaya. It is famous among Nicaraguan people for its nickname, "La Cuna Del Folklore" which translates to . It is also the site of the Masaya Volcano, an active 635m volcano which last erupted in 2016.
Matagalpa is a department in central Nicaragua. It covers an area of 6,804 km² and has a population of 593,503 . The capital is the city of Matagalpa with a population of about 110,000.
Nueva Segovia is a department in Nicaragua. It covers an area of 3,491 km² and has a population of 271,581 . The capital is Ocotal.
Rivas is a department of the Republic of Nicaragua. It covers an area of 2,162 km² and has a population of 182,645 . The department's capital is the city of Rivas.
Río San Juan is a department in Nicaragua. It was formed in 1957 from parts of Chontales and Zelaya departments. It covers an area of 7,543 km2 and has a population of 135,446 . The capital is San Carlos. The Department also includes the Solentiname Islands archipelago and the San Juan River, after which it is named. Trinidad, in Río San Juan, is the most southerly point in Nicaragua.
Drenthe is a province of the Netherlands located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Overijssel to the south, Friesland to the west, Groningen to the north, and the German state of Lower Saxony to the east. As of November 2019, Drenthe had a population of 493,449 and a total area of 2,680 km2 .
Flevoland is the 12th and youngest province of the Netherlands, established in 1986, when the Southern and Eastern Flevopolders, together with the Noordoostpolder were merged into one provincial entity. It is in the centre of the country in the former Zuiderzee, which was turned into the freshwater IJsselmeer by the closure of the Afsluitdijk in 1932. Almost all of the land belonging to Flevoland was reclaimed in the 1950s and 1960s while splitting the Markermeer and Bordering lakes from the IJsselmeer. As to dry land, it is the smallest province of the Netherlands at 1,412 km2, but not gross land as that includes much of the waters of the fresh water lakes mentioned. The province has a population of 423,021 as of January 2020 and consists of six municipalities. Its capital is Lelystad and its most populous city is Almere.
Friesland, historically known as Frisia, is a province of the Netherlands located in the northern part of the country. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of North Holland, and south of the Wadden Sea. As of January 2020, the province had a population of 649,944 and a total area of 5,749 km2 .
Gelderland, also known as Guelders in English, is a province of the Netherlands, occupying the centre-east of the country. With a total area of 5,136 km2 of which 173 km2 is water, it is the largest province of the Netherlands. Gelderland shares borders with six other provinces and the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. It borders on Friesland to the west, Drenthe to the south, the German state of Lower Saxony to the east, and the Wadden Sea to the north. As of November 2019, Groningen had a population of 585,881 and a total area of 2,960 km2 .
Limburg is the southernmost of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands. The province is bordered by the province of Gelderland to the north and by North Brabant to its west. Its long eastern boundary forms the international border with Germany . Much of the western and southern boundary is the international border with Belgium, much of it delineated by the river Meuse. There is a Belgian province that is also named Limburg. The Vaalserberg is on the extreme south-eastern point, marking the tripoint of the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium.
North Brabant, also unofficially called Brabant, is a province in the south of the Netherlands. It borders the provinces of South Holland and Gelderland to the north, Limburg to the east, Zeeland to the west, and the Flemish provinces of Antwerp and Limburg to the south. The northern border follows the Meuse westward to its mouth in the Hollands Diep strait, part of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. North Brabant has a population of 2,562,566 as of November 2019. Major cities in North Brabant are Eindhoven, Tilburg, Breda and its provincial capital 's-Hertogenbosch .
North Holland is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. In November 2019, it had a population of 2,877,909 and a total area of 4,092 km2, of which 1,430 km2 is water.
Overijssel is a province of the Netherlands located in the eastern part of the country. The province's name translates to "across the IJssel", from the perspective of the Episcopal principality of Utrecht by which it was held until 1528. The capital city of Overijssel is Zwolle and the largest city is Enschede . The province had a population of 1,162,215 as of November 2019.
Utrecht, officially the Province of Utrecht, is a province of the Netherlands. It is located in the centre of the country, bordering the Eemmeer in the north-east, the province of Gelderland in the east and south-east, the province of South Holland in the west and south-west and the province of North Holland in the north-west and north. The province of Utrecht has a population of 1,353,596 as of November 2019. It has a land area of approximately 1,485 square kilometres . Apart from its eponymous capital, major cities in the province are Amersfoort, Houten, Nieuwegein, Veenendaal, IJsselstein and Zeist. The busiest railway station in the Netherlands, Utrecht Centraal, is located in the province of Utrecht.
Zeeland is the westernmost and least populous province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the south-west of the country, borders North Brabant to the east, South Holland to the north, and the country of Belgium to the south and west. It consists of a number of islands and peninsulas and a strip bordering the Flemish provinces of East and West Flanders. Its capital is Middelburg with a population of 48,544 as of November 2019, the largest municipality in Zeeland is Terneuzen . Zeeland has two seaports: Vlissingen and Terneuzen. Its area is 2,934 square kilometres, of which 1,151 square kilometres is water, and it has a population of 383,689 as of November 2019.
South Holland is a province of the Netherlands with a population of just over 3.7 million as of November 2019 and a population density of about 1,373/km2, making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,419 km2, of which 605 km2 is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is the Dutch seat of government The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam. The Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta drains through South Holland into the North Sea. Europe's busiest seaport, the Port of Rotterdam, is located in South Holland.
Østfold is a traditional region, a former county and a current electoral district in southeastern Norway. It borders Akershus and southwestern Sweden, while Buskerud and Vestfold are on the other side of Oslofjord. The county's administrative seat was Sarpsborg. The county controversially became part of the newly established Viken County on 1 January 2020.
Akershus is a traditional region and current electoral district in Norway, with Oslo as its main city and traditional capital. It is named after the Akershus Fortress in Oslo. From the middle ages to 1919, Akershus was a fief and main county that included most of Eastern Norway, and from the 17th century until 2020, Akershus also had a more narrow meaning as a county that included most of the Greater Oslo Region. After 2020 the former county of Akershus was merged into Viken along with the former counties of Østfold and Buskerud.
Oslo is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. As of 23 November 2020, the municipality of Oslo had a population of 697,549, while the population of the city's greater urban area was 1,019,513, as of 4 November 2019. The metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1.71 million.
Hedmark was a county in Norway before 1 January 2020, bordering Trøndelag to the north, Oppland to the west, Akershus to the south, and Sweden to the east. The county administration is in Hamar.
Oppland was until 1 January 2020 a county in Norway bordering to the counties of Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration was located in Lillehammer.
Buskerud is a traditional region, a former county and a current electoral district in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Oppland, Sogn og Fjordane, Hordaland, Telemark and Vestfold. The region extends from the Oslofjord and Drammensfjorden in the southeast to Hardangervidda mountain range in the northwest. The county administration was in modern times located in Drammen. Buskerud was merged with Akershus and Østfold into the newly created Viken County on 1 January 2020.
Vestfold is a traditional region, a former county and a current electoral district in Eastern Norway. In 2020 the county became part of the much larger county of Vestfold og Telemark. Located on the western shore of the Oslofjord, it bordered the previous Buskerud and Telemark counties. The county administration was located in Tønsberg, Norway's oldest city, and the largest city is Sandefjord. With the exception of the city-county of Oslo, Vestfold was the smallest county in Norway by Area Vestfold was the only county in which all municipalities had declared Bokmål to be their sole official written form of the Norwegian language.
Telemark is a traditional region, a former county and a current electoral district in Norway. In 2020, Telemark merged with the former county of Vestfold to form the county of Vestfold og Telemark. Telemark borders the traditional regions and former counties of Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder.
Aust-Agder was a county in Norway until 1 January 2020, when it was merged with Vest-Agder to form Agder county. In 2002, there were 102,945 inhabitants, which was 2.2% of Norway's population. Its area was 9,212 square kilometres . The county's administrative center was the town of Arendal.
Vest-Agder was one of 18 counties in Norway up until 1 January 2020, when it was merged with Aust-Agder to form Agder county. In 2016, there were 182,701 inhabitants, around 3.5% of the total population of Norway. Its area was about 7,277 square kilometres . The county administration was located in its largest city, Kristiansand.
Rogaland is a county in Western Norway, bordering the North Sea to the west and counties Vestland to the north, Vestfold og Telemark to the east and Agder to the east and southeast. In 2020, it had a population of 479,892. The administrative centre of the county is the city of Stavanger, which is one of the largest cities in Norway.
Hordaland was a county in Norway, bordering Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland counties. Hordaland was the third largest county after Akershus and Oslo by population. The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality which is located in Bergen. Before 1972, the city of Bergen was its own separate county apart from Hordaland. On 1 January 2020, the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county to form the new Vestland county.
Sogn og Fjordane was, up to 1 January 2020, a county in western Norway, when it was merged to become part of Vestland county. Bordering previous counties Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, Buskerud, and Hordaland, the county administration was in the village of Hermansverk in Leikanger municipality. The largest town in the county was Førde.
Møre og Romsdal is a county in the northernmost part of Western Norway. It borders the counties of Trøndelag, Innlandet, and Vestland. The county administration is located in the town of Molde, while Ålesund is the largest town. The county is governed by the Møre og Romsdal County Municipality which includes an elected county council and a county mayor. The national government is represented by the county governor.
Sør-Trøndelag Urban East Norwegian: was a county comprising the southern portion of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. It bordered the old Nord-Trøndelag county as well as the counties of Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, and Hedmark. To the west is the Norwegian Sea, and to the east is Jämtland in Sweden. The county was separated into a northern and southern part by the Trondheimsfjord. Slightly over 200,000 of the county's population lives in the city of Trondheim and its suburbs. The Norwegian dialect of the region is Trøndersk.
Nord-Trøndelag was a county constituting the northern part of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. The county was established in 1804 when the old Trondhjems amt was divided into two: Nordre Trondhjems amt and Søndre Trondhjems amt. In 2016, the two county councils voted to merge into a single county on 1 January 2018.
Nordland is a county in Norway in the Northern Norway region, bordering Troms og Finnmark in the north, Trøndelag in the south, Norrbotten County in Sweden to the east, Västerbotten County to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The county was formerly known as Nordlandene amt. The county administration is in the town of Bodø. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen has been administered from Nordland since 1995.
Troms is a former county in northern Norway. On 1 January 2020 it was merged with the neighboring Finnmark county to create the new Troms og Finnmark county.
Finnmark is a former county in the northern part of Norway. It was dissolved on 1 January 2020 when it was merged with the neighboring county of Troms to form the new Troms og Finnmark county.
Before 1 January 2020, the region was divided in two counties, Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder. Since the early 1900s, the term Sørlandet has been commonly used for this region, sometimes with the inclusion of neighbouring Rogaland. Before that, the area was considered a part of Western Norway.
Innlandet is a county in Norway. It was created on 1 January 2020 with the merger of the old counties of Oppland and Hedmark . The new county has an area of 52,113 square kilometres, making it the second largest county in Norway after Troms og Finnmark county.
Troms og Finnmark is a county in northern Norway that was established on January 1, 2020 as the result of a regional reform. It is the largest county by area in Norway, encompassing about 75,000 square kilometres . It was formed by the merger of the former Finnmark and Troms counties in addition to Tjeldsund Municipality from Nordland county.
Troms og Finnmark / Romsa ja Finnmárku (se) / Tromssan ja Finmarkun (-)
Trøndelag is a county in the central part of Norway. It was created in 1687, then named Trondhjem County ; in 1804 the county was split into Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag by the King of Denmark-Norway, and the counties were reunited in 2018 after a vote of the two counties in 2016.
Vestfold og Telemark, lit. Vestfold and Telemark in English, is the southernmost county in Eastern Norway that consists of two distinct and separate traditional regions, the former counties of Telemark and most of Vestfold. The capital is Skien, which is also the county's largest city. While Skien is the capital of the county municipality, the seat of the County Governor is Tønsberg. It borders the counties of Viken, Vestland, Rogaland and Agder.
Vestland is a county in Norway established on 1 January 2020. The county is located in Western Norway and it is centred around the city of Bergen, Norway's second largest city. The administrative centre of the county is the city of Bergen, where the executive and political leadership is based, but the County Governor is based in Hermansverk. The county is one of two counties in Norway that have Nynorsk as their official written language form .
Viken is a county in Eastern Norway that was established on 1 January 2020 by the merger of Akershus, Buskerud and Østfold with the addition of three other municipalities.
Bagmati Province is one of the seven provinces of Nepal established by the constitution of Nepal. The province is Nepal's most populous province and fifth largest province by area. Bagmati is bordered Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the west, Province No. 1 to the east, Indian state of Bihar and Province No. 2 to the south. With Hetauda as its provincial headquarter, the province is also the home to the country's capital Kathmandu, is mostly hilly and mountainous, and hosts mountain peaks including Gaurishankar, Langtang, Jugal, and Ganesh.
Bheri Zone was one of the fourteen zones located in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. Nepalgunj were the administrative headquarters.
Dhaulagiri was one of the fourteen zones which Nepal was divided into for administrative purposes, prior to the September 10, 2015 adoption of a new Constitution, which divided the nation instead into 7 provinces. It is in the Western Development Region of Nepal and its headquarters are Baglung. Famous trekking areas like Mustang, Muktinath, Kali Gandaki valley and Mt Dhaulagiri fall in this zone. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, the only hunting reserve in Nepal is spread over Baglung and Myagdi Districts of this zone.
Gandaki Province is one of the seven federal provinces established by the current constitution of Nepal which was promulgated on 20 September 2015. Pokhara is the province's capital city. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Bagmati Province to the east, Karnali Province to the west, and Lumbini Province and Bihar of India to the south. The total area of the province is 21,504 km² - about 14.57% of the country's total area. According to the latest census, the population of the province was 2,403,757. The newly elected Provincial Assembly adopted Gandaki Province as the permanent name by replacing its initial name Province no. 4 in July 2018. Krishna Chandra Nepali is the present chief minister of Gandaki province
Janakpur was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.
Karnali Province is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres covering 18.97% of the country, making it the largest province in Nepal. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar with a population of 47,914 is both the province's capital and largest city.
Kosi or Koshi was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. The headquarters of Kosi Zone was Biratnagar which was also its largest city. Other cities of Kosi Zone were Inaruwa, Dharan, Dhankutta, Jhumka, Duhabi and Itahari. Its main rivers were Arun, Tamor and Sapta Koshi.
Lumbini was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. It is home to the Lumbini site, the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the historical Buddha and founder of the Buddhist philosophy. The zone's headquarters was Butwal.
Mahakali was one of the fourteen zones located in the Far-Western Development Region of Nepal, covering an area of 6,205 km2 in the most western part of the country. It stretches along Nepal's far western border with India, marked by the Kali River or Mahakali River.
Mechi was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones to provinces, comprising four districts; namely Ilam, Jhapa, Panchthar and Taplejung. Its headquarters are at Ilam. It comes under the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The Indian state of Bihar is to the south, West Bengal and Sikkim in the east and Tibet to the north. The largest town is Damak in the Terai. The majority of the population in Mechi are Limbu, Chettri, Bharmin, or Meche.
Narayani was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones to Provinces, located in the central south of the country. The headquarter of Narayani zone was Hetauda. Narayani Zone is named after the Narayani River which is on the western border of the zone, separating it from the Gandaki and Lumbini zones. Narayani means beloved of Narayan which is Parvati his sister, and Narayan refers to Lord Vishnu in the Hindu religion.
Rapti Zone was one of the fourteen zones, located in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. It was named after the West Rapti River which drains Rolpa, Pyuthan and part of Dang districts. The remainder of Dang and part of Salyan district are drained by the Babai. The remainder of Salyan and all of Rukum districts are drained by the Bheri.
Sagarmāthā Zone or Sagarmatha Anclal was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones into provinces. The headquarters of Sagarmatha is Rajbiraj. Sagarmāthā is a Nepali word derived from सगर meaning "sky" and माथा meaning "head".
Seti was one of the fourteen zones located in the Far-Western Development Region of Nepal. Dhangadhi in the Terai is the major city of Seti Zone; headquarters are in Dipayal-Silgadhi. As of 2015, Nepal discontinued zone designations in favor of provinces; the area previously known as Seti Zone is now part of Sudurpashchim Pradesh.
Province No. 1 is the easternmost of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The province covers an area of 25,905 km2, about 17.5% of the country's total area. With the industrial city of Biratnagar as its headquarter, the province covers other major eastern towns including Damak, Dharan, Itahari, Inaruwa and Birtamod and includes several mountains including the Everest, Kanchenjunga, and Ama Dablam. Koshi – the largest river of the nation, circumvents the province's western boundary. Adhering to the first-past-the-post voting system issued by the Constituency Delimitation Commission, the province hosts 28 parliamentary seats and 56 provincial seats.
Province No. 2 is a province in the southeastern region of Nepal that was formed after the adoption of the Constitution of Nepal. It is Nepal's second most populous province, and smallest province by area. It borders Province No. 1 to the east, Bagmati Province to the north, and India to the south. It has an area of 9,661 km2 -about 6.5% of the country's total area. It has a population of 5,404,145 as per the 2011 Census of Nepal, making it the most densely populated province of Nepal.
Lumbini Province is one of the seven provinces established by the constitution of Nepal. The province is Nepal's fourth most populous province and third largest province by area. Lumbini is bordered Gandaki Province and Karnali Province to the north, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India to the south. Lumbini is one of the two Nepalese provinces to have an international border only with India. Lumbini's capital, Deukhuri, is near the geographic centre of the province; it's a small town which is currently being developed to meet the prerequisite of provincial capital. The major cities in this province are Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi District, Nepalgunj in Banke District, Tansen in Palpa District, and Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang District.
Sudurpashchim Province is one of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Karnali Province and Lumbini Province to the east, and the India's Kumaon to the west and Uttar Pradesh to the south. The province covers an area of 19,515.52 km2 - about 13.22% of the country's total area. Initially known as Province No. 7, the newly elected Provincial Assembly adopted Sudurpashchim Pradesh as the permanent name for the province in September 2018. As per a 28 September 2018 Assembly voting, the city of Godawari has been declared the capital of the Province. The province is coterminous with the former Far-Western Development Region, Nepal. The three major cities in terms of population and economy are Dhangadhi, Bhimdutta and Tikapur.
Aiwo is a district in the Pacific country of Nauru. Jarrit Morpak is the city's mayor, elected in 2008. It belongs to Aiwo Constituency.
It is part of the Anabar Constituency. It is located in the northeast of the island, covers an area of 1.5 km² and has a population of 452 .
It is located in the north of the island and covers an area of 1.0 km2 . It is one of the smallest districts. The population is about 880.
It is located in the east of the island, and covers an area of 3.1 km2 . It has a population of about 250. It is thus Nauru's largest district in area, and among the smallest in population. Nauru's reputation for being densely populated is thus somewhat nuanced, since it refers principally to the average areas and populations of districts other than Anibare.
Baitsi, formerly known as Baiti and previously as Beidi, is a district in the Pacific nation of Nauru. It belongs to Ubenide Constituency.
On September 5, 2019, the Pacific Light House Church was opened in the district.
Buada is a district in the Pacific nation of Nauru. It is the only district in Buada Constituency. It has a population of 739 .
Denigomodu is a district in the western part of the island of Nauru. It is the most populous district in Nauru.
The primary and secondary schools serving all of Nauru are Yaren Primary School in Yaren District, Nauru Primary School in Meneng District, Nauru College in Denigomodu District, and Nauru Secondary School .
Ijuw is a district in the country of Nauru, located in the northeast of the island. The area covers 1.1 km² and has a population of 178, making Ijuw the least populated district in the country.
Meneng is a district located in the Meneng Constituency in the country of Nauru. The constituency elects 2 members to the Parliament of Nauru in Yaren.
Nibok is a district in the island nation of Nauru in the Micronesian South Pacific. It is located in the west of the island and covers an area of 1.6 square kilometres . Niboe is a part of the Ubenide Constituency. As of 2011, the population was 484.
Uaboe is a district in the island nation of Nauru, located in the northwest of the island.
Yaren, is a district of the Pacific nation of Nauru. It is the de facto capital of Nauru and is coextensive with Yaren Constituency.
The Auckland Region is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand, named for the city of Auckland, the country's largest urban area. The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area, smaller towns, rural areas, and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Containing 34 percent of the nation's residents, it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand, but the second-smallest land area.
The Bay of Plenty is a region of New Zealand, situated around a bight of the same name in the northern coast of the North Island. The bight stretches 260 km from the Coromandel Peninsula in the west to Cape Runaway in the east. The Bay of Plenty Region, governed by the Bay of Plenty Regional Council, incorporates several large islands in the bay, in addition to the mainland area. Called Te Moana-a-Toi in the Māori language after Toi, an early ancestor, the name 'Bay of Plenty' was bestowed by James Cook in 1769 when he noticed the abundant food supplies at several Māori villages there, in stark contrast to observations he had made earlier in Poverty Bay.
Canterbury is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres, and is home to a population of 645,900 .
Gisborne is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District . It has a population of 37,000 . The district council has its headquarters in Whataupoko, in the central city.
Hawke's Bay Region is a local government region of New Zealand on the east coast of the North Island. The region's name derives from Hawke Bay, which was named by Captain James Cook in honour of Admiral Edward Hawke. The region is governed by Hawke's Bay Regional Council.
The Marlborough Region, commonly known simply as Marlborough, is one of the regions of New Zealand, located in the northeast of the South Island. Marlborough is a unitary authority, both a region and a district. Marlborough District Council is based at Blenheim, the largest town. The region has a population of 50,200 .
Manawatū-Whanganui is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council, which operates under the name Horizons Regional Council.
Nelson is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere. Nelson is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand – it was established in 1841 and became a city by royal charter in 1858.
The Northland Region is the northernmost of New Zealand's 16 local government regions. New Zealanders sometimes refer to it as the Winterless North because of its mild climate. The main population centre is the city of Whangārei, and the largest town is Kerikeri. At the 2018 New Zealand census Northland recorded a surprising population growth spurt of 18.1% since the previous 2013 census, placing it as the fastest growing region of New Zealand, ahead of other strong growth regions such as the Bay of Plenty and Waikato .
Otago is a region of New Zealand located in the southern half of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres, making it the country's second largest local government region. Its population was 245,300 in June 2020.
Southland is New Zealand's southernmost region. It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura. It includes Southland District, Gore District and the city of Invercargill. The region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coast.
Tasman District is a local government district in the northwest of the South Island of New Zealand. It borders the Canterbury Region, West Coast Region, Marlborough Region and Nelson City. It is administered by the Tasman District Council, a unitary authority, which sits at Richmond, with community boards serving outlying communities in Motueka and Golden Bay / Mohua. The city of Nelson has its own unitary authority separate from Tasman District, and together they comprise a single region in some contexts, but not for local government functions or resource management functions.
Taranaki is a region in the west of New Zealand's North Island. It is named after its main geographical feature, the stratovolcano of Mount Taranaki, also known as Mount Egmont.
The Wellington Region is a local-government region of New Zealand that occupies the southern end of the North Island. The region covers an area of 8,049 square kilometres, and has a population of 542,000 .
Waikato is a local government region of the upper North Island of New Zealand. It covers the Waikato District, Waipa District, Matamata-Piako District, South Waikato District and Hamilton City, as well as Hauraki, Coromandel Peninsula, the northern King Country, much of the Taupō District, and parts of Rotorua District. It is governed by the Waikato Regional Council.
The West Coast is a region of New Zealand on the west coast of the South Island that is administered by the West Coast Regional Council. It comprises the territorial authorities of Buller District, Grey District and Westland District. The principal towns are Westport, Greymouth, and Hokitika. The region is one of the more remote and most sparsely populated areas of the country.
Ad Dakhiliyah is one of the governorates of Oman with Nizwa town as the regional center. It was previously a region . It became a governorate on 28 October 2011.
Al Batinah North Governorate is a governorate of Oman. It was created on 28 October 2011 when Al Batinah Region was split into Al Batinah North Governorate and Al Batinah South Governorate. The centre of the governorate is the wilayat of Sohar.
Al Batinah South Governorate is a governorate of Oman. It was created on 28 October 2011 when Al Batinah Region was split into Al Batinah North Governorate and Al Batinah South Governorate. The centre of the governorate is the wilayat of Rustaq.
Al Wusta Governorate is one of the governorates of Oman. Its capital is Haima'. It was previously a region, before becoming a governorate on 28 October 2011.
Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate is a governorate of Oman. It was created on 28 October 2011, when Ash Sharqiyah Region was split into Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate and Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate. The centre of the governorate is the wilāyah of Ibra.
Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate is a governorate of Oman. It was created on 28 October 2011 when Ash Sharqiyah Region was split into Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate and Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate. The centre of the governorate is the Wilayat of Sur.
Al Dhahirah is one of the governorates of Oman. It was previously a region . It became a governorate on 28 October 2011.
Al Buraimi Governorate is a governorate of Oman which was split from the Ad Dhahirah Region. Until October 2006, the area was part of Ad Dhahirah Region. At this time, the new governorate was created from the Wilayats of Al Buraymi and Mahdah. A third wilayat, As-Sunaynah, was created from parts of the two.
Muscat is a governorate of the Sultanate of Oman. Its provincial capital is Muscat City, which is the largest city and only metropolis of Oman. Muscat Governorate, commonly referred to as Muscat City, is the seat of government and contains Oman's first cruise and cargo port and oil port. Its population reached 1,288,330 as of May 2015.
The Musandam Governorate is a governorate of Oman. With the exception of the exclave of Madha, it is located on the Musandam Peninsula, which juts into the Strait of Hormuz, the narrow entry into the Persian Gulf, from the Arabian Peninsula. The Governorate is also an exclave, separated from the rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates. Its location gives Oman partial control, shared with Iran, of the strategic strait. In the northern section of Musandam, around Kumzar, the language is Kumzari, which is a southwestern Iranian language closely related to Larestani and Luri. The Musandam Peninsula has an area of 1,800 km2 and a population of 31,425 people.
The Dhofar Governorate is the largest of the 11 Governorates in the Sultanate of Oman in terms of area. It lies in Southern Oman, on the eastern border with Yemen's Al Mahrah Governorate. It is a rather mountainous area that covers 99,300 km2 and has a population of 249,729 as of the 2010 census. The largest city, as well as capital of the Governorate, is Salalah. Historically, the region was a source of frankincense. The local variety of Arabic is Dhofari Arabic, which is quite distinct from that of the rest of Oman and from Yemen.
Bocas del Toro is a province of Panama. Its area is 4,643.9 square kilometers, comprising the mainland and nine main islands. The province consists of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Bahía Almirante, Chiriquí Lagoon, and adjacent mainland. The capital is the city of Bocas del Toro on Isla Colón . Other major cities or towns include Almirante and Changuinola. The province has a population of 125,461 as of 2010.
Chiriquí is a province of Panama located on the western coast; it is the second most developed province in the country, after the Panamá Province. Its capital is the city of David. It has a total area of 6,490.9 km², with a population of 462,056 as of the year 2019. The province of Chiriquí is bordered to the west by the provinces Bocas del Toro and Ngobe-Buglé, to the north by Costa Rica, to the east by the province of Veraguas, and to the south by the Pacific Ocean, specifically the Gulf of Chiriquí.
Coclé is a province of central Panama on the nation's southern coast. The administrative capital is the city of Penonomé. This province was created by the Act of September 12, 1855 with the title of Department of Coclé during the presidency of Dr. Justo de Arosemena. It became a province, Decretory Number 190, on October 20, 1985. Coclé is primarily an agricultural area, with sugar and tomatoes as major crops. The province has a number of well-known beaches, such as Santa Clara, Farallon and Rio Hato, and tourist activity has increased in recent years. It covers an area of 4,946.6 sq.km, and had a population of 265,149 in 2019.
Colón is a province of Panama. The capital is the city of Colón. It covers an area of 4,575.5 sq.km, and the latest estimate of population is 294,060.
Darién is a province in Panama whose capital city is La Palma. With an area of 11,896.5 km2, it is located at the eastern end of the country and bordered to the north by the province of Panamá and the region of Kuna Yala. To the south, it is bordered by the Pacific Ocean and Colombia. To the east, it borders Colombia; to the west, it borders the Pacific Ocean and the province of Panama.
Emberá is a comarca indígena in eastern Panama. It was created by Law Number 22 on November 8, 1983, out of the former Chepigana and Pinogana districts of the Darién Province. Its capital is Unión Chocó, and it is notable for being composed of two non-contiguous sections.
Guna Yala, formerly known as San Blas, is a comarca indígena in northeast Panama . Guna Yala is home to the indigenous people known as the Gunas. Its capital is El Porvenir. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the south by the Darién Province and Emberá-Wounaan, on the east by Colombia, and on the west by the province of Colón.
Herrera is a province in Panama. Named after General Tomás Herrera, the province was founded on January 18, 1915 from a division of the Los Santos province. The capital city of Herrera is Chitré, which is located near the province's coastline. Herrera is bordered on the north by the provinces of Veraguas and Coclé, on the south by the province of Los Santos, on the east by Golfo de Parita and the province of Los Santos, and on the west by the province of Veraguas.
Los Santos is a province in Panama, reaching from the La Villa river in the North to the Pacific Ocean in the south and east. It is part of the Azuero Peninsula, bounded by the province of Herrera to the north and northeast, and by Mariato District of Veraguas Province to the West. The City of Las Tablas is the capital and most populous city. There are seven administrative districts under the jurisdiction of Los Santos Province. Los Santos's area is 3,809.4 km ², and its population is 95,540 inhabitants in 2019.
Ngäbe-Buglé is the largest and most populous of Panama's five comarcas indígenas. It was created in 1997 from lands formerly belonging to the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, and Veraguas. The capital is known as Buäbiti in Guaymí and Llano Tugrí in Spanish.
Panamá is a province of Panama. It is the location of the national capital Panama City, which also serves as its provincial capital. The governor of the province is Judy Meana, appointed by President Laurentino Cortizo and sworn in on 16 April 2020.
Panamá Oeste is the newest province in Panama.
Veraguas is a province of Panama, located in the centre-west of the country. The capital is the city of Santiago de Veraguas. It is the only Panamanian province to border both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It covers an area of 10,587.6 km² and in 2019 it had an estimated population of 247,644.
Amazonas is a department and region in northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca on the west, La Libertad on the south, and Loreto and San Martín on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.
Ancash is a department and region in northern Peru. It is bordered by the departments of La Libertad on the north, Huánuco and Pasco on the east, Lima on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is the city of Huaraz, and its largest city and port is Chimbote. The name of the region originates from the Quechua word anqash, from anqas or from anka .
Apurímac is a department and region in southern-central Peru. It is bordered on the east by the Cusco Region, on the west by the Ayacucho Region, and on the south by the Arequipa and Ayacucho regions. The region's name originates from the Quechua language and means "where the gods speak" in reference to the many mountains of the region that seem to be talking to each other.
Arequipa is a department and region in southwestern Peru. It is the sixth largest department in Peru, after Puno, Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, its sixth most populous department, and its eleventh least densely populated department. It is bordered by the departments of Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cusco in the north, the Department of Puno in the east, the Department of Moquegua in the south, and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Its capital, also called Arequipa, is Peru's second-largest city.
Ayacucho is a department and region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho. The region was one of the hardest hit by terrorism in the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path known as the internal conflict in Peru.
Cajamarca is a department and region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca. It is located in the north part of the country and shares a border with Ecuador. The city has an elevation of 2,700 metres above sea level in the Andes Mountain Range, the longest mountain range in the world. Part of its territory includes the Amazon Rainforest, the largest in the world.
Callao is a seaside city and region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area. Callao is Peru's chief seaport and home to its main airport, Jorge Chávez International Airport. Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region, which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao. Founded in 1537 by the Spanish, the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific, as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era. Central Callao is about 15 km west of the Historic Centre of Lima.
Cuzco, also spelled Cusco, is a department and region in Peru and is the fourth largest department in the country, after Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto. It borders the departments of Ucayali on the north; Madre de Dios and Puno on the east; Arequipa on the south; and Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín on the west. Its capital is Cusco, the historical capital of the Inca Empire.
Huánuco is a department and region in central Peru. It is bordered by the La Libertad, San Martín, Loreto and Ucayali regions in the north, the Ucayali Region in the east, the Pasco Region in the south and the Lima and Ancash regions in the west. Its capital is the city Huánuco.
Huancavelica is a department and region in Peru with an area of 22,131.47 km2 and a population of 347,639 . The capital is the city Huancavelica. The region is bordered by the departments of Lima and Ica in the west, Junín in the north, and Ayacucho in the east.
Ica is a department and region of Peru. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west; the Lima Region on the north; the Huancavelica and Ayacucho regions on the east; and the Arequipa Region on the south. Its capital is the city of Ica.
Junín is a department and region in the central highlands and westernmost Peruvian Amazon. Its capital is Huancayo.
La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the Department of La Libertad . It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north, the San Martín Region on the east, the Ancash and Huánuco regions on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is Trujillo, which is the nation's third biggest city. The region's main port is Salaverry, one of Peru's largest ports. The name of the region is Spanish for "freedom" or "liberty"; it was named in honor of the Intendencia of Trujillo's proclaiming independence from Spain in 1820 and fighting for that. It is the ninth smallest department in Peru, but it is also its second most populous department after Piura and its second most densely populated department after Lambayeque.
Lambayeque is a department and region in northwestern Peru known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past. The region's name originates from the ancient pre-Inca civilization of the Lambayeque. It is the second-smallest department in Peru after Tumbes, but it is also its most densely populated department and its eighth most populous department.
The Department of Lima is a department and region located in the central coast of Peru, the seat of the Regional Government is Huacho.
Loreto is Peru's northernmost department and region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is by far the nation's largest department; it is also one of the most sparsely populated regions due to its remote location in the Amazon Rainforest. Its capital is Iquitos.
Madre de Dios is a department and region in southeastern Peru, bordering Brazil, Bolivia and the Peruvian departments of Puno, Cusco and Ucayali, in the Amazon Basin. Its capital is the city of Puerto Maldonado. It is also the third largest department in Peru, after Ucayali and Loreto. However, it is also the least densely populated department in Peru, as well as its least populous department.
Moquegua is a department and region in southern Peru that extends from the coast to the highlands. Its capital is the city of Moquegua, which is among the main Peruvian cities for its high rates of GDP and national education.
Pasco is a department and region in central Peru. Its capital is Cerro de Pasco.
Piura is a coastal department and region in northwestern Peru. The region's capital is Piura and its largest port cities, Paita and Talara, are also among the most important in Peru. The area is known for its tropical and dry beaches. It is the most populous department in Peru, its twelfth smallest department, and its fourth-most densely populated department, after Tumbes, La Libertad, and Lambayeque.
Puno is a department and region in southeastern Peru. It is the fifth largest department in Peru, after Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto It is bordered by Bolivia on the east, the departments of Madre de Dios on the north, Cusco and Arequipa on the west, Moquegua on the southwest, and Tacna on the south. Its capital is the city of Puno, which is located on Lake Titicaca in the geographical region known as the Altiplano or high sierra.
San Martín is a department and region in northern Peru. Most of the department is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is Moyobamba and the largest city in the department is Tarapoto.
Tacna is the southernmost department and region in Peru. The Chilean Army occupied the present-day Tacna Department during the War of the Pacific from 1885 to 1929 when it was reincorporated into Peruvian soil.
Tumbes is a coastal department and region in northwestern Peru bordering Ecuador. Due to the region's location near the Equator it has a warm climate, with beaches that are considered among the finest in Peru. Despite its small area, the region contains a wide variety of ecosystems. It is the smallest department in Peru and its third least populous department after Moquegua and Madre de Dios, but it is also its third most densely populated department, after La Libertad and Lambayeque.
Ucayali is an inland department and region of Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, its name is derived from the Ucayali River. Its capital is the city of Pucallpa. It is the second largest department in Peru, after Loreto.
The Windward Islands are the eastern group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. These islands were also previously named the Georgian Islands in honour of King George III of the United Kingdom.
The Leeward Islands are the western part of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the South Pacific. They lie south of the Line Islands, east of the Cooks and north of the Austral Islands . Their area is 395 km2 and their population is over 33,000.
The Marquesas Islands, both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. Their highest point is the peak of Mount Oave (French: Mont Oave) on Ua Pou island, at 1,230 m (4,035 ft) above sea level.
The Austral Islands are the southernmost group of islands in French Polynesia, an overseas country of the French Republic in the South Pacific. Geographically, they consist of two separate archipelagos, namely in the northwest the Tupua'i islands consisting of the Îles Maria, Rimatara, Rūrutu, Tupua'i Island proper and Ra'ivāvae, and in the southeast the Bass Islands composed of the main island of Rapa Iti and the small Marotiri . Inhabitants of the islands are known for their pandanus fiber weaving skills. The islands of Maria and Marotiri are not suitable for sustained habitation. Several of the islands have uninhabited islets or rocks off their coastlines. Austral Islands' population is 6,965 on almost 150 km2 . The capital of the Austral Islands administrative subdivision is Tupua'i.
The Îles Tuamotu-Gambier geographically consist of the Tuamotus and the Gambier Islands which are geographically located closely together.
The National Capital District of Papua New Guinea is the incorporated area around Port Moresby, which is the capital of Papua New Guinea. Although it is surrounded by Central Province, where Port Moresby is also the capital, it is technically not a part of that province. It covers an area of 240 km2 and has a population of 364,125 . It is represented by three open MPs and an NCD-wide representative in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea who acts as Governor of the National Capital District; however, these MPs do not have the same powers as elsewhere in the country due to the role of the National Capital District Commission.
Central Province is a province in Papua New Guinea located on the southern coast of the country. It has a population of 237,016 people and is 29,998 square kilometres in size. The seat of government of Central Province, which is located within the National Capital District outside the province, is the Port Moresby suburb of Konedobu. On 9 October 2007, the Central Province government announced plans to build a new provincial capital city at Bautama, which lies within Central Province near Port Moresby, although there has been little progress in constructing it.
Chimbu, occasionally spelled Simbu, is a province in the Highlands Region of Papua New Guinea. The province has an area of 6,112 km² and a population of 376,473 . The capital of the province is Kundiawa. Mount Wilhelm, the tallest mountain in Papua New Guinea, is on the border of Simbu.
Eastern Highlands is a highlands province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Goroka. The province covers an area of 11,157 km², and has a population of 579,825 . The province shares a common administrative boundary with Madang Province to the north, Morobe Province to the east, Gulf Province to the south, and Simbu Province to the west. The province is the home of the Asaro mud mask that is displayed at shows and festivals within the province and in the country. It is reachable by air and road transport.
East New Britain is a province of Papua New Guinea, consisting of the north-eastern part of the island of New Britain and the Duke of York Islands. The capital of the province is Kokopo, not far from the old capital of Rabaul, which was largely destroyed in a volcanic eruption in 1994. East New Britain covers a total land area of 15,816 square kilometres, and the province's population was reported as 220,133 in the 2000 census, rising to 328,369 in the 2011 count. Provincial coastal waters extend over an area of 104,000 square metres . The province's only land border is with West New Britain Province to the west, and it also shares a maritime border with New Ireland Province to the east.
East Sepik is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Wewak. East Sepik has an estimated population of 433,481 people and is 43,426 km square in size.
Enga is one of the provinces in Papua New Guinea . It is located in the north most region of the highlands of PNG, having been divided from the Western Highlands to become a separate province when the provinces were created at the time of independence in 1975. The people of Enga are called Engans—they are a majority ethnic group—speaking one language in all its five districts: approximately 500,000 people. A small minority of Engans' land on the eastern side of the region remained in the Western Highlands, their territory being accessible by road from Mount Hagen but not directly from elsewhere in Enga territory.
Gulf Province is a province of Papua New Guinea located on the southern coast. The provincial capital is Kerema. The 34,472 km² province is dominated by mountains, lowland river deltas, and grassland flood plains. In Gulf Province, the Kikori, Turama, Purari, and Vailala rivers meet the Papuan Gulf. The province has the second-smallest population of all the provinces of Papua New Guinea with 106,898 inhabitants . The province shares land borders with Western Province to the west, Southern Highlands, Chimbu, and Eastern Highlands to the north, Morobe Province to the east, and Central Province to the southeast.
Hela is a province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Tari. The province covers an area of 10,498 km², and there are 249,449 inhabitants . Hela province officially came into being on 17 May 2012, comprising three districts previously part of Southern Highlands Province.
Jiwaka is a province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is temporarily located in Kurumul. Mostly all provincial matters are handled in Kurumul while few are handled in Banz and Minj.
Madang is a province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages. The capital is the town of Madang.
Manus Province is the smallest province in Papua New Guinea with a land area of 2,100 square kilometres, but with more than 220,000 square kilometres of water. The provincial town of Manus is Lorengau and the total population is 60,485 .
Milne Bay is a province of Papua New Guinea. Its capital is Alotau. The province covers 14,345 km² of land and 252,990 km² of sea, within the province there are more than 600 islands, about 160 of which are inhabited. The province has about 276,000 inhabitants, speaking about 48 languages, most of which belong to the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Economically the province is dependent upon tourism, oil palm, and gold mining on Misima Island; in addition to these larger industries there are many small-scale village projects in cocoa and copra cultivation. The World War II Battle of Milne Bay took place in the province.
Morobe Province is a province on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital and largest city is Lae. The province covers 33,705 km², with a population of 674,810, and since the division of Southern Highlands Province in May 2012 it is the most populous province. It includes the Huon Peninsula, the Markham River, and delta, and coastal territories along the Huon Gulf. The province has nine administrative districts. At least 101 languages are spoken, including Kâte and Yabem language. English and Tok Pisin are common languages in the urban areas, and in some areas pidgin forms of German are mixed with the native language.
New Ireland Province, formerly New Mecklenburg, is the most northeastern province of Papua New Guinea.
Oro Province, formerly Northern Province, is a coastal province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Popondetta. The province covers 22,800 km2, and has 176,206 inhabitants . The province shares land borders with Morobe Province to the northwest, Central Province to the west and south, and Milne Bay Province to the southeast. The province is located within the Papuan Peninsula.
Sandaun Province is the northwesternmost province of Papua New Guinea. It covers an area of 35,920 km2 and has a population of 248,411 . The capital is Vanimo. In July 1998 the area surrounding the town Aitape was hit by an enormous tsunami caused by a Magnitude 7.0 earthquake which killed over 2,000 people. The five villages along the west coast of Vanimo towards the International Border are namely; Lido, Waromo, Yako, Musu and Wutung.
Southern Highlands is a province in Papua New Guinea. Its provincial capital is the town of Mendi. According to Papua New Guinea's national 2011 census, the total population of Southern Highlands is 515,511 spread across 15,089 square kilometers .
Western Province is a coastal province in southwestern Papua New Guinea, bordering the Indonesian province of Papua. The provincial capital is Daru. The largest town in the province is Tabubil. Other major settlements are Kiunga, Ningerum, Olsobip and Balimo.
Western Highlands is a province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Mount Hagen. The province covers an area of 4,299 km², and there are 362,850 inhabitants, making the Western Highlands the most densely populated province . Tea and coffee are grown in the Western Highlands.
West New Britain is a province of Papua New Guinea on the islands of New Britain. The provincial capital is Kimbe. The area of the province is 20,387 km² with a population of 264,264 as of the 2011 census. The province's only land border is with East New Britain. There are seven major tribes, the Nakanai , Bakovi, Kove, Unea, Maleu, arowe, speaking about 25 languages.
Bougainville, officially the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, is an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. The largest island is Bougainville Island, while the region also includes Buka Island and a number of outlying islands and atolls. The interim capital is Buka, though it is expected that major government services and buildings will be moved to Arawa, following reconstruction.
Abra, officially the Province of Abra, is a province in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. Its capital is the municipality of Bangued. It is bordered by Ilocos Norte on the northwest, Apayao on the northeast, Kalinga on the mid-east, Mountain Province on the southeast, and Ilocos Sur on the southwest.
Agusan del Norte, officially the Province of Agusan del Norte, is a province in the Caraga region of the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Cabadbaran with several government offices located in the city of Butuan. It is bordered on the northwest by Butuan Bay; northeast by Surigao del Norte; mid-east by Surigao del Sur; southeast by Agusan del Sur, and southwest by Misamis Oriental.
Agusan del Sur, officially the Province of Agusan del Sur, is a province in Caraga region, Mindanao, Philippines. Its capital is the municipality of Prosperidad. It is bordered on the northwest by Agusan del Norte and Misamis Oriental; east by Surigao del Sur; southeast by Davao Oriental; mid-south by Davao de Oro; southwest by Davao del Norte and, mid-west by Bukidnon. It is the fourth largest province in the country in terms of area.
Aklan, officially the Province of Aklan, is a province in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. Its capital is Kalibo. The province is situated in the northwest portion of Panay Island, bordering Antique to the southwest, and Capiz to the east. Aklan faces the Sibuyan Sea and Romblon province to the north.
Albay, officially the Province of Albay, is a province in the Bicol Region of the Philippines, mostly on the southeastern part of the island of Luzon. Its capital is the city of Legazpi, the regional center of the whole Bicol Region, which is located in the southern foothill of Mayon Volcano.
Antique, officially the Province of Antique, is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital is San Jose de Buenavista, the most populous town in Antique. The province is situated in the western section of Panay Island and borders Aklan, Capiz and Iloilo to the east, while facing the Sulu Sea to the west.
Apayao is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital town is Kabugao.
Aurora is a province in the Philippines located in the eastern part of Central Luzon region, facing the Philippine Sea. Its capital is Baler and borders, clockwise from the south, the provinces of Quezon, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and Isabela.
Bataan is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Balanga while Mariveles is the largest local government unit in the province. Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon, Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north. The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west, and encloses Manila Bay to the east.
Basilan, officially the Province of Basilan is an island province of the Philippines located primarily in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Basilan Island is the largest and northernmost of the major islands of the Sulu Archipelago. It is just off the southern coast of the geographic Zamboanga Peninsula.
Benguet, officially the Province of Benguet, is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad.
Biliran, officially the Province of Biliran, is an island province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region . Biliran is one of the country's smallest and newest provinces. Formerly a sub-province of Leyte, it became an independent province in 1992.
Bohol, officially the Province of Bohol, is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of the island itself and 75 minor surrounding islands. Its capital is Tagbilaran. With a land area of 4,821 km2 and a coastline 261 km long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines.
Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and Laguna to the north, and Quezon to the east. Across the Verde Island Passages to the south is the island of Mindoro and to the west lies the West Philippine Sea. Poetically, Batangas is often referred to by its ancient name Kumintáng.
Batanes is an archipelagic province in the Philippines, administratively part of the Cagayan Valley region. It is the northernmost province in the country, and also the smallest, both in population and land area. Its capital is Basco located on the island of Batan.
Bukidnon, officially the Province of Bukidnon is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. Its capital is the city of Malaybalay. The province borders, clockwise from the north, Misamis Oriental, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, and Lanao del Norte. According to the 2020 census, the province is inhabited by 1,541,308 residents. The province is composed of 2 component cities and 20 municipalities. It is the third largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction behind Palawan and Isabela respectively.
Bulacan, officially the Province of Bulacan, is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Malolos. Bulacan was established on August 15, 1578, and part of the Metro Luzon Urban Beltway Super Region.
Cagayan is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region and the northeastern tip of the Luzon. Its capital is the city of Tuguegarao. It is about 431 kilometres northwest of Manila, and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north. The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to the south.
Camiguin is an island province in the Philippines located in the Bohol Sea, about 10 kilometres off the northern coast of Mindanao. It is geographically part of Region X, the Northern Mindanao Region of the country and formerly a part of Misamis Oriental province.
Camarines Norte is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Daet. The province borders Quezon to the west, Camarines Sur to the south, and the Philippine Sea to the north. It has historically been a Bikol speaking region, however there has been a language shift in recent years to Tagalog which is more commonly used nowadays.
Capiz, officially the Province of Capiz, is a province in the Philippines located in the central section of Western Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Roxas. It is located at the northeastern portion of Panay Island, bordering Aklan to the north, Antique to the west, and Iloilo to the south. Capiz faces the Sibuyan Sea to the north.
Camarines Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Pili and the province borders Camarines Norte and Quezon to the northwest, and Albay to the south. To the east lies the island province of Catanduanes across the Maqueda Channel.
Catanduanes is an island province located in the Bicol Region of Luzon in the Philippines. It is the 12th-largest island in the Philippines, and lies to the east of Camarines Sur, across Maqueda Channel. Its capital is Virac. It had a population of 271,879 people as of the 2020 census.
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite, is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Metro Manila, it is one of the most industrialized and fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines. As of 2020, it has a population of 4,344,829, making it the most populated province in the country if the independent cities of Cebu are excluded from Cebu's population figure.
Cebu, officially the Province of Cebu, is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets. Its capital is Cebu City, "the Queen City of the South", the oldest city and first capital of the Philippines, which is politically independent from the provincial government.
Davao de Oro, officially the Province of Davao de Oro, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Nabunturan. It used to be part of the province of Davao del Norte until it was made a separate province in 1998.
Davao Oriental is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Mati, and it borders the province of Davao de Oro to the west, and Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur to the north. The province is the traditional homeland of the Mandaya and Kagan people.
Davao del Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Digos City. Davao City is the largest city in terms of area and population within the province's jurisdiction, yet it is administratively independent of the province; as such, Davao City is only grouped for geographical and statistical purposes.
Davao del Norte is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Samal Island to the south in the Davao Gulf.
Eastern Samar is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Borongan. Eastern Samar occupies the eastern portion of the island of Samar. Bordering the province to the north is the province of Northern Samar and to the west is Samar province. To the east lies the Philippine Sea, part of the vast Pacific Ocean, while to the south lies the Leyte Gulf.
Guimaras locally , officially the Province of Guimaras is an island province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital is Jordan. The province is situated in the Panay Gulf, between the islands of Panay and Negros. To the northwest is the province of Iloilo and to the southeast is Negros Occidental. The whole island is part of the Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, one of the twelve metropolitan areas of the Philippines.
Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.
Iloilo, officially the Province of Iloilo, is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital is the City of Iloilo. Iloilo occupies a major southeast portion of the Visayan island of Panay and is bordered by the province of Antique to the west, Capiz to the north, the Jintotolo Channel to the northeast, the Guimaras Strait to the east, and the Iloilo Strait and Panay Gulf to the southwest.
Ilocos Norte is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag City, located in the northwest corner of Luzón Island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, and Ilocos Sur to the southwest. Ilocos Norte faces the West Philippine Sea to the west and the Luzon Strait to the north.
Ilocos Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Vigan, located on the mouth of the Mestizo River. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.
Isabela, officially the Province of Isabela is the second largest province in the Philippines in land area located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital and largest local government unit is the city of Ilagan. It is bordered by the provinces of Cagayan to the north, Kalinga to the northwest, Mountain Province to the central-west, Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya to the southwest, Quirino and Aurora to the south, and the Philippine Sea to the east.
Kalinga is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area.
Laguna, officially the Province of Laguna, is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal, west of Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. As of the 2020 census, the province's total population is 3,382,193 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country.
Lanao del Norte officially the Province of Lanao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. Its capital is Tubod.
Lanao del Sur, officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The capital is the city of Marawi, and it borders Lanao del Norte to the north, Bukidnon to the east, and Maguindanao and Cotabato to the south. To the southwest lies Illana Bay, an arm of the Moro Gulf.
Leyte is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region, occupying the northern three-quarters of Leyte Island. Its capital is the city of Tacloban, administered independently from the province. Leyte is situated west of Samar Island, north of Southern Leyte and south of Biliran. To the west across the Camotes Sea is the province of Cebu.
La Union, officially the Province of La Union, is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in the Island of Luzon. Its capital is the City of San Fernando, which also serves as the regional center of the Ilocos Region.
Marinduque is an island province in the Philippines located in Southwestern Tagalog Region or Mimaropa, formerly designated as Region IV-B. Its capital is the municipality of Boac. Marinduque lies between Tayabas Bay to the north and Sibuyan Sea to the south. It is west of the Bondoc Peninsula of Quezon province; east of Mindoro Island; and north of the island province of Romblon. Some parts of the Verde Island Passage, the center of the center of world's marine biodiversity and a protected marine area, are also within Marinduque's provincial waters.
Maguindanao is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Since 2014 the provincial capital is Buluan but the legislative branch of the provincial government, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, convenes in the old provincial capitol in the town of Sultan Kudarat. It borders Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, Sultan Kudarat to the south, and the Illana Bay to the west.
Masbate, officially the Province of Masbate, is an island province in the Philippines located near the midsection of the nation's archipelago. Its provincial capital is Masbate City. The province consists of three major islands: Masbate, Ticao and Burias.
Occidental Mindoro is a province in the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. The province occupies the western half of the island of Mindoro. Its capital is Mamburao, but the largest municipality is San Jose. As of 2020, Occidental Mindoro has 525,354 inhabitants.
Oriental Mindoro is a province in the Philippines located on the island of Mindoro under Mimaropa region in Luzon, about 140 kilometres southwest of Manila. The province is bordered by the Verde Island Passage and the rest of Batangas to the north, by Marinduque, Maestre de Campo Island, Tablas Strait and the rest of Romblon to the east, by Semirara and the rest of Caluya Islands, Antique to the south, and by Occidental Mindoro to the west. Calapan, the only city in the island, is the provincial capital.
Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc.
Misamis Occidental is a province located in the region of Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. Its capital is the city of Oroquieta. The province borders Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur to the west and is separated from Lanao del Norte by Panguil Bay to the south and Iligan Bay to the east. The province of Misamis was originally inhabited by Subanens who were an easy target by the sea pirates from Lanao.
Misamis Oriental is a province located in the region of Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. Its capital, largest city and provincial center is the city of Cagayan de Oro, which is governed independently from the province.
Cotabato, officially the Province of Cotabato and formerly but still colloquially known as North Cotabato, is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao. Its capital is the city of Kidapawan. Some of its barangays are under the jurisdiction of the nearby Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.
Negros Occidental is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Bacolod. It occupies the northwestern half of the large island of Negros, and borders Negros Oriental, which comprises the southeastern half. Known as the "Sugarbowl of the Philippines", Negros Occidental produces more than half the nation's sugar output.
Negros Oriental, is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Dumaguete. It occupies the southeastern half of the large island of Negros, and borders Negros Occidental, which comprises the northwestern half. It also includes Apo Island, a popular dive site for both local and foreign tourists.
Northern Samar is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is Catarman and is located at the northern portion of the island of Samar. Bordering the province to the south are the provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar. To the northwest, across the San Bernardino Strait is Sorsogon; to the east is the Philippine Sea and to the west is Samar Sea.
Nueva Ecija, officially the Province of Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Palayan, while Cabanatuan City, its former capital, is the largest LGU. Nueva Ecija borders, from the south clockwise, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya and Aurora. The province is nationally known as the Rice Granary of the Philippines, producing the largest rice yield in the country.
Nueva Vizcaya, officially the Province of Nueva Vizcaya is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Bayombong. It is bordered by Benguet to the west, Ifugao to the north, Isabela to the northeast, Quirino to the east, Aurora to the southeast, Nueva Ecija to the south, and Pangasinan to the southwest. Quirino province was created from Nueva Vizcaya in 1966.
Pampanga, officially the Province of Pampanga is a province in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Lying on the northern shore of Manila Bay, Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan to the southwest and Zambales to the west. Its capital is the City of San Fernando. Angeles City is the largest LGU but while geographically within Pampanga, it is classified as a first-class, highly urbanized city and has been governed independently of the province since it received its charter in 1964.
Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is on the western area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea. It has a total land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 3,163,190 people. The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814. The western portion of the province is part of the homeland of the Sambal people, while the central and eastern portions are the homeland of the Pangasinan people. Due to ethnic migration, Ilocano people have settled in some areas of the province.
Palawan, officially the Province of Palawan, is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction. Its capital is the city of Puerto Princesa, but the city is governed independently from the province as a highly urbanized city.
Quezon, officially the Province of Quezon, is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. The province was named after Manuel L. Quezon, the second president of the Philippines and the first to be freely elected. Lucena, the provincial capital, seat of the provincial government, and the most populous city of the province, is governed independently from the province as a highly urbanized city. To distinguish the province from Quezon City, it is sometimes called Quezon Province.
Quirino is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Cabarroguis. It is named after Elpidio Quirino, the sixth President of the Philippines.
Rizal, officially the Province of Rizal, is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Antipolo. It is about 16 kilometres east of Manila. The province is named after José Rizal, one of the main national heroes of the Philippines. Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west, Bulacan to the north, Quezon to the east and Laguna to the southeast. The province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the western slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range.
Romblon is an archipelagic province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. Its main islands include Tablas, the largest, which covers nine municipalities, Sibuyan with its three towns, as well as the smaller island municipalities of Corcuera, Banton, Concepcion, San Jose, and Romblon, the provincial capital. The province lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Oriental Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, and west of Masbate. According to the 2020 census, it has a total population of 308,985.
Sarangani, officially the Province of Sarangani, is a province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region. Its capital is Alabel. With a 230-kilometre coastline along the Sarangani Bay and Celebes Sea, the province is at the southernmost tip of Mindanao island, and borders South Cotabato and Davao del Sur to the north, Davao Occidental to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south.
South Cotabato, officially the Province of South Cotabato, is a province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao. Its capital is city of Koronadal, and it borders Sultan Kudarat to the north and west, Sarangani to the south and northeast, and Davao del Sur to the far northeast. To the southeast lies Sarangani Bay.
Siquijor, officially the Province of Siquijor, is a 6th provincial income class island province in the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region. Its capital is the municipality also named Siquijor. To the north of Siquijor is Cebu, to the west is Negros, northeast is Bohol, and to the south, across the Bohol Sea, is Mindanao.
Southern Leyte is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Maasin. Southern Leyte comprised the third congressional district Leyte until it was made into an independent province in 1959. Southern Leyte includes Limasawa, an island to the south where the first Roman Catholic Mass in Philippine soil is believed to have taken place and thus considered to be the birthplace of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.
Sulu is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao .
Sorsogon, officially the Province of Sorsogon, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region. It is the southernmost province in Luzon and is subdivided into fourteen municipalities and one city. Its capital is Sorsogon City and borders the province of Albay to the north.
Sultan Kudarat, officially the Province of Sultan Kudarat, is a province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao. Its capital is Isulan and the commercial center is Tacurong.
Surigao del Norte is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao. The province was formerly under the jurisdiction of Region 10 . Its capital is Surigao City. The province comprises two major islands—Siargao and Bucas Grande—in the Philippine Sea, plus a small area at the northeastern tip of mainland Mindanao and other surrounding minor islands and islets. This mainland portion borders Agusan del Norte - between the Municipality of Alegria, Surigao del Norte and the Municipality of Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte; and Surigao del Sur, to the south.
Surigao del Sur is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao. Its capital is Tandag City. Surigao del Sur is situated at the eastern coast of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Sea to the east.
Tarlac, officially the Province of Tarlac is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the city of Tarlac. It is bounded on the north by the province of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija on the east, Zambales on the west and Pampanga in the south. The province comprises three congressional districts and is subdivided into 17 municipalities and one city, Tarlac City, which is the provincial capital.
Tawi-Tawi is an island province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The capital of Tawi-Tawi is Bongao.
Samar, officially the Province of Samar, formerly named as Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Catbalogan. It is bordered by Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte and the Leyte Gulf, and includes several islands in the Samar Sea. Samar is connected to the island of Leyte via the San Juanico Bridge.
Zamboanga del Norte , officially the Province of Zamboanga del Norte, is a province in the Philippines situated within the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital is Dipolog and the province borders Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay to the south, Misamis Occidental to the east, and the Sulu Sea to the west.
Zamboanga del Sur, officially the Province of Zamboanga del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital is the city of Pagadian. Statistically grouped with Zamboanga del Sur is the highly urbanized city of Zamboanga, which is geographically separated and a chartered city and governed independently from the province.
Zambales is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba, which is located in the middle of the province. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north and northeast, Tarlac to the east, Pampanga to the southeast, Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With a total land area of 3,830.83 square kilometres, Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon after Nueva Ecija. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April.
Zamboanga Sibugay, officially the Province of Zamboanga Sibugay, is a province in the Philippines located in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital is Ipil and it borders Zamboanga del Norte to the north, Zamboanga del Sur to the east and Zamboanga City to the southwest. To the south lies Sibuguey Bay in the Moro Gulf.
Davao Occidental is the 81st and newest province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is the municipality of Malita. To the east lies the Davao Gulf. It also shares a maritime border with the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi to the south.
The Dinagat Islands are a group of islands constituting a province in the Caraga region in the Philippines, located on the south side of Leyte Gulf. The island of Leyte is to its west, across Surigao Strait, and Mindanao is to its south. Its main island, Dinagat, is about 60 kilometres from north to south. Declared a province in 2006, the Dinagat Islands comprise the second newest province of the Philippines, with Davao Occidental being the newest.
Islamabad Capital Territory is the only federal territory of Pakistan. Located in north-central Pakistan between the provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it includes the country's federal capital Islamabad. The territory is represented in the National Assembly constituencies NA-52, NA-53 and NA-54.
Balochistan is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. It is the westernmost state of Indian subcontinent. It is the largest province in terms of land area, forming the southwestern region of the country, but is the least populated. Its provincial capital and largest city is Quetta.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, often abbreviated as KP or KPK and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern region of the country, along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border.
Punjab is a Pakistani province, with a population of about 110,000,000 as of 2017. Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region of Pakistan and India, it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave of Islamabad, and Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir. It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan, and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The capital is Lahore, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's cinema industry, and much of its fashion industry, are based. Punjab is also the world's fifth-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside China or India.
Sindh is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern parts of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by total area and the second-largest province by population after Pakistani Punjab. It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan and Punjab to the north, respectively, and the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east; it is also bounded by the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert in the eastern portion of the province along the international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion of the province.
Azad Jammu and Kashmir, abbreviated as AJK and colloquially referred to as simply Azad Kashmir, is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing entity and constitutes the western portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. The territory shares a border to the north with Gilgit-Baltistan, together with which it is referred to by the United Nations and other international organizations as "Pakistani-administered Kashmir". Azad Kashmir also shares borders with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the south and west, respectively. On its eastern side, Azad Kashmir is separated from the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir by the Line of Control, which serves as the de facto border between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir. Geographically, the administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir covers a total area of 13,297 km2 and has a total population of 4,045,366 as per the 2017 national census.
Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, is a region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory, and constitutes the northern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since somewhat later. It is the northernmost area administered by Pakistan. It borders Azad Kashmir to the south, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan to the north, the Xinjiang region of China, to the east and northeast, and the Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the southeast.
Lower Silesian Voivodeship, or Lower Silesia Province in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships into which Poland is divided. The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Wrocław, Legnica, Wałbrzych and Jelenia Góra Voivodeships, following the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres, and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986.
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, also known as Cuiavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie, or Kujawy-Pomerania Province is one of the 16 voivodeships into which Poland is divided. It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name: Kuyavia and Pomerania . Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Toruń.
Lubusz Voivodeship, or Lubusz Province in western Poland.
Łódź Voivodeship is a province-voivodeship in central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Łódź Voivodeship and the Sieradz, Piotrków Trybunalski and Skierniewice Voivodeships and part of Płock Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province is named after its capital and largest city, Łódź, pronounced .
Lublin Voivodeship, or Lublin Province, is a voivodeship, or region, located in southeastern Poland. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, Chełm, Zamość, Biała Podlaska and Tarnobrzeg and Siedlce Voivodeships, pursuant to Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The region is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands: the western part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs to Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie and Podlasie.
Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Lesser Poland Province, also known as Małopolska, is a voivodeship, in southern Poland. It has an area of 15,108 square kilometres, and a population of 3,404,863 .
Masovian Voivodeship or Mazovia Province is the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish provinces, or voivodeships, created in 1999. It occupies 35,579 square kilometres of east-central Poland, and has 5,411,446 inhabitants. Its principal cities are Warsaw in the centre of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Radom in the south, Płock in the west, Siedlce in the east, and Ostrołęka in the north. The capital of the voivodeship is the national capital, Warsaw.
Opole Voivodeship, or Opole Province, is the smallest and least populated voivodeship of Poland. The province's name derives from that of the region's capital and largest city, Opole. It is part of Upper Silesia. A relatively large German minority, with representatives in the Sejm, lives in the voivodeship, and the German language is co-official in 28 communes.
Podlasie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province is a voivodeship in northeastern Poland. It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the northwest, Lublin Voivodeship to the south, the Belarusian oblasts of Grodno and Brest to the east, the Lithuanian Counties of Alytus and Marijampolė to the northeast, and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the north.
Subcarpathian Voivodeship or Subcarpathia Province is a voivodeship, or province, in the southeastern corner of Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów. Along with the Marshall, it is governed by the Subcarpathian Regional Assembly. Historically, most of the province's territory was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In the interwar period, it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship.
Pomeranian Voivodeship, Pomorskie Region, or Pomerania Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in northwestern Poland. The provincial capital is Gdańsk.
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Świętokrzyskie Province, literally in English Holy Cross Voivodeship is one of the 16 voivodeships into which Poland is divided. It is situated in southeastern Poland, in the historical region of Lesser Poland, and takes its name from the Świętokrzyskie mountain range. Its capital and largest city is Kielce.
Silesian Voivodeship, or Silesia Province is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centered on the historic region known as Upper Silesia, with Katowice serving as its capital.
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship or Warmia-Masuria Province or Warmia-Mazury Province and a population of 1,425,967 .
Greater Poland Voivodeship, also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Wielkopolska Province, or Greater Poland Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in west-central Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Poznań, Kalisz, Konin, Piła and Leszno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province is named after the region called Greater Poland or Wielkopolska . The modern province includes most of this historic region, except for some western parts.
West Pomeranian Voivodeship or West Pomerania Province is a voivodeship in northwestern Poland. It borders on Pomeranian Voivodeship to the east, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the southeast, Lubusz Voivodeship to the south, the German federal-states of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and Brandenburg to the west, and the Baltic Sea to the north. Its capital and largest city is Szczecin.
Miquelon-Langlade is the larger and less populated of the two communes making up the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located to the south of Newfoundland in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It consists of three geological islands: Miquelon, Langlade and Le Cap, connected with tombolos. The communal seat is the settlement of Miquelon, on the northern tip, where the entire island's permanent population of 591 is located. Miquelon Airport provides flights to Montreal and to nearby Saint-Pierre.
Saint-Pierre is the capital of the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, off the coast of the Canadian island of Newfoundland. Saint-Pierre is the more populated of the two communes making up Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
The Bethlehem Governorate is one of 16 Governorates of Palestine. It covers an area of the West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Its principal city and district capital is Bethlehem. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, its population was estimated to 199,463 in 2012.
The Deir el-Balah Governorate is one of 16 Governorates of Palestine in the central Gaza Strip which is administered by Palestine aside from its border with Israel, airspace and maritime territory. Its total land area consists of 56 sq. kilometers. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in mid-year 2006 it had a population of 208,716 inhabitants distributed between eight localities.
The Gaza Governorate is one of the 16 Governorates of Palestine, located in the north central Gaza Strip which is administered by Palestine aside from its border with Israel, airspace and maritime territory. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the district's population was 505,700 in 2006. All of its seats were won by Hamas members in the 2006 parliamentary elections. It is governed by Mohammed Qadoura.
The Hebron Governorate is an administrative district of Palestine in the southern West Bank.
The Jenin Governorate is one of 16 Governorates of Palestine. It covers the northern extremity of the West Bank, including the area around the city of Jenin.
The Jericho Governorate is one of 16 Governorates of Palestine. It is located along the eastern areas of the West Bank, along the northern Dead Sea and southern Jordan River valley bordering Jordan. The governorate spans west to the mountains east of Ramallah and the eastern slopes of Jerusalem, including the northern reaches of the Judaean Desert. The population of the Jericho Governorate is estimated to be 50,002, including 13,334 Palestinian refugees in the governorate's camps
The Quds Governorate, also Jerusalem Governorate, is one of the 16 Governorates of Palestine and located in the central part of the West Bank. The current Governor, appointed by the Palestinian National Authority, is since 2018 Adnan Ghaith, who succeeded to Adnan al-Husayni, appointed in 2008. The Governorate has two sub-districts: Jerusalem J1, which includes the localities within the territory controlled by the Israeli Jerusalem municipality, and Jerusalem J2, which includes the remaining parts of the Jerusalem Governorate. The district capital of the Governorate is East Jerusalem .
The Khan Yunis Governorate is one of 16 Governorates of Palestine, located in the southern Gaza Strip. Its district capital is Khan Yunis. The governorate has a total population of approximately 280,000. Its land area is 69.61% urban, 12.8% rural and 17.57% comprising the Khan Yunis refugee camp.
The Nablus Governorate is an administrative district of Palestine located in the Central Highlands of the West Bank, 53 km north of Jerusalem. It covers the area around the city of Nablus which serves as the muhfaza of the governorate. The governor of the district is Mahmoud Aloul.
The North Gaza Governorate is one of the five Governorates of Palestine in the Gaza Strip which is administered by Palestine, aside from its border with Israel, airspace and maritime territory. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the Governorate had a population of 270,245 with 40,262 households in mid-year 2007 encompassing three municipalities, two rural districts and one refugee camp.
The Qalqilya Governorate or Qalqiliya Governorate is an administrative area of Palestine in the northwestern West Bank. Its capital or muhfaza is the city of Qalqilya that borders the Green Line.
The Rafah Governorate is a Governorate of Palestine in the southernmost portion of the Gaza Strip. Its district capital or muhfaza is the city of Rafah located on the border with Egypt. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics the governorate had a population of 171,363 in mid-year 2006. It contains the closed down Yasser Arafat International Airport.
The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate is one of 16 governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza is the city of al-Bireh.
Salfit governorate is one of 16 Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority. It is located in the northwestern West Bank, held under Israeli occupation, bordered by the governorates of Ramallah and al-Bireh to the south, Nablus to the east and Qalqilya in the north as well as, Israel to the west. Its district capital and largest city is Salfit. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the governorate had a population of 75,444 inhabitants in mid-year 2017. In the PCBS's census in 1997, which registered 46,671 residents, refugees accounted for 7.7% of the total population. There were 37,613 male residents and 36,143 females.
The Tubas Governorate is an administrative district of the Palestine in the northeastern West Bank. Its district capital or muhfaza is the city of Tubas. In 2007, the population was 50,267, raising to 60,927 in 2017.
The Tulkarm Governorate is an administrative district and one of 16 Governorates of Palestine located in the north-western West Bank. The governorate's land area is 268 square kilometres. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the governorate had a population of 172,800 inhabitants. The muhafaza or district capital is the city of Tulkarm.
Aveiro District is located in the central coastal region of Portugal. The capital of the district is the city of Aveiro, which also serves as the seat of Aveiro Municipality.
The Beja District is located in southern Portugal. The district capital is the city of Beja. It is the largest district of the country by area, and constitutes around 11% of its area.
The district of Braga is a district in the northwest of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Braga, and it is bordered by the district of Viana do Castelo in the north, Vila Real in the east, Spain in the northeast and Porto in the south. Its area is 2,673 km2 and it has a population of 831,368.
Bragança District is a traditional political division of Portugal, in the northeast corner bordering on Spain, covering 7.4% of the nation's continental landmass. The capital of the district, Bragança, is 217 kilometres from Porto, the second largest town in Portugal, 107 kilometres from the Spanish town of Zamora and 169 kilometres from Salamanca, also in Spain. Bragança is administratively divided in twelve municipalities and 299 parishes located in the north-eastern part of Trás-os-Montes. As of the 2011 census, the total resident population was approximately 136,252. It is bordered by Spain in the north and northeast, Vila Real District in the west, Viseu District in the southwest and Guarda District in the south.
Castelo Branco District is located in Central Portugal. Its capital is Castelo Branco, which is now also the most populous city, overtaking Covilhã, which was once the largest city.
Coimbra District is located in the Centro Region, the district capital is the city of Coimbra.
Évora District is located in Alentejo, in southern Portugal. The district capital is the city of Évora.
Faro District is the southernmost district of Portugal, coincident with the Algarve region. The administrative centre, or district capital, is the city of Faro.
The district of Guarda is located in the Centro Region of Portugal, except Vila Nova de Foz Côa, which is in the Norte Region. The district capital and most populous city is Guarda.
The District of Leiria is a district located in Centro region of Portugal, divided between the traditional provinces of Beira Litoral and Estremadura. It borders on the north with district of Coimbra, on the east with district of Castelo Branco and with district of Santarém, on the south with district of Lisbon and on the west with the ocean Atlantic. The district capital is the city of Leiria.
Lisbon District is a district located in the South Central Portugal, the district capital is the city of Lisbon, also the national capital. From its creation in 1835 until 1926, it included the area of the current Setúbal District.
Portalegre District is located in the east of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Portalegre.
The District of Porto is located on the north-west coast of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Porto, the second largest city in the country. It is bordered by the Aveiro and Viseu districts to the south, Braga district to the north and Vila Real district to the east.
The District of Santarém is a district of Portugal, located in Portugal's Centro Region. The district capital is the city of Santarém.
The District of Setúbal is located in the south-west of Portugal, the District Capital is the city of Setúbal.
The Viana do Castelo District is a district located in the northwest of Portugal, bordered on the north by Spain and on the south by Braga District. It has an area of 2,255 km2 and a population of 252,011, for a density of 111.8 inhabitants/km2. The district capital is the city of Viana do Castelo.
The District of Vila Real is a district of northern Portugal. With an area of 4,239 km2, the district is located east of the port city of Porto and north of the Douro River. Vila Real has always belonged to the historical province of Trás-os-Montes. Approximate population in the 2001 census was 230,000. The population has shown negative rates in recent years due to emigration and aging. Many of the villages have lost population and have become deserted while the district capital has gained in population. It is bordered by Spain in the north and east, Braga District and Porto District in the west, Viseu District in the south and Bragança District in the east.
The District of Viseu is located in the Central Inland of Portugal, the District Capital is the city of Viseu.
The Azores, officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores, is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal . It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km west of Lisbon, about 1,500 km northwest of Morocco, and about 1,930 km southeast of Newfoundland, Canada.
Madeira, officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira, is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal, the other being the Azores. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in a region known as Macaronesia, just under 400 kilometres to the north of the Canary Islands and 520 kilometres west of Morocco. Madeira is geologically located on the African Tectonic Plate, though the archipelago is culturally, economically and politically European. Its total population was estimated in 2016 at 289,000. The capital of Madeira is Funchal, which is located on the main island's south coast.
Aimeliik is an administrative division of the island country of Palau. It is one of the Republic of Palau's 16 states. It has an area of 52 km² and a population of 334 . State capital is the village of Mongami. Following the four other villages which are: Medorm, Imul, Elechui and Ngmechiangel.
Airai, located on the southern coast of Babeldaob island, is the second-most populous state of Palau. It contains the country's chief airport, Roman Tmetuchl International Airport, and is connected by the Koror–Babeldaob Bridge to nearby Koror Island.
Angaur or Ngeaur is an island and state in the island nation of Palau.
Tobi, or Hatohobei, is the southernmost of Palau's sixteen states, consisting of Tobi Island and Helen Reef. The total land area is about 0.88 km². The population was 25 in 2015. Tobian, English, and Sonsorolese are the official languages of Hatohobei State.
Kayangel is the northernmost state of Palau 24 km north of Koror. The land area is about 1.4 km2 . The population is 54 .
Koror is the state comprising the main commercial centre of the Republic of Palau. It consists of several islands, the most prominent being Koror Island .
Melekeok is a state of the Republic of Palau located on the central east coast of Babeldaob Island. The seat of government of the country, Ngerulmud, is located in the state. The state consists of long beaches, hills, steep ridges, rivers, and the largest and only natural freshwater lake in the Republic of Palau and Micronesia, Lake Ngardok.
Ngaraard is the eighth state of the Republic of Palau, and was originally named Kerradel.
Ngarchelong is a state in Palau. Ngarchelong is at the northernmost tip of the island of Babeldaob. Only the state of Kayangel is farther north.
Ngardmau is one of Palau's sixteen states and is located on the west side of Babeldaob between the states of Ngaraard and Ngeremlengui.
Ngatpang is one of Palau's sixteen states. It comprises an area of around 47 square kilometers in the west of Palau's largest island, Babeldaob, facing onto Ngeremeduu Bay. The state capital is Ngerdubech. It has a population of 282, making it Palau's 9th largest state in population.
The terraces in the village of Ngerngesang are examples of archaeological sites in the area, through radiocarbon dating, are believed to date back to 491 and 1150 AD.
Ngeremlengui is one of Palau's sixteen states. It has a population of 350, and is just west of the capital in Melekeok state.
Ngiwal is one of the sixteen states of Palau. It has a population of 282 and an area of 26 km2
Peleliu is an island in the island nation of Palau. Peleliu, along with two small islands to its northeast, forms one of the sixteen states of Palau. The island is notable as the location of the Battle of Peleliu in World War II.
Sonsorol is one of the sixteen states of Palau. The inhabitants speak Sonsorolese, a local Trukic language, and Palauan.
Asunción is the capital and the largest city of Paraguay in South America. The city stands on the left bank of the Paraguay River, almost at the confluence of this river with the Pilcomayo River. The Paraguay River and the Bay of Asunción in the northwest separate the city from the Occidental Region of Paraguay and from Argentina in the south part of the city. The rest of the city is surrounded by the Central Department.
Alto Paraguay is a sparsely populated department of Paraguay. The capital is the town of Fuerte Olimpo.
Alto Paraná is a department in Paraguay. The capital is Ciudad del Este .
Amambay is a department in Paraguay. The capital is Pedro Juan Caballero.
Boquerón is a department in the western region of Paraguay. It is the country's largest department, with an area of 91,669 km2, but, according to the statistics for 2021 by INE, its population is only 68,080, being the second less populated department. The department includes the Russian Mennonite colonies of Fernheim, Menno and its administrative center Loma Plata and Neuland. The capital is Filadelfia. Other towns are General Eugenio A. Garay, Doctor Pedro P. Peña and Mariscal Estigarribia.
Caaguazú is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Coronel Oviedo.
Caazapá is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Caazapá. Among Paraguayans, the department is well known for its orange and mandarin trees, and for its forest hills. The eastern part of Caazapa is relatively undeveloped and consists of rolling hills and large swaths of Brazilian Atlantic interior rainforest between the San Rafael mountains to the south and the Yvytyrysy mountains to the north. The Western part is an area of low-lying marshes and swampland area, and consists of wetlands and tributaries to eastern Paraguay's largest river, the Tebicuary. Many indigenous groups make their home in what remains of the rainforest especially south of the unpaved highway between San Juan Nepomuceno and Tavaí. Mby'a and Guayaki people, who practice farming corn, cassava and yerba mate under the canopy of the forest live in small bands and travel mainly by foot. They are technically protected and their land is a national reserve, but illegal loggers, ranchers and more recently, Brazilian soybean growers have encroached upon their territory. With Paraguay's weak legal infrastructure, little can be done by way of enforcement or sanctions.
Canindeyú is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Salto del Guairá. Canindeyú comes from the Guarani words Kaninde - macaw; ju - yellow, blue-and-yellow macaw .
Central is a department in Paraguay. The capital is Areguá. With 2,243,792 inhabitants, it is the most populated and the smallest of the 17 departments of Paraguay.
Concepción is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Concepción.
Cordillera is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Caacupé.
Guairá is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Villarrica.
Itapúa is a department in the southern region of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Encarnación. It is divided into 30 districts, more than any other district in the country.
Misiones is a department located in the southern region of Paraguay. Its capital is San Juan Bautista. The eighth of Paraguay's 17 departments, it was created in 1906, then known as the San Ignacio Department, and was not given its present name until 1945. Its current name reflects its status as home to several Jesuit Reductions, or missions.
Ñeembucú is a department located in the south of the Eastern Region of Paraguay. The capital is Pilar. The department is almost entirely rural, and is home to some of the oldest and best-preserved Jesuit ruins, which are located near the town of Humaitá.
Paraguarí is a departamento in Paraguay. At the 2002 census it had a population of 221,932. The capital is the city of Paraguarí.
Presidente Hayes is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Villa Hayes. The department was named after U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who awarded the territory to Paraguay while arbitrating a boundary dispute between Paraguay and Argentina after the Paraguayan War.
San Pedro is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú.
Doha is the capital and most populous city of Qatar. It has a population of 956,460 . The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country, north of Al Wakrah and south of Al Khor. It is Qatar's fastest growing city, with over 80% of the nation's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is the political and economic center of the country.
Al Khor, officially Al Khor and Al Thakhira, is a municipality in the State of Qatar. Al Khor City, the municipal seat, is located in the northeast coast of Qatar, around 50 kilometres from the capital, Doha and it is considered to be one of the major cities in Qatar. Al Thakhira is the second largest settlement in the municipality after Al Khor City.
Al Wakrah is the capital city of the Al Wakrah Municipality in Qatar. Al Wakrah's eastern edge is the shores of the Persian Gulf and Qatar's capital Doha is situated to the city's immediate north. Governed by Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, it was originally a small fishing and pearling village. Over the years, it evolved into a small city with a population of more than 80,000 and is currently considered to be the second-largest city in Qatar.
Al Rayyan is the third-largest municipality in the state of Qatar. Its primary settlement is the city of the same name, which occupies the entire eastern section and largely surrounds Metropolitan Doha and functions as a suburb. The vast expanse of mostly undeveloped lands in the south-west also falls under the municipality's administration.
Al Shamal is a municipality in the state of Qatar. Its seat is called Madinat ash Shamal and it is considered to be one of the major cities in Qatar. The seat's name translates to "city of the north" - although the population is barely over 5,000.
Al Shahaniya is a municipality in Qatar, with its municipal seat as a city of the same name . Formerly in the municipality of Al Rayyan, but now an independent municipality, the municipal seat was delimited in 1988 by Law No. 22. In 2014, the cabinet ratified a draft amending some provisions to the 1988 law, thereby formalizing Al Shahaniya as Qatar's eighth municipality.
Al Daayen is a municipality in the state of Qatar. Most of the urban landscape can be found in the southern zone of the municipality, particularly in the city of Lusail, while the northern and central sections are primarily rural. It is one of the fastest growing municipalities in Qatar due to its close proximity to the capital Doha.
Umm Salal is a municipality in the State of Qatar.
Alba County is a county of Romania located in the historic region of Transylvania. Its capital is Alba Iulia, a city with a population of 63,536.
Argeș County is a county of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Pitești.
Arad County is an administrative division of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary, mostly in the region of Crișana and few villages in Banat. The administrative center of the county lies in the city of Arad. The Arad County is part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E﻿ / ﻿44.43250°N 26.10389°E﻿ / 44.43250; 26.10389, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border.
Bacău County is a county of Romania, in Western Moldavia, with its capital city at Bacău. It has one commune, Ghimeș-Făget, in Transylvania.
Bihor County is a county of Romania, in Crișana. Its capital city is Oradea.
Bistrița-Năsăud is a county of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Bistrița.
Brăila County is a county of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Brăila.
Botoșani County is a county of Romania, in Western Moldavia, with the capital city at Botoșani.
Brașov County is a county of Romania, in Transylvania. Its capital city is Brașov. The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval "lands" Burzenland and Făgăraș.
Buzău County is a county of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Buzău.
Cluj County is a county of Romania, in Transylvania. Its capital city is Cluj-Napoca.
Călărași is a county of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Muntenia, with the county seat at Călărași.
Caraș-Severin is a county of Romania on the border with Serbia. The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat, with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania. The county seat is Reșița. The Caraș-Severin county is part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Constanța is a county of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in the Dobruja region. Its capital city is also named Constanța.
Covasna County is a county of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat at Sfântu Gheorghe.
Dâmbovița County is a county of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Târgoviște, the most important economic, political, administrative and cultural center of the county.
Dolj County ) is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Oltenia, with the capital city at Craiova.
Gorj County is a county of Romania, in Oltenia, with its capital city at Târgu Jiu.
Galați is a county of Romania, in Moldavia region, with the capital city at Galați.
Giurgiu is a county of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Giurgiu.
Hunedoara County is a county of Romania, in Transylvania, with its capital city at Deva. The county is part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Harghita is a county in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat at Miercurea Ciuc.
Ilfov is the county that surrounds Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It used to be largely rural, but, after the fall of Communism, many of the county's villages and communes developed into high-income commuter towns, which act like suburbs or satellites of Bucharest. The gentrification of the county is continuing, with many towns in Ilfov, such as Otopeni, having some of the highest GDP per capita levels in the country.
Ialomița County is a county of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Slobozia.
Iași County is a county of Romania, in Western Moldavia, with the administrative seat at Iași. It is the most populous county in Romania, after the Municipality of Bucharest .
Mehedinți County is a county of Romania on the border with Serbia and Bulgaria. It is mostly located in the historical province of Oltenia, with one municipality and three communes located in the Banat. The county seat is Drobeta-Turnu Severin.
Maramureș County is a county in Romania, in the Maramureș region. The county seat is Baia Mare.
Mureș County is a county of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș. The county was established in 1968, after the administrative reorganization that re-introduced the historical judeţ system, still used today. This reform eliminated the previous Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region, which had been created in 1952 within the People's Republic of Romania. Mureș county has a vibrant multicultural fabric that includes Hungarian-speaking Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons, with a rich heritage of fortified churches and towns.
Neamț County is a county of Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia, with the county seat at Piatra Neamț. The county takes its name from the Neamț River.
Olt County is a county of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia . The capital city is Slatina.
Prahova County is a county of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Ploiești.
Sibiu County is a county of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. Its capital city is Sibiu.
Sălaj County is a county of Romania, located in the north-west of the country, in the historical regions of Crișana and Transylvania. It is bordered to the north by Satu Mare and Maramureș counties, to the west and south-west by Bihor County, and to the south-east by Cluj County. Zalău is the county seat, as well as its largest city.
Satu Mare County is a county of Romania, on the border with Hungary and Ukraine. The capital city is Satu Mare.
Suceava County is a county of Romania. Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina, while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper. The county seat is the historical city of Suceava, formerly the capital of the Principality of Moldavia during the late Middle Ages and then a pivotal, predominantly German-speaking commercial town of the Habsburg/Austrian Empire at the border with the Kingdom of Romania throughout the Modern Age up until 1918.
Tulcea County is a county of Romania, in the historical region Dobruja, with the capital city at Tulcea.
Timiș is a county of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Teleorman County is a county of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in the historical region Muntenia, with its capital city at Alexandria.
Vâlcea County is a county of Romania. Located in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia, it is also part of the wider Wallachia region. Its capital city is Râmnicu Vâlcea.
Vrancea is a county in Romania, with its seat at Focșani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia but the southern part, below the Milcov River, is in Muntenia.
Vaslui County is a county of Romania, in the historical region Western Moldavia, with the seat at Vaslui.
The Republic of Adygea, also known as the Adyghe Republic, is a landlocked republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Southern Federal District, and covers an area of 7,600 square kilometers, with a population of roughly 450 thousand residents. It is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area, with its territory an enclave within Krasnodar Krai. Maykop is the capital and the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population.
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug was a federal subject of the Russian Federation. On 1 March 2008, the region merged with Chita Oblast to form the new Zabaykalsky Krai. The territory of the former ABAO is now the Agin-Buryat Okrug of Zabaykalsky Krai, in which it has a special status.
The Altai Republic is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. It is part of the Siberian Federal District, and covers an area of 92,600 square kilometers ; with a population of 200 thousand residents. It is the least-populous republic of Russia and federal subject in the Siberian Federal District. Gorno-Altaysk is the capital and the largest town of the republic.
Altai Krai is a federal subject of Russia . It borders clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo Oblasts, and the Altai Republic. The krai's administrative center is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the krai was 2,419,755.
Amur Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers in the Russian Far East. The administrative center of the oblast, the city of Blagoveshchensk, is one of the oldest settlements in the Russian Far East, founded in 1856. It is a traditional center of trade and gold mining. The territory is accessed by two railways: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal–Amur Mainline. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 830,103.
Arkhangelsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It includes the Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea. Arkhangelsk Oblast also has administrative jurisdiction over the Nenets Autonomous Okrug . Including the NAO, Arkhangelsk Oblast has an area of 587,400 km2. Its population was 1,227,626 as of the 2010 Census.
Astrakhan Oblast located in southern Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Astrakhan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,010,073.
The Republic of Bashkortostan, also called Bashkiria, is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres and has a population of 4 million. It is Russia's most populous republic. Its capital and largest city is Ufa.
Belgorod Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Belgorod. Population: 1,532,526 .
Bryansk Oblast, also known as Bryanshchina is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Bryansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,278,217.
The Republic of Buryatia is a federal subject of Russia, located in Siberia. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been a part of the Russian Far East since 2018. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. Its area is 351,300 square kilometers with a population of 972,021 .
Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a constituent republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe, close to the Caspian Sea. The republic forms a part of Russia's North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; with the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia-Alania to its east, north, and west; and with Stavropol Krai to its northwest.
Chelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Its population is 3,476,217. .
Chita Oblast was a federal subject of Russia in southeast Siberia, Russia. Its administrative center was the city of Chita. It had extensive international borders with China and Mongolia and internal borders with Irkutsk and Amur Oblasts, as well as with the republics of Buryatia and Yakutia. Its area was 431,500 square kilometers . Population: 1,155,346 ; 1,377,975 .
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug or Chukotka is the easternmost federal subject in Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Chukotka is the 2nd-least-populated federal subject at 50,526 and the least densely populated.
The Chuvash Republic, or Chuvashia, is a federal subject of Russia . It is the homeland of the Chuvash people, a Turkic ethnic group. Its capital is the city of Cheboksary. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,251,619.
Dagestan, officially the Republic of Dagestan is a republic of Russia situated on the Caspian Sea, in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Caucasian Federal District. As the southernmost tip of Russia, the republic shares land borders with the countries of Azerbaijan and Georgia to its south and southwest; and borders the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia to its west and north, while having a border with Stavropol Krai to its northwest. Makhachkala is the capital and largest city; other chief cities are Derbent, Kizlyar, Izberbash, Kaspiysk and Buynaksk.
Evenk Autonomous Okrug, or Evenkia, was a federal subject of Russia . It had been created in 1930. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Tura. As of 2006, at 767,600 km2, it was Russia's seventh largest federal subject, and the country's least populous: 17,697 .
Ingushetia, officially the Republic of Ingushetia, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; and borders the Russian republics of North Ossetia–Alania and Chechnya to its east and west; while having a border with Stavropol Krai to its north.
Irkutsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. It had a population of 2,428,750 at the 2010 Census.
Ivanovo Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It had a population of 1,061,651 as of the 2010 Russian Census.
Kamchatka Oblast was, until being incorporated into Kamchatka Krai on July 1, 2007, a federal subject of Russia . To the north, it bordered Magadan Oblast and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Koryak Autonomous Okrug was located in the northern part of the oblast. Including the autonomous okrug, the total area of the oblast was 472,300 square kilometres, encompassing the southern half of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The administrative center of Kamchatka Oblast was the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Population: 358,801 ; 466,096 .
The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic or Kabardino-Balkaria, is a federal subject of Russia located in the North Caucasus. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 859,939 on 12,500 square km. Its capital is Nalchik. The area contains the highest mountain in Europe, Mount Elbrus, at 5,642 m. Mount Elbrus has 22 glaciers that feed three rivers — Baksan, Malka and Kuban. The mountain is covered with snow year-round.
The Karachay-Cherkess Republic or Karachay-Cherkessia is a federal subject of Russia. It is geographically located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia and is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District. Karachay-Cherkessia has a population of 477,859 .
Krasnodar Krai is a federal subject of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and administratively a part of the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Krasnodar. The third most populous federal subject, the krai had a population of 5,226,647 as of the 2010 Census.
Kemerovo Oblast, also known as Kuzbass and Kemerovo Oblast — Kuzbass after the Kuznetsk Basin, is a federal subject of Russia, located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian Mountains. The oblast, which covers an area of 95,500 square kilometers, shares a border with Tomsk Oblast in the north, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia in the east, the Altai Republic in the south, and with Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai in the west. Kemerovo is the administrative center of the oblast, though Novokuznetsk is the largest city in the oblast, in terms of size. Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russia's most urbanized regions, with over 70% of the population living in its nine principal cities. Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but Ukrainians, Tatars, and Chuvash also live in the oblast. The population recorded during the 2010 Census was 2,763,135.
Kaliningrad Oblast is the westernmost federal subject of Russia. It is a semi-exclave, and is situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The oblast's largest city and administrative centre is the city of Kaliningrad, which was formerly known as Königsberg. The oblast's port city of Baltiysk is Russia's only port on the Baltic Sea that remains ice-free in winter. The oblast had a population of roughly 1 million in the Russian Census of 2010.
Kurgan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kurgan. In June 2014, the population was estimated to be 874,100, down from 910,807 recorded in the 2010 Census.
Khabarovsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country and is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative centre of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the largest city in the Russian Far East . Khabarovsk Krai is the fourth-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 1,343,869 as of 2010.
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra or Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug–Yugra is a federal subject of Russia . It has a population of 1,532,243 as of the 2010 Census.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia, with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the third-largest city in Siberia . Comprising half of the Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in the Russian Federation, the second largest federal subject and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world, after Sakha and the Australian state of Western Australia. The krai covers an area of 2,339,700 square kilometers, which is nearly one quarter the size of the entire country of Canada, constituting roughly 13% of the Russian Federation's total area and containing a population of 2,828,187, or just under 2% of its population, per the 2010 Census.
Kirov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kirov. Population: 1,341,312 .
Khakassia, officially the Republic of Khakassia, is a federal subject of Russia. Its capital city is Abakan, which is also the largest city in the republic. As of the 2010 Census, the republic's population was 532,403.
Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia, is a republic of Russia located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. The republic is part of the Southern Federal District, and borders Dagestan to the south and Stavropol Krai to the southwest; Volgograd Oblast to the northwest and north and Astrakhan Oblast to the north and east; Rostov Oblast to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east. Kalmykia is the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the predominant religion.
Kaluga Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga. The 2010 Russian Census found a population of 1,010,930.
The Komi Republic, sometimes simply referred to as Komi is a federal subject of Russia . Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. The population of the republic, as of the 2010 Census was 901,189.
Koryak Okrug, or Koryakia, is an administrative division of Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It was a federal subject of Russia from 1931 until July 1, 2007, when it merged with Kamchatka Oblast. Prior to the merger, it was called Koryak Autonomous Okrug . Its administrative center is the urban locality of Palana. Population: 18,759 ; 25,157 ; 39,363 .
Kostroma Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kostroma and its population as of the 2010 Census is 667,562. It was formed in 1944 on the territory detached from neighboring Yaroslavl Oblast.
The Republic of Karelia, or Karelia, is a republic of Russia situated in Northern Europe. The republic is a part of the Northwestern Federal District, and covers an area of 172,400 square kilometres, with a population of roughly 650,000 residents. Its capital is Petrozavodsk.
Kursk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. Population: 1,127,081 .
Leningrad Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It was established on August 1, 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad. In 1991, the city restored its original name, Saint Petersburg, but the oblast retains the name of Leningrad. The capital and largest city is Gatchina.
Lipetsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Lipetsk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,173,513.
Magadan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country, and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Magadan Oblast has a population of 156,996, making it the least populated oblast and the third-least populated federal subject in Russia.
The Mari El Republic is a federal subject of Russia . It is geographically located in the European Russia region of the country, along the northern bank of the Volga River, and is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. The Mari El Republic has a population of 696,459 .
The Republic of Mordovia is a federal subject of Russia . Its capital is the city of Saransk. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the republic was 834,755. Ethnic Russians and Mordvins account for the majority of the population.
Moscow Oblast, or Podmoskovye, is a federal subject of Russia . With a population of 7,095,120 living in an area of 44,300 square kilometers, it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and is the second most populous federal subject. The oblast has no official administrative center; its public authorities are located in Moscow and Krasnogorsk, also across other locations in the oblast.
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometres, while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometres, and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometres . Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the largest city entirely in Europe, the largest urban area in Europe, the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent.
Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409.
Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a federal subject of Russia and part of Arkhangelsk Oblast . Its administrative center is the town of Naryan-Mar. It has an area of 176,700 square kilometers and a population of 42,090 as of the 2010 Census .
Novgorod Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod. Some of the oldest Russian cities, including Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa, are located in the oblast. The historic monuments of Veliky Novgorod and surroundings have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Population: 634,111 .
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod. It has a population of 3,310,597 as of the 2010 Census. From 1932 to 1990 it was known as Gorky Oblast.
Novosibirsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk. The population was 2,788,849 as of the 2018 Census.
Omsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in southwestern Siberia. The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers . Its population is 1,977,665 with the majority, 1.15 million, living in Omsk, the administrative center.
Orenburg Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg. From 1938 to 1957, it bore the name Chkalov Oblast in honor of Valery Chkalov. Population: 2,033,072 .
Oryol Oblast, also known as Orlovshchina is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Oryol. Population: 724,686 .
Penza Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Penza. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,386,186.
Primorsky Krai, informally known as Primorye and translated in full as Maritime Territory, is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Far East region of the country and is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The city of Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai, as well as the largest city in the Russian Far East. The krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, and a population of 1,956,497 as of the 2010 Census.
Pskov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 673,423.
Rostov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,800 square kilometers and a population of 4,277,976, making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Ryazan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Ryazan, which is the oblast's largest city.
Sakha, also known as Yakutia or Yakutiya, and officially known as the Republic of Sakha, IPA: ; Yakut: Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ, romanized: Sakha Öröspüübülükete, IPA: ) is a federal Russian republic. The 2010 Census recorded a population of 958,528, mainly ethnic Sakha (also known as Yakuts) and Russians. Comprising half the area of the Far Eastern Federal District, Sakha is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at 3,083,523 square kilometers (1,190,555 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Yakutsk. The republic has a reputation for an extreme and severe climate, with the lowest temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere being recorded in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, and regular winter averages commonly dipping below −35 °C (−31 °F) in Yakutsk. The hypercontinental tendencies also result in warm summers for much of the republic.
Sakhalin Oblast is a federal subject of Russia comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East. The oblast has an area of 87,100 square kilometers . Its administrative center and largest city is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast has a population of roughly 500,000.
Samara Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Samara. From 1935 to 1991, it was known as Kuybyshev Oblast . As of the 2010 Census, the population of the oblast was 3,215,532.
Saratov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Saratov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 2,521,892.
The Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. Its population according to the 2010 Census was 712,980. Its capital is the city of Vladikavkaz. The republic's native Ossetians speak Ossetic, among the only few Iranian languages spoken in Europe.
Smolensk Oblast . Its administrative centre is the city of Smolensk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 985,537.
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia. It is situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, with a population of roughly 5.4 million residents. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, as well as the world's northernmost city with over 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
Stavropol Krai is a federal subject of Russia. It is geographically located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia, and is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District. Stavropol Krai has a population of 2,786,281 .
Sverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,297,747 .
The Republic of Tatarstan, or simply Tatarstan, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital and largest city is Kazan, one of the most important cultural centres of Russia.
Tambov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Tambov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,091,994.
Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, or Taymyria, was a federal subject of Russia, the northernmost in Siberian Russia . It was named after the Taymyr Peninsula. It was also called Dolgan-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, by the name of the indigenous people, Dolgans and Nenetses.
Tomsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It lies in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Tomsk. Population: 1,078,923 .
Tula Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. It is geographically in the European Russia region of the country and is part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers and a population of 1,553,925 .
Tver Oblast, in 1935 to 1990 known as Kalinin Oblast, is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Tver. It was named after Mikhail Kalinin, the Soviet revolutionary. Population: 1,353,392 .
Tuva or Tyva, officially the Tyva Republic, is a federal subject of Russia .
Tyumen Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. It is geographically located in the Western Siberia region of Siberia, and is administratively part of the Urals Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen Oblast including its autonomous okrugs is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 .
Udmurtia, or the Udmurt Republic, is a federal subject of Russia within the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk.
Ulyanovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the Volga Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Ulyanovsk. Population: 1,292,799 .
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug Буряадай автономито тойрог) was an autonomous okrug of Russia within Irkutsk Oblast. The territory is now administrated as Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug of the same oblast. It is also landlocked within Irkutsk Oblast.
Volgograd Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Volga region of Southern Russia. Its administrative center is Volgograd. The population of the oblast was 2,610,161 in the 2010 Census. Formerly known as Stalingrad Oblast, it was given its present name in 1961, when the city of Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization. Volgograd Oblast borders Rostov Oblast in the southwest, Voronezh Oblast in the northwest, Saratov Oblast in the north, Astrakhan Oblast and the Republic of Kalmykia in the southeast, and has an international border with Kazakhstan in the east. The two main rivers in European Russia, the Don and the Volga, run through the oblast and are connected by the Volga–Don Canal. Volgograd Oblast's strategic waterways have made it a popular route for shipping and for the generation of hydroelectricity.
Vladimir Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.
Vologda Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is Vologda. Population: 1,202,444 . The largest city is Cherepovets, the home of the Severstal metallurgical plant, the largest industrial enterprise in the oblast.
Voronezh Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Voronezh. Its population was 2,335,380 as of the 2010 Census.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ; Nenets: Ямалы-Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, Yamaly-Nenyotsiye avtonomnoj ŋokruk) is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Tyumen Oblast). Its administrative center is the town of Salekhard, and its largest city is Noyabrsk. Its population was counted to be 522,904 in the 2010 Census.
Yaroslavl Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, which is located in the Central Federal District, surrounded by Tver, Moscow, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Kostroma, and Vologda oblasts.
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast is a federal subject of Russia in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan.
Perm Krai is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm is the administrative center. The population of the krai was 2,635,276 according to the .
Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia that was created on March 1, 2008 as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug, after a referendum held on the issue on March 11, 2007. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, the Krai is now part of the Russian Far East as of November 2018 in accordance with a decree issued by Russian President Vladimir Putin. The administrative center of the krai is located in the city of Chita. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,107,107.
Kigali is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. The city has been Rwanda's economic, cultural, and transport hub since it became the capital following independence from Belgian rule in 1962.
Eastern Province is the largest, the most populous and the least densely populated of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures.
Northern Province is one of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures.
Western Province is one of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures.
Southern Province is one of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures.
Al-Bahah Province is a province of Saudi Arabia. It is located in the southwestern part of the Hejazi region. It has an area of 9,921 km2, and a population of 476,172 . Its capital is Al Bahah. The region includes Al-Baḥah City, Al-Mikhwah and Baljorashi. Baljorashi has a famous traditional market known as sooqe as-sabt, which translates to English as "Saturday market". The Baljorashi market is very old and its exact age is unknown. This market opens after the Fajr prayer, or around 5 A.M. local time. The market closes around noon. People come from all over the region to buy and sell handmade goods. Other cities in the region include Baljourashi, Al-Mikhwah, Rahwat Albar, Sabt Alalaya, and a city by the Red Sea called Al-Qunfunda. Al-Baḥah region is the home of two Azd tribes, the Ghamid and the Zahran.
The Northern Borders Region is the least populated region of Saudi Arabia. It is located in the north of the country, bordering Iraq and Jordan. It has an area of 111,797 km² and a population of 320,524 at the 2010 census. The region is sub-divided into three governorates: 'Ar'ar, Rafha and Turayf. Its capital is 'Ar'ar.
Al-Jawf Province, also spelled Al-Jouf, is one of the provinces of Saudi Arabia, located in the north of the country, containing its only international border with Jordan to the west. It is deemed one of the oldest habitation places in Arab Peninsula so that habitation places were found back to the Stone Age periods and Acheulean civilization. Habitation has continued there throughout the Copper Age and a kingdom has formed known as the kingdom of Qidar which was in rebellion and conflict with the Assyrian state for the independence, in this period which the name of the Arabs appeared in historical texts. Later a Christian kingdom arose under the rule of the Bani Kalb tribe and it has continued until the arrival of Islam and its annexation to Islamic lands. Then the Tayy tribe and its branches controlled the region and its surroundings. With the beginning of the modern era and the emergence of the third Saudi state, Al-Jouf was a site of conflict between the Al-Rashid family and the Al-Shaalan family, but the region was eventually subject to the rule of King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud as part of his plan to unify the regions.
The Medina State is a State of Saudi Arabia, located on the country's western side, along the Red Sea coast. It has an area of 151,990 km2 and a population of 2,132,679 subdivided into seven Muḥafaẓat :
The Qassim Province, also known as the Qassim Region, and officially the Emirate of Al-Qassim Province, is one of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. Located at the heart of the country near the geographic center of the Arabian Peninsula, it has a population of 1,370,727 and an area of 58,046 km². It is known to be the "alimental basket" of the country, for its agricultural assets.
The Riyadh Region, also known as the Riyadh Province, and officially the Emirate of Riyadh Province, is a region of Saudi Arabia, located in the geographic center of the country. It has an area of 404,240 km2 and with a 2017 population of 8,216,284, it is the second-largest region by both area and population, behind the Eastern Province and Mecca Region respectively. The capital governorate of the province is the Riyadh Governorate and it is named after the capital of the kingdom, Riyadh, which is the most populous city in the region and the kingdom, with a little less than two-thirds of the population of the region residing within the city.
The Eastern Province, also known as the Eastern Region, and officially the Emirate of the Eastern Province, is the easternmost of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. It is the largest province by area and the third most populous after the Riyadh Province and the Makkah Province. In 2017, the population was 4,900,325. Of these, 3,140,362 were Saudi citizens and 1,759,963 were foreign nationals The province accounts for 15.05% of the entire population of Saudi Arabia and is named for its geographical location relative to the rest of the kingdom.
The ʿAsir Region is a region of Saudi Arabia located in the southwest of the country that is named after the ʿAsīr tribe. It has an area of 76,693 square kilometres and an estimated population of 2,211,875 . It shares a short border with the Saada Governorate of Yemen.
Ḥaʼil Province, also known as the Ha'il Region, is one of the 13 provinces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is the eighth-largest province by area at 103,887 km² and the ninth-largest by population, with the population in 2019 being 731,147. The province accounts for roughly 2% of the population of the country and is named for its largest city, Ha'il. Other populous cities in the province include al-Ghazalah, Shinan and Baq'aa. The region is famous for the twin mountain ranges of 'Aja and Salma, and for being the homeland of historic symbol of curiosity and generosity, Hatim al-Ta`i.
Jazan Region also spelled Jizan is the second smallest region of Saudi Arabia. It stretches 300 km along the southern Red Sea coast, just north of Yemen. It covers an area of 11,671 km2 and has a population of 1,567,547 at the 2017 census. The region has the highest population density in the Kingdom. The capital is the city of Jizan; Prince Muhammad bin Nasser has been the Governor since April 2001.
The Mecca Province, also known as the Mecca Region, is one of the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia. It is the third-largest province by area at 153,128 km2 and the most populous with a population of 8,557,766 as of 2017, of which 4,041,189 were foreign nationals and 4,516,577 were Saudis. It is located in the historic Hejaz region, and has an extended coastline on the Red Sea. Its capital is Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, and its largest city is Jeddah, which is Saudi Arabia's main port city. The province accounts for 26.29% of the population of Saudi Arabia and is named after the holy city of Mecca.
Najran is a region of Saudi Arabia, located in the south of the country along the border with Yemen. It has an area of 149,511 km². Its capital is Najran.
Tabuk, also spelled Tabouk, is a region of Saudi Arabia, located along the north-west coast of the country, facing Egypt across the Red Sea. It has an area of 146,072 km² and a population of 910,030 . Its capital is Tabuk. The governor is Fahd bin Sultan since 1987.
The North Bačka District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the Bačka geographical region. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 186,906 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Subotica.
The Central Banat District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical region of Banat. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 186,851 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Zrenjanin.
The North Banat District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical regions of Banat and Bačka. According to the 2011 census, the district has a population of 146,690 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Kikinda.
The South Banat District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The administrative center of the district is the city of Pančevo. The district lies in the region of Banat. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 291,327 inhabitants.
The West Bačka District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical region of Bačka. It has a population of 188,087 inhabitants. The administrative seat of the district is the city of Sombor.
The South Bačka District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Geographically it lies in the southern part of Bačka and northern part of Syrmia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 615,371 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Novi Sad, which is also the capital and the largest city of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.
The Srem District is one of seven administrative districts of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies in the geographical regions of Syrmia and Mačva. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 312,278 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Sremska Mitrovica.
The Mačva District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands in the western parts of Serbia, in the geographical regions of Mačva, Podrinje, Posavina, and Pocerina. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 298,931 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Mačva district is the city of Šabac.
The Kolubara District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It occupies the central part of western Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 174,513 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Kolubara District is Valjevo, on the banks of the Kolubara River.
The Podunavlje District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands across the central parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 199,395 inhabitants, and the administrative center is the city of Smederevo.
The Braničevo District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands in the north-eastern parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 180,480 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is Požarevac.
The Šumadija District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It is located in the central parts of the country. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 293,308 inhabitants, and the administrative center is the city of Kragujevac. The district is named after the geographical region of Šumadija.
The Pomoravlje District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the central parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 214,536 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Jagodina.
The Bor District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It has a population of 123,848 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census results. The administrative center of the Bor district is the city of Bor and the judicial one, due to tradition, Negotin.
The Zaječar District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands to the eastern parts of Serbia. It has a population of 119,967 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census results. The administrative center is the city of Zaječar.
The Zlatibor District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It is located in the western, mountainous part of Serbia. The district was named after the mountain region of Zlatibor. According to the 2011 census results, the Zlatibor District has a population of 286,549 people. The administrative center of the Zlatibor district is Užice.
The Moravica District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It is located in the central and south-western parts of Serbia. The name Moravica derives from the river Moravica, which forms the West Morava, both passing through the district. According to the 2011 census results, it had a population of 212,603. The administrative center of the Moravica district is the city of Čačak.
The Raška District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the south-western part of the country. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 309,258 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Raška district is Kraljevo.
The Rasina District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the central parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 241,999 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Rasina District is Kruševac.
The Nišava District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands to the south-eastern parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 372,404 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Niš. After South Bačka, it is second largest District in Serbia.
The Toplica District is an administrative district in southern Serbia, named after the river Toplica. It has a population of 91,754. Its administrative center is the city of Prokuplje.
The Pirot District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands to the south-eastern parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 92,277 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Pirot.
The Jablanica District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands in the south-eastern parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 215,463 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Leskovac.
The Pčinja District is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It covers the southern part of Serbia, bordering the disputed territory of Kosovo, along with Bulgaria and North Macedonia. Its administrative center is the city of Vranje.
Kosovo District was a district of Kosovo and Metohija between 1990 and 1999; at that time, Kosovo was part of Serbia. The district still exists de jure, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo.
The Peć District was a district in Kosovo between 1990 and 1999. It was located in the west part of Kosovo i Metohija. 90% of its population of 414,187 is Albanian, but there are other ethnic groups such as Serbs, Roma, etc. Seat of the District was in the city of Peć. From one point of view of the Serbian government the district de jure still exist, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo.
The Prizren District was a district in southern Kosovo and Metohija between 1990 and 1999. It had a population of 376,085. The seat of the district was in the city of Prizren.
The Kosovska Mitrovica District was a district in Kosovo between 1990 and 1999. It was located in the northern part of Kosovo i Metohija. It had a population of 275,904. Seat of the District was in the city of Kosovska Mitrovica. From one point of view of the Serbian government the district de jure still exist, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo.
The Kosovo-Pomoravlje District is a district of Kosovo and Metohija, a part of the Republic of Serbia. The region is called Kosovo Pomoravlje. The area now has a population of 217,726. Before the NATO intervention in the Kosovo War, 20.000 Serbs lived in Gnjilane. The seat of the district was in the city of Gnjilane. Along with the rest of Kosovo i Metohija, it was transferred to UN administration, a situation accepted by the Serbian government. In 2000 the UN administration renamed the district the District of Gjilan as part of a series of reforms, which were rejected by Serbia.
Kosovo Pomoravlje or Anamorava, is a valley in Kosovo, in the southern part of the District of Gjilan surrounding the Binač Morava River. It stretches eastward to the Preševo Valley in southern Serbia. The mountains in this region, rising to an altitude of 1,000–1,200 metres, border the Skopska Crna Gora region in neighboring North Macedonia north of Skopje. Gjilan, Kosovska Kamenica, Novo Brdo and Vitina are municipalities located in the region. The region gave its name to Kosovo-Pomoravlje District. It is known for recording the lowest temperature in Kosovo: −32.5 °C, on 25 January 1963.
Honiara is the capital and largest city of Solomon Islands, situated on the northwestern coast of Guadalcanal. As of 2017, it had a population of 84,520 people. The city is served by Honiara International Airport and the seaport of Point Cruz, and lies along the Kukum Highway.
The Central Province is one of the provinces of Solomon Islands, covering the Russell Islands, Nggela Islands and Savo Island. Its area comprises 615 square kilometres and had a population of 26,051 as of 2009. The provincial capital is Tulagi.
Choiseul Province is one of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands. It lies southeast of Bougainville, west of Santa Isabel Island, and north of Vella la Vella, Kolombangra & New Georgia. It has population of 36,719 (as of 2020)
Guadalcanal Province is one of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands, consisting of the island of Guadalcanal. It is a 2,510 square mile island and is largely a jungle. Its name was given by Pedro de Ortega Valencia, born in the village of Guadalcanal, Seville, Spain. The national capital and largest city of the Solomon Islands, Honiara, is on the island; in July 1983 it was designated a 22 km2 separately-administered Capital Territory and is no longer considered part of the province. The population of the province is 93,613, not including the capital territory. The population of the island is 155,605 . Honiara serves as the provincial capital. The climate is rainforest tropical. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 447 meters .
Isabel Province is one of the provinces of Solomon Islands. The province had a population of around 35,257 as of 2020, mostly concentrated on the main island, Santa Isabel Island. The capital of the province is Buala on Santa Isabel Island, which has scheduled airline services to Honiara on Solomon Airlines from Fera Airport, on Fera Island, a 15-minute boat ride from Buala.
The main part of the province is Makira Island. It has a population of 40,419 . The capital is Kirakira.
Malaita Province is the most populous and one of the largest of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands. It is named after its largest island, Malaita . Other islands include South Malaita Island, Sikaiana Island, and Ontong Java Atoll. Britain defined its area of interest in the Solomons, including Malaita, and central government control of Malaita began in 1893, when Captain Gibson R.N., of HMS Curacoa, declared the southern Solomon Islands as a British Protectorate with the proclamation of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.
Rennell and Bellona is one of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands, comprising two inhabited atolls, Rennell and Bellona, or Mu Ngava and Mu Ngiki respectively in Rennellese, as well as the uninhabited Indispensable Reef. Rennell and Bellona are both Polynesian-inhabited islands within the predominantly Melanesian Solomons. They are thus considered Polynesian outliers. The first known European to sight the islands was Mathew Boyd of Camberwell, London, commander of the merchant ship, Bellona, in 1793. The province has a combined population of 3,041 . The Samoic language of the islands is, in English texts, called Rennellese. The province's capital is Tigoa, on Rennell Island.
Temotu is the easternmost province of Solomon Islands. The province was formerly known as Santa Cruz Islands Province. It consists, essentially, of two chains of islands which run parallel to each other from the northwest to the southeast. Its area is 895 square kilometres .
Western Province is the largest of the nine provinces of Solomon Islands. The area is renowned for its beautiful tropical islands, excellent diving and snorkelling, coral reefs and WWII wrecks, ecotourism lodges, and head-hunting shrines. The province contains many small lagoons and most of the country's tourist trade outside Honiara.
Anse aux Pins is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé. Soleil Island is part of the district.
Anse Boileau is an administrative district on the south of the island of Mahé in the Seychelles. Anse Boileau encapsulates the natural wonders of the Seychelles: it sits at the foot of a steep, green mountain, it is on the shores of the Indian Ocean, and in its midst are streams, mini-forests, creeks, ponds, and an enchanting array of all that defines the Seychellois landscape. It is often described as a fishing village because many of the local residents fish for a living. It has a school, a restaurant, a number of grocery shops, a health centre, and a police station. It is a short distance away from Anse La Mouche, a popular tourist destination. Anse Boileau is so-called because of its many coves.
Anse Royale is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé. The Seychelles Polytechnic School of the Humanities is located in this district.
Au Cap has a surface area of 875 hectares. It is bordered to the north by the district of Anse Aux Pins, to the south by the district of Anse Royale, to the west by the district of Anse Boileau and to the east by the Indian Ocean. The maximum latitude is 600 meters.
Baie Lazare is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé. It is named after the explorer Lazare Picault.
Baie Sainte Anne is an administrative district of Seychelles located mostly on the island of Praslin, but also administers Curieuse Island and some other smaller islands.
Beau Vallon is a bay on the north western coast of Mahé in the Seychelles. Beau Vallon Beach is well-frequented and is possibly the most popular beach on the island. It is a base for diving and snorkelling due to its clear waters and coral reefs. Beau Vallon has several hotels and restaurants.
Bel Ombre is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé. It has a small fishing harbour for artesan fishing from small boats with lines.
Glacis is an administrative district of Seychelles located in the North Region of the island of Mahé. It also encompasses uninhabited Mamelles Island 13 kilometers to the northeast of Mahé, and the tiny Brisan Rocks in between.
Grand'Anse Praslin is an administrative district of Seychelles located mostly on the island of Praslin, but also administers Cousin Island, Cousine Island, Booby Island, and Aride Island.
La Digue is the third most populated island of the Seychelles, and fourth largest by land area, lying east of Praslin and west of Felicite Island. In size it is the fourth-largest granitic island of Seychelles after Mahé, Praslin and Silhouette Island. It has a population of 2,800 people, who mostly live in the west coast villages of La Passe and La Réunion. There is no airport on La Digue, so to get there from a foreign country, one has to fly to Victoria and continue by ferry, usually via Praslin. It has an area of 10.08 km², which makes it relatively easy to travel around by bike or on foot.
English River is an administrative district of Seychelles on the island of Mahé.
Les Mamelles is an administrative district of the Seychelles, located in the south of the Greater Victoria area on Mahé, the main island of the archipelago. The district is located inward from the adjacent coastal district of Roche Caiman. It is not to be confused with Mamelles Island some 13 kilometers northeast of Mahé.
Mont Fleuri is an administrative district of Seychelles with its main part located on the island of Mahé. It also includes the six islands of the Sainte Anne Marine National Park and two islets further east .
Pointe La Rue is an administrative district of Seychelles located in the eastern region of the island of Mahé.
Port Glaud is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the northwestern coast of the island of Mahé. It is 25 km² and has a population of 2174 . The main village is Port Glaud. The district contains two marine parks; Bay Ternay & Port Launay. The offshore islands of Thérèse Island and Conception Island are part of Port Glaud District.
Roche Caïman is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé. It has a football stadium where its national team play most of the home matches.
Saint Louis is an administrative district of Seychelles located on the island of Mahé. It is the smallest district of Seychelles with an area slightly more than a square kilometer.
Takamaka is one of the 26 administrative regions of Mahé, Republic of Seychelles. It is located on the southern part of the island of Mahé. Three other districts cover the two other main islands of the Republic, Grand' Anse and Baie Sainte Anne on the island of Praslin and the inner islands district which comprise the 3rd largest island, La Digue. The population of Takamata is estimated at around 3,000.
Perseverance Island is an artificial island in Seychelles, lying 2 km from the capital Victoria.
Red Sea is one of the 18 states of Sudan. It has an area of 212,800 km2 and an estimated population of 1,482,053 . Port Sudan is the capital of the state. Sudan claims, but does not control, the Halaib Triangle, a region disputed between Sudan and Egypt. The original inhabitants of the state are Beja people, who constitute above 65% of the current population with lower wealth and power in the region.
Gezira, also spelt Al Jazirah, is one of the 18 states of Sudan. The state lies between the Blue Nile and the White Nile in the east-central region of the country. It has an area of 27,549 km2. The name comes from the Arabic word for island. Wad Madani is the capital of the state. Gezira is known as an irrigated cotton-producing state as it is a well-populated area that is suitable for agriculture.
Khartoum State is one of the eighteen states of Sudan. Although it is the smallest state by area, it is the most populous . It contains the country's second largest city by population, Omdurman, and the city of Khartoum, which is the capital of the state as well as the national capital of Sudan. The capital city contains offices of the state, governmental and non-governmental organizations, cultural institutions, and the main airport.
Al Qadarif, also spelt Gadaref or Gadarif, is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 75,263 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,400,000 . Al Qadarif is the capital of the state; other towns include Doka and Gallabat.
River Nile is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 122,123 km² and an estimated population of 1,027,534 .
White Nile is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 39,701 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 1,140,694 . Since 1994 Rabak is the capital of the state; other important cities include Kosti and Ed Dueim.
Blue Nile is one of the eighteen states of the Republic of Sudan. It was established by presidential decree nº 3 in 1992 and is named after the Blue Nile River.
Northern is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 348,765 km² and an estimated population of 833,743 . Northern Sudan was in ancient times Nubia. Jebel Uweinat is a mountain range in the area of the Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese border.
West Darfur State is one of the states of Sudan, and one of five comprising the Darfur region. Prior to the creation of two new states in January 2012, it had an area of 79,460 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,007,000 . It borders North and Central Darfur to the east. The Chadian prefectures of Biltine and Ouaddaï lie to the west, while to the north is the prefecture of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti. Al-Junaynah is the capital of the state. West Darfur has been the site of much of the ongoing Darfur conflict.
West Kordofan is one of the 18 wilayat or provinces of Sudan. In 2006 it had an area of 111,373 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,320,405. Al-Fulah is the capital of the state.
South Darfur State is one of the wilayat or states of Sudan. It is one of the five states that compose the region of Darfur in western Sudan.
South Kordofan is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 158,355 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,100,000 people . Kaduqli is the capital of the state. It is centered on the Nuba Hills. At one time it was supposed that South Kordofan was the only state in Sudan suitable for producing oil, but oil has also been discovered in neighboring White Nile State in larger quantities.
Kassala is one of the 18 wilayat of Sudan. It has an area of 36,710 km² and an estimated population of approximately 1,400,000 . Kassala is the capital of the state; other towns in Kassala include Aroma, Hamashkoraib, Halfa el Jadida, Khashm el Girba and Telkuk.
North Darfur State is one of the wilayat or states of Sudan. It is one of the five states composing the Darfur region. It has an area of 296,420 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 1,583,000 . Al-Fashir is the capital of the state. Other significant towns include Ailliet, Kebkabiya, Kutum, Mellit, Tawilah and Umm Keddada .
North Kordofan is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 185,302 km2 and an estimated population of 2,920,890 . El-Obeid is the capital of the state.
East Darfur State is one of the states of Sudan, and one of five comprising the Darfur region. It was created in January 2012 as a result of the ongoing peace process for the wider Darfur region. The state capital is Ed Daein. The state was formed from land that was part of the state of South Darfur.
Sennar is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 37,844 km² and a population of approximately 1,100,000 .
Central Darfur State is one of the states of Sudan, and one of five comprising the Darfur region. It was created in January 2012 as a result of the ongoing peace process for the wider Darfur region. The state capital is Zalingei. The state was formed from land that had been part of the states of West Darfur and South Darfur.
Stockholm County is a county or län on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County. It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city of Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stockholm County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland and Södermanland . More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county. Stockholm County is also one of the statistical riksområden according to NUTS:SE, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU. With more than two million inhabitants, Stockholm is the most densely populated county of Sweden.
Västerbotten County is a county or län in the north of Sweden. It borders the counties of Västernorrland, Jämtland, and Norrbotten, as well as the Norwegian county of Nordland and the Gulf of Bothnia. Its capital is Umeå, which combined with the largest town in the northern part Skellefteå house about half of the population, with the two municipalities themselves making up the majority of the populace. The vast wilderness areas make Västerbotten County have a larger land area than Denmark, the Netherlands or Switzerland.
Norrbotten County is the northernmost county or län of Sweden. It is also the largest county by land area, almost a quarter of Sweden's total area. It borders Västerbotten County to the southwest and the Gulf of Bothnia to the southeast, as well as the counties of Nordland and Troms og Finnmark in Norway to the northwest, and Lapland Province in Finland to the northeast.
Uppsala County is a county or län on the eastern coast of Sweden, whose capital is the city of Uppsala. It borders the counties of Dalarna, Stockholm, Södermanland, Västmanland, Gävleborg, and the Baltic Sea.
Södermanland County is a county or län on the southeast coast of Sweden. In the local Sörmlandic dialects it is virtually universally shortened and pronounced as Sörmlands län, or simply Sörmland, which is the dominant pronunciation and spelling inside the county. For example, the name of the local regional council is Region Sörmland. It borders the counties of Östergötland, Örebro, Västmanland, Uppsala, Stockholm and to the Baltic Sea. It holds the popular camping route called "Sörmlandsleden" which is a system of trails covering a total of approximately 100 mil of walking paths, in Södermanland.
Östergötland County is a county or län in southeastern Sweden. It has land borders with the counties of Kalmar to the southeast, Jönköping to the southwest, Örebro to the northwest, and Södermanland to the northeast. It also has a sea border with Västra Götaland to the west, and borders the Baltic Sea to the east.
Jönköping County is a county or län in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Halland, Västra Götaland, Östergötland, Kalmar and Kronoberg. The total county population was 356,291 inhabitants in September 2017. The capital and largest city is Jönköping. About one quarter of the total county population lives in the combined Jönköping-Huskvarna urban area around the southern point of Lake Vättern.
Kronoberg County is a county or län in southern Sweden. Kronoberg is one of three counties in the province of Småland. It borders the counties of Skåne, Halland, Jönköping, Kalmar, and Blekinge. Its capital is the city of Växjö. While Kronoberg is an inland county, the southernmost fringes are about 20 kilometres from the coastline.
Kalmar County is a county or län in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Kronoberg, Jönköping, Blekinge and Östergötland. To the east in the Baltic Sea is the island Gotland.
Gotland County is a county or län of Sweden. Gotland is located in the Baltic Sea to the east of Öland, and is the largest of Sweden's islands. Counties are usually sub-divided into municipalities, but Gotland County only consists of one municipality: Region Gotland. Gotland County is the only county in Sweden that is not governed by a county council. The municipality handles the tasks that are otherwise handled by the county council, mainly health care and public transport. Like other counties, Gotland has a County Administrative Board that oversees implementation of the Swedish state government. Both the County Administrative Board and the municipality have their seat in the largest city Visby, with over 22,000 inhabitants.
Blekinge County is a county or län in the south of Sweden. It borders the Counties of Skåne, Kronoberg, Kalmar and the Baltic Sea. The capital is Karlskrona. It is the smallest of the present administrative counties of Sweden, covering only 0,7% of the total area of the country.
Skåne County, sometimes referred to as Scania County in English, is the southernmost county, or län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the traditional province Skåne. It borders the counties of Halland, Kronoberg and Blekinge and connects to Capital Region, Denmark by the Öresund Bridge. The seat of residence for the Skåne Governor is the city of Malmö. The headquarters of Skåne Regional Council are located in both Kristianstad and Malmö.
Halland County is a county on the western coast of Sweden. It corresponds roughly to the cultural and historical province of Halland. The capital is Halmstad.
Västra Götaland County is a county or län on the western coast of Sweden.
Värmland County is a county or län in west central Sweden. It borders the Swedish counties of Dalarna, Örebro and Västra Götaland, as well as the Norwegian counties of Viken and Innlandet to the west. Prince Carl Philip is Duke of Värmland.
Örebro County is a county or län in central Sweden. It borders the counties of Västra Götaland, Värmland, Dalarna, Västmanland, Södermanland and Östergötland. It is frequently culturally divided into the hilly northern region of Bergslagen, where mining and metallurgic industry have been important since the Middle Ages, and the southern Mälardalen of lakes and farms.
Västmanland County is a county or län in central Sweden. It borders the counties of Södermanland, Örebro, Gävleborg, Dalarna and Uppsala. The county also has a stretch of shoreline towards Mälaren .
Dalarna County is a county or län in middle Sweden . It borders the counties of Uppsala, Jämtland, Gävleborg, Västmanland, Örebro and Värmland. It is also bordered by the Norwegian counties of Hedmark and Trøndelag in the west. Its former name was Kopparberg County until it was changed to the name of the provincial region on 1 January 1997.
Gävleborg County is a county or län on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders to the counties of Uppsala, Västmanland, Dalarna, Jämtland and Västernorrland. The capital is Gävle.
Västernorrland County is a county in the north of Sweden. It is bordered by the counties of Gävleborg, Jämtland, Västerbotten and the Gulf of Bothnia.
Jämtland County is a county or län in the middle of Sweden consisting of the provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen, along with minor parts of Hälsingland and Ångermanland, plus two small uninhabited strips of Lapland and Dalarna. Jämtland County constitutes 12 percent of Sweden's total area, 49,443 km2 and is the third largest county in the country. The county capital is Östersund and the county governor, appointed by the Swedish government, is Jöran Hägglund, who leads the administrative board. Jämtland County borders the counties of Dalarna, Gävleborg, Västernorrland, and Västerbotten. It also shares a border with the Norwegian county of Trøndelag.
The Central Singapore Community Development Council is one of five Community Development Councils set up across the Republic of Singapore to aid in local administration of governmental policies and schemes.
The North East Community Development Council is one of five Community Development Councils set up across the Republic of Singapore to aid in local administration of governmental policies and schemes. They are funded in part by the government although they are free to engage in fund-raising activities.
The North West Community Development Council is one of five Community Development Councils set up across the Republic of Singapore to aid in local administration of governmental policies and schemes. They are funded in part by the government although they are free to engage in fund-raising activities.
The South East Community Development Council is one of five Community Development Councils set up across the Republic of Singapore to aid in local administration of governmental policies and schemes. They are funded in part by the government although they are free to engage in fund-raising activities.
The South West Community Development Council is one of five Community Development Councils set up across the Republic of Singapore to aid in local administration of governmental policies and schemes. They are funded in part by the government although they are free to engage in fund-raising activities.
Ascension Island is an isolated volcanic island, 7°56′ south of the Equator in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is about 1,000 miles from the coast of Africa and 1,400 miles from the coast of Brazil. It is governed as part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, of which the main island, Saint Helena, is around 800 miles to the southeast. The territory also includes the sparsely populated Tristan da Cunha archipelago, 2,300 miles to the south, about halfway to the Antarctic Circle.
Tristan da Cunha, colloquially Tristan, is a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying approximately 1,732 miles off the coast of Cape Town in South Africa, 1,514 miles from Saint Helena and 2,487 miles off the coast of the Falkland Islands. These distances equate respectively to 1,505, 1,316 and 2,161 nautical miles.
Ajdovščina is a town in the Vipava Valley, Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Ajdovščina.
Beltinci is a town in the Prekmurje region of northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Beltinci. Črnec Creek, a tributary of the Ledava, flows through the settlement.
Bled is a town on Lake Bled in the Upper Carniolan region of northwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Bled. It is most notable as a popular tourist destination in the Upper Carniola region and in Slovenia as whole, attracting visitors from abroad too.
Bohinj, or the Bohinj Valley or Bohinj Basin, is a 20 km long and 5 km wide basin in the Julian Alps, in the Upper Carniola region of northwestern Slovenia. It is traversed by the Sava Bohinjka river. Its main feature is the periglacial Lake Bohinj . Bohinj is part of the Municipality of Bohinj, the seat of which is Bohinjska Bistrica.
Borovnica is a settlement in the Municipality of Borovnica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It is about 20 kilometres southwest of the national capital Ljubljana.
Bovec is a town in the Littoral region in northwestern Slovenia, close to the border with Italy. It is the central settlement of the Municipality of Bovec.
The Municipality of Brda is a municipality in western Slovenia. It is located in the Slovenian Littoral region, extending from the Italian border to the Soča River. It is bounded by Sabotin Hill to the east and Korada Hill to the north.
Brežice is a town in eastern Slovenia in the Lower Sava Valley, near the Croatian border. It is the seat of the Municipality of Brežice. The area was traditionally divided between Lower Styria and Lower Carniola . The whole municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
Tišina is a town in the Prekmurje region of northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Tišina. The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to the Nativity of Mary and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Murska Sobota. It dates to the 12th century with extensive 16th-century rebuilding.
Celje is the third-largest city in Slovenia. It is a regional center of the traditional Slovenian region of Styria and the administrative seat of the City Municipality of Celje . The town of Celje is located below Upper Celje Castle at the confluence of the Savinja, Hudinja, Ložnica, and Voglajna rivers in the lower Savinja Valley, and at the crossing of the roads connecting Ljubljana, Maribor, Velenje, and the Central Sava Valley. It lies 238 m above mean sea level .
Cerklje na Gorenjskem is a village in northwestern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem.
Cerknica is a town in the Karst region of southwestern Slovenia, with a population of 4,018 . It is the seat of the Municipality of Cerknica. It belongs to the traditional region of Inner Carniola.
Cerkno is a small town in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It has around 2,000 inhabitants and is the administrative centre of the Cerkno Hills. It is the seat of the Municipality of Cerkno.
Črenšovci is a settlement in the Prekmurje region in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črenšovci. Črnec Creek, a tributary of the Ledava, flows past the settlement.
Črna na Koroškem is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črna na Koroškem. It lies in the traditional Slovenian province of Carinthia, close to the border with Austria. Since 2005 it has been part of the larger Carinthia Statistical Region.
Črnomelj is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črnomelj. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Čardak, Kočevje, Kozji Plac, Loka, and Nova Loka.
Destrnik is a settlement in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Destrnik. It lies in the Slovene Hills north of Ptuj. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Divača is a large nucleated village in the Littoral region of Slovenia, near the Italian border. It is the seat of the Municipality of Divača and a railway hub.
The Municipality of Dobrepolje is a municipality in Slovenia. It lies in a karst valley approximately 35 km south of the Slovenian capital Ljubljana. The administrative centre of the municipality is in Videm. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Dobrova–Polhov Gradec is a municipality in Slovenia. Its administrative seat is Dobrova.
Dol pri Ljubljani is a settlement in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Domžale is a town and the seat of Municipality of Domžale. The town lies near the foothills of the Kamnik Alps and is crossed by the Kamnik Bistrica River. It includes the hamlets of Zgornje Domžale, Spodnje Domžale, and Študa. Domžale is known today for its small businesses, agriculture, and light industry.
Dornava is a settlement in the Municipality of Dornava in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. It lies east of Ptuj, on the Pesnica River. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Dravograd is a small town in northern Slovenia, close to the border with Austria. It is the seat of the Municipality of Dravograd. It lies on the Drava River at the confluence with the Meža and the Mislinja. It is part of the traditional Slovenian provinces of Carinthia and the larger Carinthia Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Duplek is a small municipality in northeastern Slovenia. Its seat is Spodnji Duplek. The municipality lies on the left bank of the Drava River on the northwestern edge of the Slovene Hills, about 10 km southeast of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Gorenja Vas–Poljane is a municipality in Slovenia. Its administrative seat is Gorenja Vas.
Gorišnica is a settlement in the Municipality of Gorišnica in Slovenia. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Gornja Radgona is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Gornja Radgona. Once it was a defensive stronghold for today's regional centre and its twin city, Bad Radkersburg, on the other side of the Mura River in Austria. The towns were split in 1919, when the state of Styria was divided between Austria and Slovenia. After that they developed separately, and Gornja Radgona grew into a new town centre.
Gornji Petrovci is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Gornji Petrovci.
Grosuplje is a town in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Grosuplje. It lies just south of the capital Ljubljana in the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Šalovci is a village in the Prekmurje region in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šalovci. The writer Mihály Bakos was born in the village.
Hrastnik is a town in the Central Sava Valley in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Hrastnik. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The town has its own library and school.
The Municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina is a municipality in the Littoral region of Slovenia. Its seat is the town of Hrpelje.
Idrija is a town in western Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Idrija. It is located in the traditional region of Inner Carniola and is in the Gorizia Statistical Region. It is notable for its mercury mine with stores and infrastructure, as well as miners' living quarters, and a miners' theatre. Together with the Spanish mine at Almadén, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2012. In 2011, Idrija was given the Alpine Town of the Year award.
Ig is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Ig, central Slovenia.
Ilirska Bistrica is a town in the Inner Carniola region of southwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica.
Ivančna Gorica is a settlement in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Izola is an old fishing town in southwestern Slovenia on the Adriatic coast of the Istrian peninsula. It is the seat of the Municipality of Izola. Its name originates from Italian Isola, which means 'island'.
Jesenice is a Slovenian town and the seat of the Municipality of Jesenice on the southern side of the Karawanks, bordering Austria to the north. Jesenice is known as the Slovenian home of mining and iron making industries, its largest steel company Acroni, and its ice hockey club, HK Acroni Jesenice. Historically, Jesenice's ironworks and metallurgy industries were the driving force of the town's development.
Juršinci is a settlement in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Juršinci. It lies in the Slovene Hills . The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Kamnik is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the central settlement of the Municipality of Kamnik. It encompasses a large part of the Kamnik Alps and the surrounding area. The town of Kamnik has three castles as well as many examples of historical architecture.
Kanal, frequently referred to as Kanal ob Soči, is a settlement mostly on the left bank of the Soča River in the Slovene Littoral, the traditional region in southwestern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Kanal ob Soči. It is an important crossing point over the Soča. At its eastern border, on the left bank of the Soča, runs the Bohinj Railway, the railway track linking the Central Europe and the Mediterranean.
Kidričevo is a town near Ptuj in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Kidričevo. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The town is industrialized and best known for the Talum aluminum-smelting factory. The town developed due to the industry in the area and is an example of urban planning in the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.
Kobarid is a settlement in Slovenia, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Kobarid.
Kobilje is a village in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia, on the border with Hungary. Kolilje is both the seat of the Municipality of Kobilje and the only settlement in the municipality. Kobilje Creek, a left tributary of the Ledava River, flows through it.
Kočevje is a city in the Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality.
Komen is a settlement in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Komen. It is located on the Karst Plateau in the Slovenian Littoral.
Koper is the fifth largest city in Slovenia. Located in the Istrian region in southwestern part of the country, approximately five kilometres south of the border with Italy and 20 kilometres from Trieste, Koper is the largest coastal city in the country. It is bordered by the satellite towns of Izola and Ankaran. With a unique ecology and biodiversity, it is considered an important natural resource. The city's Port of Koper is the major contributor to the economy of the Municipality of Koper. With only one percent of Slovenia having a coastline, the influence that the Port of Koper also has on tourism was a factor in Ankaran deciding to leave the municipality in a referendum in 2011 to establish its own. The city is a destination for a number of Mediterranean cruising lines. Koper is the main urban centre of the Slovenian Istria, with a population of about 25,000. Ales Brzan is the current mayor, serving since 2018.
Kozje is a small town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Kozje. The settlement of Kozje lies in the centre of the municipality, 36 km from Celje, 107 km from Ljubljana, and 30 km from Rogaška Slatina. It is the main settlement of the Kozje region . The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. It is one of the oldest settlements in the area, first mentioned in written documents dating to 1016. It was granted market rights before 1384.
Kranj is the third-largest city in Slovenia, with a population of 37,941 . It is located approximately 20 kilometres northwest of Ljubljana. The centre of the City Municipality of Kranj and of the traditional region of Upper Carniola is a mainly industrial city with significant electronics and rubber industries.
Kranjska Gora is a town in northwestern Slovenia, on the Sava Dolinka River in the Upper Carniola region, close to the Austrian and Italian borders. It is the seat of the Municipality of Kranjska Gora.
Krško is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Krško. The town lies on the Sava River. The area is divided between the traditional regions of Styria and Lower Carniola . The entire municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Kungota is a municipality in the western part of the Slovene Hills in northeastern Slovenia. Its seat is the village of Zgornja Kungota.
Kuzma is a settlement in the Municipality of Kuzma in the Prekmurje region in northeastern Slovenia, on the borders with Austria and Hungary.
Laško is a spa town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The town is located at the foothills of Hum Hill on the Savinja River. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1227 and was granted town privileges in 1927. It is known to have been settled since the Iron Age and Roman archaeological finds are common in the area, though the precise location of the Roman settlement is not known. Today the town is best known for its annual Festival of Beer & Flowers and the local Laško Brewery, the largest brewery in the country. In 2010, Laško was heavily affected by flooding. The town's coat of arms depicts three white fleurs-de-lis on a blue field.
Lendava is a town in Slovenia in the region of Prekmurje. It is the seat of the Municipality of Lendava. It is close to the border crossing with Hungary at Dolga Vas–Rédics, and Hungarian is one of the official languages of the municipality, along with Slovene.
Litija is a town in the Litija Basin in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Litija. It is located in the valley of the Sava River, east of the capital Ljubljana, in the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 it was part of the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. The town is home to about 6,500 people.
Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Empire Illyrian Provinces Austria-Hungary State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Italy Nazi Germany SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
Ljubno ob Savinji is the largest town and the centre of the Municipality of Ljubno on the upper course of the Savinja River in Slovenia. The town is referred to as Ljubno ob Savinji in order to distinguish it from other settlements named Ljubno. Traditionally it belonged to the region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The settlement was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1247 and by 1442 it was referred to a market town.
Ljutomer is a town in northeastern Slovenia, some 40 km east of Maribor. It is the seat of the Municipality of Ljutomer. Traditionally it was part of the region of Styria. It is now included in the Mura Statistical Region. The economy of Ljutomer is largely based on grape farming and wine making.
Logatec is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Logatec. It is located roughly in the centre of Inner Carniola, between the capital Ljubljana and Postojna. The town of Logatec has seen rapid industrial development and immigration since the completion of the nearby A1 motorway to the coast.
The Municipality of Loška Dolina is a municipality in Slovenia. It is part of the Inner Carniola traditional region. Snežnik Castle and Cross Cave are located in the municipality. Its municipal seat is the town of Stari Trg pri Ložu.
The Municipality of Loški Potok is a municipality in southern Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The municipal administration is based in the settlement of Hrib–Loški Potok. Traditionally forestry provided the main income for local inhabitants and it still plays an important role.
Luče is the largest settlement and the centre of the Municipality of Luče in northern Slovenia. Traditionally it belonged to the region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Lukovica is a municipality in the eastern part of the Upper Carniola region in Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is Lukovica pri Domžalah. It lies on the main road from Ljubljana to Celje and has been an independent municipality since 1994.
Majšperk is a settlement in the Municipality of Majšperk in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Maribor is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is also the seat of the City Municipality of Maribor, the seat of the Drava statistical region and the Eastern Slovenia region. Maribor is also the economic, administrative, educational, and cultural centre of eastern Slovenia.
Medvode is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Medvode. The Sava and Sora rivers join in Medvode, from which the town's name is derived.
Mengeš is a settlement in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Mengeš. It is located approximately fifteen kilometers from the Slovenian capital of Ljubljana. It includes the hamlets of Zavrti, Veliki Mengeš, Mali Mengeš, and Pristava.
Metlika is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Metlika. It lies on the left bank of the Kolpa River on the border with Croatia. It is in the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Mežica is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Mežica. It lies on the Meža River in the traditional Slovenian province of Carinthia) near the Austrian border. The town developed close to a lead and zinc mine under Mount Peca. Mining began in 1665 and ended in 1994. Today the mine is only open for tourist visits.
The Municipality of Miren-Kostanjevica is a municipality in western Slovenia, on the border with Italy.
Moravče is a settlement in the Municipality of Moravče in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The village is home to about 925 people. It includes the hamlet of Trzen .
Moravske Toplice is a settlement in the Municipality of Moravske Toplice in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. It is best known as for its spa.
Mozirje is a small town on the Savinja River in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Mozirje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Murska Sobota is a town in northeastern Slovenia. It is the centre of the Municipality of Murska Sobota near the Mura River in the region of Prekmurje and is the regional capital.
Muta is the largest settlement and the centre of the Carinthia Statistical Region of northern Slovenia. Traditionally, it is part of Styria because it was part of the Duchy of Styria. The Muta Bistrica flows though the town, where it enters the Drava River.
Nazarje is a town at the confluence of the Savinja and Dreta rivers in northern Slovenia. It is the largest town and the centre of the Municipality of Nazarje. Traditionally it belongs to the region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Nova Gorica, as the northern part of the Slovenian Littoral has been traditionally called.
Novo Mesto is a city on a bend of the Krka River in the City Municipality of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. The town is traditionally considered the economic and cultural centre of the historical Lower Carniola region.
Odranci is a settlement in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Odranci and also the only settlement in the municipality. Odranci is the largest settlement of the Dolinsko region, which lies between the Mura and Ledava rivers. Črnec Creek, a tributary of the Ledava, flows through the settlement.
Ormož is a town in the traditional region of Prlekija, part of Styria, in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the left bank of the Drava River and borders with Croatia on the opposite bank of the river. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Ormož.
Osilnica is a settlement in southern Slovenia. It is located on the left bank of the Kolpa River next to the border with Croatia. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It is the largest settlement and the centre of the Municipality of Osilnica.
Piran is a town in southwestern Slovenia on the Gulf of Piran on the Adriatic Sea. It is one of the three major towns of Slovenian Istria. The town is known for its medieval architecture, with narrow streets and compact houses. Piran is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Piran and one of Slovenia's major tourist attractions. Until the mid-20th century, Italian was the dominant language, but it was replaced by Slovene as demographics shifted.
Pivka is a small town in Slovenia in the Pivka Basin in the Karst region. It is the seat of the Municipality of Pivka. It belongs to the traditional region of Inner Carniola.
Podčetrtek is a settlement in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Podčetrtek. The area belongs to the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Podvelka is a village in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Podvelka. It lies in the traditional region of Styria, but belongs to the Carinthia Statistical Region. The settlement is situated on the right bank of the Drava River on the railway line from Maribor to Dravograd.
Postojna is a town in the traditional region of Inner Carniola, 35 kilometers from Trieste, in southwestern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Postojna.
Preddvor is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Preddvor.
Ptuj is a town in northeastern Slovenia that is the seat of the Municipality of Ptuj. Ptuj, the oldest recorded city in Slovenia, has been inhabited since the late Stone Age and developed from a Roman military fort. Ptuj was located at a strategically important crossing of the Drava River, along a prehistoric trade route between the Baltic Sea and the Adriatic. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and it was part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. In the early 20th century the majority of the residents were ethnic Germans, but today the population is largely Slovene. Residents of Ptuj are known as Ptujčani in Slovene.
Puconci is a town in the Prekmurje region in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Puconci. Prior to 1920 it was known as Battyánd.
The Municipality of Rače–Fram is a municipality south of Maribor in northeastern Slovenia. Its administrative seat is the settlement of Rače. The area was traditionally was part of the Styria region. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The municipality covers an area of 52 square kilometres and extends from the plain on the right bank of the Drava River into the Pohorje Hills. The Ljubljana–Maribor motorway and railway line run through the municipality.
Radeče is a small town in the Lower Sava Valley in eastern Slovenia. It is located in the Sava Hills on the right bank of the Sava River at the confluence with Sopota Creek. It is the seat of the Municipality of Radeče and part of the traditional province of Lower Carniola. The town and the municipality are now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 they were part of the Savinja Statistical Region.
Radenci is a town on the right bank of the Mura River in the Mura Statistical Region of northeastern Slovenia. It is a well-known spa town and was first mentioned in written documents dating back to 1436. After 1833, when a new source of mineral water was discovered, it developed into a popular resort. Since 1994 it has been the centre and the largest settlement of the Municipality of Radenci.
Radlje ob Dravi is a town in the Municipality of Radlje ob Dravi in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. The settlement lies on a terrace on the left bank of the Drava River.
Radovljica is a town in the Upper Carniola region of northern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Radovljica.
Ravne na Koroškem is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Ravne na Koroškem, and the largest town and the capital of Slovenia's Carinthia region. The town has a long tradition in the steel industry.
Rogašovci is a settlement in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Rogašovci. It is part of the Prekmurje region.
Rogaška Slatina is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Rogaška Slatina. It is known for its curative mineral water, spa, and crystal glass.
Rogatec is a small town in eastern Slovenia, on the border with Croatia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Rogatec. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Ruše is a small town in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Ruše and lies on the right bank of the Drava River west of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Semič is a settlement in southeastern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Semič.
Sevnica is a town on the left bank of the Sava River in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sevnica. It is one of the three major settlements in the Lower Sava Valley. The old town of Sevnica lies beneath Sevnica Castle, which is perched on top of Castle Hill, while the new part of town stretches along the plain among the hills up the Sava Valley, forming another town core at the confluence of the Sevnična and Sava rivers.
Sežana is a town in the Slovenian Littoral region of Slovenia, near the border with Italy. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sežana. Sežana is located on the Karst Plateau, 17 kilometres from Trieste, Italy, and 80 km from Ljubljana, the capital city of Slovenia.
Slovenj Gradec is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the centre of the City Municipality of Slovenj Gradec. It is part of the historical Styria region, and since 2005 it has belonged to the NUTS-3 Carinthia Statistical Region. It is located in the Mislinja Valley at the eastern end of the Karawanks mountain range, about 45 km west of Maribor and 65 km northeast of Ljubljana.
Slovenska Bistrica is a town south of Maribor in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica, one of the largest municipalities in Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The town is included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Slovenske Konjice is a town in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria.
Starše is a settlement in northeastern Slovenia. It is the administrative seat of the Municipality of Starše. It lies on the right bank of the Drava River southeast of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Sveti Jurij, meaning 'Saint George', sometimes abbreviated to Sv. Jurij, may refer to a number of settlements in Slovenia:
Šenčur is a settlement in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šenčur.
The Municipality of Šentilj is a municipality in Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Šentilj v Slovenskih Goricah. Šentilj became a municipality in 1994.
Šentjernej is a small town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šentjernej. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Šentjur is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat, and largest settlement, of the Municipality of Šentjur. The town lies on the Voglajna River east southeast of Celje. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.
Škocjan is a Slovene place name that may refer to several places in Slovenia or nearby .
Škofja Loka is a town in Slovenia. It is the economic, cultural, educational, and administrative center of the Municipality of Škofja Loka in Upper Carniola. It has about 12,000 inhabitants.
Škofljica is a settlement in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Škofljica. It lies on the eastern edge of the marshlands south of the capital Ljubljana. The entire municipality is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Šmarje pri Jelšah is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The development of the settlement is associated with a medieval mansion known as Jelšingrad on a slight hill northwest of the town.
Šmartno ob Paki is a settlement in the lower Paka Valley in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šmartno ob Paki. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Šoštanj is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šoštanj. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Štore is a town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Štore. It lies on the Voglajna River, just east of Celje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Tolmin is a small town in northwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative centre of the Municipality of Tolmin.
Trbovlje is Slovenia's ninth largest town, and the seat of the Municipality of Trbovlje. It is located in the valley of a minor left bank tributary of the Sava River in the Central Sava Valley in central-eastern Slovenia.
Trebnje is a town in southeastern Slovenia.
Tržič is a town in northern Slovenia, close to the Austrian border. It is the seat of the Municipality of Tržič.
Turnišče is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Turnišče.
Velenje is Slovenia's sixth-largest city, and the seat of the Municipality of Velenje. The city is located in northeastern Slovenia, among the rolling green hills of the Šalek Valley, with the Kamnik–Savinja Alps to the west and the Pohorje Mountains to the east.
Velike Lašče is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Velike Lašče. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Vipava is a town in western Slovenia. It is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Vipava. Vipava is located near the numerous sources of the Vipava River, in the upper Vipava Valley, 102 metres above sea level. Historically, it is part of the traditional region of Inner Carniola, but it is now generally regarded as part of the Slovenian Littoral.
Vitanje is a small town in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Vitanje. It lies on the Hudinja River north of Celje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. From the 11th century onwards it became a regional centre and was granted market rights in 1306.
Vodice is a settlement in the Municipality of Vodice in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia, just north of Ljubljana. In addition to the main population center of Vodice, the settlement includes the hamlets of Gornji Konec, Na Vasi, Lokarje, Jegriše, Mesto, Zaprice, and Pusence.
Vrhnika is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Vrhnika. It is located on the Ljubljanica River, 21 km from Ljubljana along the A1 motorway.
Vuzenica is a town and a municipality in northern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Drava River and extends south into the Pohorje Hills. The municipality is included in the Carinthia Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.
Zagorje ob Savi is a town in the Central Sava Valley in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi. It is located in the valley of Medija Creek, a minor left tributary of the Sava River, 52 km east of Ljubljana 36 km southwest of Celje, and 6 km west of Trbovlje. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The town is home to about 7,000 people. It includes the hamlets of Toplice and Podvine.
Zavrč is a settlement in the Haloze area of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Zavrč. It lies between the right bank of the Drava River and the border with Croatia. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Zreče is a town in northeast Slovenia and is the seat of the Municipality of Zreče. It lies on the slopes of Pohorje in the upper valley of the Dravinja River. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The economy is centred on tourism, especially in the winter months with the ski resort at Rogla. A proportion of the population is also employed in agriculture. Its main industry is the tool manufacturer Kovaska Industrija.
Železniki is a small town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Železniki and it is the economic centre and the largest settlement in the Selca Valley. It includes the hamlets of Jesenovec, Gorenji Konec, Ovčja Vas, Trnje, Racovnik, Škovine, Na Kresu, Češnjica, Log, and Tolar.
Žiri is a town in northwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative centre of the Municipality of Žiri, created in 1994. Prior to this the town belonged administratively to the area of Škofja Loka.
Bistrica ob Sotli is a settlement in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Bistrica ob Sotli. The settlement lies on a river terrace above the right bank of the Sotla River. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 it was part of the Savinja Statistical Region. The settlement includes the hamlets of Čehovec, Koče, and Marof.
The Municipality of Bloke is a municipality in Slovenia. Originally a municipality in its own right, it was incorporated into the Municipality of Cerknica in 1955 and it was included in the Municipality of Loška Dolina in 1995, when it split from Cerknica. It was re-established as an independent municipality in 1998.
Braslovče is a settlement in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Braslovče. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Cankova is a town in the Prekmurje region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Cankova.
Cerkvenjak is a settlement in the Municipality of Cerkvenjak in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. It lies in the Slovene Hills in sub-region called Prlekija. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Dobrna is a settlement in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Dobrna. It is best known for its spa. It lies north of Celje and east of Velenje in an area that is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Dobrovnik is a village in Slovenia and is the seat of the Municipality of Dobrovnik. It is located in the Prekmurje region. It has a significant Hungarian ethnic community.
Dolenjske Toplice is a settlement near Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia and is the seat of the Municipality of Dolenjske Toplice. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The town lies on the Sušica River, which joins the Krka 2 km north of town. It is a spa town known for its thermal baths established in 1658 by the Counts of Auersperg.
Grad is a village in the Municipality of Grad in the Prekmurje region of northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality and is the largest and oldest settlement in the Goričko region.
The Municipality of Hajdina is a small municipality on the right bank of the Drava River near Ptuj in northeastern Slovenia. Its administrative seat is the village of Zgornja Hajdina. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. Sights include relics of the Roman settlement of Poetovio and the parish church of Saint Martin in Zgornja Hajdina.
The Municipality of Hoče–Slivnica is a municipality south of Maribor in northeastern Slovenia. Its administrative seat is Spodnje Hoče.
Hodoš is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Hodoš. It is part of the Prekmurje region.
Horjul is a small town in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the administrative center of the Municipality of Horjul. It developed from a clustered village on the north side of the marshy valley of Horjulka Creek. It includes the hamlets of Vovčne and Lipalca. Elevations in the territory of the settlement include Brezovec Hill, Rog Hill, and Lupar Hill to the north, and Rožman Peak, Kremenik Hill, and Čelc Hill to the south.
The Municipality of Jezersko is a municipality in northern Slovenia. In 1995, Jezersko became part of Preddvor and became an independent municipality in 1998. Originally located in the historic region of Carinthia, it became part of the Upper Carniola Statistical Region in 2005. The seat of the municipality is the town of Zgornje Jezersko.
Komenda is a village in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Komenda. It includes the formerly independent settlement of Kaplja Vas .
Lovrenc na Pohorju is a settlement in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the Pohorje Hills to the west of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. It is the seat of the Municipality of Lovrenc na Pohorju.
Markovci is a settlement in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Markovci. It lies southeast of Ptuj next to Lake Ptuj, a reservoir on the Drava River. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Miklavž na Dravskem Polju is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Miklavž na Dravskem Polju in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Drava River southeast of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Mirna Peč is a rural settlement in southeast Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Mirna Peč.
Oplotnica is a small town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Oplotnica. It lies on the Oplotniščica River, a left tributary of the Dravinja River, to the north of Slovenske Konjice. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and formerly part of Austria-Hungary. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Podlehnik is a settlement in the Haloze Hills in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Podlehnik. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Polzela is a settlement in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Polzela. It lies on the left bank of the Savinja River extending into the Ložnica Hills to the north. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Prebold is a settlement in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Prebold. It lies on the edge of the lower Savinja Valley at the northern edge of the Sava Hills west of Celje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Prevalje is a settlement in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Prevalje. It lies in the traditional Slovenian province of Carinthia. Prevalje lies in a valley where the Meža River emerges from a narrow gorge, full of fluvioglacial sediments. To the north the settlement is bounded by the Strojna, Stražišče, and Dolga Brda hills. To the south are Navrski vrh and Riflov vrh .
Razkrižje is a village in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Razkrižje. Traditionally it was part of the region of Međimurje, and later was included in the region of Styria, lying on its extreme eastern tip. It is now included in the Mura Statistical Region. It is known for its folk dances, which incorporate diverse cultural influences, owing to the village's location at the crossroads of paths connecting Styria, Prekmurje, and Međimurje.
Ribnica na Pohorju is a settlement in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Ribnica na Pohorju. It lies in the Pohorje Hills west of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Carinthia Statistical Region.
Selnica ob Dravi is a village on the left bank of the Drava River in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Selnica ob Dravi.
Sodražica is a town in southern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sodražica. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Solčava is a village in the Upper Savinja Valley in northern Slovenia close to the Austrian border. It is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Solčava. Traditionally it belonged to the region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Sveti Andraž v Slovenskih Goricah is a small municipality in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the Slovene Hills. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vitomarci. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba is a municipality in Slovenia. The municipality comprises the town and municipal seat of Šempeter pri Gorici and the adjacent village of Vrtojba.
Tabor is a settlement in the Municipality of Tabor in central Slovenia. It lies on the edge of the Lower Savinja Valley at the northern edge of the Sava Hills. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Trnovska Vas is a settlement in the Municipality of Trnovska Vas in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The settlement lies on the regional road from Ptuj to Lenart v Slovenskih Goricah in the Pesnica Valley.
Trzin is a town in the eastern part of the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Trzin and also the only settlement in the municipality.
Velika Polana is a town in Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Velika Polana.
Veržej is a settlement in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Veržej. It lies on the right bank of the Mura River. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Mura Statistical Region. It is known for fields of white narcisi that bloom in the area in springtime.
Vransko is a small town in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Vransko. It lies on the western edge of the Savinja Valley. This area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now part of the Savinja Statistical Region.
Žalec is a town in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Žalec. It lies in the valley of the lower course of the Savinja River west of Celje. The primary economic activity of the region is growing hops, which is reflected by the city's coat-of-arms. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Žetale is a village in eastern Slovenia, on the border with Croatia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Žetale. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Žužemberk, is a town located southeast of the Slovenian capital of Ljubljana. It is the seat of the Municipality of Žužemberk. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Žužemberk lies in the southern part of Carniola on the left bank of the Krka River and is dominated by a medieval castle. The parish church was completely destroyed in World War II and was rebuilt in recent years.
Šmartno pri Litiji is a town in the Litija Basin in central Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji. The town is located 3 km southeast of Litija at the confluence of three creeks: Reka Creek, Black Creek, and Kostrevnica Creek . The town of Litija outgrew the formerly more important Šmartno when the Austrian Southern Railway was routed through Litija. The name of the settlement was first attested in ecclesiastical documents from 1135, although the area was already settled in prehistoric times. The oldest house in Šmartno pri Litiji bears the year 1580, and in the 17th century the Mollerey painting and graphic arts workshop operated in it. The town includes the hamlet of Slatina .
The Municipality of Ankaran is a municipality on the coast of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Slovenia. Its seat and only settlement is Ankaran. It was formed in 2011, when it was split from the Municipality of Koper.
The Municipality of Apače is a municipality in Slovenia. It lies in the traditional region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia and belongs to the Mura Statistical Region. The municipality borders on the municipalities of Šentilj, Sveta Ana, and Gornja Radgona. The Mura River is the border between Slovenia and Austria. The seat of the municipality is the town of Apače. The municipality was established in 2006 and split from the Municipality of Gornja Radgona on 1 January 2007.
The Municipality of Cirkulane a municipality in the Haloze area of Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the settlement of Cirkulane. The municipality lies between the right bank of the Drava River and the border with Croatia. The area belongs to the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Gorje is a municipality in Slovenia. It was established in 2006 and came into existence on 1 January 2007, when it split from the Municipality of Bled.
The Municipality of Kostanjevica na Krki is a municipality in the traditional Lower Carniola region of southern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Kostanjevica na Krki. It is part of the Lower Sava Statistical Region. It is located in the northern foothills of the Gorjanci Hills and extends to the border with Croatia.
The Municipality of Log-Dragomer is a small municipality to the southwest of Ljubljana in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It was created in 2006, when it split from the Municipality of Vrhnika. The seat of the municipality is the town of Log pri Brezovici.
The Municipality of Makole is a municipality in the traditional region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Makole. Makole became a municipality in 2006.
The Municipality of Mirna is a municipality in the traditional region of Lower Carniola in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Mirna. Mirna became a municipality in 2011.
The Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno is a municipality in Slovenia. The municipality was created in 2006, when it seceded from the Municipality of Trebnje. It is part of the traditional province of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Its seat is the settlement of Mokronog.
The Municipality of Poljčane is a municipality in the traditional region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Poljčane. Poljčane became a municipality in 2006.
The Municipality of Rečica ob Savinji is a municipality in the traditional region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Rečica ob Savinji. Rečica ob Savinji became a municipality in 2006.
The Municipality of Renče–Vogrsko is a municipality in the Goriška region of Slovenia. It was created in 2006, when it split from the City Municipality of Nova Gorica. The seat of the municipality is the village of Bukovica
The Municipality of Središče ob Dravi is a municipality in the traditional region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Središče ob Dravi. Središče ob Dravi became a municipality in 2006.
The Municipality of Straža is a municipality in southeastern Slovenia. It lies on the banks of the Krka River in the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality was created in 2006 when it split from the City Municipality of Novo Mesto. It is included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It has over 3,500 inhabitants. Its seat is Straža.
The Municipality of Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah is a municipality in the traditional region of Styria in northeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah.
The Municipality of Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah is a municipality in northeastern Slovenia. It was created in 2006 when it separated from the Municipality of Lenart. It lies at the western end of the Slovene Hills . Its administrative centre is in Jurovski Dol. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Sveti Tomaž is a municipality in northeastern Slovenia. It lies in the Prlekija Hills and was part of the Municipality of Ormož until 2006. The area belongs to the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The seat of the municipality is Sveti Tomaž.
The Municipality of Šentrupert is a municipality in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Šentrupert. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
The Municipality of Šmarješke Toplice is a municipality in the traditional region of Lower Carniola in southeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Šmarješke Toplice. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Svalbard, previously known as Spitsbergen, or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. North of mainland Europe, it is about midway between the northern coast of Norway and the North Pole. The islands of the group range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude. The largest island is Spitsbergen, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. The largest settlement is Longyearbyen.
Jan Mayen is a Norwegian volcanic island in the Arctic Ocean, with no permanent population. It is 55 km long and 373 km2 in area, partly covered by glaciers . It has two parts: larger northeast Nord-Jan and smaller Sør-Jan, linked by a 2.5 km wide isthmus. It lies 600 km northeast of Iceland, 500 km east of central Greenland and 1,000 km west of the North Cape, Norway. The island is mountainous, the highest summit being the Beerenberg volcano in the north. The isthmus is the location of the two largest lakes of the island, Sørlaguna, and Nordlaguna . A third lake is called Ullerenglaguna . Jan Mayen was formed by the Jan Mayen hotspot.
The Banská Bystrica Region is one of the eight regions of Slovakia. It is the largest region by area, and has a lower population density than any other region. The Banská Bystrica region was established in 1923; its borders were last adjusted in 1996. Banská Bystrica consists of 514 municipalities, 24 of which have town status. Its administrative center is the eponymous town of Banská Bystrica, which is also the region's largest town. Other important towns are Zvolen and Brezno.
The Bratislava Region is one of the administrative regions of Slovakia. Its capital is Bratislava. The region was first established in 1923 and its present borders exist from 1996. It is the smallest of the eight regions of Slovakia as well as the most urbanized, most developed and most productive by GDP per capita.
The Košice Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. The region was first established in 1923 and its present borders were established in 1996. It consists of 11 districts and 440 municipalities, 17 of which have a town status. About one third of the region's population lives in the agglomeration of Košice, which is its main economic and cultural centre.
The Nitra Region is one of the administrative regions of Slovakia. It was first established in 1923 and from 1996 exists in its present borders. It consists of seven districts and 354 municipalities, from which 16 have a town status. The economy of the region focuses more on agriculture, than in other Slovak regions. Nitra is its seat, largest city, and cultural and economic center.
The Prešov Region, also Priashiv Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions and consists of 13 districts and 666 municipalities, 23 of which have town status. The region was established in 1996 and is the most populous of all the regions in Slovakia. Its administrative center is the city of Prešov.
The Trenčín Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. It consists of 9 districts . The region was established in 1996: previously it had been a part of West-Slovak region and partly central Slovak region . Industry is a main branch of region economy.
The Trnava Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. It was established in 1996, before which date most of its districts were parts of Bratislava Region which was established on the founding of Czechoslovakia in 1923. It consists of 251 municipalities, from which 16 have a town status. It is the second most densely populated region in Slovakia.
The Žilina Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions and consists of 11 districts and 315 municipalities, from which 18 have a town status. The region was established in 1923, however, in its present borders exists from 1996. It is a more industrial region with several large towns. Žilina is the region administrative center and there is a strong cultural environment in Martin.
The Western Area or Freetown Peninsula is one of five principal divisions of Sierra Leone. It comprises the oldest city and national capital Freetown and its surrounding towns and countryside. It covers an area of 557 km2 and has a population of 1,447,271. The Western Area is located mostly around the peninsula and is divided into two districts: the Western Area Rural and the Western Area Urban.
The Eastern Province is one of the four provinces of Sierra Leone. It covers an area of 15,553 km² and has a population of 1,641,012 . Its capital and administrative centre is Kenema. Eastern Province, the centre of the country's diamond mining industry, is very mountainous and has two ranges, the Gola Hills and the Loma Mountains.
The Northern Province is one of the five provincial divisions of Sierra Leone. It is located in the Northern geographic region of Sierra Leone. It comprises the following four Districts: Bombali, Falaba, Koinadugu and Tonkolili. The Northern Province covers an area of 35,936 km2 with a population of 2,502,865, based on the 2015 Sierra Leone national census . Its administrative and economic center is Makeni. The North borders the Western Area to the West, the Republic of Guinea to the north-east, the Eastern Province and Southern Province to the south-east.
The Southern Province is one of the four provinces of Sierra Leone. It covers an area of 19,694 km² and has a population of 1,438,572 . It consists of four districts . Its capital and administrative center is Bo, which is also the second largest and second most populated city in Sierra Leone after the nation's capital Freetown. The population of the southern province is largely from the Mende ethnic group.
The North West Province, also known as North Western Province, covers the northwest part of the West African state of Sierra Leone. It is one of the five administrative regions of Sierra Leone. The province was created in 2017 from the Northern Province. The three districts of Kambia, Karene and Port Loko make up the North Western Province of Sierra Leone. The province has a total of 34 Chiefdoms and a population of 1,162,065 inhabitants . The administrative capital of the North West province is Port Loko.
The City of San Marino, also known simply as San Marino and locally as Città, is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino, Southern Europe. The city has a population of 4,044. It is on the western slopes of San Marino's highest point, Monte Titano.
It has 2,145 inhabitants in an area of 4.86 km2. It borders the San Marino municipalities Borgo Maggiore and San Marino and the Italian municipalities San Leo and Verucchio.
Borgo Maggiore is one of the 9 communes or castelli of San Marino. It lies at the foot of Monte Titano and has a population of 6,871, making it the second largest town of San Marino, after Dogana.
Chiesanuova is a minor municipality of San Marino. It has a population of 1,143 inhabitants in an area of 5.46 km2.
Domagnano is a municipality in San Marino. It has 3,565 inhabitants in an area of 6.62 km2.
Faetano is one of the 9 communes or castelli of San Marino. It has 1,177 inhabitants in an area of 7,75 km2.
Fiorentino is one of the 9 communes or castelli of the Republic of San Marino. It has 2,548 inhabitants in an area of 6.57 km2.
Montegiardino is one of the 9 communes or castelli of San Marino. It has 967 inhabitants in an area of 3.31 km2.
Serravalle is a castello located in the European republic of San Marino. With a population of 10,878 inhabitants and an area of 10.53 km2, it is not only the most densely populated municipality in San Marino, but it also contains its largest settlement . Serravalle is located on the edge of the Apennine Mountains.
The Diourbel Region is a region of Senegal. The regional capital is the city of Diourbel. The region corresponds roughly to the precolonial Kingdom of Bawol and is still called by that name. Bawol is an ancient kingdom formerly ruled by the Joof family, one of the members of the Serer ethnic group found in Senegambia. Inhabitants of the area are called Bawol-Bawol which takes its name from the Serer mode of pluralisation, other examples being : Sine-Sine or Siin-Siin, Saloum-Saloum, etc. The population is primarily comprised by the Serer people especially those from the Cangin group, the Safene in particular. The Serers are believed to be the original inhabitants of this area. The Wolof and other ethnic groups are also present. The Diourbel Region is rich in history and it is where the Cekeen Tumulus are located. Some scholars such as Charles Becker, Henry Gravrand, Victor Martin among others, suggests that, these monuments were built by the Serer people and form part of the Serer tumulus of Baol . They are some of the most sacred sites in Serer religion. The Département of Mbacke also includes Murid Islamic Sufi order's holy city of Touba. The installation of this order in Serer country is a controversial one, especially among those Serers who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion . However, some Serers are also Muslims and have headed this religious order.
Dakar Region is the smallest and most populated Region of Senegal, encompassing the capital city of the country, Dakar, and all its suburbs along the Cap–Vert Peninsula, Africa's most westerly point.
Fatick is the southwest region of the northern outcrop of Senegal. Its alternative name is Jinnak Bolon. The region is named for its capital city, Fatick.
Kolda is a region of Senegal . The region is also referred to historically and popularly as Haute Casamance.
The Kaolack region is a region in Senegal. It borders Gambia and is a common stopping point for travel between Dakar and Banjul. Its borders correspond roughly to the Saalum Kingdom of precolonial days, and the area is still spoken of as the Saalum in Wolof, and its inhabitants are called Saalum-Saalum.
Louga is a city and region of Senegal. The region is located to the northwest part of the country and Louga city is in the northwest of the region - about 50 km inland from the Atlantic coast.
It is a stark, flat, arid place bounded on the north by the Sénégal River and the south by the Sahelian plain studded with baobab trees. Matam is populated by the tall Pulaar-speaking Toucouleur people who brought Islam to Senegal in the 11th century and gave us the music of Baaba Maal in the 21st century.
The Saint-Louis Region of Senegal is on the border with Mauritania. Its capital is Saint-Louis.
Tambacounda, formerly known as Sénégal Orientale, is a region of Senegal. It used to be part of the Mali Empire before the borders were created to separate Mali from Senegal. Tambacounda is physically the largest of Senegal's 14 regions, but is sparsely populated and its economy lags behind the rest of the country. The department of Kédougou was separated from Tambacounda in 2008, and became a separate region.
It has two coastlines, one in the north with the Grande Côte housing the Niayes vegetable market, one to the south with the Petite Côte, one of the tourist areas of Senegal.
Ziguinchor is a region of Senegal . The region is also referred to historically and popularly as Basse Casamance.
Kédougou Region is a region of Senegal. It was created in 2008. Formerly it was a department in the Region of Tambacounda.
Sédhiou Region is a region of Senegal located in the South-West of the country in the natural region called Casamance.
Awdal is a region in Somaliland. It was separated from Woqooyi Galbeed and became a province in 1984 and is the most northwesterly province of Somaliland. To the east it borders Maroodi Jeex and to its north-west it borders Djibouti, to its south and south-west lies Ethiopia and the Gulf of Aden to its north. The province has an estimated population of 673,263. The region comprises the four districts of Borama, the regional capital, Baki, Lughaya, and Zeila .
Banaadir is an administrative region in southeastern Somalia. It covers the same area as the city of Mogadishu, which serves as the capital. It is bordered to the northwest by the Shabelle river, and to the southeast by the Indian Ocean. Although by far the smallest administrative region in Somalia, it has the largest population, estimated at 1,650,227 in 2014.
It is bordered by Sool and Sanaag to the west, Nugal to the south, the Gulf of Aden to the north and the Guardafui Channel to the east. It is located the tip of the Horn of Africa.
Bay is an administrative region in southern Somalia.
Gedo is an administrative region in Jubaland, southern Somalia. Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey. It was created in 1974 and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and the Somali regions of Bakool, Bay, Jubbada Dhexe, and Jubbada Hoose further down east. The southern parts of Gedo, west of the Jubba River, used to be part of the old British Trans-Juba region during half of the seventy years of colonial era in Africa from 1890 to 1960. The British and Italians fought twice over this area. The first democratically elected governor of the administrative region was Hussein Farey, who entered office in 2008.
Hiran is an administrative region in central Somalia and part of the Hirshabelle State.
Middle Juba is an administrative region in southern Somalia. With its capital at Bu'aale, it is located in the autonomous Jubaland region.
Lower Juba is an administrative region in southern Somalia. With its capital at Kismayo, it lies in the autonomous Jubaland region. It has green forests and wild life animals such as lions, giraffes, hippos, crocodiles, and hyenas.
Mudug is an administrative region in north-central Somalia. The population of Mudug is 131,455 as of 2005.
The Nugaal an intermittent river that runs along the Nugaal Valley. It begins several miles to the west of Sool, and ends at Eyl where the outlet flows into the Indian Ocean. It evaporates at the onset of the hagaa, the Somali dry season. Due to mismanagement, the river bed has gone increasingly dry, and several Somali politicians have discussed repairing the damage.
Sanag is an administrative region in eastern Somaliland. Sanaag has a long coastline facing the Gulf of Aden to the north, and is bordered by the region of Sahil to the west, Sool to the south and Somalia to the east. Its capital city is Erigavo.
Lower Shabelle is an administrative region in southern Somalia.
Sool is an administrative region in Somaliland. It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Somalia to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod.
Togdheer is an administrative region in the Somaliland. Togdheer is bordered by Maroodi Jeex to the west, Saaxil to the north, Sanaag to the northeast, Sool to the east and Ethiopia to the south. Its capital is Burao.
Marodi Jeh is an administrative region located in Somaliland. It is considered to be the most populous region of the country. It is bordered by Awdal to the west, Sahil to the north, Togdheer to the east and Ethiopia to the south. Marodi Jeh was created by splitting the previously existing region Woqooyi Galbeed in two, the other part being Sahil. In 2007 the region of Woqooyi Galbeed was renamed to Maroodi Jeex . [6] Woqooyi Galbeed was thus much larger than Marodi Jeh.
Brokopondo is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Brokopondo; other towns include Brownsweg and Kwakoegron.
Commewijne is a district of Suriname, located on the right bank of the Suriname River. Commewijne's capital city is Nieuw Amsterdam. Tamanredjo is another major town, while Meerzorg is the most populated.
Coronie is a district of Suriname, situated on the coast. Coronie's capital city is Totness. The district border the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the Surinamese district of Saramacca to the east, the Surinamese district of Sipaliwini to the south and the Surinamese district of Nickerie to the west. The district is served by the Totness Airstrip.
Marowijne is a district of Suriname, located on the north-east coast. Marowijne's capital city is Albina, with other towns including Moengo and Wanhatti. The district borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, the Surinamese district of Sipaliwini to the south, and the Surinamese districts of Commewijne and Para to the west.
Nickerie is a district of Suriname, on the north-west coast. Nickerie's capital city is Nieuw-Nickerie. Another town is Wageningen. The district borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the Surinamese district of Coronie to the east, the Surinamese district of Sipaliwini to the south and Guyana to the west.
Para is a district of northern Suriname. Para's capital city is Onverwacht, with other towns including Paranam, and Zanderij. Para has a population of 24,700 and an area of 5,393 km2. The district is the mining and forestry centre of Suriname, with many large bauxite mining operations operating. The district is a mixture of forest and savannas.
Paramaribo is a district of Suriname, encompassing the capital city of Paramaribo and the surrounding area.
Saramacca is a district of Suriname, in the north. Saramacca's capital city is Groningen, with other towns and cities including Batavia, Kampong Baroe, Uitkijk, Maho and Boskamp. Saramacca has a population of 17,480 and an area of 3,636 km2.
Sipaliwini is the largest district of Suriname, located in the south. Sipaliwini does not have a regional capital as it is directly administered by the national government in Paramaribo.
Wanica is a district of Suriname located in the north of the country. Wanica's capital city is Lelydorp, the second-largest city in Suriname. Wanica has a population of 118,222 and an area of 443 km2. Following neighbouring Paramaribo, Wanica is the second most populated and urbanised district of Suriname. Two-thirds of the country's population live in these two districts.
Príncipe is the smaller, northern major island of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe lying off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 142 square kilometres and a population of 7,324 at the 2012 Census; the latest official estimate was 8,420. The island is a heavily eroded volcano speculated to be over three million years old, surrounded by smaller islands including Ilheu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Tinhosa Grande and Tinhosa Pequena. Part of the Cameroon Line archipelago, Príncipe rises in the south to 947 metres at Pico do Príncipe. The island is the main constituent of the Autonomous Region of Príncipe, established in 1995, and of the coterminous district of Pagué.
São Tomé Island, at 854 km2, is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home in May 2018 to about 193,380 or 96% of the nation's population. The island is divided into six districts. It is located 2 km north of the equator.
Central Equatoria is a state in South Sudan. With an area of 43,033 square kilometres, it was the smallest of the original South Sudanese states. Its previous name was Bahr al-Jabal, named after a tributary of the White Nile that flows through the state. It was renamed to its present name of Central Equatoria in the first Interim Legislative Assembly on 1 April 2005 under the government of Southern Sudan. Central Equatoria seceded from Sudan as part of the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011. The state's capital of Juba is also the national capital of South Sudan. The state split into Jubek, Terekeka, and Yei River states on 2 October 2015, but was re-established by a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020.
Eastern Equatoria is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 73,472 km². The capital is Torit. On October 1, 1972, the state was divided into Imatong and Namorunyang states and was re-established by a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020.
Jonglei is a state of South Sudan. On 2 October 2015 the President Salva Kiir Mayardit decreed the creation of a new Jonglei State along with 27 other states replacing 10 previous states. The earlier Jonglei state comprised nine counties of Akobo, Ayod, Bor, Duk, Fangak, Nyirol, Pigi, Twic East, and Uror and was the largest state by area before reorganisation, with an area of approximately 122,581 km2, as well as the most populous according to the controversial 2008 census conducted during present-day South Sudan's second period of autonomy. The boundaries of the state were again changed as a result of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020. Bor is the capital of the state.
Lakes State is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 40,235 km2. Rumbek is the capital of the state. Lakes is in the Bahr el Ghazal region of South Sudan, in addition to Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Western Bahr el Ghazal, and Warrap states. Bahr el Ghazal itself was a former province which was split from the Anglo-Egyptian mudiriyat, or province of Equatoria in 1948. The eastern border was the White Nile with Jonglei on the opposite bank. To the northeast lied the Unity State. Other borders included Warrap State towards the northwest, Western Equatoria to the south and west, and Central Equatoria to the south.
Northern Bahr el Ghazal is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 30,543 km² and is part of the Bahr el Ghazal region. It borders East Darfur in Sudan to the north, Western Bahr el Ghazal to the west and south, and Warrap and the disputed region of Abyei to the east. Aweil is the capital of the state.
Unity State, also known as Western Upper Nile, is a state in South Sudan. Unity state is in the Greater Upper Nile region. Unity is inhabited predominantly by two ethnic groups: the Nuer majority, and the Dinka minority.
Upper Nile is a state in South Sudan. The White Nile flowes through the state, giving it its name. The state also shares a similar name with the region of Greater Upper Nile, of which it was part along with the states of Unity and Jonglei. It had an area of 77,823 square kilometres . Malakal was the capital of the state. The town of Kodok, the location of the Fashoda Incident that ended the "Scramble for Africa", was located in the state. Upper Nile seceded from Sudan as part of the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.
Warrap State comprises an area of 31,027 km². Kuajok was the capital of Warrap state, replacing Warrap. All states in Southern Sudan are divided into counties, each headed by a County Commissioner appointed by the President of the Government of Southern Sudan.
Western Bahr el Ghazal is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 93,900 km2 and is the least populous state in South Sudan, according to the controversial Sudanese census conducted in 2008. It is part of the Bahr el Ghazal region. Its capital is Wau. The state shared international borders with Sudan to the north and the Central African Republic to the west. The portion now occupied by Raga County is the southern part of the historical region known as "Dar Fertit".
Western Equatoria is a state in South Sudan. It has an area of 79,343 square kilometres . Its capital is Yambio. The state was divided into counties, each headed by a County Commissioner. Western Equatoria seceded from Sudan as part of the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 1956. On October 2, 2011, the state was divided into Amadi, Maridi, and Gbudwe states, and Tambura State was split from Gbudwe state on January 14, 2015. Western Equatoria was re-established by a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020.
Água Grande is a district of São Tomé and Príncipe, on São Tomé Island. Its capital, São Tomé, is also the national capital of the equatorial Atlantic island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe. Covering only 16.5 km2, it is the smallest of the nation's seven districts in terms of area, but the largest in population with 69,454 residents in 2012 rising to an estimated 77,700 in 2018. It is divided into the two statistical subdistricts São Tomé and Pantufo.:15
Cantagalo is a district of São Tomé and Príncipe, on São Tomé Island. Its area is 119 km2, and its population is 17,161 . The district seat is Santana. It is divided into the two statistical subdistricts Santana and Ribeira Afonso.:15
Caué is a district of São Tomé and Príncipe, on São Tomé Island. Covering 267 km2, it is the largest of the nation's seven districts in terms of area. In population it is the smallest, with 6,031 residents . The district seat is São João dos Angolares. It is divided into the two statistical subdistricts São João dos Angolares and Malanza.:15
Lembá is a district of São Tomé and Príncipe, on São Tomé Island. Its area is 229.5 km2, and its population is 14,652 . The district seat is Neves. It is divided into the two statistical subdistricts Neves and Santa Catarina.:15
Lobata is a district of São Tomé and Príncipe, on São Tomé Island. Its area is 105 km2, and its population is 19,365 . The district seat is Guadalupe. It is divided into the four statistical subdistricts Guadalupe, Santo Amaro, Conde and Micoló.:15
Mé-Zóchi is a district of São Tomé and Príncipe, on São Tomé Island. Its area is 122 km2 . With 44,752 residents rising to 50,800 in 2018, it is the second most populous district of the country. The district seat is Trindade. It is divided into the five statistical subdistricts Trindade, Madalena, Caixão Grande, Bombom and Almas.:15
The Autonomous Region of Príncipe is an autonomous administrative division of the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Established on 29 April 1995, it covers the island of Príncipe and a number of small uninhabited islands around it, with an area of 142 km2 in total. As defined by the constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe, the Autonomous Region of Príncipe has a Regional Assembly and a Regional Government. Its population was 7,324 at the 2012 census; the latest official estimate was 8,420. It consists of a single district: Pagué. Its seat is the town Santo António.
Ahuachapán is a department of El Salvador in the west of the country. The capital is Ahuachapán. In the South it has the Apenca-Ilamatepec Range and the Cerro Grande de Apaneca . Its extension is 1,240 km2 and has more than 333,000 people living in the department.
Cabañas is a department of El Salvador in the north central part of the country. Its capital is Sensuntepeque and it is one of coolest parts of El Salvador. Classified as a department in February 1873, it covers an area of 1,103.5 km2 and has over 164,900 inhabitants. The other major city of the department is Ilobasco. Agricultural produce includes coffee, sugar cane and sesame seeds, as well as dairy products. Gold, silver and copper are the principal minerals mined in the department. Its main industrial activity is oriented to manufacture of potteries, cheese, lime and also distilleries.
Chalatenango is a department of El Salvador, located in the northwest of the country. The capital is the city of Chalatenango. The Chalatenango Department encompasses 2,017 km² and contains more than 204,000 inhabitants. Las Matras Archaeological Ruins contains the relics of prehistoric populations and caves in which rock writing is found. The "5 de Noviembre" Hydroelectric Dam is found in Chalatenango Department, near the border with Cabañas. The highest point in the country, El Pital with an elevation of 2730.06 m, is also located in Chalatenango Department.
Cuscatlán is a department of El Salvador, located in the center of the country. With a surface area of 756.19 square kilometres, it is El Salvador's smallest department. It is inhabited by over 252,000 people. Cuscatlán or Cuzcatlán was the name the original inhabitants of the Western part of the country gave to most of the territory that is now El Salvador. In their language it means "land of precious jewels". It was created on 22 May 1835. Suchitoto was the first capital of the department but on 12 November 1861, Cojutepeque was made the capital. It is known in producing fruits, tobacco, sugar cane, and coffee among other items. The department is famous for its chorizos from the city of Cojutepeque.
Morazán is a department of El Salvador. Located in the northeast part of the country, its capital is San Francisco Gotera. It covers a total surface area of 1,447 km² and has a population of more than 199,500.
La Paz is a department of El Salvador in the south central area of the country. The capital is Zacatecoluca. La Paz has an area of 1,228 km² and a population of more than 328,000. The department was created in 1852. There are various caves containing rock writing. The department has a church in Zacatecoluca where the Independence Hero Dr Jose Simeon Cañas y Villacorta was born. He was known as "The Liberator of the Slaves in Central America". In 1833, Anastasio Aquino, an indigenous person, proclaimed himself as "The Emperor of the Nonualcos".
Santa Ana is a department of El Salvador in the northwest of the country. The capital is Santa Ana, one of the largest cities in El Salvador. It has 2,023 km² and a population of over 613,000. The Santa Ana Volcano is in this department.
San Miguel is a department in the eastern part of El Salvador. The capital is San Miguel. The department is 2,077 km² in area and has a population of over 678,000.
Sonsonate is a department of El Salvador in the western part of the country. The capital is Sonsonate.
San Salvador is a department of El Salvador in the west central part of the country. The capital is San Salvador, which is also the national capital. The department has North of the Rio Lempa Valley, the "Valle de las Hamacas" and a section of Lake Ilopango. Some of the department's cities that are densely populated are: San Salvador, Ciudad Delgado, Mejicanos, Soyapango, Panchimalco and Apopa. The department covers an area of 886.2 square kilometres and the last census count in 2017 reported 2,404,097 people. It was classified as a department on June 12, 1824. During the time of the colony, the department was the San Salvador Party, from where territory was taken to make the departments of Chalatenago, La Libertad, Cuscatlán and La Paz. This department produces beans, coffee, sugar cane, etc. for agriculture, on the other hand San Salvador Department holds many headquarters for banking companies in El Salvador and Central America, and for many communication services, also the headquarters of the electric companies are located in the San Salvador Department, last years these companies took a step and started exporting electricity to all Central America. The current mayor of the department is Ernesto Muyshondt (2015-2019)
San Vicente is a department of El Salvador in the center of the country. The capital is San Vicente. On October 4, 1834, San Vicente City of Austria and Lorenzana was made the capital of State of El Salvador during the Federal Republic of Central America. In 1840, it was no longer the capital of the State of El Salvador, but it continues to be the capital of the department. The department was created on June 12, 1824. The San Vicente department is 1,184 km2 and has a population in excess of 174,500. The forest Bosque La Joya is found in San Vincente.
La Unión is a department of El Salvador. It is located in the eastern part of the country and its capital is La Unión. It covers a total of 2,074 km² and has a population of 263,200. The department was created on June 22, 1865 and the city of La Unión was made its capital. The Conchagua Temple was built in 1693 and it is one of tourist attractions of the department, as well as containing archeological ruins in Intipucá and Meanguera.
Usulután from the Nawat language is a department of El Salvador in the southeast of the country . The capital is Usulután.
Al-Hasakah Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is located in the far north-east corner of Syria and distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, natural environment, and more than one hundred archaeological sites. It was formerly known as Al-Jazira Province. Prior to the Syrian Civil War nearly half of Syria's oil was extracted from the region. It is the lower part of Upper Mesopotamia.
Latakia Governorate, also transliterated as Ladhakia Governorate, is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in western Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay Province to the north, Idlib and Hama Governorates to the east, Tartus Governorate to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Its reported area varies in different sources from 2,297 km² to 2,437 km². The governorate has a population of 1,008,000 .
Quneitra Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in southern Syria, notable for the location of the Golan Heights. The governorate borders the countries of Lebanon, Jordan and Israel, and the Syrian governorates of Daraa and Rif Dimashq. Its area varies, according to different sources, from 685 km² to 1,861 km². The governorate had a population of 87,000 at the 2010 estimate. The nominal capital is the now abandoned city of Quneitra, destroyed by Israel before their withdrawal in June 1974 in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War; since 1986, the de facto capital is Ba'ath City.
Raqqa Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in the north of the country and covers an area of 19,618 km². The capital is Raqqa. The Islamic State of Iraq and Levant claimed full control of this province as of August 24, 2014 when its fighters captured Tabqa Airbase in the southwest part of the province. However, the Syrian Democratic Forces now control much of the province; all of the area north of the Euphrates River including the provincial capital of Raqqa and the city of al-Thawrah are under SDF control, with the government holding the southern part of the governorate after a successful offensive was launched with the aid of Liwa al-Quds, tribal militias and Russian air support, which resulted in the recapture of the city of Resafa, and the capture of many oil fields in Ar-Raqqah province, including various oil and gas stations.
As-Suwayda or Al-Suwayda Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is the southernmost governorate and has an area of 5,550 km² and forms part of the historic Hawran region. Its capital and major city is al-Suwayda.
Daraa Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in the south-west of the country and covers an area of 3,730 km². It is bordered by Jordan to the south, Quneitra Governorate and Israel to the west, Rif Dimashq Governorate to the north and As-Suwayda Governorate to the east. The governorate has a population of 998,000 . The capital is the city of Daraa.
Deir ez-Zor Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in eastern Syria, bordering Iraq. It has an area of 33,060 km2 and a population of 1,239,000 . The capital is Deir ez-Zor. It is divided roughly equally from northwest to southeast by the Euphrates. Most of the territory on the river's left bank is part of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, while that on the right bank is controlled by the Syrian government.
Damascus Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. Completely surrounded by the Rif Dimashq Governorate, it consists only of the city of Damascus, the capital of Syria, and the suburb of Yarmouk Camp.
Aleppo Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is the most populous governorate in Syria with a population of more than 4,867,000, almost 23% of the total population of Syria. The governorate is the fifth in area with an area of 18,482 km2, or 18,498 sq. km, about 10% of the total area of Syria. The capital is the city of Aleppo.
Hama Governorate is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to the south, Raqqa Governorate to the west, Homs Governorate to the north, and Tartus and Latakia Governorate to the east. It is the only Governorate that does not border a foreign country. Measures of its area vary from 8,844 km2 to 8,883 km2, with its capital being the city of Hama.
Homs Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in central Syria. Its area differs in various sources, from 40,940 km2 to 42,223 km2 . It is thus geographically the largest governorate of Syria. Homs Governorate has a population of 1,763,000 . The Homs governorate is divided into 6 administrative districts, with the city of Homs as a separate district. Homs is the capital city of the district of Homs. Its governor is Talal al-Barazi.
Idlib Governorate is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 km2 to 6,097 km2. The provincial capital is Idlib.
Rif Dimashq Governorate is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and al-Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south.
Tartus Governorate, also transliterated as Tartous Governorate, is one of the 14 governorates of Syria. It is situated in western Syria, bordering Latakia Governorate to the north, Homs and Hama Governorates to the east, Lebanon to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. It is one of the few governorates in Syria that has an Alawite majority. Sources list the area as 1,890 km² or 1,892 km², with its capital being Tartus.
Hhohho is a region of Eswatini, located in the north western part of the country. Hhohho was named after the capital of King Mswati II, who expanded the Swazi territory to the north and west, taking in the districts of Barberton, Nelspruit, Carolina and Piet Retief. These areas were later acquired by what was the Province of Transvaal and today they form part of the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. It has an area of 3,625.17 km², a population of 320,651, and is divided into 14 tinkhundla. The administrative center is the national capital of Mbabane. It borders Lubombo Region on the southeast and Manzini Region in the southwest.
Lubombo is a region of Eswatini, located in the east of the country. It has an area of 5,849.11 km² and a population of 212,531 . Its administrative center is Siteki. It borders all three other regions: Hhohho to the north, Manzini to the west, and Shiselweni to the south. It is divided into 11 tinkhundla.
Manzini is a region of Eswatini, located in the center-west of the country. It has an area of 4,093.59 km² and a population of 355,945 . Its administrative center is Manzini. It borders all three other regions: Hhohho in the north, Lubombo in the east, and Shiselweni in the south. It is bordered by the Mpumalanga province in South Africa to the west.
Shiselweni is a region of Eswatini, located in the south of the country. It has an area of 3,786.71 km² and a population of 204,111 . Its administrative center is Nhlangano. It borders Lubombo in the northeast and Manzini Region in the northwest.
Batha is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the centre of the country. It is composed of what was formerly Batha Prefecture with some slight boundary adjustments. The capital of the region is Ati.
Lac is one of the 23 regions of Chad. Its capital is Bol. It is chiefly composed of the former Lac Prefecture. The region includes Chad's portion of the shore of Lake Chad.
Barh El Gazel is one of the 23 regions of Chad. The region's name may also be written as Barh El Gazal or Bahr el Gazel. Its capital is the town of Moussoro. The region was created in 2008 from the former Barh El Gazel Department of the Kanem Region.
The Borkou region is a region of Chad which was created in 2008 from the Borkou department of the former Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region. Its capital is Faya-Largeau.
Hadjer-Lamis is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Massakory. It corresponds to part of the former prefecture of Chari-Baguirmi and parts of N'Djamena.
It was created in 2012 from the western half of the former Ennedi Region. It appears to cover the same territory as the former Ennedi Ouest Department. The capital of the region is Fada.
Ennedi-Est Region is one of the twenty-three regions of Chad. The capital of the region is Am-Djarass. The region's current governor is General Hassan Djorobo.
Kanem is one of the 23 regions of Chad. It is named after the famous Kanem Empire, which was centred in this vicinity. The region's capital is Mao. It was created in 2002 from the former Prefecture of Kanem. In 2008, a portion of the Kanem region was split off to become the new Bahr el Gazel Region.
Logone Occidental is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the south-west of the country. Its capital is Moundou. It is coterminous with the former Logone Occidental Prefecture.
Logone Oriental is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the south-west of the country. Its capital is Doba. It is coterminous with the former Logone Oriental Prefecture.
N'Djamena is the capital and largest city of Chad. It is also a special statute region, divided into 10 districts or arrondissements.
Mandoul is one of the 23 regions of Chad. Located in the south of the country, it comprises part of the former prefecture of Moyen-Chari. The regional capital is Koumra.
Mayo-Kebbi Ouest is one of the 23 regions of Chad. Its capital is Pala. It is composed of the southern areas of the former prefecture of Mayo-Kebbi .
Mayo-Kebbi Est is one of the 23 regions of Chad. Its capital is Bongor. It is composed of the northern areas of the former prefecture of Mayo-Kebbi .
Guéra is one of the 23 regions of Chad, created in 2002 from the former Guéra prefecture. The region's capital is Mongo. As of 2009, the population of the region was 553,795.
Salamat is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the south-east of the country. The region's capital is Am Timan. It corresponds to the former prefecture of the same name.
Moyen-Chari is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the south of the country. Its capital is Sarh. The former prefecture of the same name was larger and included modern Mandoul Region.
Chari-Baguirmi is one of the 23 regions of Chad. Its capital is Massenya. It is composed of part of the former Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture and parts of the sub-prefecture of N'Djamena).
Sila or Dar Sila is a region of Chad, located in the south-east of the country. It was created in 2008 from the departments of Sila and Djourf Al Ahmar which were previously part of Ouaddaï Region. The capital of the region is Goz Beïda.
Tandjilé is one of the 23 regions of Chad, located in the south-west of the country. Its capital is Laï. It corresponds to the former prefecture of the same name.
Tibesti Region is a region of Chad, located in far northwest of the country. Its capital is Bardaï. It was created in 2008 when the former Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region was split into three, with the Tibesti Department becoming the Tibesti Region. The region is named for the Tibesti Mountains, one of the most prominent mountain chains in the Sahara Desert.
Ouaddaï is a region of Chad, located in the south-east of the country, with its capital at Abéché. Prior to 2002 it was known as Ouaddaï Prefecture; in 2008 the southern portions of Ouaddaï were split off to become the new Sila Region .
Wadi Fira is one of the 23 regions of Chad. Its capital is the town of Biltine. The region corresponds with the former prefecture of Biltine.
Adélie Land is a claimed territory on the continent of Antarctica. It stretches from a portion of the Southern Ocean coastline all the way inland to the South Pole. France has administered it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and applied the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961. Article 4 deals with territorial claims, and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty, it also does not prejudice the position of Contracting Parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty. France has had a permanent station in Adélie Land since April 9, 1950. The current Dumont d'Urville Station has a winter population around 25, but this goes up to about 78 during the Antarctic summer.
The Crozet Islands are a sub-Antarctic archipelago of small islands in the southern Indian Ocean. They form one of the five administrative districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
The Kerguelen Islands, also known as the Desolation Islands, are a group of islands in the sub-Antarctic constituting one of the two exposed parts of the Kerguelen Plateau, a large igneous province mostly submerged in the southern Indian Ocean. They are among the most isolated places on Earth, located more than 3,300 km from Madagascar. The islands, along with Adélie Land, the Crozet Islands, Amsterdam and Saint Paul islands, and France's Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, are part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and are administered as a separate district.
Île Saint-Paul is an island forming part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the Indian Ocean, with an area of 6 km2 . The island is located about 90 km south of the larger Île Amsterdam, 1,300 kilometres northeast of the Kerguelen Islands, and 3,000 km southeast of Réunion. It is the nearest landfall to the antipode of the geographic center of the contiguous United States.
Île Amsterdam, also known as Amsterdam Island, New Amsterdam, or Nouvelle Amsterdam, is an island of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the southern Indian Ocean that together with neighbouring Île Saint-Paul 90 km to the south forms one of the five districts of the territory.
The Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean consist of four small coral islands, an atoll, and a reef in the Indian Ocean, and have constituted the 5th district of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, though sovereignty over some or all of the Islands is contested by Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Comoros. None of the islands has ever had a permanent population.
Centrale is one of Togo's five regions. Sokodé is the regional capital. Centrale is the least populated region in Togo with a total of 617,871 people according to a census done in 2010.
Kara is divided into the prefectures of Assoli, Bassar, Bimah, Dankpen, Doufelgou, Kéran, and Kozah.
Maritime is the southernmost of Togo's five regions, with the country's only shoreline on the Bight of Benin. Lomé serves as both the regional and national capital. It is the smallest region in terms of area, but it has the largest population.
Atakpamé is the regional capital. It is the largest region in terms of area and has the second largest population . Other major cities in the Plateaux region include Kpalimé and Badou. The highest point of the country, Mount Agou, is located within this region.
Savanes is the northernmost of the five Regions of Togo. Dapaong is the regional capital. Another major town in the region is Mango.
Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated population of 10.539 million as of 2020, 15.3 percent of the country's population. Over fourteen million people lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy.
Samut Prakan Province Samut Prakan or Samutprakarn is one of the central provinces of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489, which came into force 9 May 1946.
Nonthaburi is one of the central provinces of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489, which came into force on 9 May 1946.
Pathum Thani is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are : Ayutthaya, Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok, Chachoengsao, Bangkok, and Nonthaburi.
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Ang Thong, Lop Buri, Saraburi, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Suphan Buri.
Ang Thong is one of the central provinces of Thailand. The name "Ang Thong" means 'gold basin', thought to have derived from the basin-like geography of the area, and the golden color of the rice grown in the region.
Lopburi is a province in the central region of Thailand. The province is divided into 11 administrative districts, and Mueang Lopburi District is the capital. With over 750,000 people, the province is Thailand's 36th largest area and 32nd most populous. There are eight neighboring provinces, Phetchabun, Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Saraburi, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya, Ang Thong, Sing Buri, and Nakhon Sawan.
Sing Buri is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Sawan, Lopburi, Ang Thong, Suphan Buri, and Chai Nat.
Chai Nat is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Nakhon Sawan, Sing Buri, Suphan Buri, and Uthai Thani. The town of Chai Nat is 188 km north of Bangkok.
Saraburi is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Lopburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Nayok, Pathum Thani, and Ayutthaya. It is believed to have been constructed in the year 1548 during the reign of King Maha Chakkraphat of Ayutthaya as a centre for recruiting troops.
Chonburi is a province of Thailand located in eastern Thailand. Its capital is also named Chonburi. Neighbouring provinces are Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, and Rayong, while the Gulf of Thailand is to the west. Pattaya, a major tourism destination in Thailand, is located in Chonburi, along with Laem Chabang, the country's primary seaport. The population of the province has grown rapidly and now totals 1.7 million residents, although a large portion of the population is floating or unregistered. The registered population as of 31 December 2018 was 1.535 million.
Rayong Province is one of seventy-six provinces lies in eastern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Chonburi, and Chanthaburi. To the south is the Gulf of Thailand.
Chanthaburi is one of seventy-six provinces in eastern Thailand, on the border with Battambang and Pailin of Cambodia, on the shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Trat in the east and Rayong, Chonburi, Chachoengsao, and Sa Kaeo to the west and north.
Trat is one of seventy-seven provinces located in eastern Thailand the easternmost region along the Thai coast. It has borders with Chanthaburi Province to the northwest, Cambodia to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the south. Trat is 315 km from Bangkok.
Chachoengsao Province is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in eastern Thailand.
Prachinburi Province is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces, it lies in eastern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Ratchasima, Sa Kaeo, Chachoengsao, and Nakhon Nayok.
Nakhon Nayok is one of the central provinces of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon, and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489, which came into force on 9 May 1946.
Sa Kaeo, pronounced ) is one of the 76 provinces (changwat) and lies in eastern Thailand about 200 km from Bangkok. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise) Chanthaburi, Chachoengsao, Prachinburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, and Buriram. To the east it borders Banteay Meanchey and Battambang of Cambodia.
Nakhon Ratchasima is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northeastern Thailand also called Isan. It is the country's largest province by area, has a population of approximately 2.7 million, and generates about 250 billion baht in GDP, the highest in Isan. Neighbouring provinces are Chaiyaphum, Khon Kaen, Buriram, Sa Kaeo, Prachinburi, Nakhon Nayok, Saraburi, and Lopburi.
Buriram Province, is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Sa Kaeo, Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Maha Sarakham, and Surin. To the southeast it borders Oddar Meanchey Province of Cambodia. The name "Buriram" means 'city of happiness'.
Surin is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces . It lies in lower northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Buriram, Maha Sarakham, Roi Et, and Sisaket. To the south it borders Oddar Meancheay of Cambodia. Surin covers a total area of 8,124 km2 from the Mun River in the north to the Dangrek Mountains in the south. The capital, Surin city, in the western central region province is 434 km from Bangkok.
Sisaket Province, is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces . It lies in lower northeastern Thailand, a region called Isan. Neighboring provinces are : Surin, Roi Et, Yasothon, and Ubon Ratchathani. To the south it borders Oddar Meancheay and Preah Vihear of Cambodia.
Ubon Ratchathani, often shortened to Ubon, is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Ubon is about 630 km from Bangkok. Neighboring Provinces are Sisaket, Yasothon, and Amnat Charoen. To the north and east it borders Salavan and Champasak of Laos, to the south Preah Vihear of Cambodia.
Yasothon Province, one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces, lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. The province was established by the revolutionary council of Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn, after its Announcement No. 70 which came into force on 3 March 1972.
Chaiyaphum is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Lopburi, and Phetchabun.
Amnat Charoen is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighbouring provinces are Ubon Ratchathani, Yasothon, and Mukdahan. To the east it borders Salavan of Laos. Its name is a concatenation of อำนาจ and เจริญ .
Nong Bua Lamphu is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighbouring provinces are Udon Thani, Khon Kaen, and Loei.
Khon Kaen is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Nong Bua Lamphu, Udon Thani, Kalasin, Maha Sarakham, Buriram, Nakhon Ratchasima, Chaiyaphum, Phetchabun, and Loei.
Udon Thani Province is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces which lies in upper northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. It is bordered by the provinces of Nong Khai to the north, Sakon Nakhon to the east, Kalasin Province to the southeast, Khon Kaen to the south, and Loei and Nong Bua Lamphu to the west. It occupies an area of 11,072 km2 . The total forest area is 1,131 km2 or 10.2 percent of provincial area. The provincial capital is Udon Thani, the major city in the province.
Loei, is one of the more sparsely populated provinces of Thailand. It lies in the Isan region of upper northeastern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nong Khai, Udon Thani, Nong Bua Lamphu, Khon Kaen, Phetchabun, and Phitsanulok. In the north it borders Xaignabouli and Vientiane Province of Laos.
Nong Khai Province was formerly the northernmost of the northeastern provinces of Thailand until its eight eastern districts were split off to form Thailand's newest province, Bueng Kan Province, in 2011. Nong Khai Province lies in upper northeastern Thailand. Nearby provinces are : Bueng Kan, Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani, and Loei. To the north it borders Vientiane Province, Vientiane Prefecture, and Bolikhamsai Province of Laos.
Maha Sarakham Province is one of the 76 provinces of Thailand lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighbouring provinces are : Kalasin, Roi Et, Surin, Buriram, and Khon Kaen.
Roi Et is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in central northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Kalasin, Mukdahan, Yasothon, Sisaket, Surin, and Maha Sarakham.
Kalasin is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. The province was established by the Act Establishing Changwat Kalasin, BE 2490, and it came into existence on 1 October 1947. Neighboring provinces are Sakon Nakhon, Mukdahan, Roi Et, Maha Sarakham, Khon Kaen, and Udon Thani.
Sakon Nakhon is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Nong Khai, Bueng Kan, Nakhon Phanom, Mukdahan, Kalasin, and Udon Thani. The capital is Sakon Nakhon.
Nakhon Phanom Province is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Directly adjacent provinces are : Mukdahan, Sakon Nakhon, and Bueng Kan. To the northeast it borders Khammouan of Laos.
Mukdahan is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are Amnat Charoen, Yasothon, Roi Et, Kalasin, Sakon Nakhon, and Nakhon Phanom. To the east it borders the Mekong River, across which lies Savannakhet Province of Laos to which it is joined by the Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge.
Chiang Mai is the second-largest province of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand. It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lampang and Lamphun to the south, Tak to the southwest, Mae Hong Son to the west, and Shan State of Burma to the north. The capital, Chiang Mai, is 685 kilometres north of Bangkok.
Lamphun is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces, lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Chiang Mai, Lampang, and Tak.
Lampang is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces, lies in upper northern Thailand. The old name of Lampang was Khelang Nakhon.
Uttaradit is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces, lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Phrae and Nan. To the east it borders Xaignabouli of Laos. Uttaradit is 488 km north of Bangkok, and 238 km southeast of Chiang Mai.
Phrae is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phayao, Nan, Uttaradit, Sukhothai, and Lampang.
Nan is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are : Uttaradit, Phrae, and Phayao. To the north and east it borders Sainyabuli of Laos.
Phayao is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nan, Phrae, Lampang, and Chiang Rai. In the northeast it borders Xaignabouli of Laos.
Chiang Rai is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces, which lies in upper northern Thailand and is Thailand's northernmost province. It is bordered by the Shan State of Myanmar to the north, Bokeo Province of Laos to the east, Phayao to the south, Lampang to the southwest, and Chiang Mai to the west. The provinces is linked to Houayxay Laos by the Fourth Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge that spans the Mekong.
Mae Hong Son Province, also spelled Maehongson, Mae Hong Sorn or Maehongsorn, is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in upper northern Thailand and is the westernmost province. Neighboring provinces are Shan State of Myanmar, Chiang Mai and Tak. To the west, the province borders Kayin State and Kayah State of Myanmar. Mae Hong Son's nickname is "the city of three mists". It is hemmed in by the high mountain ranges of the Shan Hills and is the most mountainous province in Thailand, occupying 12,681 square kilometres . The province is often covered with mist. Mae Hong Son town was originally established in the early 19th century as an elephant training camp as ordered by the then King of Chiang Mai. As of 2012, Mae Hong Son was the poorest province in Thailand.
Nakhon Sawan is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Kamphaeng Phet, Phichit, Phetchabun, Lopburi, Sing Buri, Chai Nat, Uthai Thani, and Tak.
Uthai Thani, one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Sawan, Chai Nat, Suphan Buri, Kanchanaburi and Tak. It lies somewhat off the route between Bangkok, 200 km distant and Chiang Mai.
Kamphaeng Phet is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces that lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, Phichit, Nakhon Sawan, and Tak.
Tak is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of the province has a long boundary with Kayin State of Myanmar .
Sukhothai is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phrae, Uttaradit, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Tak, and Lampang. Sukhothai can be translated as 'dawn of happiness'.
Phitsanulok Province, one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces, lies in lower northern Thailand. It borders Sukhothai and Uttaradit on the north, Loei and Phetchabun to the east, and Phichit and Kamphaeng Phet to the south. In the northeast it borders Laos.
Phichit is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northern Thailand and 330 km due north of Bangkok. Neighbouring provinces are Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Nakhon Sawan, and Kamphaeng Phet.
Phetchabun is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Loei, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit, and Phitsanulok.
Ratchaburi Province or Rat Buri is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces lies in Western Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram and Phetchaburi. In the west it borders the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar.
Kanchanaburi is the largest of the western provinces of Thailand. The neighboring provinces are Tak, Uthai Thani, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom, and Ratchaburi. In the west it borders Kayin State, Mon State, and the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar.
Suphan Buri located in the central region of Thailand, is one of the country's 76 provinces, the first-level administrative divisions. Neighbouring provinces are Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Sing Buri, Ang Thong, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Nakhon Pathom and Kanchanaburi. As of 2018 the province counted a population of around 848,700, representing about 1.28% of the country's population.
Nakhon Pathom is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Suphan Buri, Ayutthaya, Nonthaburi, Bangkok, Samut Sakhon, Ratchaburi, and Kanchanaburi. The capital city of Nakhon Pathom Province is Nakhon Pathom.
Samut Sakhon is one of the central provinces of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon, and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489, which came into force on 9 May 1946.
Samut Songkhram is one of the central provinces of Thailand.
Phetchaburi or Phet Buri is one of the western or central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Ratchaburi, Samut Songkhram, and Prachuap Khiri Khan. In the west it borders the Tanintharyi Division of Myanmar. Phetchaburi is home to Kaeng Krachan National Park.
Prachuap Khiri Khan is one of the western provinces of Thailand. It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, some 240 km south of Bangkok. Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south. To the west, it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar.
Nakhon Si Thammarat Province is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Songkhla, Phatthalung, Trang, Krabi and Surat Thani.
Krabi is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the shore of the Andaman Sea. Neighbouring provinces are Phang Nga, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Trang. Phuket Province lies to the west across Phang Nga Bay. Krabi town is the seat of provincial government.
Phang Nga is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the shore of the Andaman Sea to the west and Phang Nga Bay to the south. Neighboring provinces are Ranong, Surat Thani, and Krabi. To the south is the Phuket Province, connected by the Sarasin Bridge.
Phuket is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. It consists of the island of Phuket, the country's largest island, and another 32 smaller islands off its coast. It lies off the west coast of Thailand in the Andaman Sea. Phuket Island is connected by the Sarasin Bridge to Phang Nga Province to the north. The next nearest province is Krabi, to the east across Phang Nga Bay.
Surat Thani, often shortened to Surat, is the largest of the southern provinces of Thailand. It lies on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Surat Thani means 'city of good people', a title given to the city by King Vajiravudh ; Surat Thani is therefore the sole province in Southern Thailand for which the native name is in the Central Thai language.
Ranong is one of Thailand's southern provinces, on the west coast along the Andaman Sea. It has the fewest inhabitants of all Thai provinces. Provinces neighboring Ranong are Chumphon, Surat Thani, and Phang Nga. To the west, it borders Kawthaung, Tanintharyi, Myanmar.
Chumphon is a southern province of Thailand on the Gulf of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Prachuap Khiri Khan, Surat Thani, and Ranong. To the west it borders the Burmese province of Tanintharyi.
Songkhla is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Satun, Phatthalung, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, and Yala. To the south it borders Kedah and Perlis of Malaysia.
Satun is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Trang, Phatthalung, and Songkhla. To the south it borders Perlis of Malaysia.
Trang, also called Mueang Thap Thiang, is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the west side of the Malay Peninsula facing the Strait of Malacca. Neighboring provinces are Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, and Satun.
Phatthalung is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Satun, and Trang. Phatthalung is essentially a landlocked province, one of the only two in southern Thailand, the other being Yala.
Pattani is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Narathiwat, Yala, and Songkhla. Its capital is the town of Pattani.
Yala is the southernmost province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Songkhla, Pattani, and Narathiwat. Yala is one of two landlocked provinces in southern Thailand, the other being Phatthalung. Its southern part borders Kedah and Perak of Malaysia.
Narathiwat is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Yala and Pattani. To the south it borders the Malaysian state of Kelantan and Perak. The southern railway line ends in this province, which is one of the nation's four provinces that border Malaysia. The province features a range of cultures as well as natural resources, and is relatively fertile. Narathiwat is about 1,140 kilometers south of Bangkok and has an area of 4,475 km2 . Seventy-five percent of the area is jungle and mountains and has a tropical climate.
Pattaya is a city in Thailand. It is on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand, about 100 kilometres southeast of Bangkok, within, but not part of, Bang Lamung District in the province of Chonburi. Pattaya City is a self-governing municipal area which covers Tambon's Nong Prue and Na Klua and parts of Huai Yai and Nong Pla Lai. The city is in the industrial Eastern Seaboard zone, along with Si Racha, Laem Chabang, and Chonburi. Pattaya is at the center of the Pattaya-Chonburi Metropolitan Area—a conurbation in Chonburi Province—with a population of roughly 1,000,000.
Bueng Kan, also spelled Bung Kan, is the 76th province of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, BE 2554 on 23 March 2011. The province, consisting of the districts partitioned off Nong Khai Province, lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan . It is named after its central district, Mueang Bueng Kan.
Sughd Province is one of the four administrative divisions and one of the three provinces that make up Tajikistan. Centered in the historical Sogdiana, it is located in the northwest of the country, with an area of some 25,400 square kilometers and a population of 2,707,300, up from 2,233,550 according to the 2010 census and 1,871,979 in 2000. The capital is Khujand. The Province's ethnic composition in 2010 was 84% Tajik, 14.8% Uzbek, 0.6% Kyrgyz, 0.4% Russian and 0.1% Tatar.
Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction is a region in Tajikistan, consisting of 9 districts and 4 district-level cities that are directly under central administration. Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, is surrounded by the Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction, but not part of it. The region covers an area of 28,500 square kilometres, and has a total population of 2,165,900, The Districts' ethnic composition in 2010 was 85% Tajik and 11.7% Uzbek.
Khatlon Region, one of the four provinces of Tajikistan is the most populous of the four first level administrative regions. It is situated in the southwest of the country, between the Hisor Range in the north and the river Panj in the south and borders on Afghanistan in the southeast and on Uzbekistan in the west. During Soviet times, Khatlon was divided into Kurgan-Tyube Oblast – with the Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys – and Kulob Oblast – with the Kyzylsu and Yakhsu river valleys. Both regions were merged in November 1992 into today's Khatlon Region . The capital city is Qurghonteppa, formerly known as Kurgan-Tyube.
The Kuhistani Badakhshan Autonomous Region is an autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan, in the Pamir Mountains, which makes up 45% of the land area of the country, but only 3% of its population.
Dushanbe is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. As of January 2020, Dushanbe had a population of 863,400 and that population was largely Tajik. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe, and from 1929 to 1961 as Stalinabad, after Joseph Stalin. Dushanbe is located in the Gissar Valley, bounded by the Gissar Range in the north and east and the Babatag, Aktau, Rangontau and Karatau mountains in the south, and has an elevation of 750–930 m. The city is divided into four districts, all named after historical figures: Ismail Samani, Avicenna, Ferdowsi, and Shah Mansur.
Atafu, formerly known as the Duke of York Group, is a group of 52 coral islets within Tokelau in the south Pacific Ocean, 500 kilometres north of Samoa. With a land area of 2.5 square kilometres, it is the smallest of the three islands that constitute Tokelau. It is an atoll and surrounds a central lagoon, which covers some 15 km2 . The atoll lies some 800 kilometres south of the equator at 8° 35' South, 172° 30' West.
Nukunonu is the largest atoll within Tokelau, a dependency of New Zealand, in the south Pacific Ocean. It comprises 30 islets surrounding a central lagoon, with about 5.5 km2 of land area and a lagoon surface area of 109 km2 . Motuhaga is the only islet that has inhabitants. The estimated population is 80-120.
Fakaofo, formerly known as Bowditch Island, is a South Pacific Ocean atoll located in the Tokelau Group. The actual land area is only about 3 km2, consisting of islets on a coral reef surrounding a central lagoon of some 45 km2. According to the 2006 census 483 people officially live on Fakaofo . Of those present 70% belong to the Congregational Church and 22% to the Catholic Church.
Aileu is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of East Timor. It has a population of 48,554 and an area of 737 km². The municipality's capital is also named Aileu. Its administrative posts are Aileu, Laulara, Lequidoe and Remexio.
Ainaro is one of 13 municipalities of East Timor, in the southwest part of the country. It has a population of 59,175 and an area of 804 km². Its capital is the city of Ainaro, a small mountain town.
Baucau is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of East Timor, on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The capital is also called Baucau . The population of the municipality is 111,694 and it has an area of 1,506 km².
Bobonaro is a city and suco in Bobonaro Subdistrict, Bobonaro District, East Timor. The district capital is not in Bobonaro, but is in Maliana instead. Bobonaro suco has 1,532 inhabitants.
Cova Lima is a municipality of East Timor, in the Southwest part of the country. It has a population of 59,455 and an area of 1,230 km². The capital of the municipality is Suai, which lies 136 km from Dili, the national capital. The administrative posts of Cova Lima are Fatululic, Fatumean, Fohorem, Zumalai, Maucatar, Suai, and Tilomar.
Dili is one of the 13 municipalities, formerly districts, of Timor-Leste, which includes the national capital Dili. It had a population of 277,279 as of 2015, most of whom live in the capital city. The municipality has an area of 368.12 km2 . The municipality continued the same name as the council had in Portuguese Timor.
Ermera is a city in East Timor and a former capital of the East Timorese community, Ermera. Ermera in Mambai means "red water." It has a population of 8,907. Its geographical coordinates are 8°45′8″S 125°23′49″E﻿ / ﻿8.75222°S 125.39694°E﻿ / -8.75222; 125.39694, and it lies 1,195 metres above sea level. Ermera's center lies in the Suco of Poetete .
Lautém is one of the municipalities of East Timor, on the eastern end of the island of Timor. It has a population of 64,135 and an area of 1,813 km². Its capital is Lospalos, which lies 248 km east of the national capital, Dili.
Liquiçá is one of the municipalities of East Timor. Its capital is also called Liquiçá.
Manufahi is one of the municipalities of East Timor. It has a population of 53,691 and an area of 1,323 km². The capital of the municipality is Same.
Manatuto is one of the municipalities of East Timor, located in the central part of the country. It has a population of 45,541 and an area of 1,78 km². The capital of the municipality is also named Manatuto.
Oecusse also known as: Oecusse-Ambeno, Portuguese: Oé-Cusse Ambeno, Tetum: Oecussi Ambeno, officially the Special Administrative Region Oecusse-Ambeno . Also variously Oecussi, Ocussi, Oekussi, Oekusi, Okusi, Oé-Cusse, and formerly just Ambeno, is both a municipality and a Special Administrative Region, and was formerly a district, of East Timor.
Viqueque is the largest of the municipalities of East Timor. It has a population of 77,402 and an area of 1,877 km². The capital of the municipality is also named Viqueque.
Ahal Region is one of five provinces of Turkmenistan. It is in the south-center of the country, bordering Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range. Its area is 97,160 km2 and population 939,700 .
Balkan Region is the westernmost of the five regions of Turkmenistan. Clockwise from north it borders Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan ; two provinces of Turkmenistan, Iran and the Caspian Sea . The capital city is Balkanabat, formerly known as Nebit Dag. The boundaries of the region are identical to those of the former Krasnovodsk Oblast', a Soviet-era province of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. This oblast was liquidated and restored many times in the mid- to late nineteen-hundreds and in 1988 it was abolished for good. However, the administrative boundaries of the region were restored in 1991 when Balkan Region was established.
Daşoguz Region is one of the regions of Turkmenistan. It is in the north of the country, bordering Uzbekistan. The area of the province is 73,430 square kilometers, and the total population is 1,370,400 . The capital is Daşoguz .
Lebap Region is one of the regions of Turkmenistan. It is in the northeast of the country, bordering Afghanistan, Uzbekistan along the Amu Darya. Its capital is Türkmenabat . It has an area of 93,727 square kilometers, and a population of 1,334,500 people .
Mary Region is one of five provinces in Turkmenistan. It is located in the south-east of the country, bordering Afghanistan. Its capital is the city of Mary. Its area is 87,150 km2 and population 1,480,400 . The average population density is about 15 persons per square kilometer, but it reaches 150–200 per square kilometer in the most developed oases.
Ashgabat, formerly named Poltoratsk between 1919 and 1927, is the capital and the largest city of Turkmenistan. It is situated between the Karakum Desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range in Central Asia. It is also near the Iran-Turkmenistan border.
Tunis Governorate is the smallest and most populated of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It covers an urban and suburban area on the Gulf of Tunis on the north-east coast covering 346 square kilometres and has a population of 1,056,247 with some agriculture and amenity land including parts of national parks. Its capital is that of the country, Tunis.
Ariana Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in northern Tunisia, approximately triangular, having as one of its sides part of the Gulf of Tunis, it covers an area of 482 km² and has a population of 576,088 . The capital is Aryanah.
Ben Arous Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the north-east of Tunisia and adjoins smaller Tunis Governorate. It covers an area of 761 km² and had a population of 712,172 as at the 2019 census. The capital is Ben Arous.
Manouba Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia and is in inland, northern Tunisia. It has a population of 379,518, and an area of 1,137 km2. The capital is Manouba.
Nabeul Governorate is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia. It is situated in north-eastern Tunisia. It covers an area of 2,788 km² and has a population of 787,920 . The capital is Nabeul.
Zaghouan Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia and is in north-eastern Tunisia. It covers an area of 2,768 km² and its population was 176,945 at the 2014 census. The capital is the town of Zaghouan.
Bizerte Governorate is the northernmost of the 24 governorates of Tunisia. It is in northern Tunisia, approximately rectangular and having a long north coast. It covers an area of 3,750 km² including two large lakes, one coastal hence saline and one freshwater being the World Heritage Site, Ichkeul lake. Its population was 568,219 as at the 2014 census. The capital is Bizerte which stands principally on inlet between Bizerte lake and the Mediterranean. The offshore Galite Islands are part of the governorate, as are the ruins of the ancient city of Utica.
Béja Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in northern Tunisia and has a brief coastline relative to its size. It covers an area of 3,740 km² and had a population of 303,032 as at the 2014 census. The capital is Béja and it spans the moderately high Tell Atlas hills and part of the plain between the Tell Atlas and the Dorsal Atlas further south.
Jendouba Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is predominantly in the high hills of the Tell Atlas north-western Tunisia, bordering Algeria and the Mediterranean Sea. It covers an area of 3,102 km² and has a population of 401,477 . The capital is Jendouba.
Kef Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It comprises chiefly part of the dorsal Atlas Mountains and their foothills in north-western Tunisia, bordering Algeria. It covers an area of 4,965 km² and has a population of 243,156 . The capital is El Kef.
Siliana Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia, is landlocked and is in the north of the country. It covers an area of 4,631 km² and has a population of 223,087 . The capital is Siliana.
Kairouan Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is landlocked and in the centre-east of the country. It covers an area of 6,712 km² and has a population of 570,559 . The narrower province of Sousse borders it to the east, the nearest coastline The capital is Kairouan. Lowland parts of the province are semi-arid, experiencing in most years light rains in the winter months and scant rainfall in other months but higher parts attract relief precipitation in and around the Djebel Zhagdoud and a large part of the Djebel Serj national parks, in the north-east of the province which are geologically outcrops of the Dorsal Atlas mountains in the province to the north.
Kasserine Governorate, sometimes spelt Casrein, is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in west-central Tunisia on the frontier with Algeria, wholly north of the true centre line but the area is south or west of the bulk of the population of the country, based on Tunisia's greater northern rainfall. It covers an area of 8.260 km² and has a population of 461.600 .The capital is Kasserine which is at the foot of Jebel ech Chambi, Tunisia's highest mountain, in turn part of the Dorsal Atlas mountains. The mountain and its associated escarpment form its own national park in the province.
Sidi Bouzid Governorate, sometimes spelt Sidi Bou Zid, is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia. It is in central Tunisia and landlocked. It covers an area of 7405 km² and has a population of 429,912 . The capital is its most populous settlement, Sidi Bouzid.
Sousse Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is beside the eastern coast of Tunisia in the north-east of the country and covers an area of 2,621 km² and has a population of 674,971 . The capital is Sousse.
Monastir Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is situated in north-eastern Tunisia. It covers an area of 1,019 km² and has a population of 548,828 . The capital is Monastir.
Mahdia Governorate is in central-eastern Tunisia, named after its largest town and administrative centre. It comprises an area of coastal relative lowland, but extends further inland than its coastal length. It is one of the twenty-four governorates . It covers an area of 2,966 km², and has a population of 410,812 . Four other governorates are its neighbours - clockwise from south, Sfax, Kairouan, Sousse and Monastir Governorates.
The Sfax Governorate is one of the governorates of Tunisia. The governorate has a population of 955,421 and an area of 7,545 km². Its capital is Sfax. It is along the east coast of Tunisia, and includes the Kerkennah Islands.
Gafsa Governorate is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia. It is situated in central Tunisia, bordering Algeria. It covers an area of 7807 km² and has a population of 337,331 . The capital of the city is Gafsa - ruled by Malek Necibi - whom all the heads of local municipalities report to.
Tozeur is the westernmost of the 24 governorates of Tunisia and as such bordering Algeria. It covers an area of 4,719 km² and has a population of 107,912 making it the least populated province. The capital is Tozeur.
Kebili Governorate is the second largest of the 24 governorates of Tunisia. It is situated in south-western Tunisia, bordering Algeria. It covers an area of 22,454 square kilometres and had a population of 156,961 at the 2014 census. The capital is Kebili.
Gabès Governorate is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia and in south-eastern Tunisia. It covers an area of 7166 km² and had a population of 374,300 as at the 2014 census. The capital is Gabès.
The governorate encompasses the south-easternmost coastal strip, totalling 9167 km² and had a population of 479,520 at the 2014 census. The capital is Medenine. The governorate includes the country's largest island, Djerba, which is connected by bridge and has over a third of the total population of the governate and its own airport.
Tataouine Governorate is the southernmost of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia, the only one to border both Algeria and Libya. It is also the largest, covering an area of 38,889 km². It had a population of 149,453, nearly tied for second least-populated with Kebili after Tozeur . The capital is Tataouine.
ʻEua is an island in the kingdom of Tonga. It is close to Tongatapu, but forms a separate administrative division. It has an area of 87.44 km2, and a population in 2016 of 4,945 people.
Haʻapai is a group of islands, islets, reefs, and shoals in the central part of the Kingdom of Tonga. It has a combined land area of 109.30 square kilometres . The Tongatapu island group lies to its south, and the Vavaʻu group lies to its north. Seventeen of the Haʻapai islands are inhabited. Their combined population is 6,125. The Ha‘apai group’s highest point is Kao, which is almost 1,050 metres above sea level.
Niua is a division of the Kingdom of Tonga, namely the northernmost group of islands. It consists of three islands which together have an area of 71.69 km2 and a population of 1,232. The largest village is Hihifo on Niuatoputapu. Piu'o Tafahi is the highest point with an elevation of 560 m.
Tongatapu is the main island of the Kingdom of Tonga and site of Tonga’s capital, Nukuʻalofa. It is located in Tonga's southern island group, to which it gives its name, and is the country's most populous island, with 74,611 residents, 70.5% of the national population, on 260 square kilometres . Its maximum elevation is 28 metres above sea level. Tongatapu is Tonga's centre of government and the seat of its monarchy.
Vavaʻu is an island group, consisting of one large island and 40 smaller ones, in Tonga. It is part of Vavaʻu District, which includes several other individual islands. According to tradition, the Maui god created both Tongatapu and Vavaʻu, but put a little more effort into the former. Vavaʻu rises 204 metres above sea level at Mount Talau. The capital is Neiafu, situated at the Port of Refuge .
Adana Province is a province of Turkey located in central Cilicia. With a population of 2.20 million, it is the sixth most populous province in Turkey. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 79% of the residents of the province. It is also closely affiliated with other Cilician provinces of Mersin, Osmaniye, and Hatay.
Adıyaman Province is a province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The capital is Adıyaman. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.
Afyonkarahisar Province, also called more simply Afyon Province, is a province in western Turkey.
The Ağrı Province is a province in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east, Kars to the north, Erzurum to the northwest, Muş and Bitlis to the southwest, Van to the south, and Iğdır to the northeast. It has an area of 11,376 km² and a population of 542,022 . The province is considered part of Western Armenia by Armenians and mostly was part of ancient province of Ayrarat of Kingdom of Armenia. Before the Armenian genocide, modern Ağri Province was part of the six Armenian vilayets. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.
Amasya Province is a province of Turkey, situated on the Yeşil River in the Black Sea Region to the north of the country.
Ankara Province is a province of Turkey with the capital city Ankara.
Antalya Province is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea.
Artvin Province is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the northeastern corner of the country, on the border with Georgia.
Aydın Province is a province of southwestern Turkey, located in the Aegean Region. The provincial capital is the city of Aydın which has a population of almost 200,000 . Other towns in the province include the summer seaside resorts of Didim and Kuşadası.
Balıkesir Province is a province in northwestern Turkey with coastlines on both the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. Its adjacent provinces are Çanakkale to the west, İzmir to the southwest, Manisa to the south, Kütahya to the southeast, and Bursa to the east. The provincial capital is Balıkesir. Most of the province lies in the Marmara Region except the southern parts of Bigadiç Edremit, Kepsut, İvrindi, Savaştepe and Sındırgı districts and ones of Ayvalık, Burhaniye, Dursunbey, Gömeç and Havran, that bound the Aegean Region. Kaz Dağı, known also as Mount Ida, is located in this province. Balıkesir province is famous for its olives, thermal spas, and clean beaches, making it an important tourist destination. The province also hosts immense deposits of kaolinite and borax, with some open-pit mines. The Kaz mountains are also threatened with the expansion of gold mining using cyanide which puts the villagers' lives, the agricultural economy, and tourism at risk.
Bilecik Province is a province in midwest Turkey, neighboring Bursa to the west, Kocaeli and Sakarya to the north, Bolu to the east, Eskişehir to the southeast and Kütahya to the south, spanning an area of 4,307 km2. The population is 225,381. Most of the province laid down in Marmara Region but eastern parts of Gölpazarı and Söğüt district and districts of İnhisar and Yenipazar remained in Black Sea Region, smaller southeastern parts of Bozüyük and Söğüt remained in Central Anatolia Region and smaller southwestern part of Bozüyük remained in Aegean Region.
Bingöl Province is a province of Turkey in Eastern Anatolia. The province was known as Çapakçur Province until 1945 when it was renamed as Bingöl province which literally means "thousand lakes" in Turkish language. Its neighboring provinces are Tunceli, Erzurum, Muş, Diyarbakır, Erzincan and Elazığ. The province covers an area of 8,125 km2 and has a population of 255,170. The capital is Bingöl. As the current Governor of the province, Kadir Ekinci was appointed by the president on the 5 November 2018.
Bitlis Province is a province of eastern Turkey, located to the west of Lake Van. The province is considered part of Western Armenia by Armenians. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. The current Governor of the province is Oktay Çağatay.
Bolu Province is a province in northwestern Turkey. It is an important midpoint between the capital, Ankara and the largest city in the country, Istanbul. It covers an area of 7,410 km², and the population is 271,208.
Burdur Province is a province of Turkey, located in the southwest and bordering Muğla and Antalya to the south, Denizli to the west, Afyon to the north, and Isparta to the east. It has an area of 6,887 km2 and a population of 258,868. The provincial capital is Burdur city.
Bursa Province is a province in Turkey along the Sea of Marmara coast in northwestern Anatolia. It borders Balıkesir to the west, Kütahya to the south, Bilecik and Sakarya to the east, Kocaeli to the northeast and Yalova to the north. The province has an area of 11,043 km2 and a population of 2,994,521 as of 2018. Its traffic code is 16.
Çanakkale Province is a province of Turkey, located in the northwestern part of the country. It takes its name from the city of Çanakkale.
Çankırı Province is a province of Turkey, which lies close to the capital, Ankara. The provincial capital is Çankırı.
Çorum is a province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, but lying inland and having more characteristics of Central Anatolia than the Black Sea coast. Its provincial capital is the city of Çorum, the traffic code is 19.
Denizli Province is a province of Turkey in Western Anatolia, on high ground above the Aegean coast. Neighbouring provinces are Uşak to the north, Burdur, Isparta, Afyon to the east, Aydın, Manisa to the west and Muğla to the south. It is located between the coordinates 28° 30’ and 29° 30’ E and 37° 12’ and 38° 12’ N. It covers an area of 11,868 km2, and the population is 931,823. The population was 750,882 in 1990. The provincial capital is the city of Denizli.
Diyarbakır Province, is a province in southeastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15,355 km2 and its population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is the city of Diyarbakır. The province has a Kurdish majority and is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.
Edirne Province is a Turkish province located in East Thrace. Part of European Turkey, it is one of only three provinces located entirely within continental Europe. Edirne Province is bordered by Tekirdağ Province and Kırklareli Province to the east, and the Gallipoli peninsula of Çanakkale Province to the south-east. It shares international borders with Bulgaria to the north and Greece to the west.
Elâzığ Province is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city of Elâzığ. The province had a population of 568,753 in 2014. The population of the province was 569,616 in 2000 and 498,225 in 1990. The total area of the province is 8,455 square kilometres, 826 km2 of which is covered by reservoirs and natural lakes. The current governor of the province is Çetin Oktay Kaldirim.
Erzincan Province is a province in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. In Turkey, its capital is also called Erzincan. The population was 224,949 in 2010.
Erzurum Province is a province of Turkey in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the country. The capital of the province is the city of Erzurum. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast. Okay Memiş was appointed as the governor of the province by a presidential decree on 27 October 2018.
Eskişehir Province is a province in northwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Bilecik to the northwest, Kütahya to the west, Afyon to the southwest, Konya to the south, Ankara to the east, and Bolu to the north. The provincial capital is Eskişehir. Most of the province is laid down in Central Anatolia Region. Northern parts of Mihalıççık district and ones of Mihalgazi and Sarıcakaya are located in the Black Sea Region and one of them belong to the Aegean Region.
Gaziantep Province is a province in south-central Turkey. Its capital is the city of Gaziantep, which had a population of 1,931,836 in 2015. Its neighbours are Adıyaman to the northeast, Şanlıurfa to the east, Syria and Kilis to the south, Hatay to the southwest, Osmaniye to the west and Kahramanmaraş to the northwest.
Giresun Province is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Trabzon to the east, Gümüşhane to the southeast, Erzincan to the south, Sivas to the southwest, and Ordu to the west. Its license-plate code is 28.
Gümüşhane Province is a province in northern Turkey, bordering Bayburt to the east, Trabzon to the north, Giresun and Erzincan to the west. It covers an area of 6,575 km² and has a population of 129,618 in 2010. The population was 186,953 in 2000. The name Gümüşhane means silver house. The city has a rich mining history and was the source of exports for Trabzon. The current Governor is Kamuran Taşbilek, he was appointed on the 27 October 2019.
Hakkâri Province, is a province in the southeast of Turkey. The administrative centre is the city of Hakkâri. The province covers an area of 7,121 km² and had a population of 286,470 in 2018. The province was created in 1936 out of Van Province and borders Şırnak Province to the west, Van Province to the north, Iran to the east, and Iraq to the south. The current Governor is İdris Akbıyık. The province is a stronghold for Kurdish nationalism and a hotspot in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.
Hatay Province is the southernmost province of Turkey. It is situated almost entirely outside Anatolia, along the eastern coast of the Levantine Sea. The province borders Syria to its south and east, and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to its north. It is part of Çukurova, a large fertile plain along the cultural region of Cilicia, and its administrative capital is Antakya.
Isparta Province is a province in southwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Afyon to the northwest, Burdur to the southwest, Antalya to the south, and Konya to the east. It has an area of 8,993 km2 and a population of 448,298 up from 434,771 . The provincial capital is Isparta.
Mersin Province, formerly İçel Province, is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. The provincial capital and the biggest city in the province is Mersin, which is composed of Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir metropolitan municipalities, followed by Tarsus, the birthplace of Paul the Apostle. The province is considered to be a part of the geographical, economical and cultural region of Çukurova, which covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. The city straddles the Bosphorus strait, and lies in both Europe and Asia, with a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. Istanbul is the most populous city in Europe, and the world's fifteenth-largest city.
İzmir Province is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in western Anatolia, situated along the Aegean coast. Its capital is the city of İzmir, which is in itself composed of the province's central 11 districts out of 30 in total. To the west, it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea, and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir. Its area is 11,973 square kilometres, with a population of 4,279,677 in 2017. The population was 3,370,866 in 2000. Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north, Manisa to the east, and Aydın to the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.
Kars Province is a province of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country. It shares part of its closed border with Armenia. The provincial capital is the city of Kars. The provinces of Ardahan and Iğdır were until the 1990s part of Kars Province.
Kastamonu Province is one of the provinces of Turkey, in the Black Sea region to the north of the country. It is surrounded by Sinop to the east, Bartın, Karabük to the west, Çankırı to the south, Çorum to the southeast and the Black Sea to the north.
The Kayseri Province is situated in central Turkey. The population is 1,255,349 of which around 1,000,000 live in the city of Kayseri. It covers an area of 16,917 km2 and it borders with Sivas, Adana, Niğde, Kahramanmaraş, Yozgat and Nevşehir provinces.
Kırklareli Province is a province in northwestern Turkey on the west coast of the Black Sea. The province neighbours Bulgaria to the north along a 180-kilometre long border. It borders the province of Edirne to the west and the province of Tekirdağ to the south and province of Istanbul to the southeast. Kırklareli is the capital city of the province. The province's and its central city's name means "the land of the forties" in Turkish and it may refer either to the forty Ottoman ghazis sent by the sultan Murad I to conquer the city for the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century or to the forty churches reported to be situated in the region before the Ottoman conquest, as attested by the former name of Kırklareli . There is a memorial on a hilltop in Kırklareli city, called "Kırklar Anıtı" to honor the Ottoman conquerors . The province is bisected by the Yıldız mountain range. The north and northeastern parts of the province are among the least populated and under developed parts of Turkey. The districts to the south and west are more populated because the land is better suited for agriculture and industrial development. The north and eastern parts of the province are dominated by forests. Therefore, forestry is an important means of living in these areas. Fishing is done along the Black Sea coast.
Kırşehir Province is located in central Turkey, forming part of the central Anatolian region. It stands on the North Anatolian Fault, and is currently in an earthquake warning zone. The average elevation is approximately 985 meters above sea level. The provincial capital is Kırşehir.
Konya Province is a province of Turkey in southwest-central Anatolia. The provincial capital is the city of Konya. By area it is the largest province of Turkey. Its traffic code is 42.
Kütahya Province is a province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is 11,875 km2 in size, and the population is 571,554 . In 1990, Kütahya had a population of 578,000.
Malatya Province is a province of Turkey. It is part of a larger mountainous area. The capital of the province is Malatya . The area of Malatya province is 12,313 km². Malatya Province had a population of 853,658 according to the results of 2000 census, whereas in 2010 it had a population of 740,643. The provincial center, the city of Malatya, has a population of 426,381 .
Manisa Province is a province in western Turkey. Its neighboring provinces are İzmir to the west, Aydın to the south, Denizli to the southeast, Uşak to the east, Kütahya to the northeast, and Balıkesir to the north. The city of Manisa is the seat and capital of the province. The traffic code is 45.
Kahramanmaraş Province is a province of Turkey. Its provincial capital is the city of Kahramanmaraş, the traffic code is 46.
Mardin Province, is a province of Turkey with a population of 809,719 in 2017, slightly down from the population of 835,173 in 2000. Kurds form the majority of the population followed closely by Arabs who represent 40% of the province's population.
Muğla Province is a province of Turkey, at the country's south-western corner, on the Aegean Sea. Its seat is Muğla, about 20 km inland, while some of Turkey's largest holiday resorts, such as Bodrum, Ölüdeniz, Marmaris and Fethiye, are on the coast in Muğla.
Muş Province is a province in eastern Turkey. It is 8,196 km2 in area and has a population of 406,886 according to a 2010 estimate, down from 453,654 in 2000. The provincial capital is the city of Muş. Another town in Muş province, Malazgirt, is famous for the Battle of Manzikert of 1071.
Nevşehir Province is a province in central Turkey with its capital in Nevşehir. Its adjacent provinces are Kırşehir to the northwest, Aksaray to the southwest, Niğde to the south, Kayseri to the southeast, and Yozgat to the northeast. Nevşehir includes the area called Cappadocia - a tourist attraction in Turkey. The town of Göreme is also located in Nevşehir.
Niğde Province is a province in the southern part of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Population is 341,412 of which 141,360 live in the city of Niğde. The population was 348,081 in 2000 and 305,861 in 1990. It covers an area of 7,312 km2. Neighbouring provinces are Kayseri, Adana, Mersin, Konya, Aksaray and Nevşehir.
Ordu Province is a province of Turkey, located on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Samsun to the northwest, Tokat to the southwest, Sivas to the south, and Giresun to the east. Its license-plate code is 52.
Rize Province is a province of northeast Turkey, on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin. The province of Erzurum is to the south. It was formerly known as Lazistan, the designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by patriots. The province is home to Laz, Hemshin, Turkish people and Georgian communities. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan spent his early childhood in Rize, where his father was a member of the Turkish Coast Guard, and from which both of Erdogan's parents come from.
Sakarya is a province in Turkey, located on the coast of Black Sea. The Sakarya River creates a webbing of estuaries in the province. Sakarya is located in the Marmara Region. Its adjacent provinces are Kocaeli to the west, Bilecik to the south, Bolu to the southeast, and Düzce to the east.
Samsun Province is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast with a population of 1,252,693 . Its adjacent provinces are Sinop on the northwest, Çorum on the west, Amasya on the south, Tokat on the southeast on the east. Its traffic code is 55.
Siirt Province, is a province of Turkey, located in the southeast. The province borders Bitlis to the north, Batman to the west, Mardin to the southwest, Şırnak to the south, and Van to the east. It has an area of 5,406 km² and a total population of 300,695 . The provincial capital is the city of Siirt. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. The current Governor of the Siirt province is Ali Fuat Atik.
Sinop Province is a province of Turkey, along the Black Sea. It is located between 41 and 42 degrees North latitude and between 34 and 35 degrees East longitude. The surface area is 5,862 km2, equivalent to 0.8% of Turkey's surface area. The borders total 475 km and consists of 300 km of land and 175 km seaside borders. Its adjacent provinces are Kastamonu on the west, Çorum on the south, and Samsun on the southeast. The provincial capital is the city of Sinop.
Sivas Province is a province of Turkey. It is largely located at the eastern part of the Central Anatolia region of Turkey; it is the second largest province in Turkey by territory. Its adjacent provinces are Yozgat to the west, Kayseri to the southwest, Kahramanmaraş to the south, Malatya to the southeast, Erzincan to the east, Giresun to the northeast, and Ordu to the north. Its capital is Sivas.
Tekirdağ Province is a province of Turkey. It is located in the East Thrace region of the country, also known as European Turkey, one of only three provinces entirely within continental Europe. Tekirdağ Province is bordered by Istanbul Province to the east, Kırklareli Province to the north, Edirne Province to the west, and the Gallipoli peninsula of Çanakkale Province to the south.
Tokat Province is a province in northern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Amasya to the northwest, Yozgat to the southwest, Sivas to the southeast, and Ordu to the northeast. Its capital is Tokat, which lies inland of the middle Black Sea region, 422 kilometers from Ankara.
Trabzon Province is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Located in a strategically important region, Trabzon is one of the oldest trade port cities in Anatolia. Neighbouring provinces are Giresun to the west, Gümüşhane to the southwest, Bayburt to the southeast and Rize to the east.İsmail Ustaoğlu was appointed the Governor of the province in October 2018.
Tunceli Province, formerly Dersim Province, is located in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The least densely-populated province in Turkey, it was originally named Dersim Province, then demoted to a district and incorporated into Elâzığ Province in 1926. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. It is moreover the only province in Turkey with an Alevi majority.
Şanlıurfa Province or simply Urfa Province is a province in southeastern Turkey. The city of Şanlıurfa is the capital of the province which bears its name. The population is 1,845,667 . The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority with a significant Arab and Turkish minority.
Uşak is a province in western Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Manisa to the west, Denizli to the south, Afyon to the east, and Kütahya to the north. The provincial capital is Uşak, and its licence location code is 64. The province covers an area of 5,341 km2.
Van Province is a province in the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and had a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Its adjacent provinces are Bitlis to the west, Siirt to the southwest, Şırnak and Hakkâri to the south, and Ağrı to the north. The capital of the province is the city of Van. The province is considered part of Western Armenia by Armenians and was part of ancient province of Vaspurakan. The region is considered to be the cradle of Armenian civilization. Before the Armenian genocide, Van Province was part of six Armenian vilayets. A majority of the province's modern day population is Kurdish. The current Governor is Mehmet Emin Bilmez.
Yozgat Province is a province in central Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Çorum to the northwest, Kırıkkale to the west, Kırşehir to the southwest, Nevşehir to the south, Kayseri to the southeast, Sivas to the east, Tokat to the northeast, and Amasya to the north. The provincial capital is Yozgat.
Zonguldak Province is a province along the western Black Sea coast region of Turkey. The province is 3.481 km2 in size and has a population of 619,703. Its adjacent provinces are Düzce to the southwest, Bolu to the south, Karabük to the southeast, and Bartın to the east. The capital is Zonguldak. Its Governor is Erdoğan Bektaş.
Aksaray Province is a province in central Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Konya along the west and south, Niğde to the southeast, Nevşehir to the east, and Kırşehir to the north. It covers an area of 7,626 square kilometres . The provincial capital is the city of Aksaray.
Bayburt Province is a province of Turkey. Located in the Northeast Anatolia region of the country, the capital city is Bayburt, and with a population of 74,412 is the least-populous province in Turkey.
Karaman Province is a province of south-central Turkey. It has an area of 9,163 km2. It has a population of 232,633 . According to the 2000 census the population was 243,210. Population density is 27.54 people/km2. The traffic code is 70. The capital is the city of Karaman. Karaman was the location of the Karamanid Beylik, which came to an end in 1486.
Kırıkkale Province is a province of Turkey. It is located on the crossroads of major highways east of Ankara leading east to the Black Sea region. With its rapid population growth it has become an industrial center. The provincial capital is Kırıkkale.
Batman Province is province in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. It was created in May 1990 with the Law No. 3647 taking some parts from the eastern Province of Siirt and some from the southern Province of Mardin. The province's population exceeded 500,000 in 2010. The city of Batman with 460,955 inhabitants, is the provincial capital.
Şırnak Province is a province of Turkey in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Şırnak Province was created in 1990, with areas that were formerly part of the Siirt and Mardin Provinces. It borders both Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Syria. The current Governor of the province is Ali Hamza Pehlivan. As of 2013, the province had an estimated population of 475,255 people.
Bartın Province, a small province in northern Turkey on the Black Sea, surrounds the city of Bartın. It lies to the east of Zonguldak Province.
Ardahan Province is a province in the north-east of Turkey, at the very end of the country, where Turkey borders with Georgia and Armenia. The provincial capital is the city of Ardahan.
Iğdır Province is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Its adjacent provinces are Kars to the northwest and Ağrı to the west and south. It occupies an area of 3,587 km2 and population of 184,418, it was 168,634 in 2000 . It was created from southeastern part of the former Kars Province in 1993. The current Governor of the province is Hüseyin Engin Sarıibrahim.
Yalova Province is a province in northwestern Turkey, on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. Its adjacent provinces are Bursa to the south and Kocaeli to the east. The population of the Yalova Province was 203,741 in 2010. Prior to 1930, the area around Yalova constituted a district of Kocaeli Province; from 1930 to 1995, it was made part of Istanbul Province; in 1995, the area was separated and made into the current Yalova Province.
Karabük Province is a landlocked province in the northern part of Anatolia, located about 200 km north of Ankara, 115 km away from Zonguldak and 113 km away from Kastamonu. In 2010 it had a population of 227,610. The main city is Karabük which is located about 100 km south of the Black Sea coast.
Kilis Province is a province in southern Turkey, on the border with Syria. It used to be the southern part of the province of Gaziantep and was formed in 1994. The town of Kilis is home to around 67% of the inhabitants of the province; the other towns and villages are very small.
Osmaniye Province is a Turkish province located in southern Turkey. It existed as a province by the name Cebel-i Bereket in the early republic until 1933, when it was incorporated into Adana Province. It was made a province again in 1996. It covers an area of 3,767 km2 and has a population of 479,221 . The province is situated in Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region.
Düzce Province is a province in northwestern Turkey. It is on the coastline of the Black Sea and is traversed by the main highway between Istanbul and Ankara. The main town is Düzce. There are ancient Greek ruins in the province.
Arima, officially The Royal Chartered Borough of Arima is the easternmost and second largest in area of the three boroughs of Trinidad and Tobago. It is geographically adjacent to Sangre Grande and Arouca at the south central foothills of the Northern Range. To the south is the Caroni–Arena Dam. Coterminous with Town of Arima since 1888, the borough of Arima is the fourth-largest municipality in population in the country . The census estimated it had 33,606 residents in 2011.
The Borough of Chaguanas is the largest municipality and fastest-growing town in Trinidad and Tobago. Located in west-central Trinidad, south of Port of Spain, north of Couva and San Fernando, named after the indigenous tribe who originally settled there, it grew in size due to its proximity to the Woodford Lodge sugar refinery. It remained a minor town until the 1980s when it began to grow rapidly as it drew people for its bargain shopping and moderately priced housing. Its rapid growth has seen property values increase dramatically, however.
Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo is one of the nine regions of Trinidad and Tobago, and one of the five regions which form Gulf of Paria coastline on Trinidad's West Coast. Its regional capital and commercial center is Couva. Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo is the third-largest of Trinidad and Tobago's nine regions, with an area of 723 square kilometres . As of 2011, the population was 178,410. The region is the second-most populous and fourth-least-densely populated region in Trinidad with 247 inhabitants per square kilometre .
Diego Martin is a Region of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 127.53 km². Urban areas within the region include Carenage, Diego Martin, Maraval and parts of Saint James. The local government body is the Diego Martin Regional Corporation.
Tobago is an island within the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located 35 kilometres northeast of the larger island of Trinidad and about 160 kilometres off the northeastern coast of Venezuela. It also lies to the southeast of Grenada. The official bird of Tobago is the cocrico. The indigenous name for the island is Aloubaéra.
Penal–Debe region is a region of Trinidad. The local government body is Penal–Debe Regional Corporation, a Regional Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 246.91 km². Urban areas within Penal–Debe include Penal, where the corporation is headquartered, and Debe. Indians make up the majority of the region with 71%, followed by minorities of Africans, Douglas, other multiracial, Europeans, Chinese, Amerindians, Portuguese, Arabs, and others. Hinduism is the largest religion in the region at 43%, followed by Christianity, Islam, not stated, others, Irreligion, Orisha-Shango, and Rastafari.
Port of Spain, officially the City of Port of Spain, is the capital city of Trinidad and Tobago, the country's second-largest city after San Fernando, and the third largest municipality after Chaguanas and San Fernando. The city has a municipal population of 37,074, an urban population of 81,142 and a transient daily population of 250,000. It is located on the Gulf of Paria, on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000.
Princes Town is a region of Trinidad and Tobago. The local government body is Princes Town Regional Corporation, a Regional Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 620 km2. The Princes Town Regional Corporation is headquartered in Princes Town.
Point Fortin, officially the Republic Borough of Point Fortin, the smallest Borough in Trinidad and Tobago is located in southwestern Trinidad, about 32 km southwest of San Fernando, in the historic county of Saint Patrick. After the discovery of petroleum in the area in 1906 the town grew into a major oil-producing centre. The town grew with the oil industry between the 1940s and 1980s, culminating in its elevation to borough status in 1980. After the end of the oil boom Point Fortin was hit hard by economic recession in the 1980s and the closure of its oil refinery. Construction of a Liquefied Natural Gas plant by Atlantic LNG in late 1990s boosted the economy.
Mayaro–Rio Claro is a region of Trinidad. The local government body is Mayaro–Rio Claro Regional Corporation, a Regional Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago. The region has a land area of 852.81 km2 . The Mayaro–Rio Claro Regional Corporation is headquartered in Rio Claro. Other towns include Mayaro.
San Fernando, officially the City of San Fernando, is the most populous city and second most populous municipality in Trinidad and Tobago, after Chaguanas. Sando, as it is also known, occupies 19 km² and is located in the southwestern part of the island of Trinidad. It is bounded to the north by the Guaracara River, the south by the Oropouche River, the east by the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway, and the west by the Gulf of Paria. The former borough was elevated to the status of a city corporation on 18 November 1988. The motto of San Fernando is: "Sanitas Fortis" - In a Healthy Environment We Will Find Strength. Many local Trinidadians refer to the city with the shortened name "Sando." San Fernando is called Trinidad and Tobago's "industrial capital" because of its proximity to the Pointe-à-Pierre oil refinery and many other petrochemical, LNG, iron and steel and aluminium smelters in places such as Point Lisas in Couva, Point Fortin, and La Brea.
Sangre Grande is a region of Trinidad. The Region of Sangre Grande is a local government body and the largest Region of Trinidad and Tobago by area. The region has a land area of 898.94 km². The Sangre Grande Regional Corporation is headquartered in Sangre Grande. Other urban areas within include Guaico, Toco and Valencia. For the Council Term of 2013–2016 the Sangre Grande Regional Corporation was expanded to include one additional Electoral District.
Siparia is a region of Trinidad and Tobago in the southwestern portion of the island. The Region of Siparia is a Regional Corporation, which handles local government functions. The Siparia Regional Corporation is headquartered in Siparia. Other urban areas include Cedros, Fyzabad, La Brea, Santa Flora, South Oropouche.
San Juan–Laventille is a region of Trinidad. It has a land area of 220.39 km². The San Juan–Laventille Regional Corporation is headquartered at MTS Plaza in Aranguez, San Juan. Other urban areas include Barataria, Laventille, Morvant and San Juan. It is the smallest region in Trinidad. The region is bordered by Port of Spain in the west to St. Joseph in the east.
Tunapuna–Piarco is one of the 9 regions of Trinidad and Tobago. It is the most populous region in the country by total population and the fifth-largest by total land area. Geographically located in Northern Trinidad, Tunapuna–Piarco shares its borders with the regions of San Juan–Laventille to the west, Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo to the south, the Borough of Chaguanas to the south-west, Sangre Grande to the east and the Caribbean Sea to the north. The region also completely surrounds the Royal Chartered Borough of Arima, which is located in the south-eastern corner of the region.
Funafuti is an atoll and the capital of the island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 6,320 people, making it the country's most populous atoll, with 60.15 per cent of Tuvalu's population. It consists of a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 metres wide, encircling a large lagoon 18 km long and 14 km wide. The average depth of the Funafuti lagoon is about 20 fathoms . With a surface area of 275 square kilometres, it is by far the largest lagoon in Tuvalu. The land area of the 33 islets around the atoll of Funafuti totals 2.4 square kilometres ; taken together, they constitute less than one per cent of the total area of the atoll. Cargo ships can enter Funafuti's lagoon and dock at the port facilities on Fongafale.
Niutao is a reef island in the northern part of Tuvalu. It is one of the nine districts of Tuvalu. It is also one of the three districts that consist of only one island - not counting the three islets inside the closed lagoon. Niutao has a population of 582 .
Nukufetau is an atoll that is part of the nation of Tuvalu. The atoll was claimed by the US under the Guano Islands Act some time in the 19th century and was ceded in a treaty of friendship concluded in 1979 and coming into force in 1983. It has a population of 597 who live on Savave islet . In 1951 the school that was located on Motumua islet was transferred to Savave and became the government primary school for Nukufetau. It was named the Tutasi Memorial School in honour of its predecessor.
Nukulaelae is an atoll that is part of the nation of Tuvalu, and it has a population of 300 . The largest settlement is Pepesala on Fangaua islet with a population of 300 people . It has the form of an oval and consists of at least 15 islets. The inhabited islet is Fangaua, which is 1.5 kilometres long and 50 to 200 metres wide. The easternmost point of Tuvalu is Niuoko islet. The Nukulaelae Conservation Area covers the eastern end of the lagoon. A baseline survey of marine life in the conservation zone was conducted in 2010.
Nanumea is the northwesternmost atoll in the Polynesian nation of Tuvalu, a group of nine coral atolls and islands spread over about 400 miles of Pacific Ocean just south of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Nanumea is 4 km2 with a population of 512 people .
Nanumanga or Nanumaga is a reef island and a district of the Oceanian island nation of Tuvalu. It has a surface area of about 3 km² with a population of 491 .
Vaitupu is the largest atoll of the nation of Tuvalu. It is located at 7.48 degrees south and 178.83 degrees west. There are 1,061 people living on 5.6 square kilometres with the main village being Asau.
Changhua County is the smallest county on the main island of Taiwan by area, and the fourth smallest in the country. With a total population of 1.3 million, Changhua County is the most populous county in Taiwan. Its capital is Changhua City and it is part of the Taichung–Changhua metropolitan area.
Chiayi, officially known as Chiayi City, is a city located in the plains of southwestern Taiwan. Formerly called Kagee during the late Qing dynasty and Kagi during the Japanese era, its historical name is Tirosen.
Chiayi County is a county in southwestern Taiwan surrounding but not including Chiayi City. It is the sixth largest county in Taiwan.
Hsinchu County, Wade–Giles: Hsin¹-chu², is a county in north-western Taiwan. The population of the county is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county. Zhubei is the county capital, where the government office and county office is located. A portion of the Hsinchu Science Park is located in Hsinchu County.
Hsinchu is a city in Taiwan. Hsinchu is the 7th largest city in Taiwan by population, with 446,701 inhabitants, and the largest not to be a special municipality. Hsinchu is a windy coastal city bordering the Taiwan Strait to the west, Hsinchu County to the north and east, and Miaoli County to the south.
Hualien County is a county on the east coast of Taiwan. It is the largest county by area, yet due to its mountainous terrain, has one of the lowest populations in the country. The county seat and largest city is Hualien City.
Yilan County, alternately spelled I-lan, is a county in northeastern Taiwan, Republic of China.
Second left: Main gate of Chung Cheng Park Second right: Start of Sun Yat-sen Freeway Third left: Northern coast of Keelung Third right: Keelung Port Bottom left: A pencil squid -style windmill in downtown
Kaohsiung City is a special municipality in southern Taiwan. It ranges from the coastal urban centre to the rural Yushan Range with an area of 2,952 km2 . Kaohsiung city has a population of approximately 2.77 million people and is Taiwan's third most populous city and largest city in southern Taiwan.
Kaohsiung County was a county in southern Taiwan between 1945 and 2010. The county seat was located in Fongshan City.
Miaoli County is a county in western Taiwan. Miaoli is adjacent with Hsinchu County and Hsinchu City to the north, Taichung to the south, and borders the Taiwan Strait to the west. Miaoli is classified as a county in central Taiwan by the National Development Council, while the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau classifies Miaoli as a county in northern Taiwan. Miaoli City is the capital of the county, and is also known as "Mountain Town", owing to the number of mountains nearby, making it a destination for hiking.
Nantou County is the second largest county of Taiwan, located in the central part of the country. It is also the only landlocked county in Taiwan. Its name derives from the Hoanya Taiwanese aboriginal word Ramtau.
The Penghu or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait. The largest city is Magong, located on the largest island, which is also named Magong. Covering an area of 141 square kilometers, the archipelago collectively forms Penghu County of the Republic of China and is the second smallest county after Lienchiang County .
Pingtung County is a county in Southern Taiwan. It has a warm tropical monsoon climate and is known for its agriculture and tourism. Kenting National Park, Taiwan's oldest and largest national park, is located in the county. The county seat is Pingtung City.
Taoyuan County is under the administration of Changde, Hunan Province, China. The Yuan River, a tributary of the Yangtze, flows through Taoyuan. It covers an area of 4441 square kilometers, of which 895 km2 is arable land. It is 229 km from Zhangjiang Town, the county seat, to Changsha, the capital city of Hunan province. The county occupies the southwestern corner of Changde City and borders the prefecture-level cities of Zhangjiajie to the northwest and Huaihua to the southwest.
Tainan, officially Tainan City, is a special municipality in southern Taiwan facing the Taiwan Strait on its western coast. Tainan is the oldest city on the island and also commonly known as the "Capital City" for its over 200 years of history as the capital of Taiwan under Koxinga and later Qing rule. Tainan's complex history of comebacks, redefinitions and renewals inspired its popular nickname "the Phoenix City". Tainan is classified as a "Sufficiency" level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
Tainan County was a county in southern Taiwan between 1945 and 2010. The county seat was in Sinying City.
Taipei, officially Taipei City, is the capital and a special municipality of Taiwan . Located in Northern Taiwan, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about 25 km southwest of the northern port city of Keelung. Most of the city rests on the Taipei Basin, an ancient lakebed. The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border.
New Taipei City is a special municipality and the most populous city in Taiwan. Located in northern Taiwan, the city includes a substantial stretch of the island's northern coastline and surrounds the Taipei Basin, making it the second largest special municipality by area, behind Kaohsiung. New Taipei City is bordered by Keelung to the northeast, Yilan County to the southeast, and Taoyuan to the southwest. It completely surrounds Taipei. Banqiao District is its municipal seat and biggest commercial area. Until 2010, the area that roughly corresponds to the present New Taipei City was known as Taipei County.
Taitung County is the third largest county in Taiwan, located primarily on the island's southeastern coast and also including Green Island, Orchid Island and Lesser Orchid Island.
Taichung, officially Taichung City, is a special municipality located in central Taiwan. Taichung has a population of approximately 2.82 million people and is Taiwan's second most populous city. It serves as the core of the Taichung–Changhua metropolitan area, which is the second largest metropolitan area in Taiwan. The current city was formed when Taichung County merged with the original provincial Taichung City to form the special municipality on 25 December 2010. It is classified as a "Gamma" level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
Taichung County was a county in central Taiwan between 1945 and 2010. The county seat was in Yuanlin Township before 1950 and Fongyuan City after 1950.
Yunlin County is a county in western Taiwan. It is located east of the Taiwan Strait, west of Nantou County, and is separated from Changhua County by the Zhuoshui River and from Chiayi County by the Beigang River. Yunlin is part of the Chianan Plain, a flat land known for its agriculture. Agricultural products of Yunlin County include pomelo, tea leaves, suan cai, papaya and muskmelon. Yunlin's rivers give it potential for hydroelectricity. Douliu is the largest and capital city of Yunlin. It is the only county on Taiwan main island where no city with the same name exists. Yunlin is one of the least developed counties on the West coast, and suffers from emigration.
Kinmen, alternatively known as Quemoy, is a group of islands off the southeastern coast of mainland China, governed as a county by the Republic of China based on Taiwan. It lies roughly 10 km east of the city of Xiamen in Fujian, from which it is separated by Xiamen Bay. Kinmen is located 187 km west from the shoreline of the island of Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait.
The Matsu Islands, officially Lienchiang County, are an archipelago of 36 islands and islets in the East China Sea governed by the Republic of China based on Taiwan, with its location sitting alongside southeastern coast of mainland China. It is the smallest county among the free area of the Republic of China as well as one of two counties that was part of the nominal Fujian Province.
Maelezo katika ukurasa huu yawe mafupi, na kwa kila maana kuwe na kiungo kimoja tu ambacho kiunge ukurasa kuhusu nia yenye maana hii. Ukiwa umefika hapa kwa kutumia kiungo katika makala nyingine, tafadhali badalisha kiungo kile kiunge makala iliyokusudiwa moja kwa moja.
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Kwa sasa hakuna maandishi katika ukurasa huu. Unaweza kutafuta jina la ukurasa huu katika kurasa nyingine, au tafuta kumbukumbu zinazohusika, lakini huruhusiwi kuanzisha ukurasa huu.
Pwani ni ukanda ulio pembezoni na unaopakana na bahari, mara nyingi huanzia kwenye fukwe hadi umbali kadhaa kuelekea barani.
Geita Region is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The town of Geita is the capital. The regional commissioner of the Geita Region is Rosemary Staki Senyamule.
Katavi Region is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions with a postcode number 50000. The regional capital is Mpanda.
Njombe Region is one of the 31 administrative regions of Tanzania. It was established in March 2012, from the Iringa Region as an independent region. The region's capital is Njombe town. The newly established Njombe region is an upcoming tourism attractive area, ideal for domestic and international visits in the southern highlands of Tanzania.
Simiyu Region is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The regional capital is the town of Bariadi. The region was created in March 2012, from part of Shinyanga Region.
Songwe is a region of Tanzania created on 29 January 2016 from the western half of Mbeya Region. Its capital is Vwawa.
Vinnytsia Oblast is an oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Vinnytsia. Population: 1,529,123 (2021 est.)
Volyn Oblast is an oblast in northwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Lutsk. Kovel is the westernmost town and the last station in Ukraine of the rail line running from Kyiv to Warsaw. Population: 1,027,397 (2021 est.)
Luhansk Oblast is the easternmost oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Luhansk. The oblast was established in 1938 and bore the name Voroshilovgrad Oblast in honor of Kliment Voroshilov. Its population is estimated as 2,121,322 (2021 est.)
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, is an oblast of central and eastern Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about 3,142,035, approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative center of Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnipro River runs through the oblast.
The Donetsk Oblast, also referred to as Donechyna, is an oblast of eastern Ukraine. It is the most populated oblast, with around 4.1 million residents. Its administrative center is Donetsk; however, its Regional State Administration has been temporarily relocated to Kramatorsk because of the ongoing crisis in Donetsk. Historically, the region is an important part of the Donbas region. Until November 1961, it bore the name Stalino Oblast as Donetsk was then named "Stalino", in honor of Joseph Stalin. As part of the de-Stalinization process, it was renamed as its administrative center after Siversky Donets, the main artery of Eastern Ukraine. Population is estimated as 4,100,280 (2021 est.)
Zhytomyr Oblast is an oblast of northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Zhytomyr. Its population is approximately 1,195,495 .
Rivne Oblast is an oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Rivne. The area of the region is 20,100 km²; population: 1,148,456 . Previously part of the Second Republic of Poland's Wojewódstwo Wołyńskie and earlier the Ukrainian People's Republic's Volhynian Governorate, the Rivne Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on December 4, 1939 after the Soviet invasion and occupation of eastern Poland on 17 September 1939.
The Zakarpatska Oblast is an administrative oblast located in southwestern Ukraine, coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia. Its administrative centre is the city of Uzhhorod. Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo, Khust, Berehove and Chop which is home to railroad transport infrastructure.
Zaporizhzhia Oblast ; also referred to as Zaporizhzhia, is an oblast of southeast Ukraine. Its capital is Zaporizhzhia. The oblast covers an area of 27,183 km2, and its population is 1,666,515 .
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast is an oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. As is the case with most other oblasts of Ukraine this region has the same name as its administrative center – which was renamed by the Soviet Ukrainian authorities after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko on November 9, 1962. Population: 1,361,109 .
Kyiv or Kiev is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021 its population was 2,962,180 making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.
Kyiv Oblast is an oblast in central Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Kyiv, which is also the capital of Ukraine. Despite being in the center of the Kyiv Oblast, and hosting the governing bodies of the oblast, Kyiv is a self-governing city with special status and not under oblast jurisdiction.
Kirovohrad Oblast is an oblast of Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Kropyvnytskyi. Its population is 920,128 .
Sevastopol is the largest city in Crimea and a major port on the Black Sea. Since the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Sevastopol has been administered as a federal city of the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, Ukraine and a majority of the United Nations member countries continue to regard Sevastopol as a city with special status within Ukraine. The city has a Russian majority population, with a substantial minority of Ukrainians.
The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is de jure an autonomous republic of Ukraine encompassing most of Crimea and that was annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014.
Lviv Oblast is an oblast in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv. Population: 2,497,750 (2021 est.)
Mykolaiv Oblast, also known as Nikolaev or Nikolayev Oblast, is an oblast of Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Mykolaiv. Population: 1,108,394 (2021 est.)
Odessa Oblast is an oblast of southwestern Ukraine, located along the northern coast of the Black Sea. Its administrative center is the city of Odessa . Population: 2,368,107 (2021 est.)
Poltava Oblast is an oblast of central Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Poltava. Most of its territory is part of the historic Cossack Hetmanate . Population: 1,371,529 (2021 est.)
Sumy Oblast is an oblast in the northeastern part of Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Sumy. Population: 1,053,402 (2021 est.)
Ternopil Oblast and Ternopillya - is an oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester. Population: 1,030,562 (2021 est.)
Kharkiv Oblast is an oblast in eastern Ukraine. The oblast borders Russia to the north, Luhansk Oblast to the east, Donetsk Oblast to the south-east, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to the south-west, Poltava Oblast to the west and Sumy Oblast to the north-west. The area of the oblast is 31,400 km², corresponding to 5.2% of the total territory of Ukraine. Population: 2,633,834 (2021 est.)
Kherson Oblast is an oblast in southern Ukraine, just north of Crimea. Its administrative center is Kherson. The area of the region is 28,461 km2. Population: 1,016,707 This is considered to be the 'fruit basket' of the country, as many of the oblast's agricultural production is dispersed throughout the country, with production peaking during the summer months.
Khmelnytskyi Oblast is an oblast of western Ukraine covering portions of such historical regions like western Podolia and southern Volhynia. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Khmelnytskyi.
Cherkasy Oblast is an oblast of central Ukraine located along the Dnieper River. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Cherkasy. The current population of the oblast is 1,178,266 ).
Chernihiv Oblast is an oblast of northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv. Within the Oblast are 1,511 settlements of various sizes ranging from large cities to very small villages. Population: 976,701 (2021 est.)
Chernivtsi Oblast is an oblast in Western Ukraine, consisting of the northern parts of the regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia. It has an international border with Romania and Moldova. The oblast is the smallest in Ukraine by area and population.
Adjumani District is a district in Northern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Adjumani, where the district headquarters are located.
Apac District is a district in the Northern Region of Uganda. The Town of Apac hosts the district headquarters.
Arua District is a district in the Northern Region of Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it shares its name with its administrative center of Arua. The name Arua is said to be derived from the Lugbara name for prison and prisoner, since the white settlers had a detention center at Arua Hill.
Bugiri District is a district in Eastern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Bugiri, where the district headquarters are located.
Bundibugyo District is a district in the Western Region of Uganda, bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The town of Bundibugyo is where the district headquarters are located.
Bushenyi District is a district in Western Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it is named after its chief town, Bushenyi, where the district headquarters are located.
Busia District borders Tororo District to the north, Busia County, Kenya to the east, Tanzania to the south, Namayingo District to the south-west, and Bugiri District to the west. Busia, Uganda, the site of the district headquarters, is approximately 35 km by road south of Tororo, the nearest large town.
Gulu is a City in the Northern Region of Uganda. The regional headquarters are located in the city of Gulu, which is also the administrative capital of Northern Uganda The city consist of two main divisions... Gulu west and Gulu east.
Hoima District is a district in Western Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its main municipal centre, Hoima.
Iganga District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Iganga is the site of the district headquarters.
Jinja District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Jinja is the district's main municipal and commercial center.
Kabale District is a district in the Western Region of Uganda. Kabale hosts the district headquarters. It was originally part of Kigezi District, before the districts of Rukungiri, Kanungu, Kisoro, Rubanda and Rukiga and were excised to form separate districts. Kabale is sometimes nicknamed "Kastone" as in the local language Rukiga, a "kabale" is a small stone.
Kabarole District is a district in Western Uganda. Kabarole District is part of the Kingdom of Toro. Its main town is Fort Portal.
Kalangala, also known as Ssesse, is a district in Central Uganda. The district is coterminous with the Ssese Islands in Lake Victoria and does not have territory on mainland Uganda. Like other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Kalangala which is located on Bugala Island, the largest of the Ssese Islands.
Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city proper has a population of 1,680,000 and is divided into the five boroughs of Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, and Rubaga Division.
Kamuli District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Kamuli is the site of the district headquarters.
Kapchorwa District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Kapchorwa is the district's main municipal, administrative, and commercial center, and is the site of the district headquarters. It is also the home district of Stephen Kiprotich, men's marathon gold medalist at the 2012 Olympic Games in London.
Kasese District is a district in Western Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, the town of Kasese is the site of the district headquarters.
Katakwi District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Katakwi is the site of the district headquarters.
Kibaale District, is a district in the Western Region of Uganda. The district headquarters are in the town of Kibaale.
Kiboga District is a district in the Buganda Region of Uganda. The town of Kiboga is the site of the district headquarters.
Kisoro District is a district in the Western Region of Uganda. The town of Kisoro is the site of the district headquarters.
Kitgum District is a district in Northern Uganda. It is named after its major town of Kitgum, where the district headquarters is located. It has suffered many deaths and social disruption resulting from the 20-year civil war within the region during the late 20th century. The government moved tens of thousands of residents to internally displaced persons camps for their protection, where they were subject to raids by the rebels and also harsh conditions, including disease.
Kotido District is a district in Northern Uganda. It is named after its 'chief town', Kotido, where the district headquarters are located.
Kumi District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Kumi hosts the district headquarters.
Lira District is a district in Northern Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Lira.
Luweero District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. Luweero is the site of the district headquarters.
Masaka District is a district in Buganda Kingdom in Uganda. Its main town is Masaka City, whose estimated population in 2011 was 74,100.
Masindi District is a district in Western Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town' of Masindi, the location of the district headquarters.
Mbale District is a district in Eastern Uganda. It is named after the largest city in the district, Mbale, which also serves as the main administrative and commercial center in the sub-region.
Mbarara District is a district in South Western Uganda. In 2019 Uganda cabinet approved part of Mbarara the then Mbarara municipality to be upgraded to a city status in July 2020.
Moroto District is a district in the Northern Region of Uganda. The town of Moroto is the site of the district headquarters.
Moyo District is a district in Northern Region of Uganda. Like many other Ugandan districts, it is named after its "chief town", Moyo, where the district headquarters are located.
Mpigi District is a district in Central Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'main town', Mpigi.
Mubende is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Mubende is the site of the district headquarters. The district was reduced in size in July 2005 with the creation of the Mityana District and reduced again in 2019 with the creation of Kassanda District.
Mukono is one of the districts in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Mukono home to the district's main commercial center and district headquarters.
Nakasongola District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Nakasongola is the site of the district's administrative headquarters.
Nebbi District is a district in Northern Uganda. It is named after its main municipal, commercial and administrative centre, Nebbi, the location of the district headquarters.
Ntungamo District is a district in Western Uganda. Like most Ugandan districts, it named after its 'chief town', Ntungamo, the location of the district headquarters.
Pallisa District is a district in Eastern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its chief town, Pallisa, where the district headquarters are located.
Rakai District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Rakai is the site of the district's headquarters.
Rukungiri District is a district in the Western Region of Uganda. The town of Rukungiri is the site of the district headquarters.
Sembabule District is a district in the Central Region of Uganda. The town of Sembabule is the site of the district headquarters. Other urban centers in the district include Lwemiyaga and Ntuusi.
Soroti District is a district in Eastern Uganda. It is named after its chief municipal, administrative and commercial headquarters, Soroti, where the district headquarters are located.
Tororo District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Tororo hosts the district headquarters.
Baker Island is an uninhabited atoll just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean about 3,090 km southwest of Honolulu City. The island lies almost halfway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbor is Howland Island, 42 mi to the north-northwest; both have been claimed as territories of the United States since 1857, though the United Kingdom considered them part of the British Empire between 1897 and 1936.
Coordinates: 0°48′25.84″N 176°36′59.48″W﻿ / ﻿0.8071778°N 176.6165222°W﻿ / 0.8071778; -176.6165222 Howland Island is an uninhabited coral island located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, about 1,700 nautical miles southwest of Honolulu. The island lies almost halfway between Hawaii and Australia and is an unincorporated, unorganized territory of the United States. Together with Baker Island it forms part of the Phoenix Islands. For statistical purposes, Howland is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The island has an elongated cucumber-shape on a north–south axis, 1.40 by 0.55 nautical miles, and covers 2.6 square kilometres .
Jarvis Island is an uninhabited 4.5 km2 coral island located in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands. It is an unincorporated, unorganized territory of the United States, administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system. Unlike most coral atolls, the lagoon on Jarvis is wholly dry.
Johnston Atoll, also known as Kalama Atoll to Native Hawaiians, is an unincorporated territory of the United States, currently administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Johnston Atoll is a National Wildlife Refuge and part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. It is closed to public entry, and limited access for management needs is only granted by Letter of Authorization from the United States Air Force and a Special Use Permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Kingman Reef /ˈkɪŋmən/ is a largely submerged, uninhabited, triangle-shaped reef, 9.0 nmi east-west and 4.5 nmi north-south, in the North Pacific Ocean, roughly halfway between the Hawaiian Islands and American Samoa. It has an area of 3 hectares and is one of the unincorporated territories of the United States in Oceania.
Midway Atoll is a 2.4-square-mile atoll in the North Pacific Ocean. Midway is an insular area of the United States and is an unorganized and unincorporated territory. The largest island is Sand Island, which has housing and an airstrip. Immediately to the east of Sand Island across the narrow Brooks Channel is Eastern Island, which is uninhabited and has no facilities. Forming a rough, incomplete circle around the two main islands and creating Midway Lagoon is Spit Island, a narrow reef.
Navassa Island is a small uninhabited island in the Caribbean Sea. Located northeast of Jamaica, south of Cuba, and 40 nautical miles west of Jérémie on the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti, it is subject to an ongoing territorial dispute between Haiti and the United States, which administers the island through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. has claimed the island since 1857, based on the Guano Islands Act of 1856. Haiti's claim over Navassa goes back to the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 that established French possessions in mainland Hispaniola, that were transferred from Spain by the treaty as well as other specifically named nearby islands. Its 1801 constitution also claimed unnamed "other adjacent islands", with Navassa not specifically named. Since its 1874 Constitution, and after the establishment of the 1857 U.S. claim, Haiti has explicitly named "la Navase" as one of the territories it claims. Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry, who was a member of the French Parliament best known for his publications on Saint-Domingue, referred to la Navasse as the "small French island of Saint-Domingue" in 1798.
Palmyra Atoll, also referred to as Palmyra Island, is one of the Northern Line Islands . It is located almost due south of the Hawaiian Islands, roughly one-third of the way between Hawaii and American Samoa. The nearest continent is almost 3,355 miles to the northeast. The atoll is 4.6 sq mi, lying in the equatorial Northern Pacific Ocean. Its 9 miles of coastline has one anchorage known as West Lagoon.
Wake Island is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean in the northeastern area of the Micronesia subregion, 1,501 miles east of Guam, 2,298 miles west of Honolulu, 1,991 miles southeast of Tokyo, and 898 miles north of Majuro. The island is an unorganized, unincorporated territory belonging to, but not a part of, the United States that is also claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Wake Island is one of the most isolated islands in the world and the nearest inhabited island is Utirik Atoll in the Marshall Islands, 592 miles to the southeast.
Alaska is a state in the Western United States, on the northwest extremity of the country's west coast. A semi-exclave of the U.S., it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and the territory of Yukon to the east and has a maritime border with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west, just across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest.
Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.
Arkansas is a state in the South Central region of the United States, home to more than three million people as of 2018. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.
Arizona is a state in the Western United States, grouped in the Southwestern and occasionally Mountain subregions. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah to the north, Colorado to the northeast, and New Mexico to the east; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest.
California is a state in the Western United States. It is bordered by Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Oregon to the north, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south. With over 39.5 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles, it is the most populous and the third-largest U.S. state by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country . Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. San Francisco, which is both a city and a county, is the second most densely populated major city in the country and the fifth most densely populated county in the country, behind four of New York City's five boroughs.
Colorado is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is the eighth most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. The 2020 United States Census enumerated the population of Colorado at 5,773,714, an increase of 14.80% since the 2010 United States Census.
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the United States. As of the 2010 Census, it has the highest per-capita income, second-highest level of human development behind Massachusetts, and highest median household income in the United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and the Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport. Historically the state is part of New England as well as the tri-state area with New York and New Jersey, which together make up metropolitan New York City. The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state. The word "Connecticut" is derived from various anglicized spellings of "Quononoquett", a Mohegan-Pequot word for "long tidal river".
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and also known as D.C. or just Washington, is the capital city of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River which forms its southwestern and southern border with Virginia, and shares a land border with Maryland on its remaining sides. The city was named for George Washington, the first president of the United States and a Founding Father, and the federal district is named after Columbia, a female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S., seeing over 20 million visitors in 2016.
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and Cuba; it is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Spanning 65,758 square miles, Florida ranks 22nd in size among the 50 states, and with a population of over 21 million, is the third-most populous. The state capital is Tallahassee and the most populous city is Jacksonville. The Miami metropolitan area, with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the seventh-most populous in the United States; other urban conurbations with over one million people are Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Jacksonville.
Georgia is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina; to the northeast by South Carolina; to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean; to the south by Florida; and to the west by Alabama. Georgia is the 24th-largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its 2020 population was 10,711,908, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Atlanta, a "beta" global city, is both the state's capital and its largest city. The Atlanta metropolitan area, with an estimated population of more than 6 million people in 2019, is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 57% of Georgia's entire population.
Iowa is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east and southeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north.
Idaho is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast, Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia. With a population of approximately 1.8 million and an area of 83,570 square miles, Idaho is the 14th largest, the 13th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. The state's capital and largest city is Boise.
Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It has the fifth largest gross domestic product , the sixth largest population, and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states. Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States. With Chicago in northeastern Illinois, small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state, and natural resources such as coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base, and is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes: from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River, through the Illinois Waterway. The Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois. For decades, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and, through the 1980s, in politics.
Indiana is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th state on December 11, 1816. It is bordered by Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the south and southeast, and the Wabash River and Illinois to the west.
Kansas is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita. Kansas is bordered by Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the west. Kansas is named after the Kansas River, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks. The tribe's name is often said to mean "people of the wind" although this was probably not the term's original meaning. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison.
Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia to the east; Tennessee to the south; and Missouri to the west. The bluegrass region in the central part of the commonwealth contains the commonwealth's capital, Frankfort, as well as its two largest cities, Louisville and Lexington. Together they comprise more than 20% of the commonwealth's population. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Louisiana or La Louisiane is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 19th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties, making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties . The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Massachusetts, officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Connecticut to the southwest and Rhode Island to the southeast, New Hampshire to the northeast, Vermont to the northwest, and New York to the west. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.
Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. Baltimore is the largest city in the state and the capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State. It is named after the English Queen Henrietta Maria, known in England as Queen Mary, who was the wife of King Charles I.
Maine is a state in the New England region of the United States, bordered by New Hampshire to the west; the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast; and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively. Maine is the 12th-smallest by area, the 9th-least populous, and the 13th-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. It is also the northeasternmost among the contiguous United States, the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes, the only state whose name consists of a single syllable, and the only state to border only one other state. Maine is known for its jagged, rocky coastline; low, rolling mountains; heavily forested interior; picturesque waterways; and its seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams. There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state, including coastal areas. Its most populous city is Portland, and its capital is Augusta.
Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. Its name derives from a gallicized variant of the original Ojibwe word ᒥᓯᑲᒥ, meaning 'large water' or 'large lake'. With a population of nearly 10.1 million and a total area of nearly 97,000 sq mi, Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the largest east of the Mississippi River. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit. Metro Detroit is among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies.
Minnesota is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.7 million residents. More than half of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the "Twin Cities", which is the main political, economic, and cultural hub. Greater Minneapolis is among the 20 largest metropolises in the U.S. Other Minnesota metropolitan areas include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester and St. Cloud. Minnesota's geography is highly diverse, consisting of western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation. Roughly a third of the state is forested, and it is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes" for having over 14,000 bodies of fresh water that are at least ten acres.
Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. With more than six million residents, it is the 19th-most populous state of the country. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. Missouri is bordered by eight states : Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. In the south are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River, after which the state is named, flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River, which makes up Missouri's eastern border.
Mississippi is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city. Greater Jackson is the state's most populous metropolitan area, with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018.
Montana is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west; North Dakota and South Dakota to the east; Wyoming to the south; and by the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan to the north. It is the fourth-largest state by area, the seventh-least populous state, and the third-least densely populated state. The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, while the eastern half is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands, with smaller mountain ranges found throughout the state. In all, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.
North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and South Carolina to the south, and Tennessee to the west. Raleigh is the state's capital and Charlotte is its largest city. The Charlotte metropolitan area, with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018, is the most-populous metropolitan area in North Carolina, the 23rd-most populous in the United States, and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City. The Raleigh-Durham-Cary combined statistical area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state, with an estimated population of 2,079,687 in 2019, and is home to the largest research park in the United States, Research Triangle Park.
North Dakota is a U.S. state in the upper Midwestern United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large portion of the population and historically dominated the territory. It is the nineteenth largest in area, the fourth least populous, and the fourth most sparsely populated of the 50 states with a population of 779,094 according to the 2020 census. Its capital is Bismarck, and its largest city is Fargo.
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Of the 50 U.S. states, New Hampshire is the fifth smallest by area and the tenth least populous, with a little over 1.3 million residents. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city. New Hampshire's motto, "Live Free or Die", reflects its role in the American Revolutionary War; its nickname, "The Granite State", refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries. It is best known nationwide for holding the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle, giving rise to the phrase, "As New Hampshire goes, so goes the nation".
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on the southwest by Delaware Bay and the state of Delaware. At 7,354 square miles, New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state, but with close to 9.3 million residents, is the 11th-most populous and most densely populated. New Jersey's state capital is Trenton, while the state's most populous city is Newark. With the sole exception of Warren County, all counties in the state lie within the combined statistical areas of New York City or Philadelphia; consequently, the state's largest metropolitan area falls within Greater New York.
New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region of the western U.S. with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona, and bordering Texas to the east and southeast, Oklahoma to the northeast, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to the south. The state capital is Santa Fe, which is the oldest capital in the U.S., founded in 1610 as the government seat of Nuevo México in New Spain; the largest city is Albuquerque.
Nevada is a state in the Western region of the United States. It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. Nevada is the 7th-most extensive, the 19th-least populous, and the 9th-least densely populated of the U.S. states. Nearly three-quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, including three of the state's four largest incorporated cities. Nevada's capital is Carson City.
Ohio is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus, with the Columbus metro area, Greater Cincinnati, and Greater Cleveland being the largest metropolitan areas. Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the west, and Michigan to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes". Its state flag is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.
Oklahoma is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. Partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. The 42° north parallel delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada.
Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, and Appalachian regions of the United States. The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east, while the Appalachian Mountains run through its middle.
Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island, is a state in the New England region of the United States. It is the smallest U.S. state by area and the seventh-least populous, but it is also the second-most densely populated behind New Jersey. The state takes its name from the island of the same name; however, most of the state is on the mainland. The state has land borders with Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south via Rhode Island Sound and Block Island Sound. It also shares a small maritime border with New York. Providence is the state capital and most populous city in Rhode Island.
South Carolina is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state with a recorded population of 5,124,712 according to the 2020 census. In 2019, its GDP was $213.45 billion. South Carolina is composed of 46 counties. The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,273 in 2019; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2019 population of 135,257. The Greenville–Anderson–Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state, with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626.
South Dakota is a U.S. state in the upper Midwestern United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large portion of the population and historically dominated the territory. South Dakota is the seventeenth largest by area, but the 5th least populous, and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. As the southern part of the former Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with North Dakota. It is either the 39th or 40th state admitted to the union. President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the statehood papers before signing them so that no one could tell which became a state first. Pierre is the state capital, and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 187,200, is South Dakota's largest city.
Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, Arkansas to the southwest, and Missouri to the northwest. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three Grand Divisions of East, Middle, and West Tennessee. Nashville is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Tennessee's population as of the 2020 United States census is approximately 6.9 million.
Texas is a state in the South Central region of the United States. It is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population . Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest, and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast.
United States Minor Outlying Islands is a statistical designation defined by the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 code. The entry code is ISO 3166-2:UM. The minor outlying islands and groups of islands consist of eight United States insular areas in the Pacific Ocean and one in the Caribbean Sea .
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population in 2020 was over 8.65 million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area.
The United States Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles to the east of Puerto Rico and west of the British Virgin Islands.
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the United States. It borders the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont is the only state in New England that does not border the Atlantic Ocean. Vermont is the second-least-populated U.S. state and the sixth-smallest by area of the 50 U.S. states with a recorded population of 643,503 according to the 2020 U.S. census. The state capital is Montpelier, the least-populous state capital in the United States. The most-populous city, Burlington, is the least-populous city to be the most-populous city in a state.
Wisconsin is a state in the upper Midwestern United States, bordered by Minnesota to the west; Iowa to the southwest; Illinois to the south; Lake Michigan to the east; Michigan to the northeast; and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous.
West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the northeast, Maryland to the east and northeast, Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, and Ohio to the northwest. West Virginia is the 41st-largest state by area and ranks 39th in population, with a population of 1,793,716 residents. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
Artigas Department is the northernmost department of Uruguay, located in its northwestern region. Its capital is the city of Artigas, which borders on the Brazilian city of Quaraí. Artigas Department has an area of 11,928 square kilometres, making it the fifth largest in the country. The population is 73,378 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census.
The Departamento de Canelones, with an area of 4,536 km2 and 518,154 inhabitants, is located in the south of Uruguay. Its capital is Canelones.
Cerro Largo Department is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Melo. It is located in the east of the country, bordering Brazil to its northeast with Yaguaron River as the natural border, Treinta y Tres Department to its south, Durazno Department to its west and the departments of Tacuarembó and Rivera to its northwest with Negro River as its natural border with them.
Colonia is a department of southwestern Uruguay. Its capital is Colonia del Sacramento, the country's second oldest city.
Durazno is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Durazno. Its name means "peach" in Spanish, referring to the department's peaches and its status as an agricultural breadbasket. It is located in the centre of the country, and is bounded to the north by the Río Negro and the Río Yi to the South. To its north are the departments of Río Negro and Tacuarembó, to it southeast the departments of Treinta y Tres, to its south the departments of Flores and Florida, while on its east is the department of Cerro Largo.
Flores is a department of Uruguay, positioned in the southwest of the central part of the country. Its capital is Trinidad. It borders Durazno Department to the north and east, Florida Department to the southeast, San José Department to the south and Soriano Department to the west. Its density of population was the lowest during the 2011 census, closely followed by the departments of Durazno and Treinta y Tres.
Florida is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Florida. It is located in the south of the central part of the country with Durazno Department to its north, the departments of Treinta y Tres and Lavalleja to its east, Canelones Department to its south and the departments of Flores and San José to its west.
Lavalleja is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Minas. It is located in the southeast of the country, bordered to the north by the department of Treinta y Tres to the east with Rocha, to the south with Canelones and Maldonado, and to the west to Florida.
The Maldonado Department, with an area of 4,793 km2 and 164,300 inhabitants, is located to the southeast of Uruguay. Its capital is Maldonado.
Montevideo is a department of Uruguay. It is by far the smallest one in area but the most populated as well. It contains the city of Montevideo, capital of Uruguay. While most of the department is covered by the capital city, there are still smaller towns within its limits.
Paysandú Department is a department of the northwestern region of Uruguay. It has an area of 13,922 km2 and a population of 113,124. Its capital is the city of Paysandú. It borders Salto Department to its north, Tacuarembó Department to its east, Río Negro Department to its south and has the Río Uruguay flowing at its west, separating it from Argentina.
Río Negro Department is a department of the northwestern region of Uruguay. It has an area of 9,282 km2 and a population of 54,765. Its capital is Fray Bentos. It borders Paysandú Department to the north, Tacuarembó Department to the east, Durazno Department to the southeast, Soriano Department to the south and has the Río Uruguay flowing at its west, separating it from Argentina.
Rivera Department is a department of the northern region of Uruguay. It has an area of 9,370 km2 and a population of 103,493. Its capital is the city of Rivera. It borders Brazil to the north and east, Cerro Largo Department to the southeast, Tacuarembó Department to the south and west and Salto Department to the northwest.
Rocha is a department in the east of Uruguay. Its capital is the city of Rocha. It borders Maldonado Department to its west, Lavalleja Department to its northwest, Treinta y Tres Department to its north, while to its northeast Laguna Merín forms part of its border with Brazil and at the south end of the lake it also borders the southernmost end of Brazil, with the city of Chuy "shared" between both countries, the border passing through its main commercial avenue.
Salto Department is a department of the northwestern region of Uruguay. It has an area of 14,163 km2 and a population of 124,878. Its capital is the city of Salto. It borders Artigas Department to its north, Paysandú Department to its south, the departments of Rivera and Tacuarembó to its east and has the Río Uruguay flowing at its west, separating it from Argentina.
San José Department is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is San José de Mayo. It borders Colonia Department to the west, Flores Department to the north and the departments of Florida, Canelones and Montevideo to the east. Its southern limits are described by its coastline on Rio de la Plata.
Soriano is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Mercedes. It is located on the west of the country, south of Río Negro Department, north of Colonia Department and west of Flores Department. Its western border is the Río Uruguay, separating it from Argentina.
Tacuarembó is the largest department of Uruguay and it is part of its northern region. Its capital is Tacuarembó. It borders Rivera Department to its north and east, the departments of Salto, Paysandú and Río Negro to its west and has the river Río Negro flowing along its south border, separating it from the departments of Durazno and Cerro Largo.
Treinta y Tres is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Treinta y Tres. It is located in the east of the country, bordering the departments of Cerro Largo to the north, Durazno and Florida to the west, Lavalleja and Rocha to the south, while to its east is the lake Laguna Merín separating it from the southernmost end of Brazil.
Andijan Region is a region of Uzbekistan, located in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley in far eastern Uzbekistan. It borders with Kyrgyzstan, Fergana Region and Namangan Region. It covers an area of 4,200 km2. The population is estimated to be around 3,011,700 thus making Andijan Region the most densely populated region of Uzbekistan.
Bukhara Region is a region of Uzbekistan located in the southwest of the country. The Kyzyl Kum desert takes up a large portion of its territory. It borders Turkmenistan, Navoiy Region, Qashqadaryo Region, a small part of the Xorazm Region, and the Karakalpakstan Republic. It covers an area of 39,400 km2. The population is estimated at 1,543,900, with 71% living in rural areas.
Fergana Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in the far east of the country. It borders the Namangan and Andijan Regions of Uzbekistan, as well as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It covers an area of 6,800 km2. The population is approximately 3,782,200 as of July 1, 2020., with over 71% of the population living in rural areas.
Jizzakh Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan. It is located in the center/east of the country. It borders with Tajikistan to the south and south-east, Samarqand Region to the west, Navoiy Region to the north-west, Kazakhstan to the north, and Sirdaryo Region to the east. It covers an area of 20,500 km². The population is estimated to be around 910,500, with some 80% living in rural areas.
Namangan Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in far eastern part of the country. It is on the right bank of Syr Darya River and borders with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Tashkent Region, Fergana Region, and Andijan Region. It covers an area of 7,900 km2. The population is estimated to be around 2,530,000, with over 62% of the population living in rural areas. The great river Syrdarya, the main waterway in Central Asia, starts in the territory of Namangan. Syrdarya is formed from inflows of the rivers Naryn and Kara Darya. The Namangan region is very rich in various natural resources. In particular, the region extracts oil in Mingbulak District and big gold and diamond deposits have been discovered in Kasansay and Pap Districts. There are also large deposits of uranium, silver, aluminum, tungsten, iron, copper, granite, and marble, among others. There are two big mountain tunnels connecting the Fergana valley with the inner city area and other regions of the country, located in the territory of Namangan.
Navoiy Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan. It is located in the central north/northwest of the country. The Kyzyl-Kum desert takes up a large portion of its territory, which is the largest of the regions of Uzbekistan . The Navoiy region borders with Kazakhstan, Samarqand Region, Buxoro Region, Jizzakh Region, and the Karakalpakstan Republic. It covers an area of 110,800 km2. The population is estimated to be around 932,793, with some 60% living in rural areas. The region is named after Ali-Shir Nava'i.
Qashqadaryo Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the south-eastern part of the country in the basin of the Qashqadaryo River and on the western slopes of the Pamir-Alay mountains. It borders with Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Samarqand Region, Bukhara Region and Surxondaryo Region. It covers an area of 28,400 km². The population is estimated to be around 2,067,000, with some 73% living in rural areas.
Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan. It occupies the whole northwestern end of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus . The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of 160,000 square kilometres . Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm, which in classical Persian literature the area was known as Kāt .
Samarqand Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan. It is located in the center of the country in the basin of Zarafshan River. It borders with Tajikistan, Navoiy Region, Jizzakh Region and Qashqadaryo Region. It covers an area of 16,773 km². The population is estimated to be around 3,651,700, with some 75% living in rural areas.
Sirdarya Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the center of the country on the left bank of Syr Darya River. It borders with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Tashkent Region, and Jizzakh Region. It covers an area of 4,276 square kilometres, and is mostly desert, with the Starving Steppe taking up a significant part of the region's area. The population is estimated to be around 803,100.
Surxondaryo Region, old spelling Surkhandarya Region is a viloyat of Uzbekistan, located in the extreme south-east of the country. Established on March 6, 1941, it borders on Qashqadaryo Region internally, and Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan externally, going anticlockwise from the north. It takes its name from the river Surxondaryo, that flows through the region. It covers an area of 20,100 km². The population is estimated at 1,925,100, with 80% living in rural areas. According to official data, 83% of the population are Uzbeks and 1% Tajiks, but non-official statistics show Surxondaryo is a Persian-speaking area, because most Tajiks of Uzbekistan are concentrated in the Surxondaryo, Samarkand and Bukhara regions. The highest point of the Region and also of Uzbekistan is Khazrati Sulton peak reaching 4,643 m/15,233 ft in Gissar Range.
Tashkent Region is a viloyat of Uzbekistan, located in the northeastern part of the country, between the Syr Darya River and the Tien Shan Mountains. It borders with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Sirdaryo Region and Namangan Region. It covers an area of 15,300 km². The population is estimated to be around 4,450,000.
Xorazm Region or Khorezm Region as it is still more commonly known, is a viloyat of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya River. It borders with Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan, and Bukhara Region. It covers an area of 6,464 square kilometres . The population is estimated to be around 1,776,700, with some 80% living in rural areas.
Charlotte is the largest parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, situated on the eastern coast of the island of Saint Vincent. With an area of 149 km², its size is comparable to that of the British Virgin Islands.) The parish has the longest coastline of all the parishes and is also larger than the three smallest parishes combined. The parish possesses a very rough and rugged topography with very little flat land occurring towards the coast. as a result of these features, parts of the north of the parish cannot be accessed by a main road. Up until the building of a bridge over the Rabacca Dry River access to the north side of the river was not possible when rain caused the river to swell and make the path impassable.
Grenadines is an administrative parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, comprising the islands of the Grenadines other than those belonging to Grenada. The capital is Port Elizabeth.
Saint Andrew is an administrative parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, on the island of Saint Vincent. Its capital is Layou.
Saint David is an administrative parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, on the island of Saint Vincent. Its capital is Chateaubelair.
Saint George is an administrative parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, situated in the most southerly portion of the island of Saint Vincent. With an area of 52 km² it is the country's third largest parish by total area. According to the 2000 census it has a population of approximately 52,400 making it the most populous parish in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and by extent, the most densely populated as well. Its population accounts for 44% of that of the country and its area, only 13%.
Saint Patrick is an administrative parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, on the island of Saint Vincent. The parish consists of the middle portion of the leeward side of the main island. Its capital is Barrouallie.
The Capital District is a federal district of Venezuela. It has an area of 433 km2 and there is only one administrative division, Libertador, which contains about half of Caracas, the Venezuelan capital city, which is also the seat of the three branches of the federal government of Venezuela. The population in 2004 was 2,073,768. The District borders on the states of Vargas and Miranda.
Anzoátegui State is one of the 23 component states of Venezuela, located in the northeastern region of the country. Anzoátegui is well known for its beaches that attract many visitors. Its coast consists of a single beach approximately 100 km long. Its capital is the city of Barcelona, and significant cities include Puerto la Cruz and El Tigre.
Apure State is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Its territory formed part of the provinces of Mérida, Maracaibo, and Barinas, in accordance with successive territorial ordinations pronounced by the colonial authorities. In 1824 the Department of Apure was created, under jurisdiction of Barinas, which laid the foundations for the current entity. In 1856 it separated from Barinas and for the first time Apure appeared as an independent province, which in 1864 acquired the status of state. In 1881, however, a new territorial division combined Apure and Guayana to form a single state named Bolívar. In 1899 it reestablished its autonomy and finally, by means of the Constitution of 1909, gained its current borders.
Aragua State is located in the north-central region of Venezuela. It has plains and jungles and Caribbean beaches. The most popular are Cata and Choroni. It has Venezuela's first national park which is called Henri Pittier. The capital is Maracay, other important cities include Turmero and El Limón.
Barinas State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Barinas.
Bolívar is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar, but the largest city is Ciudad Guayana. Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km2 and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,410,964. The state contains Angel Falls.
Carabobo State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela, located in the north of the country, about two hours by car from Caracas. The capital city of this state is Valencia, which is also the country's main industrial center. The state's area is 4,369 km2 and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 2,245,744.
Falcón State is one of the 23 states that constitute Venezuela. The state capital is Coro.
Guárico State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Juan de Los Morros. Guárico State covers a total surface area of 64,986 km2 and, in 2011, had a census population of 747,739. It is named for the Guárico River.
Lara State is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. The state capital is Barquisimeto.
The State of Mérida commonly known simply as Mérida' is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Mérida, in the Libertador Municipality.
Miranda State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela and the second most populous after Zulia State. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 2,675,165 residents. It also has the greatest Human Development Index in Venezuela, according to the Venezuelan National Institute of Statistics . The most recent population estimate was 3,194,390 in mid-2016.
Monagas State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela.
The Nueva Sparta State, is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It comprises Margarita Island, Coche, and the largely uninhabited Cubagua.
Sucre State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Cumaná city. Sucre State covers a total surface area of 11,800 km2 and, as of the 2011 census, had a population of 896,921. The most important river in the state is the Manzanares River.
Táchira State is one of the 24 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Cristóbal.
Yaracuy State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It is bordered by Falcón in the north, in the west by Lara, in the south by Portuguesa and Cojedes and in the east by Cojedes and Carabobo.
Zulia State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Maracaibo. As of the 2011 census, it has a population of 3,704,404, the largest population among Venezuela's states. It is also one of the few states in Venezuela in which voseo is widespread. The state is coterminous with the eponymous region of Zulia.
The Federal Dependencies of Venezuela encompass most of Venezuela's offshore islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Venezuela, excluding those islands that form the State of Nueva Esparta and some Caribbean coastal islands that are integrated with nearby states. These islands, with a total area of 342 square kilometres, are sparsely populated – according to the preliminary results of the 2011 Census only 2,155 people live there permanently, with another hundred from Margarita Island who live there seasonally to engage in fishing. Local government is officially under the authority of Central government in Caracas, although de facto power is often held in the heads of the sparse and somewhat isolated communities that decorate the territories.
La Guaira State, officially La Guaira, and known until 2019 as Vargas State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Formerly named after Venezuela's first non-military president, José María Vargas, Vargas comprises a coastal region in the north of Venezuela, bordering Aragua to the west, Miranda to the east, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Capital District to the south. It is home to both the country's largest seaport and airport. The state capital is La Guaira. The Litoral Varguense conurbation is the principal urban agglomeration in the state, which is part of the Greater Caracas Area.
Delta Amacuro State is one of the 23 states of Venezuela, and is the location of the Orinoco Delta. The Paria Gulf and the Atlantic Ocean are found to the north, Bolívar State is found to the south, the Atlantic Ocean and Guyana are found to the east, and Monagas State is found to the west. The state capital city is Tucupita.
Amazonas State is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. It covers nearly a fifth of the area of Venezuela, but has less than 1% of Venezuela's population.
Anegada /ˌænəˈɡɑːdə/ is the northernmost of the British Virgin Islands, a group of islands that form part of the archipelago of the Virgin Islands. It lies approximately 15 miles north of Virgin Gorda. Anegada is the only inhabited British Virgin Island formed from coral and limestone, rather than being of volcanic origin. While the other islands are mountainous, Anegada is flat and low. Its highest point is only about 28 feet above sea level, earning it its name, which is the Spanish term for the flooded land, "tierra anegada".
Jost Van Dyke is the smallest of the four main islands of the British Virgin Islands, measuring roughly 8 square kilometres . It rests in the northern portion of the archipelago of the Virgin Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Jost Van Dyke lies about 8 km to the northwest of Tortola and 8 km to the north of Saint John. Little Jost Van Dyke lies off its eastern end.
Tortola /tɔːrˈtoʊlə/ is the largest and most populated of the British Virgin Islands, a group of islands that form part of the archipelago of the Virgin Islands. It has a surface area of 55.7 square kilometres with a total population of 23,908, with 9,400 residents in Road Town. Mount Sage is its highest point at 530 metres above sea level.
Virgin Gorda is the third-largest and second-most populous of the British Virgin Islands .
Saint Croix is an island in the Caribbean Sea, and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands, an unincorporated territory of the United States.
Saint John is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands, an unincorporated territory of the United States.
Saint Thomas is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea which, together with Saint John, Water Island, Hassel Island, and Saint Croix, form a county-equivalent and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands, an unincorporated territory of the United States. The territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie is located on the island. As of the 2010 census, the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634, about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 32 square miles .
Lai Châu is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. Lai Châu Province is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Vietnam, and it shares a border with China. It was once a semi-independent White Tai confederation known as Sip Song Chau Tai, but was absorbed by France into French Indochina in the 1880s and subsequently became part of Vietnam following Vietnamese independence in 1954. It became part of the Northwest Autonomous Area of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, when Lai Châu Province was formed. Điện Biên Province was carved out of Lai Châu in 2004. The province covers an area of 9068.79 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 460,196 people.
Lào Cai is a province of the mountainous Northwest region of Vietnam bordering the province of Yunnan in China. The province covers an area of 6,383.9 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 602,300 people.
Hà Giang is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It is located in the far north of the country, and contains Vietnam's northernmost point. It shares a 270 km long border with Yunnan province of southern China, and thus is known as Vietnam's final frontier. It covers an area of 7,929.48 km2, comprising 1 city and 10 rural districts, with a population of over 850 thousand people as of 2019.
Cao Bằng is a province of the Northeast region of Vietnam. The province has borders with Hà Giang, Tuyên Quang, Bắc Kạn, and Lạng Sơn provinces within Vietnam. It also has a common international border with Guangxi Province in China. The province covers 6,724.6 square kilometres, and, as of 2019, its population was 530,341 people.
Sơn La is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It borders Laos to the south. The province covers an area of 14,123.49 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 1,248,415. The population includes Black and White Tai ethnic group.
Yên Bái is a province located in Tây Bắc, the northern part of northern-central Vietnam. It shares borders with six provinces which are Hà Giang Province, Lào Cai Province, Lai Châu Province, Sơn La Province, Phú Thọ Province, and Tuyên Quang Province. The province covers an area of 6887.46 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 821,030 people.
Tuyên Quang is a province of Vietnam, located in the northeastern part of the country to the northwest of Hanoi, at the centre of Lô River valley, a tributary of the Red River. Its capital is Tuyên Quang. The province had a population of 784,811 in 2019, with a density of 130 persons per km2 over a total land area of 5,867.3 square kilometres .
Lạng Sơn is a province in northern Vietnam, bordering Guangxi province in China. Its capital is also called Lạng Sơn, which is a strategically important town at the border with China and is 137 kilometres northeast of Hanoi connected by rail and road. Lạng Sơn Province is bordered by China, Cao Bằng Province, Bắc Giang Province, Bắc Kạn Province, Quảng Ninh Province and Thái Nguyên Province. The province covers an area of 8310.09 square kilometres and as of 2008 it had a population of 781,655.
Quảng Ninh is a province along the northeastern coast of Vietnam. It is about 153 km east of Hanoi, comprising four cities, two district-level towns and seven rural districts. The province is home to Hạ Long Bay, a World Heritage Site. The provincial capital is Hạ Long. The province covers an area of 6178.21 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 1,320,324. Nearly 80% of the province is mountainous with abundant land, forest water and mineral resources. Nearly 90% of coal output in the country is extracted in this province. Hạ Long Bay has 1,969 islands, out of which 989 have been given names.
Hòa Bình or Hoà Bình is a mountainous province of Vietnam, located in the nation's Northwest region. It borders Phú Thọ Province and Sơn La Province to the northwest, Hanoi to the northeast, Hà Nam Province to the east, Ninh Bình Province to the southeast and Thanh Hóa Province to the south. The province covers an area of 4590.57 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 854,131 people. In 2020, the GDP per capita of the province was estimated to be $2625 .
Hà Tây is a former province of Vietnam, in the Red River Delta, now part of Hanoi. On May 29, 2008 the decision was made to subsume the province into the city of Hanoi. The merger took place on August 1, 2008. The name of the province was a name blending of two former provinces, Hà Đông and Sơn Tây.
Ninh Bình is a province of Vietnam, in the Red River Delta region of the northern part of the country. The province is famous for a high density of natural and cultural attractions, including reserved parks in Cúc Phương National Park and Vân Long, grotto caves and rivers in Tràng An, Tam Cốc-Bích Động and Múa Caves, historic monuments in the Hoa Lư ancient capital, Vietnam's largest buddhist worshiping complex, and the Phát Diệm Cathedral with "eclectic architectural style". Thanks to its adjacency to Hanoi, day trips from the capital are easily manageable.
Thái Bình is a coastal eastern province in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. Its name is Sino-Vietnamese for "great peace." Pacific Province. It is about 18 km from Nam Định, 70 km from Haiphong, and 110 km from Hanoi.
Thanh Hóa is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. This is a relatively large province, which ranks as fifth in area and as third in population among 63 central administrative subdivisions. Its capital and largest city is Thanh Hóa City. The province is widely called Xứ Thanh .
Nghệ An is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is Vietnam's largest province by area. Nghệ An is located in a central position in North Central Coast. To the east lies the Gulf of Tonkin; to the west the province is bordered by Laos; to the south Hà Tĩnh Province; and to the north is Thanh Hóa Province. It is located on the east–west economic corridor connecting Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam along National Route 7 to the port of Cửa Lò.
Hà Tĩnh is a province on the North Central Coast of Vietnam. Together with neighbouring Nghệ An Province the two provinces are together called "Nghệ Tĩnh", and the locals are known for speaking Vietnamese with a very noticeable regional accent.
Quảng Bình, formerly Tiên Bình under the reign of Lê Trung Hưng of the Lê dynasty, is a province along Vietnam's north-central coast. The province has an area of 8,065.8 square kilometers and population of 857,818 inhabitants The province is bordered by the Laotian Khammouane Province to the west, the North Pacific Ocean to the east, Hà Tĩnh Province to the north and Quảng Trị Province to the south. Historically, this region belonged to Văn Lang and later the kingdom of Champa. Later it was claimed by both the Đại Việt and Champa and officially annexed into Đại Việt by Lý Thường Kiệt, a Lý dynasty general .
Quảng Trị is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam, north of the former imperial capital of Huế.
Thừa Thiên Huế is a province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam, approximately in the centre of the country. It borders Quảng Trị Province to the north and Đà Nẵng to the south, Laos to the west and the East Sea to the east. The province has 128 km of coastline, 22,000 ha of lagoons and over 200,000 ha of forest. There is an extensive complex of imperial tombs and temples in Huế.
Quảng Nam is a province in the Central region of Vietnam. It is bordered by Thừa Thiên–Huế Province to the north, the nation of Laos to the west, Kon Tum Province to the southwest, Quảng Ngãi Province to the southeast, the South China Sea to the east, and the city of Da Nang to the northeast. The province is known for being a tourist destination in the Hội An cultural site, alongside an export and manufacturing hub within central Vietnam.
Kon Tum Province lies in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam and shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,934 square km and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural.
Quảng Ngãi is a province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam, on the coast of East Sea. It is located 883 kilometres south of Hanoi and 838 kilometres north of Hồ Chí Minh City. The province has been historically populated with H're people and ethnic Kinh, and located on the coast.
Gia Lai is a province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. It is the second-largest province of Vietnam. The name comes from the Jarai people, one of the local indigenous groups.
Bình Định is a province of Vietnam. It is located in Vietnam's South Central Coast region. Its Sino-Vietnamese name translates as "pacified" or "subjugated."
Phú Yên is a coastal province in the South Central Coast of Vietnam. It is the easternmost province of Vietnam's mainland.
Đắk Lắk is a province of Vietnam. It is located in Vietnam's Central Highlands, and is home to quite a few indigenous ethnic minorities, such as the Rade, the Jarai and the Mnong, among others.
Khánh Hòa is a province of Vietnam located in the South Central Coast. It has a population of 1,147,000 and spans an area of 5,197 km². Its capital is Nha Trang. Khánh Hòa is the site of Bảo Đại's summer home, the Pasteur Institute of Nha Trang, the Institute of Oceanography, the Institute of Vaccines and Biological Substances, and was headquarters of the US Army's Special Forces during the Vietnam War in the late 1950s and 1960s. Cam Ranh Bay port is on land closest to a deep sea drop in Vietnam - the best site for submarine bases in Vietnam. An ancient temple of Champa is on the north side of Nha Trang.
Lâm Đồng is a province located in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. Its capital is Đà Lạt. Lâm Đồng borders Khánh Hòa and Ninh Thuận to the east, Đồng Nai Province to the southwest, Bình Thuận to the southeast, Đắk Lắk to the north, and Đắk Nông to the northwest. It is the only Central Highlands province which does not share its western border with neither Laos nor Cambodia.
Ninh Thuận is a province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam .
Tây Ninh is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam on the border with Cambodia. Its capital is the town of Tây Ninh.
Đồng Nai is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam, located east and northeast of Ho Chi Minh City . The largest city in Đồng Nai is Biên Hòa. Prior to Vietnamese colonization, the area was dominated by the Funan, Chenla, Khmer empire and subsequent influences until 1627.
Bình Thuận is a province of Vietnam. It is located on the country's South Central Coast. It is sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. The province is known for its scenery and beaches. There are also a number of sites of archaeological significance.
Long An is a province in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. The provincial capital is Tân An, and other major districts include Kiến Tường, Bến Lức, Cần Giuộc and Đức Hòa. There are 15 districts within the province .
Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu is a province of Vietnam. It is located on the coast of the country's Southeast region. It also includes the Côn Đảo islands, located some distance off Vietnam's southeastern coast. From 1954 to 1975, this province belonged to South Vietnam with the name Phước Tuy.
An Giang is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Mekong Delta, in the southwestern part of the country.
Đồng Tháp is a province in the Mekong Delta and Đồng Tháp Mười region of southern Vietnam. Đồng Tháp is 165 kilometres from Ho Chi Minh City, bordered by Pray Veng Province in the north with a length of more than 48 kilometres ; Vĩnh Long and Cần Thơ in the south; An Giang in the west; and Long An and Tiền Giang in the east.
Tiền Giang has an advantage of being located between two important economic regions – the Southern Key Economic Zone and the Mekong Delta. The province is a gateway to Ho Chi Minh City and other eastern provinces as well as those of the Mekong Delta through its system of 150 kilometres road, one expressway, four National Roads . The coastline is 32 kilometres long with thousands of coastal warp, which is an advantage for aquatic breeding such as crab and sea-based economy development.
Kiên Giang is a province of Vietnam, located in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. It is known for fishing and rice farming. The provincial capital is Rạch Giá, 155 mi from Ho Chi Minh City. Kiên Giang's area is about 6,299 km² and its population is about 1,634,043, of which 22 percent live in urban areas.
Cần Thơ is the fourth-largest city in Vietnam, and the largest city along the Mekong Delta region in Vietnam.
Vĩnh Long is a province located in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam. Its capital is Vĩnh Long. Its population is 1,046,390 and its area is 1,475 square kilometres . Vĩnh Long is a Sino-Vietnamese name, translating as "eternal prosperity."However, due to not understanding the meaning, Vinh Long was called "Vĩnh Dragon" by some young people .
Bến Tre is a province of Vietnam. It is one of the country's southern provinces, and is situated in the Mekong Delta.
Trà Vinh is a province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The capital is Trà Vinh City.
Sóc Trăng is a province in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam, with its capital in Sóc Trăng. The province occupies an area of 3,223 km², and has a population of approximately 1,213,400.
Bắc Kạn, also spelt Bắc Cạn, is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Northeast region, due north of the capital Hanoi. Bắc Kạn is the only town of the province which is the capital of the province and is a municipality. The province covers an area of 4,859.4 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 313,905 people. It is a mountainous terrain with rich natural resources of minerals and forests. It has numerous mountains, rivers and lakes which are very scenic. Ba Bể National Park and Ba Bể Lake lie within its borders.
Bắc Giang is a province of Vietnam, located in the Northeast region of the country, and situated 50 kilometres to the east of Hanoi. The province covers 3895.59 square kilometres, and, as of 2019, its population was 1,803,950 people.
Bạc Liêu Province is a province of Vietnam. It is a coastal province, and is situated in the Mekong Delta region of the southern part of the country.
Bắc Ninh is a province of Vietnam, located in the Red River Delta of the northern part of the country. It is the smallest province of Vietnam and is situated to the east of the nation's capital, Hanoi, and borders Bắc Giang Province, Hưng Yên Province, Hải Dương Province and Hanoi. The province covers an area of 822.71 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 1,368,840. The province's name literally means "northern serenity".
Bình Dương is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Southeast region of the country and the Southern Key Economic Zone 2, bordering Bình Phước Province to the north, Ho Chi Minh City to the south and southwest, Tây Ninh Province to the west, and Đồng Nai Province to the east. The province was created from Sông Bé Province on 1 January 1997.
Bình Phước is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Southeast region of the country, to the north of Hồ Chí Minh City . It shares a border with Cambodia.
Cà Mau is a province of Vietnam, named after its capital city. It is located in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam, and is the southernmost of Vietnam's 58 provinces. It is bordered to the north by Kiên Giang and Bạc Liêu provinces, to the west by the Gulf of Thailand, and to the south and east by the South China Sea.
Da Nang is a class-1 municipality and the fifth-largest city in Vietnam by municipal population. It is the third largest city in Vietnam by urban population, and it is considered as the third city of Vietnam. It lies on the coast of the South China Sea at the mouth of the Hàn River, and is one of Vietnam's most important port cities. As one of the country's five direct-controlled municipalities, it falls under the administration of the central government.
Hải Dương is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Its name derives from Sino-Vietnamese 海陽 "ocean sun", though the modern province is in fact landlocked. Nowadays, Hải Dương is among the most industrialized and developed provinces in Vietnam.
Haiphong, or Hai Phong, is a major industrial city and the third-largest in Vietnam. Hai Phong is also the center of technology, economy, culture, medicine, education, science and trade in the Red River delta.
Hà Nam is a province of northern Vietnam, in the Red River Delta. The province's name derives from Sino-Vietnamese 河南, meaning "south of the river".
Hanoi is the capital city of Vietnam in the north of Vietnam. It covers an area of 3,358.6 km2 . The second largest city in Vietnam, it consists of 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is the cultural and political centre of Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh City, or Saigon, is the largest city in Vietnam, situated in the south. In the southeastern region, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 square kilometres .
Hưng Yên is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. It covers an area of 930.22 km2, comprising 1 city, 8 rural districts, and 1 district-leveled town, with a population of over 1 million people as of 2019. The province is a settlement along the banks of the Red River, bordered by 5 provinces and municipalities .
Nam Định is a province in the southern part of the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. It borders Ninh Bình province to the southwest, Hà Nam province to the northwest, Thái Bình province to the northeast, and the Gulf of Tonkin to the southeast. As of 2018, it is the 52nd largest province by area and the 12th most populous province of Vietnam.
Phú Thọ is a province in northern Vietnam. Its capital is Việt Trì, which is 80 kilometres from Hanoi and 50 kilometres from Nội Bài International Airport. The province covers an area of 3534.56 square kilometres and, as of 2019, it had a population of 1,463,726.
Thái Nguyên is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It is a mountainous, midland province with a natural land area of 3,526.64 square kilometres and a population of 1,286,751 as of 2019. Its multi-ethnic society is composed of eight ethnic groups.
Vĩnh Phúc is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam.
Điện Biên is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It is bordered by Lai Châu to the northeast, Sơn La to the southeast, Pu'er City, Yunnan, China, to the northwest, and Phongsaly Province in Laos to the west. The province covers an area of 9,541 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 598,856 people.
Đắk Nông, also Ðắc Nông, is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the country's Central Highlands. The provincial capital is Gia Nghĩa.
Hậu Giang is a province located in the Mekong Delta region in the southern part of Vietnam. Vị Thanh is the capital.
Malampa is one of the six provinces of Vanuatu, located in the center of the country. It consists of three main islands: Malakula, Ambrym and Paama, and takes its name from the first syllable of their names. It includes a number of other islands – the small islands of Uripiv, Norsup, Rano, Wala, Atchin and Vao off the coast of Malakula, and the volcanic island of Lopevi . Also included are the Maskelynes Islands and some more small islands along the south coast of Malakula.
Penama is one of the six provinces of Vanuatu, located in the northeast of the country and consisting of three major islands:
Sanma is a province located in the Northern part of the nation of Vanuatu, occupying the nation's largest island, Espiritu Santo, which is located approximately 2,500 km northeast of Sydney, Australia.
Shefa is one of the six provinces of Vanuatu, located in the center of the country and including the islands of Epi and Efate and the Shepherd Islands.
The name is an acronym for the five main islands that make up the province: Tanna, Aneityum, Futuna, Erromango and Aniwa.
Torba is the northernmost province of Vanuatu. It consists of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands.
Alo is one of three official chiefdoms of the French territory of Wallis and Futuna, in Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. (The other two chiefdoms are Uvea and Sigave.)
Sigavé is one of the three official chiefdoms of the French territory of Wallis and Futuna in Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. (The other two chiefdoms are Uvea and Alo.)
ʻUvea is one of the three official chiefdoms of the French territory of Wallis and Futuna in Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean.
Aʻana is a district of Samoa. It is on the western third of Upolu island, with a small exclave surrounded by Aiga-i-le-Tai. It has an area of 193 km² and a population of 23,265. The main centre is Leulumoega.
Aiga-i-le-Tai is a district of Samoa which includes the small islands of Manono, Apolima and tiny uninhabited Nu'ulopa lying in the Apolima Strait between the country's two main islands of Upolu and Savai'i.
Ātua is an ancient political district of Samoa, consisting of most of the eastern section of Upolu and the island Tutuila. Ātua is ruled by the Tui Ātua together with the group of six senior orators of Lufilufi and 13 senior matai from throughout Ātua, comprising the Fale Ātua . The fono of Atua's rulers takes place in Lufilufi on the great malae of Lalogafu'afu'a.
Faʻasaleleaga is a district of Samoa situated on the eastern side of Savaiʻi island. It has a population of 13,566 .
Gagaʻemauga is a district on the island of Savaiʻi in Samoa. The district is situated on the central north side of Savaiʻi. The name 'Gagaʻemauga' literally means "near side of the mountain", meaning the eastern side of the mountain chain running through the centre of Savaiʻi Island.
Gagaʻifomauga is a political district on the island of Savaiʻi in Samoa. The district is situated on the northern side of the island with a population of 4,878 .
Palauli is a district and village of Samoa, with a population of 9,300. It consists of two sections on the southern side of Savai'i. The capital is Vailoa which is also referred to as Vailoa i Palauli .
Satupaʻitea is a large village district with four sub-villages on the south east coast of Savaiʻi Island in Samoa.
Tuamāsaga is a district of Samoa, with a population of 95,907. The geographic area of Tuamasaga covers the central part of Upolu island.
Va'a-o-Fonoti is a district on the north east coast of Upolu Island in Samoa, with a population of 1,621, making it the least populated district in the country.
Vaisigano is a political district at the western tip of Savai'i island in Samoa. The capital of the district is Asau.
Abyan is a governorate of Yemen. The Abyan region was historically part of the Fadhli Sultanate. It was a base to the Aden-Abyan Islamic Army militant group. Its capital is the city of Zinjibar. This governorate is noted for its agriculture, in particular the cultivation of date palms and animal husbandry.
Aden is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea, some 170 km east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. Aden's natural harbour lies in the crater of a dormant volcano, which now forms a peninsula joined to the mainland by a low isthmus. This harbour, Front Bay, was first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 7th to 5th centuries BC. The modern harbour is on the other side of the peninsula. Aden gives its name to the Gulf of Aden.
Dhale or Dhala, also spelled Dali and Dhalea and sometimes prefixed with Al or Ad, is the capital town of Dhale Governorate in south-western Yemen. It is located at around 13°41′48″N 44°43′51″E﻿ / ﻿13.69667°N 44.73083°E﻿ / 13.69667; 44.73083, in the elevation of around 1500 metres.
Hadhramaut is a region in South Arabia, mostly in present-day eastern Yemen, And part in Oman and Saudi Arabia. The name is of ancient origin, and is retained in the name of the Hadhramaut Governorate of Yemen. The people of Hadhramaut are called Hadhrami. They formerly spoke Hadramautic, but now predominantly speak Hadhrami Arabic.
Hajjah is the capital city of Hajjah Governorate in north-western Yemen. It is located 127 kilometres northwest of Sana'a, at an elevation of about 1800 metres. As of 2003, the Hajjah City District had a population of 53,887 inhabitants.
Al-Hudaydah, also transliterated as Hodeda, Hodeida, Hudaida or Hodeidah, is the fourth-largest city in Yemen and its principal port on the Red Sea.
Ibb is a city in Yemen, the capital of Ibb Governorate, located about 117 km northeast of Mocha and 194 km south of Sana'a. A market town and administrative centre developed during the Ottoman Empire, it is one of the most important medium-sized cities in the country. It is situated on a mountain ridge, surrounded by fertile land. As of 2005, it had a population of 160,000.
Lahij or Lahej is a city and an area located between Ta'izz and Aden in Yemen. From the 18th to the 20th century, its rulers were of the Abdali branch of the Al-Sallami tribe who trace their lineage to one of the 10 tribes of Yaffa called Kalad. Lahij was the capital city of Sultanate of Lahej, a protectorate of the British Empire until 1967, when the sultan was expelled and the city became a part of People's Republic of South Yemen.
Marib is the capital city of Marib Governorate, Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Sabaʾ, which some scholars believe to be the ancient Sheba of biblical fame. It is located approximately 120 kilometres east of Yemen's modern capital, Sanaa, and is in the region of the Sarawat Mountains. In 2005 it had a population of 16,794.
Al Mahrah, or simply Mahra, is a governorate of Yemen in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Situated in the area of the former Mahra Sultanate, its capital is Al Ghaydah, and it has international borders with Saudi Arabia and Oman.
Al Mahwit is the capital city of Al Mahwit Governorate, Yemen. It is located at an elevation of about 2000 metres.
Saada is the capital city of Saada Governorate in north-western Yemen at an elevation of about 1,800 metres. Its population in 2004 was estimated at 51,870. It was formerly identified with Karna, the kingdom of the ancient kingdom of Ma'in, which is now known to be identical to the ancient Qarnawu near the modern Ma'in in the Al Jawf Governorate.
Shabwah is a governorate of Yemen. Its main town is Ataq.
Sanaa, also spelled Sanaʽa or Sana, is the largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Governorate, but forms the separate administrative district of "Amanat Al-Asemah". Under the Yemeni constitution, Sanaʽa is the capital of the country, although the seat of the Yemeni government moved to Aden, the former capital of South Yemen in the aftermath of the Houthi occupation. Aden was declared as the temporary capital by President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi in March 2015.
Taiz is a city in southwestern Yemen. It is located in the Yemeni Highlands, near the port city of Mocha on the Red Sea, at an elevation of about 1,400 metres above sea level. It is the capital of Taiz Governorate. With a population of over 600,000 in 2005, it is the third largest city in Yemen after the capital Sana'a and the southern port city of Aden.
Socotra Archipelago or Suqutra is officially one of the governorates of Yemen. It is composed of the Guardafui Channel's archipelago of Socotra.
Raymah is a governorate of Yemen. It was established in January 2004 from parts of the Sana'a Governate. Its name derives from Wadi Rima which crosses it. Its capital is Al Jabin.
The Eastern Cape is one of the provinces of South Africa. Its capital is Bisho, but its two largest cities are East London and Port Elizabeth.
Gauteng is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. The name in Sotho-Tswana languages means "place of gold".
Limpopo is the northernmost province of South Africa. It is named after the Limpopo River, which forms the province's western and northern borders. The capital and largest city in the province is Polokwane .
Mpumalanga is a province of South Africa. The name means "east", or literally "the place where the sun rises" in the Swazi, Xhosa, Ndebele and Zulu languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. It constitutes 6.5% of South Africa's land area. It shares borders with the South African provinces of Limpopo to the north, Gauteng to the west, the Free State to the southwest, and KwaZulu-Natal to the south. The capital is Mbombela.
The Northern Cape is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up. Its capital is Kimberley. It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and an international park shared with Botswana. It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the diamond mining regions in Kimberley and Alexander Bay.
KwaZulu-Natal is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces, and the countries of Mozambique, Eswatini and Lesotho. Its capital is Pietermaritzburg, and its largest city is Durban. It is the second-most populous province in South Africa, with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng.
North West is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Mahikeng. The province is located to the west of the major population centre of Gauteng.
The Western Cape is a province of South Africa, situated on the south-western coast of the country. It is the fourth largest of the nine provinces with an area of 129,449 square kilometres, and the third most populous, with an estimated 7 million inhabitants in 2020. About two-thirds of these inhabitants live in the metropolitan area of Cape Town, which is also the provincial capital. The Western Cape was created in 1994 from part of the former Cape Province. The two largest cities are Cape Town and George.
Central Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces. The provincial capital is Kabwe, which is the home of the Mulungushi Rock of Authority. Central Province has an area of 94,394 km . It borders eight other provinces and has twelve districts. The total area of forest in the province is 9,095,566 ha, and it has a national park and three game management areas. The first mine in the region was opened up in 1905 making the then Broken Hill town the first mining town. In 1966, he town's name was reverted to its indigenous name - Kabwe meaning 'ore' or 'smelting'.
Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt, and farming and bush areas to the south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973. The province adjoins Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is similarly mineral-rich.
Eastern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces. The province lies between the Luangwa River and borders with Malawi to the east and Mozambique to the south, from Isoka in the northeast to the north of Luangwa in the south. The provincial capital is Chipata. Eastern province has an area of 51,476 km2, locally shares border with three other provinces of the country and is divided into eleven districts.
Luapula Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces located in the northern part of the country. Luapula Province is named after the Luapula River and its capital is Mansa. As per the 2010 Zambian census, the Province had a population of 991,927, which accounted for 7.57 per cent of the total Zambian population.
Lusaka Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia. Its capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km2. Lusaka is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km2 as of 2010. It is the most urban province, with the most doctors and fewest malaria-related incidents. The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park.
Northern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces. It covers approximately one sixth of Zambia in land area. The provincial capital is Kasama. The province is made up of 12 districts, namely Kasama District, Chilubi District, Kaputa District, Luwingu District, Mbala District, Mporokoso District, Mpulungu District, Mungwi District, Nsama District, Lupososhi District, Lunte District and Senga Hill District. Currently, only Kasama and Mbala have attained municipal council status, while the rest are still district councils. It is widely considered to be the heartland of the Bemba, one of the largest tribes in Zambia.
North-Western Province is one of ten Provinces of Zambia. It covers an area of 125,826 km2, has a population of 727,044 and a population density was 5.80 per square kilometre as of 2010. It is the most sparsely populated province in the country. The provincial capital is Solwezi. The literacy rate stood at 63 per cent against a national average of 70.2 per cent. The rural population constituted 77.45%, while the urban population was 22.55%. North-Western Province is bordered along Angola in the west, the Democratic Republic of Congo in the north, Copperbelt Province in the east, Central in the south-east, and Western Province in the south-west.
Southern Province is one of Zambia's ten provinces, and home to Zambia's premier tourist attraction, Mosi-oa-Tunya, shared with Zimbabwe. The centre of the province, the Southern Plateau, has the largest area of commercial farmland of any Zambian province, and produces most of the maize crop.
Western Province is one of the 10 provinces in Zambia and encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland. The capital is Mongu, and together with the neighbouring town of Limulunga, Mongu is treated as the capital of Barotseland.
Muchinga Province is one of the ten provinces of Zambia. It is located in the northeast of the country and borders with Tanzania in the north, Malawi in the east, Eastern Province in the south, Central Province in the southwest, Luapula Province in the west, and Northern Province in the northwest. The administrative center of the province is Chinsali.
Bulawayo is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and the largest city in the country's Matabeleland region. The city's population is disputed; the 2012 census listed it at 653,337, while the Bulawayo City Council claimed it to be about 1.2 million. Bulawayo covers an area of about 1,707 square kilometres in the western part of the country, along the Matsheumhlope River. Along with the capital Harare, Bulawayo is one of two cities in Zimbabwe that is also a province.
Harare Metropolitan Province is a province in northeastern Zimbabwe. It comprises Harare, the country's capital and most populous city, and two other municipalities, Chitungwiza and Epworth. Originally part of Mashonaland Province, in 1983 the province was divided into three large provinces, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, and Mashonaland West, while the city of Harare became its own metropolitan province, along with two nearby cities. Harare Province is divided into four districts. Miriam Chikukwa is the current provincial governor.
Manicaland is a province in eastern Zimbabwe. After Harare Province, it is the country's second-most populous province, with a population of 1.75 million, as of the 2012 census. After Harare and Bulawayo provinces, it is Zimbabwe's third-most densely populated province. Manicaland was one of five original provinces established in Southern Rhodesia in the early colonial period. The province is divided into ten administrative subdivisions of seven rural districts and three towns/councils, including the provincial capital, Mutare. The name Manicaland is derived from the province's largest ethnic group, the Manyika, a Shona subgroup who speak a distinct Shona dialect, Manyika.
Mashonaland Central is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of 28,347 km² and a population of 1,152,520, representing about 8.5% of the total Zimbabwe population.
Mashonaland East, informally Mash East, is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of 32,230 km2 and a population of approximately 1.35 million . Marondera is the capital of the province.
Mashonaland West is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of 57,441 km² and a population of approximately 1.5 million . Chinhoyi is the capital of the province.
Masvingo is a province in southeastern Zimbabwe. It has a population of 1.485 million as of the 2012 census, ranking fifth out of Zimbabwe's ten provinces. Established as Victoria Province by the British South Africa Company, it was one of the five original provinces of Southern Rhodesia. In 1982, two years after Zimbabwean independence, it was renamed Masvingo Province. The province is divided into seven districts, including Masvingo District, which contains the provincial capital Masvingo City.
Matabeleland North is a province in western Zimbabwe. With a population of 749,017 as of the 2012 census, it is the country's second-least populous province, after Matabeleland South, and is the country's least densely populated province. Matabeleland North was established in 1974, when the original Matabeleland Province was divided into two provinces, the other being Matabeleland South. In 1997, the province lost territory when the city of Bulawayo became its own province. Matabeleland North is divided into seven districts. Its capital is Lupane, and Victoria Falls and Hwange are its largest towns. The name "Matabeleland" is derived from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group.
Matabeleland South is a province in southwestern Zimbabwe. With a population of 683,893 as of the 2012 census, it is the country's least populous province. After Matabeleland North, it is Zimbabwe's second-least densely populated province. Matabeleland South was established in 1974, when the original Matabeleland Province was divided into two provinces, the other being Matabeleland North. The province is divided into six districts. Gwanda is the capital, and the Beitbridge is the province's largest town. The name "Matabeleland" is derived from Ndebele, the province's largest ethnic group.
Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of 49,166 square kilometres and a population of 1,614,941 . It is home to various peoples. Located at a central point in the country, it contains speakers of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Sotho and Chewa, as well as of various other languages. Gweru, the third-largest city in Zimbabwe, is the capital of the province.
The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50o to 70oN poleward of the humid continental climates. Subarctic or boreal climates are the source regions for the cold air that affects temperate latitudes to the south in winter. These climates represent Köppen climate classification Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd and Dsd.
hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, Eritrea to the east, and the Red Sea to the northeast. Sudan has a population of 43 million and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country and also the third-largest in the Arab league. It was also the largest country in Africa and the Arab league by area before the secession of South Sudan in 2011.
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, Eritrea to the east, and the Red Sea to the northeast. Sudan has a population of 44.91 million people as of 2021 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area and also the third-largest by area in the Arab league. It was also the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab league until the secession of South Sudan in 2011, since which both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital is Khartoum, while its largest city is Omdurman.
Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum, is a perennial grass in the family Poaceae grown for its stem (cane) which is primarily used to produce sucrose. Sugarcane has a thick, tillering stem which is clearly divided into nodes and internodes. The leaves of the plant grow from the nodes of the stem, arranged in two rows on either side of the stem. The leaves are tubular and blade-like, thicker in the centres than at the margins and encircle the stem. The inflorescence of sugarcane is a terminal panicle which possesses two spikelets and seeds protected by husks (glumes) covered in silky hair. Two flowers are produced on the inflorescence, one sterile and the other bisexual. Sugarcane can reach a height of up to 6 m (3.3 ft) and once harvested, the stalk will regrow allowing the plant to live for between 8 and 12 years. Sugarcane may also be referred to as nobel cane and originates from New Guinea.
Plantations should be kept free from weeds with weeding being carried out every 3-4 weeks. Weeds can be removed by hand or through the use of machinery or appropriate chemicals. If rainfall is not sufficient to meet the growth requirements of the plants then irrigation must be supplied every 2-4 weeks through furrow or sprinkler irrigation. Soil should be mounded up around the base of the canes 1-2 times during the growing season to promote good root development, aid drainage in heavy soil or prevent lodging in light soils.
Sugarcane is most commonly harvested by hand or cutting machine. Stalks should be cut close to the ground with a sharp knife when the canes are fully mature.
Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated by planting part of a mature cane called “settsâ€. Setts should be cut from carefully selected mature canes. A few days before the cuttings are taken, the end of the canes are removed to break the apical dominance of the cane and promote the breaking of buds. The best cuttings are taken from the upper portions of the cane and should be approximately 40 cm (16 in) in length with 2-3 buds. Sugarcane setts should be planted horizontally or at a 45o angle in furrows 15-30 cm (6-12 in) deep. Once in the ground, the setts should be covered with a thin layer of soil. Setts can be grown in a nursery bed and transplanted to the field or planted directly at the final growing site. The average planting density for sugarcane is 15,000-24,000 cuttings per hectare of land. Normally furrow method of planting is followed. A new method called pit method of planting promises two to three times more yield and more ratoon (up to 10) compared to furrow method.
Sugarcane grows best in tropical and subtropical regions as the plants require a warm, sunny and moist environment for growth. Plants will grow optimally at temperatures between 26 and 33oC (78.8-91.4oF) where there are no frosts which will damage the plants. Sugarcane can be grown successfully in a variety of soils but will perform optimally in deep, well-draining soils, rich in organic matter with a pH between 5.0 and 8.0. Sugarcane requires an average annual rainfall of between 1800 and 2500 mm per year for adequate growth. If rainfall is too low, plants should be grown with irrigation to maximize yield.
Sugarcane is primarily used for the production of cane sugar (sucrose). One of the biproducts of sugarcane production is bioethanol which can be used as a fuel in place of gasoline. The dried fibre which is left over after the extraction of the sugarcane juice is called bagasse and is used in paper and textile production, as a fuel or as an organic mulch.
Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Asteraceae, grown for its seeds. The plant has a thick, hairy, erect stem which gives rise to a large flower head. The plant has large, broad lower leaves which are oval and arranged alternately on the stem and smaller, narrower upper leaves which are attached individually to the stem. The flower head is a large disc reaching 10-30 cm (4-12 in) in diameter which is made up of 16-30 individual florets which are yellow-gold in color. The outer florets are sterile and produce the outer petals of the flower head, while the inner florets will mature into the seeds in the central disc. Sunflowers are annual plants, harvested after one growing season and can reach 1-3.5 m (3.3-11.5 ft) in height. Sunflower may also be referred to as girasole and originates from North America.
Sunflowers are ready to harvest when the back of the flowers begin to turn yellow and the flower head droops. Cut the stem about 5 cm (2 in) below the head and hang up to dry in a warm, well ventilated place for several weeks. When the heads are thoroughly dried, remove the seeds with a brush or by hand. Allow the seeds to dry out for a further few days before storing.
Although sunflowers are drought resistant, frequent, deep watering promotes the development of a strong root system. The plants do not require fertilizing, indeed, addition of nitrogen promotes vegetative growth and will delay flowering. The stems of the plants can easily reach in excess of 1.8 m (6 ft) in height and will benefit from some support. Bamboo stakes work well.
Sunflowers are most easily grown by direct seeding outdoors. In areas with a long growing season, they should be planted in late Spring after all danger of frost and when the soil has warmed through. However, in areas with short growing seasons, the seeds can be planted a week or two before the last frost date as the plants are tolerant to cold Prepare the soil for planting by digging to loosen the soil and break up any large clumps. Plant seeds 2.5-5.0 cm (1-2 in) deep and space them 10-15 cm (3-4 in) apart. If planting in rows, allow 0.75 m (~30 in) between each one. An application of a balanced fertilizer at planting promotes the development of a strong root system. The seeds should sprout in 7-10 days. When the seedlings are about 15 cm (6 in) tall with two pairs of true leaves, thin the plants to a final within row spacing of 60 cm (2 ft). Sow more seeds every 2-3 weeks for a continuous bloom over the summer.
Sunflowers are generally very easy to grow and thrive in areas with long hot summers which promote flowering. They grow best at temperatures between 21 and 25.5oC (70-78oF). Sunflowers can be very large and require plenty of space although there are some varieties which have been specially bred to be compact for growing in smaller spaces or for growing in containers. Sunflowers will grow in a variety of soils as long as they are not waterlogged and can be grown successfully at a pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.5. A pH above 6.0 is not recommended. They should be grown in an area that receives full sunlight and it is preferable to provide them with some shelter from wind which can damage the stems e.g. along a fence or wall. Sunflowers originate from the dry prairie regions of North America and are drought resistant once established. Their easy to grow nature makes them ideal plants for growing with children.
Sunflower seeds can be eaten either fresh or cooked or used to extract oil which is widely used in cooking. The seeds are commonly harvested for bird seeds. Sunflowers are often grown as ornamental plants due to their large, attractive flower head.
Normal superphosphate has a relatively low concentration of phosphorous, however it is used in mixtures because of its low cost.
Suriname or Surinam, officially known as the Republic of Suriname, is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, and Brazil to the south. At just under 165,000 square kilometers, it is the smallest sovereign state in South America. Suriname has a population of approximately 575,990, most of whom live on the country's north coast, in and around the capital and largest city, Paramaribo.
Suriname, officially known as the Republic of Suriname, is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south. At just under 165,000 square kilometers, it is the smallest sovereign state in South America. Suriname has a population of approximately 575,990, most of whom live on the country's north coast, in and around the capital and largest city, Paramaribo.
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
Svalbard and Jan Mayen is a statistical designation defined by ISO 3166-1 for a collective grouping of two remote jurisdictions of Norway: Svalbard and Jan Mayen. While the two are combined for the purposes of the International Organization for Standardization category, they are not administratively related. This has further resulted in the country code top-level domain .sj being issued for Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and ISO 3166-2:SJ. The United Nations Statistics Division also uses this code, but has named it Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands.
Eswatini, officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and formerly and still commonly known in English as Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its north, west, and south. At no more than 200 kilometres north to south and 130 kilometres east to west, Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in Africa; despite this, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld.
Eswatini, officially the Kingdom of Eswatini, sometimes written in English as eSwatini, and formerly and still commonly known in English as Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique to its northeast and South Africa to its north, west, and south. At no more than 200 kilometres north to south and 130 kilometres east to west, Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in Africa; despite this, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld.
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait. At 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.4 million; and a low population density of 25 inhabitants per square kilometre . 87% of Swedes live in urban areas, which cover 1.5% of the entire land area. The highest concentration is in the central and southern half of the country.
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait. At 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth largest country in Europe. The capital city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.4 million; and a low population density of 25 inhabitants per square kilometre . 87% of Swedes live in urban areas, which cover 1.5% of the entire land area. The highest concentration is in the central and southern half of the country.
The sweet potato or sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable. The young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens. The sweet potato is distantly related to the common potato (Solanum tuberosum), both being in the order Solanales. The sweet potato, especially the orange variety, is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, but it is entirely unrelated to true yams.
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a country situated at the confluence of Western, Central, and Southern Europe. It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps, and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km2, and land area of 39,997 km2 . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities and economic centres are located, among them Zürich, Geneva and Basel. These cities are home to several offices of international organisations such as the headquarters of FIFA, the UN's second-largest Office, and the main building of the Bank for International Settlements. The main international airports of Switzerland are also located in these cities.
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country situated at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe. It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. Switzerland is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 and land area of 39,997 km2 . Although the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities and economic centres are located, among them Zürich, Geneva and Basel. These cities are home to several offices of international organisations such as the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, the headquarters of FIFA, the UN's second-largest office, as well as the main building of the Bank for International Settlements. The main international airports of Switzerland are also located in these cities.
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon to the southwest, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Circassians, Mandeans, and Greeks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, and Yazidis. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunnis are the largest religious group.
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon to the southwest, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Its capital and largest city is Damascus. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Circassians, Mandaeans, and Greeks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis, Mandaeans, Shiites, Salafis, and Yazidis. Arabs are the largest ethnic group, and Sunnis are the largest religious group.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is a kind of artificial neural network that is based on Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system.
ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic information maintained by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri). It is used for creating and using maps, compiling geographic data, analyzing mapped information, sharing and discovering geographic information, using maps and geographic information in a range of applications, and managing geographic information in a database.
Co-Active Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System is a method which combines fuzzy model and neural network in a manner to produce accurate results.
Computer Vision System (CVS) is a computer system that focuses on processing, analyzing, and making sense of visual data (images or videos) in the same way that humans do.
Digital electromechanical system (DES) is a complete system which measures soil bulk density.
A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized program used to support determinations, judgments, and courses of action in an organization or a business. A DSS sifts through and analyzes massive amounts of data, compiling comprehensive information that can be used to solve problems and in decision-making.
An electric motor drives via differential gear arrangement the track-driving wheels of the tracks of a full-track vehicle.
An Expert System (ES) is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code.
A Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is a system that uses fuzzy set theory to map inputs (features in the case of fuzzy classification) to outputs (classes in the case of fuzzy classification).
A Farm Management Information System (FMIS) is a management information system designed to assist agricultural farmers to perform various tasks ranging from operational planning, implementation and documentation for assessment of performed field work.
Knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is broad and refers to many different kinds of systems. The one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly and a reasoning system that allows it to derive new knowledge. Thus, a knowledge-based system has two distinguishing features: a knowledge base and an inference engine.
A Machine Vision System (MVS) is a type of technology that enables a computing device to inspect, evaluate and identify still or moving images. It is a field in computer vision and is quite similar to surveillance cameras, but provides automatic image capturing, evaluation and processing capabilities.
A Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) is an interactive, computer-based system designed to assist in decision making while solving a semi-structured spatial problem. It is designed to assist the spatial planner with guidance in making land use decisions.
WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) is a simulation model for the quantitative analysis of the growth and production of annual field crops. With WOFOST, you can calculate attainable crop production, biomass, water use, etc. for a location given knowledge about soil, crop, weather and crop management (e.g. sowing date). WOFOST has been used by many researchers over the world and has been applied for many crops over a large range of climatic and management conditions (see documentation). WOFOST is one of the key components of the European MARS crop yield forecasting system. In the Global Yield Gap Atlas (GYGA) WOFOST is used to estimate the untapped crop production potential on existing farmland based on current climate and available soil and water resources. WOFOST originated in the framework of interdisciplinary studies on world food security and on the potential world food production by the Center for World Food Studies (CWFS) in cooperation with the Wageningen University & Research, Department of Theoretical Production Ecology (WAU-TPE) and the DLO-Center for Agrobiological Research and Soil Fertility (AB-DLO), Wageningen, the Netherlands. After cessation of CWFS in 1988, the DLO Winand Staring Centre (SC-DLO) has continued development of the model in co-operation with AB-DLO and WAU-TPE. Currently, the WOFOST model is maintained and further developed by Wageningen Environmental Research in co-operation with the Plant Production Systems Group of Wageningen University & Research and the Food Security unit of the Joint Research Centre in Italy.
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a country in East Asia. Neighbouring countries include the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres, with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. The capital is Taipei, which, along with New Taipei and Keelung, forms the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.57 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of 143,100 km2 and an estimated population of 9,537,645 people. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of 143,100 km2 and an estimated population of 9,537,645 people. Its capital and largest city is Dushanbe. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.
A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproot is a storage organ so well developed that it has been cultivated as a vegetable. The taproot system contrasts with the adventitious or fibrous root system of plants with many branched roots, but many plants that grow a taproot during germination go on to develop branching root structures, although some that rely on the main root for storage may retain the dominant taproot for centuries, for example Welwitschia.
Tea, Camellia sinensis, is a tree or small shrub in the family Theaceae grown for its leaves which are used to make beverages. The tea plant is branching with alternate elliptical leaves. The leaves are leathery in texture, matte green in color and have serrated edges. The tea plant can take the form of a tree with a bowl-shaped canopy but is usually pruned under cultivation to be smaller and shrub-like. The plant produces fragrant white flower singly or in small clusters. Tea tree can reach up to 15 m (49 ft) in height and can live anywhere between 30 and 50 years. The plant originates from China.
Tea is harvested by “pluckingâ€ which involves the removal of the youngest leaves at the shoot terminals. The terminal bud is removed along with the two leaves directly below (fine plucking) or the bud and three leaves (coarse plucking). The younger leaves have the best flavor and removing three leaves increases production but diminishes the overall quality by including an older leaf. Tea plants are plucked by hand by grasping the plant between thumb and forefinger and is usually carried out every 7-14 days depending on altitude.
Newly planted tea plantations must be kept free from weeds while the tea plants establish. Weeding should be done by hand until the canopy closes and shades out weeds. Tea plants should be pruned to encourage the production of lateral branches. Busjes are shaped by tipping and thinning of branches to create the desired shape. Pruning should be maintained throughout the life of the plantation to keep the plants a manageable size and maintain productivity. pruning is best carried out when the plants are dormant where possible. If trees do not have a dormant period then they should be pruned in winter or after the dry period depending on geographic location. The tree clippings can be left in the centers of the rows to acts as an organic mulch. Tea plantations are usually fertilized 2-3 times per year. The amount of each nutrient added to the soil will depend on the soil’s own deficiencies and should ideally be based on the results of soil testing or by testing the leaves for nutrient deficiencies.
Tea is propagated from seed or rooted leaf cuttings. Good quality seeds are selected by immersing in water for 30 minutes and selecting the seeds which sink. Seeds are commonly germinated by placing them between wet cloths. Seeds which successfully germinate are transferred to a nursery bed to grow for 2-3 years. Before transplanting to the field, the plants are cut back to a height of 15 cm (6.0 in). Leaf cuttings are also used to establish new tea plantations. Single node cuttings are taken from the desired variety and rooted in polyethylene bags containing soil by firmly pressing the stem into the soil. The bags are then placed in a shaded area and watered regularly. New tea plants produced from rooted cuttings are usually planted out in the field after 6-9 months. Tea can be planted as single rows, double rows or as a hedge. Plantations established on slopes are planted on contour rows. Seedlings or cuttings are usually planted 60 cm (24 in) apart, allowing 1.5 m (5 ft) between rows. The tea plants are often interplanted with legumes or grasses to conserve soil moisture and prevent soil erosion. Shade trees are utilized in tea plantations grown at lower altitudes.
Tea grows best in warm and humid climates. It will tolerate temperatures between 14 and 27oC (57.2-80.6oF) with 18-20oC (64.4-68oF) being optimum. Tea plants will not tolerate frost and mean temperatures should not fall below 13oC (55.4oF) or exceed 29oC (84.2oF). Tea grows optimally in deep, well-draining, tropical red soils with an acidic pH between 4.5 and 6.0. Tea requires an average annual rainfall of 1600 mm per year distributed evenly throughout the growing season. In growing regions that experience a long dry season, tea plants require shading to increase the humidity around the plants.
Tea leaves are usually infused with boiling water to produce an infused drink. In China, most tea leaves are processed for green tea (little or no fermentation of the leaves) whereas most Assam tea is processed for black tea which is manufactured by fermenting and crushing the leaves.
Temperate climates of the Earth are characterized by relatively moderate mean annual temperatures, with average monthly temperatures above 10°C in their warmest months and above −3°C in their colder months.
TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for machine learning applications such as neural networks.
TensorFlow works well on images as well as sequence-based data. If you are a beginner in deep learning, or don’t have a solid understanding of mathematical concepts like linear algebra and calculus, then the steep learning curve of TensorFlow might be daunting. I totally understand that this aspect can be complex for folks who are just starting out. My suggestion would be to keep practicing, keep exploring the community, and keep reading articles to get the hang of TensorFlow. Once you have a good understanding of the framework, implementing deep learning models will be very easy for you.
TextBlob is a Python (2 and 3) library for processing textual data. It provides a simple API for diving into common natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as part-of-speech tagging, noun phrase extraction, sentiment analysis, classification, translation, and more. TextBlob was designed based on NLTK. For the probationer, it is the best option to understand the complexities of NLP and designing prototypes for their projects. The tool enables sentiment analysis, tokenization, translation, phrase extraction, part-of-speech tagging, lemmatization, classification, spelling correction, etc.
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Thailand, known formerly as Siam and officially as the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia. It is located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning 513,120 square kilometres, with a population of almost 70 million people. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. It also shares maritime borders with Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Bangkok is the nation's capital and largest city. Nominally, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy; however, in recent history, its government has experienced multiple coups and periods of military dictatorships.
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a country in Southeast Asia. Located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, it is composed of 76 provinces spanning 513,120 square kilometres, with a population of over 66 million people; Thailand is the world's 50th-largest country by land area and the 22nd-most-populous. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, a special administrative area. Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. Nominally, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy; however, in recent history, its government has experienced multiple coups and periods of military dictatorships.
Thiram is the simplest thiuram disulfide and the oxidized dimer of dimethyldithiocarbamate. It is used as a fungicide, ectoparasiticide to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops and similarly as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer. It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.
The collar of the third leaf is visible. Note that once a leaf’s collar forms, the leaf no longer expands. This stage occurs 10 to 15 days after emergence, depending on weather conditions, when the plant is typically 3 to 4 inches tall.
Thundersnow, also known as a winter thunderstorm or a thundersnowstorm, is an unusual kind of thunderstorm with snow falling as the primary precipitation instead of rain. It typically falls in regions of strong upward motion within the cold sector of an extratropical cyclone. Thermodynamically, it is not different from any other type of thunderstorm, but the top of the cumulonimbus cloud is usually quite low. In addition to snow, graupel or hail may fall as well.
Thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder.[1] Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called thundershowers.
Stage 2: Formation of side shoots, tillering 20 No tillers 21 Beginning of tillering: first tiller detectable 22 2 tillers detectable 23 3 tillers detectable 24 Stages continuous till . . . 29 End of tillering. Maximum no. of tillers detectable
East Timor or Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is about 15,007 km2 .
East Timor or Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is about 15,007 square kilometres .
Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is an herbaceous annual or perennial plant in the family Solanaceae grown for its leaves. The tobacco plant has a thick, hairy stem and large, simple leaves which are oval in shape. The tobacco plant produces white, cream, pink or red flowers which grow in large clusters, are tubular in appearance and can reach 3.5-5.5 cm (1,25-2 in) in length. Tobacco may reach 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft) in height and as is usually grown as an annual, surviving only one growing season. Tobacco may also be referred to as Virginia tobacco or cultivated tobacco and originates from South America.
Tobacco is harvested by hand in most parts of the world by picking 2-3 leaves from each plant per harvest. In the USA and Canada, tobacco plants are mechanically harvested by cutting the stalks of the plants. Only fully mature leaves should be harvested when hand picking is practices and harvests should be carried out at weekly intervals. After harvest, leaves are usually tied in pairs to cure.
The best quality tobacco leaves are produced when the the flowerheads of the plants are removed, a process known as topping. Topping plants promotes the development of suckers which should also be removed. Suckers are removed through the use of chemicals in commercial tobacco production with some hand removal also necessary. Fertilizer and irrigation requirements of tobacco vary with the variety being grown but generally, tobacco has a requirement of 40-80 kg per hectare of nitrogen, 80-90 kg per hectare of phosphorous and 50-110 kg per hectare of potassium.
Tobacco is propagated from seed on protected (covered) seed beds or in the glasshouse and transplanted to the final growing site. Seeds grown outdoors are protected for the first few weeks to prevent weather damage to the emerging young plants. seedlings are transplanted after 30-60 days when they are approximately 15 cm (6 in) in height. The young plants should be spaced 46-61 cm (18-24 in) apart.
Tobacco grows very well in a wide range of climates and will grow optimally at temperatures between 20 and 30oC (68-86oF) in areas where there is a dry period to facilitate harvest of the leaves. The type of soil depends on the variety of tobacco being grown but the best yields are usually obtained in loam to sandy loam soils. The soil should have a pH between 5.0 and 6-6. Tobacco plants are easily damaged by waterlogged soils and quality can be affected by high salinity. Plants should therefore be grown in a well draining and well aerated soil.
Tobacco is a stimulant and the dried leaves of the tobacco plant can be cured and used to produces tobacco cigarettes, cigars and snuff or for pesticide production.
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The country extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers 57,000 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million, as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than 115 km between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor, Benin.
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The country extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital and largest city Lomé is located. Togo covers 57,000 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million, as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than 115 km between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor, Benin.
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tokelau is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls: . They have a combined land area of 10 km2 . The capital rotates yearly among the three atolls. In addition to these three, Swains Island, which forms part of the same archipelago, is the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute; it is currently administered by the United States as part of American Samoa. Tokelau lies north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands, and northwest of the Cook Islands.
Tokelau is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the southern Pacific Ocean. It consists of three tropical coral atolls: Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. They have a combined land area of 10 km2 . The capital rotates yearly among the three atolls. In addition to these three, Swains Island, which forms part of the same archipelago, is the subject of an ongoing territorial dispute; it is currently administered by the United States as part of American Samoa. Tokelau lies north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands, and northwest of the Cook Islands.
Tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum (syn. Solanum lycopersicum and Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is an herbaceous annual in the family Solanaceae grown for its edible fruit. The plant can be erect with short stems or vine-like with long, spreading stems. The stems are covered in coarse hairs and the leaves are arranged spirally. The tomato plant produces yellow flowers, which can develop into a cyme of 3-12, and usually a round fruit (berry) which is fleshy, smoothed skinned and can be red, pink, purple, brown, orange or yellow in color. The tomato plant can grow 0.7-2 m (2.3-6.6 ft) in height and as an annual, is harvested after only one growing season. Tomato may also be referred to as love apple and originates from South America.
In most cases, tomato seeds should be started indoors 6-8 weeks before last Spring frost. Seeds can be direct seeded in areas with a long growing season. Seeds should be sown in flats or cell trays using a sterile seedling mix. Plant seeds to a depth of 0.6 cm (1/4 in) and water lightly. If cells are being used, plant several seeds in each cell and thin to 1 seedling after germination. Position trays in a bright South facing window or under fluorescent lighting. The optimum soil temperature for germination is 21-32oC (70-90oF). A heat mat can be used to warm the flats if required. Seedlings should emerge within 6-14 days and after the seedlings has developed the first set of true leaves then they can be moved to a larger (3-4 in) pot and moved to a cooler temperature (16-21oC/60-70oF). Tomato seedlings are ready to be transplanted once they are 15-25 cm (6-10 in) in height and have 3-5 true leaves assuming all danger of frost has passed. Beginning approximately 7-10 days before transplanting, plants should be set outside to harden off (see https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/264). The transplanting site should be prepared by working in a balanced fertilizer according to the guidelines on the product label. Transplants should be spaced 76-123 cm (30-48 in) apart with a between row spacing of 123 cm (48 in). It is common practice to plant tomatoes in trenches on their side (see https://www.plantvillage.com/posts/833-tomato) as tomato stems will sprout roots along their length when buried. Avoid over-fertilizing transplants, particularly with nitrogen, at this stage of growth as it will promote growth of foliage rather than fruits. Water plants lightly at base instead of overhead as wet foliage is more prone to diseases and the buried stem needs time to adapt and sprout roots. It is important that tomato plants receive even watering to prevent the development of blossom end rot, drip or soaker hoses work best and mulching around the plants helps to conserve soil moisture.
Tomatoes grow very well in warm areas at temperatures between 21 and 24oC (69.8-75.2oF). They require a deep, loamy, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.8. If soil drainage is a problem then tomatoes can be planted in a raised bed. Like all fruiting plants, tomatoes require full sun for most of the day.
Tomato fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and is used in many dishes. The fruit may also be processed into juice, soup, ketchup, puree, paste or powder.
Determinate (“bushâ€) tomatoes have been purposefully bred to grow vertically and remain relatively compact. The plant will stop growing once fruit begins developing on the terminal shoot and all the fruits ripen at around the same time. In contrast, indeterminate (“viningâ€) tomato varieties spread laterally and will continue to grow and produce fruit until frosts begin the the Fall. Indeterminate varieties can produce fruit all season and fruits will develop and ripen at different times. Heirloom tomatoes are generally open-pollinated varieties which have been conserved over many generations due to certain desirable characteristics such as flavor. Hybrid tomatoes are the product of cross-pollination between two parents with desirable characteristics such as high yield, early maturation, improved flavor or resistance to certain diseases.
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Tonga, officially named the Kingdom of Tonga, is a Polynesian country, and also an archipelago comprising 169 islands, of which 36 are inhabited. The archipelago's total surface area is about 750 square kilometres scattered over 700,000 square kilometres of the southern Pacific Ocean. As of 2016, Tonga had a population of 100,651, 70% of whom resided on the main island, Tongatapu.
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. The windstorm is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which, from an observer looking down toward the surface of the earth, winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), are about 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour (480 km/h), are more than two miles (3 km) in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).
Crop Canopy Cover (CC) is defined as the percentage of the total groundarea covered by the vertical projection of the crop. In other words, it is thepercent of the soil surface covered by plant foliage. It is sometimes referred to as vegetation crop area (VCA). Crop CC is considered an important metricfor crop yield prediction as well as an indicator of land use, degradation anddesertification
Soltani, A., & Sinclair, T. R. (2012). Modeling Physiology of Crop Development. Cambridge, MA: Growth and Yield. CAB International.
bove ground biomass (AGB) includes the plant stem, leaves, head, spike,seeds and foliage. Above ground dried biomass is the total dried mass of theorganic matter above the ground.
Transformation for Biomass by Dried Biomass value
Transformation for Biomass by Fresh Biomass value
Calada, Dario Brito, Solange Oliveira Rezende, and Mauro Sergio Teodoro. "Analysis of green manure decomposition parameters in northeast Brazil using association rule networks." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 159 (2019): 34-41.
Transformation for Biomass by Root fresh biomass values (MFR)
Calcada, Dario Brito, Solange Oliveira Rezende, and Mauro Sergio Teodoro. "Analysis of green manure decomposition parameters in northeast Brazil using association rule networks." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 159 (2019): 34-41.
Transformation for Biomass by MSPA (Stems dry biomass values)
Transformation for Biomass by Root dry biomass values (MSR)
Transformation for BulkDensity by Tier 3
C.W. Thornthwaite, "An approach toward a rational classification of climate", Geographical Review, 38 (1) (1948), pp. 55-94.
{Amid, Semiamid, Dry subhumid, Moist subhumid, Humid, Perhumid}
Transformation for CropDisease by Percentage
Disease severity (DS) levels at canopy scale
Transformation for Crop Disease by Tier 3
(1) Healthy, (2) Slightly infested, (3) Highly infested
Transformation for Crop Disease by Tier 4
(1) Healthy trees (G0), (2) mildly-infected trees (G1), (3) moderately-infected trees (G2), (4) severely-infected trees (G3)
Default transformation for Drilling date
Yuan Zhang, Wenjia Yan, Bin Yang, Tianpeng Yang, Xiaohui Liu, "Estimation of rice yield from a C-band radar remote sensing image by integrating a physical scattering model and an optimization algorithm", Precision Agriculture, Volume 21, pages 245–263 (2020) , Springer.
Transformation for Ear based on Gravimetric
Transformation for Electrical conductivity by Tier 3
M.F.J. Wilson, B. O’Connell, C. Brown, J.C. Guinan, A.J. Grehan, "Multiscale terrain analysis of multibeam bathymetry data for habitat mapping on the continental slope", Mar. Geod., 30 (2007), pp. 3-35
Difference between maximum and minimum elevation
Default transformation for Evapotransporation
Transformation for Exchangeable Calcium by default
Transformation for Exchangeable Calcium by Tier3
Transformation for Exchangeable Magnesium by Default
Transformation for Exchangeable Potassium by Default
Transformation for Exchangeable Potassium by Tier5
Beginning of Growing Season (BGS) is transformation for GrowingSeason by Date of Beginning of Growing Season
End of Growing Season (EGS) is transformation for GrowingSeason by Date of end of growing season
Length of Growing Season (LGS) is transformation for GrowingSeason by Length of Growing Season
Lancashire, Peter D., et al. "A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds." Annals of applied Biology 119.3 (1991): 561-601.
0: Germination, sprouting, bud development 1: Leaf development 2: Formation of side shoots, tillering 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development 4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting 5: Inflorescene emergence, heading 6: Flowering 7: Development of fruit 8: Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed 9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy
Lei Wang, Pengxin Wang, Shunlin Liang, Xuan Qi, LiLi, Lianxiang Xu, "Monitoring maize growth conditions by training a BP neural network with remotely sensed vegetation temperature condition index and leaf area index", Elsevier Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 160, May 2019, Pages 82-90
Transformation for Growth stage - Tier 5
{Seeding, Jointing, Heading, Milk, Mature stages}
S.S. Ray, J.P. Singh, G. Das, S. Panigrahy, "Use of high resolution remote sensing data for generating site-specific soil management plan", Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 35 (2004), pp. 127-132
Transformation for Image by Colorname, such as Brown, Dark brown, Yellow, Green, Reddish, Pupple, Black, Grey brown, Red, Brick red, Orange, .etc.
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Green Ratio, Hue and Intensity (GHI) color space
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Green Ratio, Hue and Luminance (GHL) color space
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Green Ratio, Hue and Saturation (GHS) color space
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Green Ratio, Hue, Saturation and Intensity (GHSI) color space
Green Ratio, Hue, Saturation and Intensity (GHSI)
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HSI) color space
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Hue, Saturation and Luminance (HSL) color space
HSL (hue, saturation, lightness) and HSV (hue, saturation, value) or HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) are alternative representations of the RGB color model, designed in the 1970s by computer graphics researchers to more closely align with the way human vision perceives color-making attributes.
Transformation for Image by Morphological Four morphological traits characterized the overall shape of the seedlings, namely seedling height, M_SH; seedling width, M_SW; aspect ratio, M_AR; and seedling length, M_SL.
Transformation for Image by Image Near-Infrared (INR)
Transformation for Image by Object Detection
Sermanet, P., Eigen, D., Zhang, X., Mathieu, M., Fergus, R., & LeCun, Y. 2013. Overfeat: Integrated recognition, localization and detection using convolutional networks. arXiv:1312.6229.
NIR band; Green: Red band; Blue: Green band
The color space of RGB unit images is converted into Saturation, Intensity and Luminance (SIL) color space
M. Orru, O. Grillo, G. Lovicu, G. Venora, G. Bacchetta, "Morphological characterization of Vitis vinifera L. seeds by image analysis and comparison with archaeological remains", Vegetation History Archaeobotany, 22 (2013), pp. 231-242
YCbCr, Y′CbCr, or Y Pb/Cb Pr/Cr, also written as YCBCR or Y′CBCR, is a family of color spaces used as a part of the color image pipeline in video and digital photography systems.
Choo Wooi H'ng, Wei Ping Loh, "A prediction of leaf mechanical properties with data mining", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 162, July 2019, pages 669-676, Elsevier B.V.
Transformation for Leaf by number per plant
Leaf area index (LAI) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies. It is defined as the one-sided green leaf area per unit ground surface area (LAI = leaf area / ground area, m2 / m2) in broadleaf canopies.
Leaf Spatial Location (LSL) is the leaf location in the tree canopy, that is to say, LSL gives the spatial co-ordinates of the petiole–midrib junction point.
Apex shape {Acuminate, Convex, Emarginate, Rounded, Straight, Truncate} Base shape {Complex, Convex, Cordate, Cuneate, Decurrent, Lobate, Rounded} Lamina shape {Cordate, Elliptical, Irregular, Lanceolate, Linear, Oblanceolate, Obovate, Ovate, Peltate}
{Actinodromous; Campylodromous; Flabellate; Parallelodromous; Pinnate}
Latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
Longitude is given as an angular measurement ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward.
Default transformation for Magnesium (Mg)
Default transformation for Manganese (Mn)
- Immature: Green skin without yellow stripe - Partially Mature: Green skin with well-defined yellow stripe - Mature: Skin clearly yellow in colour and may or may not presence of small light green areas
Default transformation for Moisture content
Default transformation for Molybdeum (Mo)
Song Chen, et al., "Effect of various crop rotations on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy – upland systems in southeastern China", The Crop Journal Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2018, Elsevier B.V.
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the fraction of applied nitrogen that is absorbed and used by the plant. Improving a plant’s ability to utilize nitrogen is a key component in enhancing environmental sustainability. Today, improved plant breeding through the use of genetic engineering has the greatest potential to produce plants that will utilize fertilizer more efficiently than conventional varieties.
Transformation for Organic Carbon by Tier 6
Default transformation for Organic matter (OM)
Transformation for Organic Matter by Tier 3
National Soil Survey Office, "Chinese soil", China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China (1998)
Transformation for Organic Matter by Tier 6
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water - the amount of oxygen available to living aquatic organisms. The amount of dissolved oxygen in a stream or lake can tell us a lot about its water quality.
Default transformation for Pest incidence
Transformation for Pest Incidence by Tier 5
Default transformation for Phosphorus (P)
Default transformation for Potassium (K)
Default transformation for Precipitation
The total precipitation for cropping season (for example June to November) for each year of every district was calculated from the monthly mean precipitation of that year for a particular location.
Default transformation for Satellite images
Transformation for Seed by PodRipening (V)
Transformation for ShallowElectricalConductivity by Tier5
Shallow Electrical Conductivity by Tier5
De Reu, Jeroen., Bourgeois, J., Bats, M., Zwertvaegher, A., Gelorini, V., et al., 2013. "Application of the topographic position index to heterogeneous landscapes." Geomorphology, vol. 186, pp. 39–49.
{Ridge, Upper slope, Middle slope, Flat area, Lower slope, Valley}
Default transformation for Soil boron (B). Range [0.0-10.0]
Suchithra, M. S., and Maya L. Pai. "Improving the prediction accuracy of soilnutrient classification by optimizing extreme learning machine parameters." Informa-tion Processing in Agriculture 7.1 (2020): 72-82.
Default transformation for Soil calcium (Ca)
Default transformation for Soil Potasium (K)
Suchithra, M. S., and Maya L. Pai. "Improving the prediction accuracy of soilnutrient classification by optimizing extreme learning machine parameters.", Informa-tion Processing in Agriculture 7.1 (2020): 72-82.
Default transformation for Soil Moisture
Transformation for SoilMoisture by Tier 3
Default transformation for Soil Nitrogen
Default transformation for Soil Phosphorus
Default transformation for Soil pH. Range [0.0 - 14.0]
Ngo, Quoc Hung, Nhien-An Le-Khac, and Tahar Kechadi. "Predicting Soil pH by Using Nearest Fields." International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Springer, Cham, 2019.
Suchithra, M. S., and Maya L. Pai., "Improving the prediction accuracy of soilnutrient classification by optimizing extreme learning machine parameters.", Informa-tion Processing in Agriculture 7.1 (2020): 72-82.
[0.0, 4.4, 'Strongly acidic'], [4.5, 5.5, 'Highly acidic'], [5.6, 6.5, 'Moderately acidic'], [6.6, 6.9, 'Slightly acidic'], [7.0, 7.0, 'Neutral'], [7.1, 8.0, 'Slightly alkaline'], [8.1, 9.0, 'Moderately alkaline'], [9.1, 10.0, 'Strongly alkaline'], [10.1, 14.0, 'Very strongly alkaline']
Default transformation for soil temperature
Transformation for SoilTexture by Tier10
S.S. Rousseva, "Data transformations between soil texture schemes", Eur. J. Soil Sci., 48 (1997), pp. 748-758
{loose sand, tight sand, sandy loam; light loam; medium loam; heavy loam; light clay; medium clay and heavy clay}
M.J. Aitkenhead, M.C. Coull, W. Towers, G. Hudson, H.I.J. Black, "Predicting soil chemical composition and other soil parameters from field observations using a neural network", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 82, March 2012, pages 108-116, Elsevier B.V.
{Alluvial, Calcareous, Brown earth, Gley, Podzol}
OH (High Plastic Organic Soils), OL (Low Plastic Organic Soils), CL (Lean Clay), CH (Fat Clay), GC (Clayey Gravel), SM (Silty Sand), SC (Clayey Sand)
{Felty soil, Dark felty soil, Frigid calcic soil, Frigid desert soil, Frigid frozen soil, Cold calcic soil, Cold brown calcic soil, Cold desert soil}
Default transformation for Solar radiation
Default transformation for Hyperspectral images
Default transformation for Spectral images
Transformation for HyperspectralImage by Wavelength
Transformation for SpectralImage by wavelengths, for example 566, 673, 698, 764, 963, 1144, 1177, 1318, 1458 and 1508nm, etc.
Calçada, Dario Brito, Solange Oliveira Rezende, and Mauro Sergio Teodoro. "Analysis of green manure decomposition parameters in northeast Brazil using association rule networks." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 159 (2019): 34-41.
Transformation for Stem by Diameters of the stems (DC)
Wei Wu, Ai-Di Li, Xin-Hua He, Ran Ma, Hong-Bin Liu, Jia-Ke Lv, "A comparison of support vector machines, artificial neural network and classification tree for identifying soil texture classes in southwest China", 2018, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 144, January 2018, pages 86-93, Elsevier B.V.
Flow path length in SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
Multiresolution of the ridge top flatness index (MRRTFI) in SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
Multiresolution of valley bottom flatness index (MRVBFI) in SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
Stream Power Index in SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
Terrain Classification Index for Lowlands in SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
S.J. Riley, "Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity", Intermt. J. Sci., 5 (1999), pp. 23-27
Terrain by Topographical Wetness Index (TWI)
Transformation for Terrain by VRM in SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses)
The outermost layer of the soil that is rich in organic matter and microorganisms.
Transformation for Vegetation by 5 types (five categories – arable, forest, grassland, heath and wetland)
{Arable, Forest, Grassland, Heathland, Wetland}
Default transformation for Wind direction
Transformation for Crop Yield by Historical Last Year
Transformation for Crop Yield by Historical Last 2 Years
Transformation for Crop Yield by Historical Last 3 Years
Default transformation for yield of Apple
Default transformation for yield of Barley
Default transformation for yield of Coffee
Default transformation for yield of Corn
Default transformation for yield of Maize
Default transformation for yield of Mango
Default transformation for yield of Oats
Default transformation for yield of Rape
Default transformation for yield of Rice The low yield was from 0.15 to 0.60 tonnes/hectare, moderate from 0.61 to 1.10 tonnes/hectare and high from 1.11 to 3.16 tonnes/hectare.
Default transformation for yield of Soybean
Default transformation for yield of Strawberry
Transformation for Crop Yield by Trend 6
{Very-Low, Low, Medium–low, Medium-high, High, Very-high}
Transformation for Crop Yield by Trend 3
Default transformation for yield of Wheat
Transformation for Wheat Yield by Tier 3: - High yield (5.63–8.68 t/ha), - Low yield (0.65–3.86 t/ha), - Medium yield (3.86–5.63 t/ha)
Transplanting is the process of moving a fully germinated seedling (or mature plant) and replanting it in a permanent location for the growing season. Transplanting is an important part of agribusiness in northern climates because it extends the flowering or fruit bearing season of many plants. In agriculture and gardening, transplanting or replanting is the technique of moving a plant from one location to another. Most often this takes the form of starting a plant from seed in optimal conditions, such as in a greenhouse or protected nursery bed, then replanting it in another, usually outdoor, growing location. This is common in market gardening and truck farming, where setting out or planting out are synonymous with transplanting. In the horticulture of some ornamental plants, transplants are used infrequently and carefully because they carry with them a significant risk of killing the plant.
Trichlorfon is a synthetic organochlorophosphate compound and organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide. It is characterized as a white crystalline or colorless to yellow or pink waxy solid, and exposure occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or contact.
tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean and is known for its fossil-fuel wealth. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated 130 kilometres south of Grenada and 11 kilometres off the coast of northeastern Venezuela. It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west.
75kg per acre / 187.5kg per ha. (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
Used as a cereal crop in its own right and wild bird seed mixtures.
Triticale is a hybrid or crossing of the cereal plants wheat and rye. The benefit of this crossing, is to combine the quality and yield potential of wheat, with the robust nature and wider growing conditions of rye. Currently there is some production for human consumption, however most is used for livestock forage. It may also form a constituent of farmland bird winter food mixtures.
An area of tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category "Am". Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 oC (64 oF) in every month of the year and a dry season. Tropical monsoon climates is the intermediate climate between the wet Af (or tropical rainforest climate) and the drier Aw (or tropical savanna climate).
Tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate
A tropical rainforest climate is a tropical climate usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator, and has at least 60 millimetres (2.4 in) of rainfall every month of the year. Regions with this climate are typically designated Af by the Köppen climate classification. A tropical rainforest climate is typically hot, very humid, and wet.
Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories Aw (for a dry winter) and As (for a dry summer). Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 oC (64 oF) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having less than 60 mm (2.36 inches) of precipitation and also less than 100- (AnnualPrecipitation(mm)/25) of precipitation.
A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide.
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east; covering 163,610 km2, Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert, with much of its remaining territory arable land. Its 1,300 km of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia's northernmost point, Cape Angela, is also the northernmost point of Africa. Its population was 11.7 million in 2019, and the capital and largest city is Tunis, located on the northeast coast, which lends the country its name.
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa, and is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east; covering 163,610 km2, with a population of 11 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert, with much of its remaining territory arable land. Its 1,300 km of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, Cape Angela; and its capital and largest city is Tunis, located on its northeastern coast, which lends the country its name.
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a country bridging Europe and Asia. It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea to the west. Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and Kurds are the largest minority. Turkey's capital is Ankara while its largest city and financial centre is Istanbul.
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country straddling Southeastern Europe and Western Asia. It is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria; north by the Black Sea; northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran; southeast by Iraq; south by Syria and the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea. Istanbul, which straddles Europe and Asia, is the country's largest city, while Ankara is the capital. Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks, while the largest minority are Kurds at 20 percent.
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Turkmenistan, also known as Turkmenia, is a country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of the country. The population of the country is about 6 million, the lowest of the Central Asian republics. Turkmenistan is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia. Citizens of Turkmenistan are known as Turkmenistanis, Turkmenians or Turkmens.
Turkmenistan, also known as Turkmenia, is a sovereign country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of the country. The population of the country is 6 million, the lowest of the Central Asian republics. Turkmenistan is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia. Citizens of Turkmenistan are known as Turkmenistanis, Turkmenians or Turkmens.
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
The Turks and Caicos Islands are a British Overseas Territory consisting of the larger Caicos Islands and smaller Turks Islands, two groups of tropical islands in the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean and northern West Indies. They are known primarily for tourism and as an offshore financial centre. The resident population was 31,458 in 2012, of whom 23,769 lived on Providenciales in the Caicos Islands; July 2020 estimates put the population at 55,926. It is the third largest of the British overseas territories by population.
Turmeric is a flowering plant, Curcuma longa of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, the roots of which are used in cooking.
Turnip, Brassica rapa, is an herbaceous annual or biennial plant in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible roots and leaves. The plant possesses erect stems and 8–12 leaves forming a crown. The leaves are light green in color, hairy and thin. The plant produces light yellow flowers which are clustered at the top of a raceme and are often extended above the terminal buds. The leaves can reach 30.5–35.5 cm (12–14 in) in length, while the branching flower stems can reach 30.5–91.5 cm (12–36 in). The taproot of the plant is is a bulbous tuber, almost perfectly round, which is usually a mixture of purple, white and yellow. Turnip is usually grown as an annual and harvested after one growing season. Turnip may also be referred to as annual turnip and originates from Europe.
Turnip greens can be harvested from the plant when the leaves are about 10 cm (10 in) tall. If growing turnips for both greens and roots then only remove 2–3 leaves from each plant. Roots are ready to harvest when they reach 2.5–7.5 cm (1–3 in) in diameter. Small turnips can often be harvested by gently pulling from the soil by hand but larger roots in heavier soil may need gently dug up with a garden fork. Store unwashed roots in a root cellar or basement.
Water turnip plants evenly and keep the soil moist for optimum growth. Mulching the plants will help to conserve moisture in the soil. Pull any weeds as they appear, the soil can be cultivated down to 2.5–5.0 cm (2–3 in) when the plants are small but this should be reduced as the plants grow larger to prevent damage to delicate feeder roots.
Turnips are usually direct seeded and can be sown as soon as the soil is workable in the Spring. For a Fall harvest, sow seeds about 2 months before the first frost in your area. Prepare the soil for planting by loosening it with a fork to a depth of about 30–38 cm (12–15 in). Remove any large rocks if present. Incorporate 2–4 inches of compost into the soil prior to planting. Sow seeds by broadcasting and raking 13 mm (0.5 in) into the soil. Thin seedlings to a final spacing of 7.5–10 cm (3–4 in). Alternatively, seeds can be sown in rows spaced 30–45 cm (12–18 in) apart.
Turnips are cold hardy vegetables which can be grown early in the spring for a summer harvest or in the summer for harvesting in late fall. They prefer a fertile, well draining soil which has a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The soil should have a loose texture for optimum root development. Turnips will grow best in full sun but will tolerate partial shade. The average daily temperature should fall between 10–18°C (50–65°F) for adequate growth.
Turnips are eaten as a vegetable after cooking. The shoots and leaves can be eaten fresh in salads or the entire plant can be used as a forage for livestock.
The turnip or white turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. The word turnip is a compound of turn as in turned/rounded on a lathe and neep, derived from Latin napus, the word for the plant.
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Tuvalu is an island country in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. Its islands are situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. They lie east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands, northeast of Vanuatu, southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji. Tuvalu is composed of three reef islands and six atolls. They are spread out between the latitude of 5° and 10° south, and between the longitude of 176° and 180°. They lie west of the International Date Line. Tuvalu has a population of 10,507 . The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 square kilometres .
Tuvalu is an island country in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. The country lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands, northeast of Vanuatu, southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna, and north of Fiji. It is composed of three reef islands and six atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176° to 180°, west of the International Date Line. Tuvalu has a population of 10,507 . The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 square kilometres .
A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the world's annual tropical cyclones. For organizational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to 140°W), central (140°W to 180°), and western (180° to 100°E). Like any tropical cyclone, there are few main requirements for typhoon formation and development: (1) sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, (2) atmospheric instability, (3) high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, (4) enough Coriolis effect to develop a low pressure center, (5) a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and (6) a low vertical wind shear.
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. It has a population of over 42 million, of which 8.5 million live in the capital and largest city of Kampala.
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate.
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
41,408,239 (excluding Crimea and Sevastopol)
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and north-east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west; and Romania, Moldova and the Black Sea to the south. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, and is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 41.5 million, making it the eighth-most populous country in Europe. Its capital and largest city is Kyiv.
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which it borders to the east and north-east. Ukraine also shares borders with Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the south; and has a coastline along the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It spans an area of 603,628 km2, with a population of 41.4 million, and is the eighth-most populous country in Europe. The nation's capital and largest city is Kyiv.
The United Arab Emirates, sometimes commonly known as the Emirates, is a country in Western Asia located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran.
The United Arab Emirates, sometimes simply called the Emirates, is a country in Western Asia located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. It is a federal elective constitutional monarchy formed from a federation of seven emirates, consisting of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Their boundaries have numerous enclaves within each other. Each emirate is governed by a ruler, who together form the Federal Supreme Council, and one of whom serves as President of the United Arab Emirates. In 2013, the UAE's population was 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million were Emirati citizens and 7.8 million were expatriates. The estimated population of the UAE in 2020 was 9.89 million.
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in north-western Europe, off the north-­western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-­eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland. Otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 93,628 square miles .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, or Britain, is a sovereign country in north-western Europe, off the north-­western coast of the European mainland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-­eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland. Otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles .
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, 326 Indian reservations, and some minor possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, it is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area. With a population of more than 328 million people, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City.
The United States of America, commonly known as the United States or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, 326 Indian reservations, and some minor possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, it is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area. The United States shares significant land borders with Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, as well as limited maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, and Russia. With a population of more than 331 million people, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City.
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November
Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. This amide has two -NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules (NH3) with a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule in the urea cycle. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers and has a population of an estimated 3.51 million, of whom 2 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo.
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, with the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.51 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, after Suriname.
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a country in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south and Turkmenistan to the south-west. Along with Liechtenstein, it is one of two doubly landlocked countries.
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south, Turkmenistan to the south-west. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. Along with Liechtenstein, it is one of two doubly landlocked countries.
Visible near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRRS)
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April
Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu, is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 kilometres east of northern Australia, 540 kilometres northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of the Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji.
Vapor Pressure exerted by water vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phase (i.e) solid or liquid form at a given temperature.
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is an independent city state and enclave located within Rome, Italy. The Vatican City State, also known simply as the Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of 49 hectares and a population of about 825, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. As governed by the Holy See, the Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. After the Avignon Papacy, the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is the Holy See's independent city state, an enclave within Rome, Italy. The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of 49 hectares and a population of about 825, it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population. As governed by the Holy See, the Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. After the Avignon Papacy, the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2, and the population of Venezuela was estimated at 28 million in 2019. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia and the easternmost country on the Indochinese Peninsula. With an estimated 97.8 million inhabitants as of 2020, it is the 16th most populous country in the world. Vietnam shares its land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares its maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital city is Hanoi, and its most populous city is Ho Chi Minh City.
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia. It is located at the eastern edge of the Indochinese Peninsula, and is divided into 58 provinces and five municipalities, covering 331,699 square kilometres, with a population of over 96 million inhabitants, making it the world's sixteenth-most populous country. Vietnam shares borders with China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west; whilst maintaining maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City .
VizSeq is a Python toolkit for visual analysis on text generation tasks like machine translation, summarization, image captioning, speech translation and video description. It takes multi-modal sources, text references as well as text predictions as inputs, and analyzes them visually in Jupyter Notebook or a built-in Web App (the former has Fairseq integration). VizSeq also provides a collection of multi-process scorers as a normal Python package.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
Walnuts in the home garden can simply be collected when they drop from the tree. In commercial orchards, walnuts are commonly harvested with the used of a mechanical shaker. Once the nuts are collected, they must be immediately hulled (the process of removing the nut from the green flesh) and dried.
Walnut trees should be trained to a central leader or modified leader system. Trees should be pruned in the Fall to prevent sap bleeding. Once the desired shape has been achieved, annual pruning should focus on thinning the tops of the trees to allow better air and light penetration to the canopy. In commercial orchards, lower limbs may be removed to facilitate the movement of machinery through the orchard. Newly planted walnut trees should be provided with supplemental irrigation for the first two years following planting. Trees should be watered deeply and the soil allowed to dry out between waterings. Irrigation is also required in the period after bloom in order to maximize nut production. In addition to an initial application of manure at planting, trees should be provided with 100–400 g of nitrogen per tree until the fifth year. In the sixth year, trees may be provided with up to 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare.
Walnut trees are usually propagated vegetatively by budding or grafting, while saplings for rootstock are grown from seed. The planting site should be prepared by levelling the ground and eliminating weeds. Trees are planted by digging a hole that is twice as wide as the existing root ball. Aged manure or compost may be added to the soil at time of planting by incorporating it into the backfill soil. Trees should be spaced 10–15 m (33–50 ft) apart. In commercial plantations, trees may be spaced closer together. Grafted trees will begin to bear fruit in 5 years, while non-grafted plants may take 7-8 years. Newly planted young trees require staking as the new wood is soft and the tree can be damaged by winds.
Walnut can be grown successfully in a wide variety of climates but blossoms can be damaged by frost or high humidity. Must walnut varieties have a winter chilling requirement of 800–1000 hours below 7°C (45°F) to break dormancy and require a growing season of at least 200 frost-free days. Walnut trees should be planted in areas where there is good air circulation and drainage and will grow optimally when planted in a deep, fertile, well-draining loam soil with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Walnut roots systems can be extensive and It is not unusual for walnut roots to grow to depths of 4.5 m (15 ft). Water-logged soils will limit root growth and should be avoided. Walnuts will usually begin to produce in the fourth or fifth year following planting.
Walnut kernels can be eaten fresh or processed for use in baked goods and confectionery. The timber of the tree is a highly valued as a wood for furniture making in Europe. Kernels may also be used as an animal feed or used to extract oil which was once a popular thinner for oil based paints.
Waterlogging is one of the main abiotic stresses suffered by plants. Inhibition of aerobic respiration during waterlogging limits energy metabolism and restricts growth and a wide range of developmental processes, from seed germination to vegetative growth and further reproductive growth.
Watermelons are ready to be harvested when the the tendrils closest to the fruit are beginning to dry out and turn brown. The underside of the melon should be beginning to turn yellow
Watermelon vines are sprawling and require plenty space to grow. Vines can be trained to grow on a trellis or fence to save space. Watermelon plants Watermelons have a very deep root system which allows them to access soil moisture efficiently. However, if conditions are very dry for prolonged periods then additional water should be provided.. Plastic mulches are highly recommended in areas where conditions are not ideal for growth as they conserve soil moisture and black polyethylene has the advantage of warming the soil. Floating row covers can be beneficial while the plants establish to protect against insect pests.
Watermelon is a warm-season crop, requiring lots of sun and good drainage to develop optimally and growing best at temperatures between 18 and 28°C (65–82°F). Watermelon will yield best if grown in a light, well-draining soil, rich in organic matter and with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Watermelon should be planted in full sun and heavy feeders. They need to be provided with even soil moisture and fertilized regularly. Vining varieties can grow to very large sizes and require a good deal of space.
Watermelon is usually consumed as a fresh fruit. In Africa it is sometimes cooked before eating and may also be used as an animal feed.
Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka), developed at the University of Waikato, New Zealand. It is free software licensed under the GNU General Public License, and the companion software to the book "Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques".
Western Sahara is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. About 20% of the territory is controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, while the remaining 80% of the territory is occupied and administered by neighboring Morocco. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at just over 500,000, of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune, the largest city in Western Sahara.
Wheat, is the name given to several plants in the genus Triticum including Triticum aestivum, Triticum compactum, Triticum spelta and Triticum durum, which are annual or biennial grasses grown primarily for their grain. Wheat species possess an erect smooth stem with linear leaves that grow in two rows on either side of the stem with larger 'flag' leaves at the top of the stem. The stem terminates in a spike that is made up on individual spikelets, each possessing 3-9 florets. The wheat fruit develops within the spikelets, maturing to a seed (kernel). Wheat can reach 1.2 m (4 ft) in height and like other cereals, has been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring wheat is planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter wheat is planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Wheat may be referred to by variety and these include durum or macaroni wheat (Triticum durum), club wheat (Triticum compactum), spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East.
In 2018 the UK record stood at 16t/ha, and the average yield was just 8t/ha.
Wheat is ready to harvest when the stalks and heads have turned from green to yellow and the seed heads are drooping towards the ground. Check the seeds for ripeness before harvest. The should be firm and crunchy and not doughy in texture. Commercially produced wheat is usually harvested using a combine. Smaller plots can be harvested by hand using a scythe or sickle. Small plots can be harvested by snipping off the heads with a pair of scissors.
Wheat varieties One of the first things to consider before planting is which type of wheat you want to grow. There are several different varieties to choose from depending on the time of year and how you want to utilize your harvest. Wheat is broadly categorized into Winter wheat and Spring wheat. Winter wheat is high yielding and is planted in the Fall and harvested in the Spring or Summer of the following year (depending on location). Spring wheat is not as high yielding but tolerated drier conditions. It is planted in the Spring and harvested in the Fall. Both Spring and Winter wheat is then further categorized as soft wheat, hard wheat, spelt or durum. Planting Winter wheat varieties should be planted in the Fall approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the first frost date. Spring wheat varieties should be planted as soon as the soil can be worked in the Spring. Commercially grown wheat is usually mechanically drilled using a machine that creates a furrow and drops the seed in before covering it back up. Wheat seeds can be sown by hand broadcasting in smaller areas, or using a hand-cranked seeder. Seeds are usually sown to at depths ranging from 2 to 12 cm (0.8-4.7 in) depending on soil conditions (seed must be sown deeper in drier soil). Once the seeds have been scattered, the soil should be raked lightly to set the seeds at the desired depth.
Wheat can be grown in a wide variety of climates but grows best in cool regions where the temperature is between 10 and 24oC (50-75oF). Wheat will not grow at temperatures above 35oC (95oF). Wheat will grow optimally in a deep, fertile, well draining and well aerated soil at a pH between 5.5 and 7.5.
75 kg/acre (187.5 kg/ha) (Recommended by www.cotswoldseeds.com)
Wheat is one of the most important food plants in the world. It is used primarily to produce flour for bread. It is used widely in the production of many other baked goods. Wheat grain is also used in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and alcohol. Wheat straw is used as an animal feed and in the manufacture of carpets, baskets, packing, bedding, and paper.
WorldView-3 is the first multi-payload, super-spectral, high-resolution commercial satellite sensor operating at an altitude of 617 km. WorldView-3 satellite provides 31 cm panchromatic resolution, 1.24 m multispectral resolution, 3.7 m short wave infrared resolution (SWIR) and 30 m CAVIS resolution.
X. translucens, X. translucens flsp. undulosa
Xanthomonas oryzae is a species of Proteobacteria. The major host of the bacterium is rice. The species contains two pathovars which are not European: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is the second-largest Arab sovereign state in the peninsula, occupying 527,970 square kilometres . The coastline stretches for about 2,000 kilometres . Yemen's constitutionally stated capital is the city of Sanaa, but the city has been under Houthi rebel control since February 2015 as well as Aden, which is also controlled by the Southern Transitional Council since 2018. Its executive administration resides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in Western Asia, on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast and shares maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia. It is the second-largest Arab sovereign state in the peninsula, occupying 527,970 square kilometres . The coastline stretches for about 2,000 kilometres . Yemen's constitutionally stated capital, and largest city, is the city of Sanaa, but the city has been under Houthi rebel control since February 2015 as well as Aden, which is also controlled by the Southern Transitional Council since 2018. Its executive administration resides in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe and Central Europe for most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa. Its neighbors are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.
Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa. Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country.
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare. The second largest city is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 15 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common.
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. The second largest city is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 14 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common.
The zucchini is a summer squash, a herbaceous vine whose fruit are harvested when their immature seeds and epicarp (rind) are still soft and edible. It is closely related, but not identical, to the marrow; its fruit may be called marrow when mature.
pSeven is a software platform that provides advanced tools for Design Exploration and Predictive Modeling, packaged in an easy-to-use graphical user interface. pSeven allows even non-math experts to solve challenging engineering problems and discover optimal designs just in a few clicks!
spaCy is built for advanced NLP in Python and Cython. The commercial open-source software was released under MIT license and supports custom models in PyTorch and TensorFlow. spaCy supports more than 60 languages and has trained pipelines for different languages and tasks. Its features include components for: Named entity recognition Part-of-speech tagging Dependency parsing Sentence segmentation Text classification Lemmatisation Morphological analysis Entity linking As the team behind spaCy says themselves, it has created an awesome ecosystem. Read more about its fast execution functionality
The Caribbean Netherlands are the three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, although the term "Caribbean Netherlands" is sometimes used to refer to all of the islands in the Dutch Caribbean. In legislation, the three islands are also known as Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba or the BES islands . The islands are currently classified as public bodies in the Netherlands and as overseas countries and territories of the European Union; thus, EU law does not automatically apply.
Atlas agroclimatique du Quebec - Evaluation des opportunites et des risques agroclimatiques dans un climat en Evolution
EUMETNET/ECSN optional programme: European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 4.
CONSUS 001 Dataset contains over 4,000 records for soil profiles of 4,000 fields.
Abiotic stress is the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a significant way.
Air (also the atmosphere of Earth) is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention, and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye.[1] Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. Humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of water vapor results in higher humidity in cool air than warm air. A related parameter is the dew point. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly.
Air Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere.
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have used various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade, denoted °C), the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K)
Alfalfa, also called lucerne, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop.
Aloe vera is an herbaceous perennial in the family Liliaceae grown for its succulent leaves which have a variety of culinary and medicinal uses. The Aloe vera plant has a short, stout stem and a rosette of fleshy, lanceolate leaves which have a serrated margin of small white teeth. The leaves may be flecked with white and are pale green or gray-green in color. Aloe vera plants produce a conspicuous inflorescence composed of densely packed pendulous yellow flowers on a spike which can be up to 90 cm (35 in) in height. The plant itself can grow to be 1 m (3 ft) in height and can live for up to 100 years if well cared for. Aloe vera may also be called Aloe barbadensis or Aloe perfoliata and is indigenous to eastern and southern Africa.
Altitude, like elevation, is the distance above sea level, used for object in the air.
Aluminum is one of the few elements capable of making soil more acidic. This is achieved by aluminum taking hydroxide ions out of water, leaving hydrogen ions behind. As a result, the soil is more acidic, which makes it unlivable for many plants. Another consequence of aluminum in soils is aluminum toxicity, which inhibits root growth.
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amine (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids.
An androecium is the third whorl of most flowers. It is made up of male reproductive units called stamens. A stamen has a long stalk called a filament. At the top of the filament is a cluster of microsporangia called the anther. Androecium is polyandrous, sometimes coherent in bundles while Gynoecium is light green, has capitate stigma and a terminal style.
Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue or black.
Apricot, Prunus armeniaca is a deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its edible fruit. The apricot tree is has an erect growth habit and a spreading canopy. The leaves of the tree are ovate with a rounded base, pointed tip and serrated margin. The tree produces white to pink flowers, singly or in pairs, and a fleshy yellow to orange fruit. The apricot fruit is a drupe with skin that can be smooth or covered in tiny hairs depending on the variety and a single seed enclosed within a protective outer shell (stone). Apricot trees can reach 8–12 m (26–39 ft) and can live anywhere between 20 and 40 years depending on variety and growth conditions. Apricots may have as many as three centers of origin in China, Central Asia and the Near East.
Area is the size of arable field, usually measured in hectares
Working Area is the size of planting field, usually measured in hectares
Artichoke is an herbaceous perennial thistle in the family Asteraceae grown for its edible fleshy flowerhead, or heart, which is considered a delicacy. The globe artichoke has arched, irregularly lobed leaves which are silvery green in color, reaching 50–82 cm (19.7–32.3 in) in length and possessing a few spines. The flowerhead is 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter with numerous triangular scales and individual florets which are purple in color. Artichokes mature in 150 to 180 days after sowing and can reach heights of 1.4–2 m (4.6–6.6 ft). The globe artichoke may also be referred to as leaf artichoke, artichoke, artisjok, artichaut, carciofo, alcachofra, alacachofa or kharsuf and it originates from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean.
Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ash refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something/plant burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after complete combustion.
Association rule is a data mining method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases. It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in databases using some measures of interestingness.
Avocado, Persea americana, is an evergreen tree in the family Lauraceae which grown for its nutritious fruit, the avocado. The avocado tree is large and dome shaped with oval or elliptical leaves arranged in a spiral on the tips of branches. The leaves have a red pigmentation when they first emerge and turn green as they mature. Avocado trees produce clusters of small, green-yellow flowers at the end of twigs and a large, fleshy, pear-shaped fruit with a single large seed. The fruits can be purple to green in color with smooth or warty skin depending on variety. The flesh of the fruit is yellow-green in color and has the consistency of butter. Each fruit contains one large seed. Avocado trees grown from seed can take 4-6 years to produce fruit whereas grafted plants may produce fruit within 1-2 years. The tree can reach a height of 20 m (65.6 ft) and originated in the rainforests of Central America.
The banana plant, Musa paradisiaca, is the world's largest herbaceous perennial plant and belongs to the family Musaceae. It is grown for it's fleshy, curved banana fruit. The plant is tall, tropical and tree-like with a sturdy main pseudostem (not a true stem as it is made of rolled leaf bases) with the leaves arranged spirally at the top. The leaves are large blades with a pronounced central midrib and obvious veins. They can reach up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) in length and up to 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in width. Each pseudostem produces a group of flowers which may also be called the 'banana heart' from which the fruits develop in an hanging cluster. The banana fruits are comprised of a protective outer layer, or skin, with numerous long, thin strings that run between the skin and the edible inner portion. The seeds are tiny black specks running through the center of the fruit. In commercial plantations, the parent banana plant dies after harvest and is replaced with a daughter plant. However, a plantation can grow for 25 years or more if managed properly. The trees can reach heights between 2 and 9 m (6.6-29.5 ft). Bananas may also be referred to as plantains and the cultivated varieties are derived from ancestors which originated from the Malaysian peninsula, New Guinea and South-East Asia.
Barley, Hordeum vulgare, is an edible annual grass in the family Poaceae grown as a cereal grain crop. It is a tall grass with a hairy stem which stands erect and produces spikelets at the head. The stem is made up of nodes and internodes. The internodes are solid, whereas the internodes are hollow. The stem supports the inflorescence, or spike, where the grain is produced. Barley seeds heads are cylindrical spikes composed of rachis each with 3 spikelets. Each spike produces 20-60 grains. Barley plants are freely tillering and typically possesses 1-6 stems. The tillers do not produce seed heads. Barley is an annual plant which is harvested each year and it can range in height from 80 to 100 cm (31.5-39.4 in). Barley may be referred to as spring barley or winter barley and it was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Barley varieties Like wheat, barley can be grown in Spring or Fall. Barley can be classed as either six-rox or two-row. Two-row barley has two rows of seeds on each spike whereas six-row barley has six rows of seeds on each spike. Two-row barley varieties tend to be spring grown whereas six-row barley varieties include both spring and winter grown types.
Basil, Ocimum basilicum, is a short lived annual or perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a herb. The basil plant grows from a thick taproot and has silky green opposite (paired) oval leaves which grow to be 3–11 cm (1.2–4.3 in) long and 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in), branching out from the central stem. The plant produces small white flowers which are clustered on a single spike at the top of the plant. Basil plants are often grown as annuals but may survive for several seasons with some care and can reach heights between 30 and 130 cm (11.8 and 51.2 in) depending on the variety. Basil may also be referred to as sweet basil, St. Joseph's wort, thai basil, lemon basil or holy basil depending on the variety and is native to India and other tropical regions of Asia.
Beets, Beta vulgaris, are herbacious biennial root vegetables in the family Chenopodiaceae grown for their edible root. The plant is usually erect with a long main root and a rosette of leaves growing on stems. The leaves are oval in shape, arranged alternately on the stem and grow 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) in length. The roots are usually red in color. The plant produces sessile green flowers and can reach 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in height. Beets are usually grown as annual plants, harvested after one growing season. Beets may also be referred to as beetroot, garden beet or spinach beet and originated from the Mediterranean.
Bergamot, Citrus bergamia, is an evergreen tree grown for its fruit, flowers and leaves which are used primarily for the extraction of its lemon scented oil. Bergamot is an erect branching tree with oval leaves which are alternately arranged. The tree produced clusters of white flowers and a fruit that resembles a pear-shaped orange. The fruit is green and turns to yellow when ripe. Bergamot trees can reach up to 4 m (13.1 ft) in height and will remain productive for up to 60 years if managed well. Bergamot may also be referred to as bergamot orange or sour orange and its origin is unknown although it is almost exclusively grown in the coastal plains of Southern Italy.
Soltani, A., & Sinclair, T. R. (2012). "Modeling Physiology of Crop Development". Cambridge, MA: Growth and Yield. CAB International.
Biomass is plant material used for energy production (electricity or heat), or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products.
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development
Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to an organism by other living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, beneficial and harmful insects, weeds, and cultivated or native plants.
Blooming is the act or state of producing flowers : the period during which a plant produces flowers the flowering of the iris a plant that should be pruned only when flowering ends
Boll is a rounded seed vessel or pod of a plant, as of flax or cotton.
Borage is an annual herb in the flowering plant family Boraginaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, and has naturalized in many other locales. It grows satisfactorily in gardens in most of Europe, such as Denmark, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, remaining in the garden from year to year by self-seeding. The leaves are edible and the plant is grown in gardens for that purpose in some parts of Europe.The plant is also commercially cultivated for borage seed oil extracted from its seeds. The plant contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, some of which are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic..
Borecole, also known as Kale, is green leafy plant, that is good alternative for cabbage varieties. It is juiced for green smoothies. It has become a very popular and versatile vegetable. It comes in a wide variety leaf shapes and colours. Although mostly grown as a late summer or Autumn/Fall crop it can be grown almost all year in some zones as it is frost hardy. It tends to run to seed in hot weather. Best grown in partial shade, out of direct hot sun during the warmer months in the hotter areas. The small, tender Kale leaves can be eaten uncooked and added to salads.
Boron is absorbed by plants in the form of the anion BO3^ - 3. It is available to plants in moderately soluble mineral forms of Ca, Mg and Na borates and the highly soluble form of organic compounds. It is available to plants over a range of pH, from 5.0 to 7.5. It is mobile in the soil, hence, it is prone to leaching.
Boron deficiency is a common deficiency of the micronutrient boron in plants. It is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency around the world and causes large losses in crop production and crop quality. Boron deficiency affects vegetative and reproductive growth of plants, resulting in inhibition of cell expansion, death of meristem, and reduced fertility.
Boundary is the line which marks the limits of a field.
Object Boundary can be the boundary of leaf, fruits, or flower,...
A broad-leaved, broad-leaf, or broadleaf tree is any tree within the diverse botanical group of angiosperms that has flat leaves and produces seeds inside of fruits.
A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot.
Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) in terms of global warming. It is 28 times more potent to the environment than carbon dioxide (CO2). Agriculture accounts for 34% of Irish GHGs emissions, with CH4 responsible for nearly 60% of agri emissions.
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO. 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.
Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. There are many different varieties of cabbage which include the white and red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and the savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda. The head of the cabbage is round and forms on a short thick stem. The leaves are thick and alternating with wavy or lobed edges and the roots are are fibrous and shallow. The plant produces large yellow flowers. The densely leaved heads can range in size from 0.5 to 3.6 kg (1-8 lb) depending on variety. The plant is usually grown as an annual. Brassica oleracea may be referred to as cabbage, Shetland cabbage, Savoy cabbage, white cabbage or red cabbage and is believed to have originated from a wild cabbage ancestor in ancient Asia minor.
Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.
Calcium is essential for root health, growth of new roots and root hairs, and the development of leaves. It is generally in short supply in the North Coast's acid soils. Lime, gypsum, dolomite and superphosphate (a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate) all supply calcium. Lime is the cheapest and most suitable option for the North Coast; dolomite is useful for magnesium and calcium deficiencies, but if used over a long period will unbalance the calcium/magnesium ratio. Superphosphate is useful where calcium and phosphorus are needed. Calcium regulates transport of other nutrients into the plant and is also involved in the activation of certain plant enzymes. Calcium deficiency results in stunting. This nutrient is involved in photosynthesis and plant structure. Blossom end rot is also a result of inadequate calcium.
Canal is one of canals in the irrigation systems which are used primarily to irrigate paddy fields.
Canola oil is a vegetable oil derived from a variety of rapeseed that is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from the seed of any of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae, namely cultivars of Brassica napus, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (syn. B. campestris), or Brassica juncea, which are also referred to as "canola".
The canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns.
Cantaloupe, Cucumis melo, is a vining plant in the family Cucurbitaceae, grown for its large, sweet fruit of the same name. Cantaloupe vines are trailing and are slightly hairy with simple oval leaves arranged alternately on the stem. The plant produces small yellow flowers which are 1.2–3.0 cm (0.5–1.2 in) in diameter and large oval to round fruit with green to orange flesh. Melon is an annual plant and a vine can grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length. Cantaloupe may be referred to as muskmelon or melon and likely originate from East and Northeast Africa.
Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6.
Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, and fungi.
Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruits (nuts). The cashew tree has a branching main trunk and characteristic domed crown. The thin foliage of the tree is limited to the ends of the branches and is made up of oval-oblong leathery, shiny dark green leaves. The leaves are smooth with pronounced veins and midrib and possess petioles which are swollen at their base. The tree produces numerous pinkish-white flowers on drooping panicles and a kidney shaped true fruit (nut) which is approximately 3 cm (1.2 in) long with a gray-brown shell and develops from a fleshy accessory fruit, sometimes referred to as the 'cashew apple'. The cashew apple is pear shaped and red to yellow in color. Cashew trees can reach a height of 12 m (39.4 ft) and have an economic lifespan of 25 years after which time they are replaced in commercial plantations. Cashew originates from Brazil.
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the total capacity of a soil to hold exchangeable cations. CEC is an inherent soil characteristic and is difficult to alter significantly. It influences the soil's ability to hold onto essential nutrients and provides a buffer against soil acidification.
Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, is an herbaceous annual or biennial vegetable plant in the family Brassicaceae grown for its edible head. The head is actually a mass of abortive flowers (flowers which are unable to produce fruit or seed as they possess only female reproductive organs; the male organs are either underdeveloped or totally lacking). Cauliflower plants are shallow rooted with a small, thickened stem. The ribbed leaves branch off the top of the stem and are light green in color. The plant can reach a height of 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) and is most commonly grown as an annual, harvested between 60 and 100 days after planting. The origin of cauliflower has not been definitively determined but its ancestor, wild cabbage, is thought to have originated in ancient Asia Minor.
Celery is a marshland plant in the family Apiaceae that has been cultivated as a vegetable since antiquity. Celery has a long fibrous stalk tapering into leaves. Depending on location and cultivar, either its stalks, leaves or hypocotyl are eaten and used in cooking. Celery seed is also used as a spice and its extracts have been used in herbal medicine.
Cellulose is a molecule, consisting of hundreds – and sometimes even thousands – of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Cellulose is the main substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright. Humans cannot digest cellulose, but it is important in the diet as fibre.
Cherry tree, Prunus avium, is a perennial tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its fruit, the cherry. Cherry trees have alternating simple oval leaves which often have serrated margins and approximately eight pairs of veins, 5-13 cm (2-5 in) long. The cherry flowers are white and appear in clusters of about 3-5. They appear in early spring and are about one inch long. The fruit is dark red, about half an inch to a full inch, matures in early to mid summer. The bark is gray-brown, smooth and glossy and it often peels. Cherry trees can live up to 60 years, growing to a height of over 15 m (50 ft). Cherry may also be referred to as sweet cherry, gean, mazzard or wild cherry and originates from the Caspian-Black Sea region and Asia. Sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, is closely related to Prunus avium but with fruit that is more acidic. The tree has twiggy branches with bright red to near black cherries. The tree reaches a height of 4-10 m (13.1-16.4 ft) and is believed to have originated as a natural hybrid of wild cherry (Prunus avium) and ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa) somewhere in the Caucasus Mountains, Turkey or Eastern Europe where the two species' geographic ranges overlap.
Chestnut (Castanea spp.) is a deciduous tree in the family Fagaceae grown for its edible seeds (nuts). The chestnut tree has a thick trunk covered in gray bark. The trunk has an erect growth habit and can grow 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. When the tree stands alone, the canopy can spread 15 m (49 ft) across and is made up of glossy leaves with serrated margins and pointed tips. The leaves are hairy with visible glands on the underside. The chestnut tree produces flowers on long catkins and the seeds are produced in clusters of 1–3. The seeds are covered by a thick, spiny bur which is approximately 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The kernel within is protected by a thin, dark brown shell. Chestnut trees can reach 40–60 m (131–198 ft) in height and can live for in excess of 150 years. Chestnut may also be referred to by variety and includes European, American, Japanese and Spanish chestnut. The tree originates from Asia.
Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, is a leguminous annual plant in the family Fabaceae grown for its edible seeds. The plant has a branched, straight or bending stem with small feathery leaves arranged alternately on the stem. The leaves are composed of 11–15 individual leaflets which are oval in shape. The flowers are produced singly or in pairs and can be white, pink, purple or blue in color. The seed pod is rhomboid or ellipsoid and contains 1–4 cream, brown, green or black seeds. The chickpea plant can range in height from 20 cm (7.9 in) up to 100 cm (39.4 in) and as an annual, grows over only one growing season. Chickpea may also be referred to as gram pea, garbanzo bean or ceci bean and originate from south-eastern Turkey.
Chlorine, as compounded chloride, is necessary for osmosis and ionic balance; it also plays a role in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria, as well as in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.
Chromium (Cr) is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes.
Classification is learning method where the output variable is a category, such as “Highâ€ or “Mediumâ€ or “Lowâ€ and “Noneâ€ based on the basis of a training set of data containing observations (or instances) whose category membership is known. Examples are assigning a given email to the "High yieldâ€ or “Medium yield" or "Low yield" class, and assigning a diagnosis to a given patient based on observed characteristics of the cropping records (crop name, seed rate, soil characteristics, etc.). Classification is an example of pattern recognition.
Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.
Clustering is a learning method used to discover the inherent groupings in the data. For example: Grouping fields on the basis of their cropping records which are further used to segment the fields. And then the agronomists can use the appropriate tactics to generate more profits. Example of clustering algorithms: K-Means, hierarchical clustering, etc.
Cobalt has proven to be beneficial to at least some plants although it does not appear to be essential for most species.
Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, is an evergreen tree in the family Malvaceae, grown for its seeds (beans) which are used primarily in the manufacture of chocolate. The cocoa plant is a branching tree with with simple, pointed (lanceolate) leaves which can measure up to 61 cm (24 in) long and 10 cm (4 in) wide. The tree produces clusters of pale yellow flowers each with five petals and sepals. The cocoa pods (drupes) can be green-white, yellow, purplish or red in color each of which contains 20–50 seeds, usually arranged in five distinct rows. The cocoa tree can reach 4–20 m (13-66 ft) in height and can live for up to 40 years although the commercial life of a cocoa tree is usually about 25 years. Cocoa may also be referred to as cacao, koko or Kacao and originates from upper Amazon region of South America.
Cold stress also severely hampers the reproductive development of plants. The major negative effect of cold stress is that it induces severe membrane damage.
Color is the characteristic of visual perception described through color categories (with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple) or value.
Copper is important for photosynthesis. Symptoms for copper deficiency include chlorosis. It is involved in many enzyme processes; necessary for proper photosynthesis; involved in the manufacture of lignin (cell walls) and involved in grain production. It is also hard to find in some soil conditions.
A country is a political state, nation, or controlled territory. It is often referred to as the land of an individual's birth, residence, or citizenship.
Crabapple (plural crabapples) Any of the wild species of apple tree, genus Malus, which generally yield small, bitter fruit (in comparison to domestic apples, Malus domestica). The fruit of this tree. An unpleasant person; a person who is crabby.
A crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. Crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. A crop may include macroscopic fungus (e.g. mushrooms), or alga (algaculture). Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock.
Crop disease involves any harmful deviation or alteration from the normal functioning of the physiological processes.
Crop Images are images of plants or plant parts
Insect pests are those insects that feed on, compete for food with, or transmit diseases to plants.
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.
A row crop is a crop that can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery, machinery tailored for the seasonal activities of row crops. Such crops are sown by drilling rather than broadcasting.
Crop stresses include abiotic viz., drought, water logging, salinity, extremes of temperature, high variability in radiation, subtle but perceptible changes in atmospheric gases and biotic viz., insects, birds, other pests, weeds, pathogens (viruses and other microbes).
Cropping is activities in agriculture, such as crop growing and harvesting and their related figures.
A cultivated row is a rown on the field, in which crop can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery, machinery tailored for the seasonal activities of row crops.
A cultivator is any of several types of farm implement used for secondary tillage.
A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set.
Soil conductivity measures the total conductivity in the sample at the deep layer 20‐ to 40‐cm.
Crop density or plant density is such that competition between plants does not restrict yield and the potential plant population is available to produce the maximum yield for the conditions under which the crop is being grown.
Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics.
A camera is an optical instrument used to record images.
A drone is a type of aircraft that does not have a pilot and is controlled by someone on the ground.
A drought or drouth is an event of prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric (below-average precipitation), surface water or ground water. A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local economy. Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by hastening evaporation of water vapour. Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world.
An ear is the grain-bearing tip part of the stem of a cereal plant, such as wheat or maize. It can also refer to "a prominent lobe in some leaves.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities.
Eggplant, Solanum melongena, is a tropical, herbaceous, perennial plant, closely related to tomato, in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible fruit.
Electric Conductivity of Soil. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement that correlates with soil properties that affect crop productivity, including soil texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), drainage conditions, organic matter level, salinity, and subsoil characteristics.
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.
Elevation is the height above a sea level, computing by the distance above sea level.
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is "essential" in the sense that it contains the "essence of" the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived.
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance. When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide with each other. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough energy to overcome the vapor pressure, it will escape and enter the surrounding air as a gas.[2] When evaporation occurs, the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and water bodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves in vascular plants and phyllids in non-vascular plants. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the water cycle. An element (such as a tree) that contributes to evapotranspiration can be called an evapotranspirator. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of water balance and is closely linked to ecosystem productivity.
Fat means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28.[1] Fatty acids are usually not found in organisms in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are important structural components for cells.
A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants
Field is an area of land, enclosed or otherwise, used for agricultural purposes such as cultivating crops or as a paddock or other enclosure for livestock.
Images of fields, which are taken by Drones, UAV, or satelites from at least 50 m above ground level.
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) resulting from cross pollination or allow selfing when self-pollination occurs.
Stage 6: Flowering, anthesis 61 Beginning of flowering: first anthers visible 65 Full flowering: 50% of anthers mature 69 End of flowering: all spikelets have completed flowering but some dehydrated anthers may remain Growth Stages of Sorghum: Seeding, Emergence, Three-leaf, Five-leaf, Growing point differentation, Flag leaf visible, Booting, Flowering, Soft Dough, Hard Dough, Physiological maturity
Flowering is the act or state of producing flowers : the period during which a plant produces flowers the flowering of the iris a plant that should be pruned only when flowering ends For sorghum plants, flowering or blooming is the most critical stage in the life of the sorghum plant. A plant begins flowering from the top of the panicle and progresses downward. A field of sorghum is in the flowering stage when blooming has progressed halfway down the panicle in 50 percent of the plants. At this stage, the peduncle is still elongating, and it typically takes four to nine days for a single panicle to complete the flowering process. Hybrids are rated on their maturity largely based on the length of time the plant takes to reach the flowering stage.
Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above-freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid) as the water vapor reaches the freezing point. Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when the temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the cells that make up the plant tissue. The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as "frost damage". Farmers in those regions where frost damage is known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage.
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. Edible fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition;
Garlic, Allium sativum, is a an herbaceous, annual, bulbous plant in the family Amaryllidaceae grown for its pungent, edible bulb of the same name. The garlic plant can either have a short, woody central stem (hardneck) or a softer pseudostem made up of overlapping leaf sheaths (softneck). Hardneck varieties produce a false flower stock which is termed a 'scape' and produce larger garlic cloves but in smaller numbers. Softneck garlic is the most popular variety of garlic grown in the US. The bulb can be up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter and is made up of 1–15 cloves. The stem is very short and flattened and gives way to a pseudostem, The garlic plant can possess 6–12 flat, blade-like leaves which can stretch up to 50 cm (19.7 in) long. The plant can reach 60 cm (23.6 in) in height and is an annual, surviving only one growing season. Garlic is believed to originate from Asia.
A genotype is an individual's collection of genes. The term also can refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular gene. The genotype is expressed when the information encoded in the genes' DNA is used to make protein and RNA molecules.
Germination refers to the process by which an organism grows from a seed or a spore. The most common forms of germination include a seed sprouting to form a seedling and the formation of a sporeling from a spore. Thus, germination occurs primarily in plant and fungal species.
Germination Stage 00 Dry seed 01 Start of imbibition 03 Imbibition complete 05 Radicle emerged from seed 07 Coleoptile emerged from seed 09 Leaf just at coleoptile tip
Ginger is a plant with leafy stems and yellowish green flowers. The ginger spice comes from the roots of the plant.
A glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grasses (Poaceae) or the flowers of sedges (Cyperaceae). There are two other types of bracts in the spikelets of grasses: the lemma and palea.
Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly Cucurbita and Lagenaria. The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without.
Grapevines are actually part of the "espalier fruit" family and traditionally play a major role in the greening of facades. Due to the abundance of information, grapevines are treated separately at FassadeGrün: here you will find extensive information on grapevines-- for the house and in the garden. You can select climbing (trellis) systems, compare table grapes, learn how to prune and how to recognize diseases. FassadenGrün sells several grapevine varieties.
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.
Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495–570 nm. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy.
A growing season is the period of the year when crops and other plants grow successfully. The length of a growing season varies from place to place.
In agronomy, the BBCH-scale for cereals' describes the phenological development of cereals using the BBCH-scale. Principal growth stages 0: Germination, sprouting, bud development 1: Leaf development 2: Formation of side shoots, tillering 3: Stem elongation or rosette growth, shoot development 4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts, bolting 5: Inflorescene emergence, heading 6: Flowering 7: Development of fruit 8: Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed 9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy
Guava, Psidium guajava, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Myrtaceae grown for its edible fruits. Guava has a slender trunk with smooth green to red-brown bark. The trunk may be branched at the base and the branches droop low to the ground. The plant possesses oval or elliptical leaves which are smooth on the upper surface and hairy on the lower surface. Guava produces solitary white flowers and a berry fruit. The fruit is oval in shape and green to yellow in color. The flesh inside can be white, yellow, pink or red in color and contains numerous yellowish seeds. Guava can reach grow to 10 m (33 ft) in height and lives for approximately 40 years. Guava may also be referred to as common guava and its origin is unknown although it grows native in parts of tropical America.
GynoeciumGynoecium is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds.
In agriculture, a harrow (often called a set of harrows in a plurale tantum sense) is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil.
The time or season of the year for the gathering of ripened crops.
Harvest index is a measure of the efficiency of plants in producing seed. It is defined as the ratio of grain yield to total aboveground biomass. Since elevated temperature decreases grain yield while either increasing or not affecting vegetative growth, an increase in temperature will result in a lower harvest index.
Harvester, in farming, any of several machines for harvesting; the design and function of harvesters varies widely according to crop.
Hazelnut, belongs to the family Corylus, which includes C. avellana (Common or European hazelnut) and the closely related species C. maxima (filbert). Hazels are deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Betulaceae grown for their edible nuts. Hazelnuts are large multi-stemmed shrubs or small trees with rounded leaves which possess a doubly serrated margin (each tooth bears another tooth). They produces flowers very late in the winter prior to the emergence of any leaves. The female flowers are small and only the bright red stigmas are visible protruding from the bud. The male flower is a catkin which is pale yellow in color and measures 6–12 cn (2–5 in) in length. The fruit of the hazelnut is a classic nut which grows in clusters of 1–5, each protected by a leafy husk which covers most (common) or all of the nut (filbert). The nut is oval in shape and yellow to brown in colour. Each has a pale scale at its base. When ripe, the nut falls from the husk to the ground. Hazenut can reach a height of 3–8 m (10–26 ft) and can live for many years, although its commercial lifespan is usually about 40 years. Hazelnut originates from Europe and South East Asia.
Crop height is the shortest distance between the upper boundary of the main photosynthetic tissues (excluding inflorescences) on a plant and the ground level, expressed in metres.
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally-spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally.
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic metre of air at 30 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic metre of air at 8 °C.
Hydration is widely used as a pre-treatment for legumes and cereals before some processing operations such as extraction, cooking, germination, tempering and wet milling. It is necessary to know water absorption behavior in legumes and cereals during hydration because it affects following processing operations and the quality of the final product (Turhan et al., 2002).
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.
It is an abnormal increase in size of one or more organs of a plant in response to the attack of a pathogen. It results in abnormal growth causing distortions, swellings, leaf curls and galls. The excessive growth may be due to two processes, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The former consists in rapid cell division and thus increase in the number of cells of which the organ is composed. Hypertrophy leads to abnormal increase in the size of cells only. The attack of Com smut stimulates abnormal and rapid cell division (hyperplasia) and enlargement of individual cells (hypertrophy) of the infected organs resulting in the formation of overgrowths called the corn galls or tumours (Fig. 22.6 E). Witches broom is another result of hypertrophy. It is a compact cluster of fine slender branches generally developing from an enlarged axis and the whole looking like a broom (Witches broom of Cherry). The hypertrophied parts become inedible.
It is a subnormal cell production in response to the attack of the pathogen. It results in the subnormal growth of the parts attacked resulting in stunted growth and dwarfing of the host plant.
Imagery is a part of the figurative language in a literary work, whereby the author uses vivid images to describe a phenomenon. In this context, imagery pertains to graphics, visual scenes, pictures, or the sense of sight.
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 degrees Celsius, and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees Celsius. However, it sublimes easily with gentle heat, resulting in a widespread misconception even taught in some science textbooks that it does not melt.
Iron is necessary for photosynthesis and is present as an enzyme cofactor in plants. Iron deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. Iron is not a structural part of chlorophyll but very much essential for its synthesis. Copper deficiency can be responsible for promoting an iron deficiency.
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a plant disorder also known as "lime-induced chlorosis". It can be confused with manganese deficiency. Soil iron concentration is high, but can become unavailable for absorption if soil pH is higher than 6.5.
Irrigation is the process of artificially applying water to soil to allow plant growth. This term is preferably used when large amounts of water is applied to dry, arid regions in order to facilitate plant growth. The process of irrigation not only increases the growth rate of the plant bust also increments the yield amount.
Potassium oxide (K2O) is an ionic compound of potassium and oxygen. This pale yellow solid, the simplest oxide of potassium, is a rarely encountered, highly reactive compound. Some materials of commerce, such as fertilizers and cements, are assayed assuming the percent composition that would be equivalent to the chemical compound mixture K2O.
Kale, Brassica oleracea variant acephala, is a leafy herbaceous biennial or perennial plant in the family Brassicaeae grown as a leafy green vegetable. The kale plant is a non-heading, cabbage like plant with curly or straight, loose blue-green or purple leaves. Kale is usually grown as as an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of 1 m (3.3 ft). Kale may also be referred to as borecole or non-heading cabbage or broccoli and its exact origins are unknown, although it grows native in regions of the eastern Mediterranean and Asia.
Kiwi, Actinidia deliciosa, is a deciduous climbing vine or shrub in the the family Actinidiaceae grown for its edible fruits. The plant is vigorous and woody with nearly circular leaves which have long petioles and are alternately arranged on the stems. Young leaves and shoots are covered in tiny red hairs, while mature leaves are smooth and dark green on the upper surface and white and downy on lower surface. The kiwi plant produces fragrant white-yellow flowers singly or in clusters of 3 at the leaf axils (area between leaf and stem). The fruit is oval or ovoid in shape with green-brown skin covered in stiff brown hairs. The flesh of the fruit is bright green and juicy with many tiny black seeds. Kiwi plants can reach a height of 9 m (30 ft) and have an economic lifespan of 3 years, after which time fruit production begins to decline. Kiwi may also be referred to as kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry and originates from China.
A leaf (plural leaves) is the principal lateral appendage of the vascular plant stem, usually borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in "autumn foliage".
Lemon, Citrus limon, is a small evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its edible fruit which, among other things, are used in a variety of foods and drinks. The tree has a spreading, upright growth habit, few large branches and stiff thorns. The tree possesses large, oblong or oval, light green leaves and produces purple-white flowers in clusters. The lemon fruit is an ellipsoid berry surrounded by a green rind, which ripens to yellow, protecting soft yellow segmented pulp. Lemon trees can reach 3–6 m (10–20 ft) in height and can live for many years, reaching full fruit bearing capacity in approximately 40 years. Lemon may also be referred to as bush lemon or Persian apple and likely originated from the eastern Himalaya of India.
Lettuce is an annual plant of the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled.
Light is a key determinant of agricultural productivity. In agriculture, there are two sides to sunshine. On the positive side, it contributes to the growth of plants by allowing photosynthesis and by providing them with a healthy environment. On the negative side, excessive sunshine exposes plants to thermal and water stress that impairs their growth, can endanger their survival, and increases water consumption.
Lime, Citrus aurantifolia, is a small perennial evergreen tree in the family Rutaceae grown for its sour fruit. The lime tree is irregularly branched and possesses sharp spines. The leaves of the tree are elliptical with small rounded teeth around the edge. The leaves can grow 4–8 cm (1.6–3.2 in) in length. The tree produces small, cupped white flowers and yellowish-green fruit which is round or egg-like in shape. Lime trees can reach 5 m (16 ft) in height and can produce fruit for many years. Lime may also be referred to as sour lime, key lime, Mexican lime, acid lime or West Indian lime and originated in southeast Asia.
Lime raises pH and is usually added as ground limestone, commonly called ‘garden lime’. Lime is usually added in winter for annual crops, such as vegetables, just prior to digging, as the lime can take effect over the winter months and will not damage young growth.
A location is the place where plants grow, something happens or is situated.
Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a payload imaging sensor built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing that was launched into Earth orbit by NASA in 1999 on board the Terra (EOS AM) satellite, and in 2002 on board the Aqua (EOS PM) satellite. The instruments capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 μm to 14.4 μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1 km).
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
Magnesium is a key component of chlorophyll, the green colouring material of plants, and is vital for photosynthesis (the conversion of the sun's energy to food for the plant). Deficiencies occur mainly on sandy acid soils in high rainfall areas, especially if used for intensive horticulture or dairying. Heavy applications of potassium in fertilisers can also produce magnesium deficiency, so banana growers need to watch magnesium levels because bananas are big potassium users. Magnesium deficiency can be overcome with dolomite (a mixed magnesium-calcium carbonate), magnesite (magnesium oxide) or epsom salts (magnesium sulfate).
Maize, also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. However, little of this maize is consumed directly by humans: most is used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion tonnes.
Manganese is necessary for photosynthesis, including the building of chloroplasts. Manganese deficiency may result in coloration abnormalities, such as discolored spots on the foliage.
At this stage, grain has achieved its maximum dry weight. Physiological maturity is recognized by a dark spot or black layer on the bottom of the kernel. Grain moisture content typically ranges between 25 and 35 percent. Dessicants can be safely used to aid in harvest without reducing grain yield. Total time from flowering to physiological maturity is approximately 40 to 45 days.
These are a group of important fungal diseases of seed plants in which the parasite is seen as a superficial growth on the host surface (leaves, green stems and fruits) in the form of patches of varying sizes and colours. The mildews are of two kinds, downy mildews and powdery mildews. The downy mildews are all internal obligate parasites. They are characterised by superficial downy growth consisting of conidiophores and conidia on the host lesions in damp and warm weather. The powdery mildews are external parasites in which the mycelium forms whitish patches on the surface of the leaves of the host plant. The patches appear dusty or powdery with the formation of numerous white conidia which form a coating on the host surface.
Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa (especially in India, Mali, Nigeria, and Niger), with 97% of millet production in developing countries. The crop is favored due to its productivity and short growing season under dry, high-temperature conditions.
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound. Most often, they are crystalline and abiogenic in origin. A mineral is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have one specific chemical composition, as a mineral does. A mineral is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form.
Mints belong to the genus Mentha and comprise approximately 20 species in the plant family Lamiaceae and are growm for their leaves which are widely used as a flavoring. Mint plants are mainly aromatic perennials and they possess erect, branching stems and oblong to ovate or lanceolate leaves arranged in opposing pairs on the stems. The leaves are often covered in tiny hairs and have a serrated margin. Mint plants produce a terminal flower spike and the flowers can be white or purple in color depending on variety. Mint plants are fast growing and can become very invasive. They can reach heights of 60–90 cm and will cpntinue to grow for many years once established. Mint may also be referred to by species and these include, but are not limited to peppermint, spearmint, water mint and Japanese mint.
Moisture is the presence of a liquid, especially water, often in trace amounts. Small amounts of water may be found, for example, in the air (humidity), in foods, and in some commercial products. Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air.
Molybdenum is a cofactor to enzymes important in building amino acids and is involved in nitrogen metabolism. Molybdenum is part of the nitrate reductase enzyme (needed for the reduction of nitrate) and the nitrogenase enzyme (required for biological nitrogen fixation).
Mushrooms are the fleshy fruiting bodies of fungi and include edible species in the genus Agaricus (button mushrooms, portabellas and criminis), Pleurotus (oyster mushrooms), and Volvariella, (straw mushrooms). Mushrooms are highly variable in appearance depending on their stage of development and variety. Agaricus mushrooms have a cap and stem, the cap is a pale grey or brown in color and is rounder while immature, but flattens out as it reaches maturity and can reach a diameter of 5–10 cm (2–4 in). Pleurotus mushrooms may not have a stem and instead may be laterally attached to a growing substrate such as the bark of a a tree. Pleurotus mushrooms are smooth and elongated and can reach 4–15 cm (1.5–6.0 in) in diameter. Volvariella mushrooms are small, with pink gills and a characteristic sac-like covering (volva) at the base of the stem. The cap can reach 5–15 cm (2–6 in) in diameter.
Mustards, (Brassica spp.) are herbaceous annual plants in the family Brassicaceae grown for their seeds which are used as a spice. Mustard plants are thin herbaceous herbs with yellow flowers. The leaves of the plant are toothed, lobed, and occasionally have the larger terminal lobes. Plants can reach 16 cm (6.3 in) in length. The yellow flowers grow in spike like clusters of 2–12 flowers and individual flowers are 8 mm (0.3 in) in diameter. The seeds are red to brown in color and produced from each flower. Mustard can grow 1.2-2 m (4–6.6 ft) in height and as an annual plant, survives only one growing season. Mustard may also be referred to as mustard, brown mustard, red mustard, yellow mustard or wedlock and is believed to have originated in the temperate regions of Europe.
Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, with a slight metallic scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. It is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.
In higher plants, nickel is absorbed by plants in the form of Ni2+ ion. Nickel is essential for activation of urease, an enzyme involved with nitrogen metabolism that is required to process urea. Without nickel, toxic levels of urea accumulate, leading to the formation of necrotic lesions. In lower plants, nickel activates several enzymes involved in a variety of processes, and can substitute for zinc and iron as a cofactor in some enzymes.
Nitrogen is a key element in plant growth. It is found in all plant cells, in plant proteins and hormones, and in chlorophyll. Atmospheric nitrogen is a source of soil nitrogen. Some plants such as legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen in their roots; otherwise fertiliser factories use nitrogen from the air to make ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea. When applied to soil, nitrogen is converted to mineral form, nitrate, so that plants can take it up. Soils high in organic matter such as chocolate soils are generally higher in nitrogen than podzolic soils. Nitrate is easily leached out of soil by heavy rain, resulting in soil acidification. You need to apply nitrogen in small amounts often so that plants use all of it, or in organic form such as composted manure, so that leaching is reduced.
All plants require sufficient supplies of macronutrients for healthy growth, and nitrogen (N) is a nutrient that is commonly in limited supply. Nitrogen deficiency in plants can occur when organic matter with high carbon content, such as sawdust, is added to soil. Soil organisms use any nitrogen to break down carbon sources, making N unavailable to plants.
A nutrient is a component in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. A nutrient is also a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. Macronutrients provide the bulk energy an organism's metabolic system needs to function while micronutrients provide the necessary cofactors for metabolism to be carried out. Both types of nutrients can be acquired from the environment. Micronutrients are used to build and repair tissues and to regulate body processes while macronutrients are converted to, and used for, energy.
Oak are one of the most popular shade trees, and provide excellent habitat for wildlife. Oak are hardwood trees, and a mature oak may grow well over 200 years. Oaks are commonly used in native forestry plantations and their wood is very popular for furniture and flooring.
CABI Crop Protection Compendium. (2010). Avena sativa (oats) datasheet.
Oats are annual grasses belonging to the genus Avena, in the family Poaceae and are grown primarily for use as livestock feed. Several species of oats are grown commercially in different regions of the world, including Avena sativa (common oat), Avena byzantina (Algerian or red oat), Avena nuda (naked oat) and Avena sterilis (the sterile or animated oat). Like wheat, oats generally have been developed into different varieties that are adapted to planting at different times of the year. Spring oats are planted for a late summer harvest, whereas Winter oats are planted for harvesting in early to mid summer. Overwintering varieties are more commonly grown in regions with mild winters. Oats generally possess an upright stem and fibrous root system. The inflorescence consists of a number of branches, or racemes, and spikelets (20–150 per plant) which usually contain three florets or flowers (naked oats produce 3–7 flowers per spikelet). Generally, two seeds (kernels) are produced per spikelet, but sometimes only one develops. Ancestors of the common oat, Avena sativa and the closely related Avena byzantina originated from the Fertile Crescent of the Near East.
Paid subscription required. Mask, P. L., van Reissen, H. W. & Ball, D. (1994). Production guide for oats. Alabama Cooperative Extension System.
Object image can be Crop Images, which are images of plants or plant parts
Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family Malvaceae which is grown for its edible seed pods. Okra plants have small erect stems that can be bristly or hairless with heart-shaped leaves. The leaves are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with 5–7 lobes The plant produces flowers with five white to yellow petals which are 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter. The seed pod is a capsule up to 25 cm (10 in) long, containing numerous seeds. Okra can grow 1.2–1.8 m (4–6 ft) tall and as an annual plant, survives only one growing season. Okra may also be referred to as lady's fingers and is believed to have originated in Ethiopia.
The olive, known by the botanical name Olea europaea, meaning "European olive", is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin. The olive's fruit, also called an "olive", is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as the source of olive oil;
Mouazen, A. M., Maleki, M. R., De Baerdemaeker, J., & Ramon, H. (2007). On-line measurement of some selected soil properties using a VIS-NIR sensor. Soil and Tillage Research, 93, 13e27.
Onion also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Its close relatives include the garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, chive,[2] and Chinese onion.
Organic carbon (OC) or Total Organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
Manure is organic matter that is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Most manure consists of animal feces; other sources include compost and green manure. Manures contribute to the fertility of soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web.
Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products in the environment.
Oxygen is the chemical element, which is necessary for cellular respiration; plants use oxygen to store energy in the form of ATP.
Oxygen is an important element for plant growth. Reducing its concentration in the soil affects plant physiological processes such as nutrient and water uptake as well as respiration, the redox potential of soil elements and the activity of microorganisms.
Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.
Papaya is native to Central America and exists in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. There are three different tree types, female plants, male plants and bisexual plants. The female and bisexual plants are the only ones that produce fruit. Depending on the tree type, this fruit is small to medium round or medium to large oblong shape. Fruit flesh is generally yellow, although some red and orange types exist as well.
The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus.
Peach, Prunus persica, is a deciduous tree or shrub in the family Rosaceae grown for its edible fruit of the same name. The peach tree is relatively short with slender and and supple branches. The leaves are alternately arranged, slender and pointed. The tree produces pink flowers which have five petals and emerge in January and February. The fruit is a velvety, soft, fleshy red to yellow-orange fruit which is oval in shape and 3-8 cm in diameter. Peach trees can grow up to 8 m (19 ft) in height and produce fruit for 10 to 20 years. Peach may also be referred to as nectarine, the two fruits belonging to the same species, although nectarines have smooth skin, and are believed to have originated in China.
Peanut, also called groundnut, earthnut, or goober, legume of the pea family, grown for its edible seeds. Native to tropical South America, the peanut was at an early time introduced to the Old World tropics. The seeds are a nutritionally dense food, rich in protein and fat.
Pear, Pyrus communis, is a perennial deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae, grown for its fruit. The tree is a short deciduous tree with a tall and narrow crown and alternately arranged, simple leaves. The leaves are elliptical with finely serrated margins and defined tips and can reach 2–12 cm (0.7–4.7 in) in length. The tree produces white flowers which are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter and a fleshy green pyriform fruit. Pear trees can reach 9 m (30ft) and will produce fruit for about 20 years . The European pear may be referred to by name of its cultivars which include the Bartlett, d'Anjou, Kaiser Alexander and Comice pears. The European pear occurs only as cultivated trees and does not grow wild in nature. It is descendant of wild European and Asian pear trees.
The perimeter is the distance all the way around the outside of a 2D shape. To work out the perimeter, add up the lengths of all the sides.
Waldron, Keith W., ed. Advances in Biorefineries: Biomass and Waste Supply Chain Exploitation. Elsevier, 2014.
Phospholipids are mostly made from glycerides by substituting one of the three fatty acids by a phosphate group with some other molecule attached to its end.
Phosphorus helps transfer energy from sunlight to plants, stimulates early root and plant growth, and hastens maturity. Very few Australian soils have enough phosphorus for sustained crop and pasture production and the North Coast is no exception. The most common phosphorus source on the North Coast is superphosphate, made from rock phosphate and sulfuric acid. All manures contain phosphorus; manure from grain-fed animals is a particularly rich source.
Phosphorus deficiency is a plant disorder associated with insufficient supply of phosphorus. Phosphorus refers here to salts of phosphates (PO43−), monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42−), and dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4−). These anions readily interconvert, and the predominant species is determined by the pH of the solution or soil. Phosphates are required for the biosynthesis of genetic material as well as ATP, essential for life. Phosphorus deficiency can be controlled by applying sources of phosphorus such as bone meal, rock phosphate, manure, and phosphate-fertilizers.
Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
The primary function of pigments in plants is photosynthesis, which uses the green pigment chlorophyll and several colorful pigments that absorb as much light energy as possible. Pigments are also known to play a role in pollination where pigment accumulation or loss can lead to floral color change, signaling to pollinators which flowers are rewarding and contain more pollen and nectar. Plant pigments include many molecules, such as porphyrins, carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. The principal pigments responsible are: + Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; + Carotenoids are red, orange, or yellow tetraterpenoids.
Plant density refers to the NUMBER of plants per unit area of land. Plant spacing, on the other hand, refers to the ARRANGEMENT of plants on the area planted.
A pod is a case that holds a plant's seeds. In many plants, seeds grow in groups, nestled within a pod. Peas are one such plant, and many other legumes and flowers have seed pods as well. The expression "two peas in a pod" refers to the way seeds are clustered together within the pod, and means "very similar to each other." Pod comes from the fifteenth century term podware, "seed of legumes or grain."
The process of pollination refers to the transfer of pollen to the female organs of the plant. Optimum factor for ideal pollination are: relative humidity rate of 50-70% and temperature of 24.4 degrees Celsius. If the humidity rate is higher than 90%, the pollen would not shed. Increasing air circulation is a favourable method of keeping humidity levels under control.
Polyphenols are micronutrients that we get through certain plant-based foods. They're packed with antioxidants and potential health benefits. It's thought that polyphenols can improve or help treat digestion issues, weight management difficulties, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by multiples of phenol units. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
Pomegranate, Punica granatum, is a deciduous or evergreen tree or shrub in the family Punicaceae grown for its edible fruits. The pomegranate tree is branched and spiny with glossy, leathery, oval to oblong leaves that grow in whorls of five or more on the branches. The tree produces bright red flowers singly at the tips of the branches and a rounded hexagonal fruit with a thick pink-red skin. The fruit has a thick, leathery rind which protects the pulp[ and seeds inside. The inside of the fruit is separated into compartments by white spongy tissue. Each compartment contains seeds and pulp. Each pomegranate fruit may contain as many as 600 seeds. Pomegranate trees can reach a height of 10 m (33 ft) and can be very long lived, although their economic lifespan is usually between 12 and 15 years. Pomegranate may also be referred to as grenadine or Chinese apple and originated from Central Asia, likely in Iran.
Plant population refers to the NUMBER of plants on the area of land. Plant spacing, on the other hand, refers to the ARRANGEMENT of plants on the area planted.
Potassium increases vigour and disease resistance of plants, helps form and move starches, sugars and oils in plants, and can improve fruit quality. Potassium is low or deficient on many of the sandier soils of the North Coast. Also, heavy potassium removal can occur on soils used for intensive grazing and intensive horticultural crops (such as bananas and custard apples). Muriate of potash and sulfate of potash are the most common sources of potassium.
Potassium deficiency, also known as potash deficiency, is a plant disorder that is most common on light, sandy soils, because potassium ions (K+) are highly soluble and will easily leach from soils without colloids. Potassium deficiency is also common in chalky or peaty soils with a low clay content. It is also found on heavy clays with a poor structure.
Precipitation is the quality or state of being precipitate, atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity from clouds. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail.
Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere.
Pumpkin is the name given to a group of plant species in the genus Cucurbita, including Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita moschata. Pumpkin belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and is grown primarily as a vegetable or ornamental plant. Pumpkin plants are short lived annual or perennial vines with branching tendrils and broad lobed leaves. The plant produces large yellow or orange flowers and a pepo fruit (berry with a thick rind) known as a pumpkin. The fruit can range greatly in size, from miniature pumpkins weighing a few ounces to giant pumpkins which can reach over 75 lbs (34 kg). The skin of the pumpkin is usually ribbed and is usually orange on color although some varieties are green, grey, yellow or red in color. Pumpkin plants are usually grown as annuals, surviving one growing season and the vines are capable of reaching 15 m (50 ft) in length if vines are allowed to root. Pumpkin may also be referred to as squash or marrow and is believed to have originated in Mexico and South America.
Quince, Cydonia oblonga, is a bush-like deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae grown for its edible fruits. The tree has crowded, gnarled branches and a crooked growth habit. The leaves have a smooth upper surface and hairy lower surface. The tree produces single white-light pink colored flowers on tiny shoots and a large, fragrant, pome fruit. The fruit is initially covered in dense gray-white hairs but these disappear as the fruit ripens. The ripe fruit is a golden yellow color and resembles a pear or apple depending on variety. It has a soft, yellow pulp with a grainy texture protected by a thin skin. Quince trees can reach heights of 5–8 m (16–26 ft) and can live for periods in excess of 50 years and have an economic lifespan of approximately 25 years. Quince originates from Asia Minor.
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium. Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. A common source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources include X-rays from medical radiography examinations and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.
Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.
Raspberry is the name given to two plant species in the genus Rubus, Rubus idaeus (red raspberry) and Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry) grown for their edible fruit. Raspberry plants have perennial root systems and biennial stems which are known as canes. The canes are woody, erect and shrub-like and generally undergo a period of growth one year and fruit production the next although primocane varieties exist that produce fruit in the first year. The canes may possess spines. Raspberry plants produce white or pink flowers with five petals which are surrounded by green sepals. After the plant has been pollinated, an aggregate berry is produced which consists of numerous druplets which are held together into the familiar raspberry fruit by tiny hairs. Raspberry canes can grow from 0.5 to in excess of 2 m (1.6–6.6 ft) in height and red raspberry will produce a commercial yield of fruit for 16–20 years, while black raspberry has a shorter lifespan and will produce for 4–8 years. Red raspberry may also be referred to as European raspberry, red garden raspberry or hindberry, while black raspberry may be referred to as blackcap raspberry and may have originated in the Ide mountains of Turkey.
Regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome variable') and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors', 'covariates', or 'features'). The most common form of regression analysis is linear regression, in which a researcher finds the line (or a more complex linear combination) that most closely fits the data according to a specific mathematical criterion. For example, a learning method where the output variable is a real value, such as Soil pH: 4, 5 or 7.0 or 7.5
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world, Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Both species are annual grasses (except in the tropics, where the plant can be perennial) belonging to the family Poaceae which are cultivated for their grain which is considered a staple food in most parts of the world. Asian and African rice plants are morphologically very similar and can be difficult to tell apart. They have rounded stems (called culms) which are divided into nodes and internodes. The plant leaves are borne on the nodes of the stem and are long and slender with a pronounced midrib. The plant produces three flowers, two of which are reduced, on a spikelet on the terminal (last) internode of the stem. The rice grain is formed by the ripened ovary of the flower and is between 5 and 12 mm in length. Rice is an annual plant, harvested after one growing season and can reach a height of between 1 and 1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) depending on variety.
Roots are the organs of a plant that typically lie below the surface of the soil. Roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water.
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.
Sulfur dioxide or sulphur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SO2.
Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3, with a relatively narrow liquid range. In the gaseous form, this species is a significant pollutant, being the primary agent in acid rain.
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO2− 4. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many are prepared from that acid.
Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds and was used by the early Spanish colonies along the Rio Grande as a substitute for saffron. Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain. It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments.
A satellite is an object which has been sent into space in order to collect information
Satellite images are images of Earth or fields collected by imaging satellites around the world.
The conspicuous phase of some fungal diseases such as Ergot of rye is the formation of sclerotia in the position of kernels in the spike. The sclerotium is a compact, hard mass of dormant fungal hyphae. It may be black, greyish violet, dark brown or purplish in colour.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
Seed rate is the number of seeds planted per hectare (ha) to ensure normal density of sprouts and a maximum yield.
The fundamental factor in the process of seeding is dependent on the properties of both seed and the soil it is being planted in. The prior step associated with seeding is crop selection, which mainly consists of two techniques: sexual and asexual. Asexual technique include all forms of vegetative process such as budding, grafting and layering. Sexual technique involves growing of the plant from a seed.
Selenium is probably not essential for flowering plants, but it can be beneficial; it can stimulate plant growth, improve tolerance of oxidative stress, and increase resistance to pathogens and herbivory.
Soil conductivity measures the total conductivity in the sample at the surface 0‐ to 20‐cm.
In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages, leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds.
slope is the percent change in that elevation over a certain distance.
A smartphone is a mobile device that combines cellular and mobile computing functions into one unit. A smartphone can have a number of different types of sensing devices installed on a user's phone to gather data for various user purposes, such as camera, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, GPS, proximity sensor, etc.
These are the fungal diseases of cereals and other members of grass family that cause the ears (particularly the ovaries) to turn black or sooty. The smut symptoms may as well appear on other parts (leaves, stem or roots) of the host plant.
Sodium is involved in the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in CAM and C4 plants. Sodium can potentially replace potassium's regulation of stomatal opening and closing.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth. Soil includes soil physical properties and processes, that affect agricultural, engineering, and environmental soil functions
Soil conductivity measures the total conductivity. Total conductivity includes the EC of the soil, air, and moisture in the sample.
Moisture content is the amount of water present in a moist sample of a product like wood, soil or similar. Moisture content can be be expressed on wet or dry basis.
Soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is measured in pH units. Soil pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 with pH 7 as the neutral point, below 7 acidic and above 7 alkaline.
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water.
Soil temperature is simply the measurement of the warmth in the soil. Ideal soil temperatures for planting most plants are 65 to 75 F. (18-24 C.). Nighttime and daytime soil temperatures are both important.
Soil Texture indicates the relative content of particles of various sizes, such as sand, silt and clay in the soil. Texture influences the ease with which soil can be worked, the amount of water and air it holds, and the rate at which water can enter and move through soil. To find the texture of a soil sample, first separate the fine earth , all particles less than 2 mm, from larger particles such as gravel and stones. Fine earth is a mixture of sand, silt and clay.
Hyperspectral images are the images in which one continuous spectrum is measured for each pixel.
In botany, a spike refers to a type of inflorescence (flower arrangement) that bears taller-than-average flowers, most usually on an axis that is unbranched. Similar to a raceme, the spike bears flowers that are directly attached to the plant, without any stalks whatsoever.
Spinach, Spinacia oleracea, is a leafy herbaceous annual plant in the family Amaranthaceae grown for its leaves which are used as a vegetable. The spinach plant has simple leaves which stem from the center of the plant and measure about 2–30 cm (0.8–12.0 in) long and 1 to 15 cm (0.4–6.0 in) across. The leaves grow in a rosette and can appear crinkled or flat. The plant produces small yellow-green flowers which are 3–4 mm (0.1 in) in diameter. The flowers produce small fruit clusters which contain seeds. Spinach is an annual and survives only one growing season and can reach 30 cm (12 in) in height. Spinach originates from ancient Persia (now Iran).
Spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoebulae into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations.
In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers on agricultural crops.
Squash is the collective name given to several species of plant in the genus Cucurbita, including C. maxima, C. mixta , C. moschata and C. pepo, which are widely grown for their edible fruit. Squash plants are are herbaceous annual plants which are either trailing vines or bush-like in morphology. Vines generally have large, lobed leaves and long vines which can climb by attaching to surfaces with their tendrils. Bushes generally take up less space than the sprawling vine types and may have prickly leaves. Squash plants produce yellow or orange flowers and green, white or yellow fruit in a variety of shapes and sizes with smooth or ridged skin. Vining squash varieties can reach several meters in length and, as annuals, survive only one growing season. Squash originate from North and Central America and are referred to by their cultivar name e.g. acorn squash, butternut squash, spaghetti squash, zucchini, banana squash, hubbard squash and buttercup squash.
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, and is contained in large amounts in staple foods like potatoes, maize (corn), rice, wheat and cassava (manioc).
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. It supports leaves, flowers and fruits, transports fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem, stores nutrients, and produces new living tissue.
A storm is any disturbed state of an environment or in an astronomical body's atmosphere especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather. It may be marked by significant disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind, tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning (a thunderstorm), heavy precipitation (snowstorm, rainstorm), heavy freezing rain (ice storm), strong winds (tropical cyclone, windstorm), or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust storm, blizzard, sandstorm, etc.
Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making.
A sub-country is almost always an administrative division within a country, it can be a province or state.
A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production. In plant breeding it is known as the Altissima cultivar group of the common beet (Beta vulgaris).
Sulfur is a constituent of amino acids in plant proteins and is involved in energy-producing processes in plants. It is responsible for many flavour and odour compounds in plants such as the aroma of onions and cabbage. Sulfur deficiency is not a problem in soils high in organic matter, but it leaches easily. On the North Coast seaspray is a major source of atmospheric sulfur. Superphosphate, gypsum, elemental sulfur and sulfate of ammonia are the main fertiliser sources.
Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is scattered and filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat.
Chard or Swiss is a green leafy vegetable. In the cultivars of the Flavescens Group, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf blade;[1] the Cicla Group is the leafy spinach beet. The leaf blade can be green or reddish in color; the leaf stalks are usually white, or a colorful yellow or red.
Tank is one of tanks in the irrigation systems which are used primarily to irrigate paddy fields.
A temperature sensor is a device, typically, a thermocouple or resistance temperature detector, that provides temperature measurement in a readable form through an electrical signal.
Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) is the vertical and horizontal dimension of the land surface. Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution.
Time is what we measure in minutes, hours, days, and years.
Topsoil is the upper, outermost layer of soil, that is rich in organic matter and microorganisms. It is usually the top 5–10 inches (13–25 cm).
Tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height.
Triacylglycerols are important storage lipids and the main constituents (∼99%) of vegetable oils and food lipids. Natural triacylglycerols contain generally a mixture of different fatty acids and their composition reflects the relative fatty acid concentrations.
Tubers are parts of plants, enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients.
Tulips (Tulipa) form a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly colored, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in warm colors).
Vanadium may be required by some plants, but at very low concentrations. It may also be substituting for molybdenum.
Crop Variety means a plant grouping, within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, defined by the reproducible expression of its distinguishing and other genetic characteristics.
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to higher plants.
In meteorology, visibility is a measure of the distance at which an object or light can be clearly discerned. It is reported within surface weather observations and METAR code either in meters or statute miles, depending upon the country. Visibility affects all forms of traffic: roads, sailing and aviation. Meteorological visibility refers to transparency of air: in dark, meteorological visibility is still the same as in daylight for the same air.
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a chemically closely related set of molecules, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location. WSNs measure environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.
Walnut, Juglans regia, is a deciduous tree in the Family Juglandaceae grown for its edible seeds. Walnut trees are large and vigorous with a wide-spreading canopy. The trunk of the tree can reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter and mature trees possess smooth, silver-gray bark. Walnut leaves are composed of an odd number of smaller, oval shaped leaflets which are bright green in color. The tree produces male flowers on catkins and female flowers on terminal clusters where the fruit develops. The fruit of the walnut tree is a fleshy green drupe in which the nut is encased. The kernel of the nut is protected by a corrugated woody shell. Walnut trees can reach 25–35 m (82–115 ft) in height and can live for periods in excess of 200 years. Walnut may also be referred to as Persian walnut, English walnut, common walnut or European walnut and originates from central Asia.
Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. "Water" is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, is a vining annual plant in the family Cucurbitaceae grown for its fleshy fruit. Watermelon vines are thin, grooved and covered in tiny hairs. Vines are branching and possess deeply lobed pinnate leaves. The plant produces solitary yellow flowers and and a large spherical to oblong fruit. The fruit is a 'pepo' - a fleshy fruit protected by a thick leathery rind. The fruit is smooth, light to dark green in color and can be striped, marbled or solid green. The flesh of the fruit is usually red in color but some cultivars produce green, orange or white flesh and contains numerous seeds which are usually black or dark brown in color. Watermelon vines can reach a length of 3 m (10 ft) and as an annual, survives only one growing season. Watermelon originates from Africa.
Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather
A weed is a wild plant that grows in fields of crops and prevents the plants that farmers want from growing properly.
Crop weight is the weight of plant or any plant (or other organism) part. Crop weight has two types: fresh weight and dry weight.
Well is one of wells in the irrigation systems which are used primarily to irrigate paddy fields.
These are white, shining, blister-like pustules found on the leaves of cruciferous plants caused by Albugo Candida, the white rust. These pustules expose the white, powdery masses of spores.
A wildfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire, bushfire, desert fire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire.
The drooping of the entire plant due to loss of turgidity is a common symptom of disease. The causes may be varied. The wilting due to a disease is permanent and eventually leads to death of the plant.
Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates. For example, a north or northerly wind blows from the north to the south. Wind direction is usually reported in cardinal (or compass) direction, or in degrees. Consequently, a wind blowing from the north has a wind direction referred to as 0° (360°); a wind blowing from the east has a wind direction referred to as 90°, etc.
Wind gust is a brief increase in the speed of the wind, usually less than 20 seconds. It is of a more transient character than a squall, which lasts minutes, and is followed by a lull or slackening in the wind speed.[1] Generally, winds are least gusty over large water surfaces and most gusty over rough land and near high buildings.
Wind Sensor is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction. It is also a common weather station instrument.
Wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Note that wind direction is usually almost parallel to isobars (and not perpendicular, as one might expect), due to Earth's rotation.
Wine is an alcoholic drink which is made from grapes.
A wireless sensor node is equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio transceivers and power components.
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.
Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea that form edible tubers. Yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in Africa, South America and the Caribbean, Asia, and Oceania.
The yield (also known as "agricultural productivity" or "agricultural output") is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown, or product such as crop yield produced, per unit area of land.
Zinc is required in a large number of enzymes and plays an essential role in DNA transcription. A typical symptom of zinc deficiency is the stunted growth of leaves, commonly known as "little leaf" and is caused by the oxidative degradation of the growth hormone auxin. Zinc occurs in plants as a free ion, as a complex with a variety of low molecular weight compounds, or as a component of proteins and other macromolecules.
Zinc deficiency occurs when plant growth is limited because the plant cannot take up sufficient quantities of this essential micronutrient from its growing medium. It is one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies in crops and pastures worldwide and causes large losses in crop production and crop quality.
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Besnoitia besnoiti
Clostridium botulinum
Brucella abortus
Actinomyces bovis
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Virus respiratoire syncytial
Anaplasma marginale
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Aspergillus fumigatus
Babesia bovis
Babesia bigemina
Babesia divergens
Adénocarcinome nasal enzootique
Enzootic nasal adenocarcimona
Acanthocephalosis
Acanthocéphalose
Acanthocephaliasis
Acarapisosis
Acarapidose
Besnoitiosis
Besnoitiose
Bonamiose
Bonamiosis
Actinobacillose
Actinobacillosis
Chlamydia infection
Chlamydiose
Chlamydophilosis
Chlamydophilose
Sheep pox
Clavelée
Coccidiose
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis hepatitis
Coccidiose hépatique